Question 1 A precipitate may by Complete the following table. -e formed when two aqueous solutions are mixed, [8] solutions mixed together formula of precipitate formed colour of precipitate | formed copper(II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide sodium chloride and silver nitrate potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate dilute sulphuric acid and barium chloride [J01/P2/Q2] Solution solutions mixed together formula of colour of precipitate barium chloride precipitate formed formed Sa gatas an Cu(OH)2 blue ee aaa a AgCl white aa aitete Pbk yellow dilute sulphuric acid and a mlQuestion 2 (a) The table shows some information about the oxides of the eleme, E. The letters are not the symbols of the elements. nts A to element state of oxide at room type of oxide ~ bonding in oxide temperature and pressure | A solid basic | ionic B solid acidic covalent Cc gas acidic covalent D liquid neutral | covalent E gas neutral | covalent |\ qopic 7 Acids, Bases and Salts Theory77 page 2 Think P+ Which one of the elements A to E could be (i) hydrogen, 168) (i) sodium, w (iii) silicon? (1) (p) State the name of an element which forms an amphoteric oxide. [1] [J01/P2/Q3] COMMENT © Solution *(@) () The o ; hydroger (@) @ D neutral i Gi) A temperal pressure - A (b) zinc/aluminium/lead w ee and alk(b) zinc/aluminium/lead Question 3 Astudent adds aqueous sodium hydroxide fr sulphuric acid. The student measures the p! addition of the sodium hydroxide. ‘om a burette into 25.0 cm? of dih H value of the mixture duy ie ring the (a) Describe how the pH value changes. i neutralisation reaction between (y (b) Give an ionic equation to represent the sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid. (c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid. (i) What is meant by the term acid? (ii) What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid? [3] (a) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium to give hydrogen. Give the ionic equation for this reaction. fan] (J03/P2/Q6) Solution (a) pH increases from 1 to 14. (b) H*(aq) + OH-(aq) > H,00) . 7 me (c) (i) An acid is a compound that produces hydrogen ions, H', when it dissolves in water. . ociates i) A strong acid dissociates fully in water cay weak acid diss partially in water to form hydrogen ions, Haq). (@) Mg(s) + 28(aq) > Mg*(aq) + H,(@) — | Press (b) Ana react and COMMER (a) Soai stror sul stro (b) Str HA Wee HAQuestion 4 Phosphorus is a non-metal. This diagram shows the structure of one molecule of phosphoTopic 7 Aci P| Acids, Bases and Salts Theory 7 page . Name a substance which, (a) is a greenhouse gas produced by the decay of vegetable matter, a (b) contains two of the essential elements needed by plants, wy (c) reacts with warm aqueous sodium hydroxide and aluminium powder to form a gas that turns moist red litmus blue, ist} (d) dissolves in water to form a solution which neutralises sodium hydroxide. ul (J04/P2/Q) Solution (a) methane (b) potassium nitrate (c) potassium nitrate (d) sulphur dioxideQuestion 7 | This question is about making salts. (a) For each salt, suggest the name of the missing reagent and briefly describe how to obtain the solid product from the reaction mixture. () Salt to be made: lithium chloride. reagent 1: dilute hydrochloric acid reagent T could obtain solid lithium chloride by: (ii) Salt to be made: barium sulphate. reagent 1: aqueous potassium sulphate reagent 2: “ I could obtain solid barium sulphate by: (iii) Salt to be made: blue copper(II) sulphate crystals. reagent 1: dilute sulphuric acid reagent 2: o I could obtain blue copper(II) sulphate crystals by: (b) Ammonium sulphate can be made by reacting aqueous ammonia with dilute sulphuric acid. 2NH,(aq) + H,SO,(aq) > (NH,),SO,(aq) Calculate the mass of ammonium sulphate that can be made from 51¢ ammonia. E (D04/P2/Q6) (6) Solution (a) Gi) reagent 2: aqueous lithium hydroxide Evaporating the salt soluti : cryetale. e ‘Re Salt solution to dryness to obtain lithium chloride (ii) reagent 2: aqueous bari it ees rium chloridetopic 7 Acids, Bases and Salts (ii)reagent 2: solid copper(II) oxide Crystalisation | (b) Mr of NH, = 17; and Mr of (NH,),SO, = 132 no. of moles of NH, = = =3 ali no. of moles of (NH,),SO, Mass of (NH,),SO, made 1.5 1.5 x 132 = 198gweg oo en awe = use g Question 8 : This table shows the soil pH ranges required by different crops for growth, crop PH range peanut 50-65 millet | 60-65 sunflower 6.0-7.5 paprika 70-85 mango 5.5-6.0 (a) A farmer plants peanut and millet crops. Only the peanut crop grows well. Predict the pH of the soil. tl (b) Which other crop is most likely to grow well in the same soil? ty (c) The farmer adds calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH),, and ammonium sulphate, (NH)),SO,, to the soil. Explain the purpose of using each compound. [3] (d) A reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and ammonium sulphate. (i) Complete the equation for this reaction. Ca(OH), + (NH,),SO, > - nen oo + 2H,0 (ii) Explain why the farmer should not have added these two ore to the soil at the same time. (D05/P2/Q3)- ~~ “v Compounds [3] (D05/P2)Q3) = Solution (a) The pH of the soil is between 5.0 ~ 5.5, (b) Mango crop (c) Ca(OH), a weak alkali, neutralises the acidic soil by reacting with the } ions in soil. Ca(OH),(s) + 2H* + Ca*(aq) + 2H,0(1) (NH,),SO, serves as a nitrogenous fertiliser to increase the nitrogen conter of the soil. (d) (i) Ca(OH), + (NH,)),SO, > CaSO, + 2NH, + 2H,0 (ii) Ammonium compounds that make up fertilizers react with alkali, ca cium hydroxide under the heat of the sun to release ammonia gas. Tr nitrogen content of the soil decreases as nitrogen is lost from the soil int the atmosphere. 2NH,"(aq) + Ca(OH),(s) > 2NH,(g) + Ca®(ag) + 24,00Question 9 River water contains m: . ‘any substances including minerals, dissolved oxygen, organic material, nitra ites and phosphates. (a) Give one source of phosphates in water. (b) Excess dissolved D {] phosphates in river water cause eutrophication, escribe the process of eutrophication. [3] (c) (i) Describe a chemical test to show the presence of the nitrate ion. [2] Gi) Suggest why it might be difficult to test for the presence of the nitrate ion in a sample of river water. OQ] (d) The concentration of dissolved oxygen in river water can be determined by a series of reactions that is summarised by the equation below. 2H,0(1) + O,(aq) + 41° (aq) + 40H" (aq) +21; (aq) When a 2000 cm’ sample of river water was tested, 0.508 g of iodine was liberated. Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm!, of dissolved oxygen in the river water sample. . [3] (J06/P2/Q8]cGy Solution (a) fertilisers (or detergents) (b) Dissolved phosphates serve as nutrients to make algae gro 7 extensively: The algae grow in layers on the water surface and bleak” te 10 the lower layers as they require sunlight to carry out photosyntkew et lower layers of algae die away and bacteria decompose them by abenre oxygen from water, The water plants and other aquatic fe ulimen a away due to lack of oxygen. Bacteria then decompose these in the aw’ a - of oxygen which produces a number of foul smelling gases and te whole ot this process is called eutrophication. (c) (i) Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then add aluminium foil and warm. A gas is evolved which turns damp red litmus paper blue. The gas is ammonia, (ii) In the river water the nitrate ions are too dilute so very small amount of ammonia will be produced in the above test and is hard to detect 0.508 = 0. I 12Tx2 002 mole (d) number of moles of I, liberated = molar ratio of O, :I,=1:2 number of moles of ©, present = oe =0.001 mole volume of river water used = 2 dm* concentration of oxygen = aot = 0.0005 mol/dm*Question 10 Fertilisers are soluble salts contain; required for plant growth. onium chlori 2 eae and hydrechie erepared by the Teaction betwe Write an ionic equation for this reaction, en aqueous, (b) State suitable reagents and outlin ie the i a pure sample of the fertiliser potassium ehlowt en laboratory. ride coulk W Procedure by which id be prepared in the i {4 (c) Potassium sulphate can be prepared by th sulphuric acid and potassium carbonate. ee Alte H,SO, + K,CO,; + K,S0, + CO, +H,0 Calculate the mass of potassium sulphate that can be prepared from 3.45g of potassium carbonate. {3} (d) Give electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in potassium chloride. {2 [J06/P2/Q9ne solution + @) NHs +H' ——> NH; ) Reagents : Potassium hydroxide and hydrochi, Procedure : 25 em? of potassium hydroxide is to a conical a A few drops of Phenolphthalen. 2" of a pipette hydrochloric acid is poured into the conical flask usin 7 added. Then point of the titration is reached when the phenolphthales a Theend (0 from pink to colourless. The volume of acid required to reat b mee colour is noted. nee 7 a LS slay is repeated without the ade henolphthalein (as it is now known hi ‘ion o} ite KOH) ow much HCl completely neutralises Next, the solution in the conical flask is heated over ab i china dish. It is then allowed to cool slowly. Crystals form and one i a ( between the pieces of filter paper lorie acid added by (ce) M, of K,CO, = (39x 2) +12+(16x3) = 138 number of moles of K,CO, being used = “3 = 0.025 mole mole ratio between K,CO, and K,SO, =1:1 number of moles of K,SO, formed = 0.025 mole mass of K,SO, formed = 0.025 x M, M, of K,SO, = (89x 2)+32+(16x4) =174 required mass = 0.025174 = 4.35 g (4) potassium ion K*: structure 2.8.8 chloride ion Cl; structure 2.8.8| - | | Question 11 (a) This table shows some information about two oxides of carbon and one of chromium. Complete the table by filling in the five empty boxes. element name of oxide formula of oxide | acidic, basic or neutral 1. carbon dioxide co, carbon 2. neutral chromium | chromium(III) oxide [4] (b) Give one difference in the physical properties of chromium oxide and the oxides of carbon. fi] (D06/P2/Q2] Solution (a) element name of oxide formula of oxide | acidic, basic or neutral 7 a carbon dioxide co, acidic carbon 2. carbon monoxide co neutral chromium | chromium(III) oxide Cr,0, basic _ (b) At rtp, chromium oxide is a green colour solid wharana th -11---f vawhanQuestion 1 (a) This table shows some infor chromium. Complete the tabl mation about two oxides of carbon and one of e by filling in the five empty boxes. ari i + acidic, basic or neutral element name of oxide _| formula of oxide 1. carbon dioxide co, carbon : neutral chromium | chromium(III) oxide (4) (b) Give one difference in the physical properties of chromium oxide and the oxides of carbon. ) (D06/P2/Q2] Solution (a) element name of oxide formula of oxide | acidic, basic or neutral 1. carbon dioxide CO, acidie carbon 2. carbon monoxide co neutral chromium | chromium(III) oxide Cr,0, basic (b) At rt.p, chromium oxide is a green colour solid whereas the oxides of carbon exist as colourless gases, comnt ey tr io ds(a) Ht 1 0.24 (b) @) Moles of Mg 924 9 0, Moles of HCZ = 2.0 x—5__ “Foo 0-01 according to equation Mg + 2HCI > Mgcu, + H, 0.01 mole of Mg needs 0. 02 .02 moles of HCz, theref: , fore Mg is in excess, Gi) As the amount of HCl is a limit; x imiti will produce 0.005 moles of MgCl,” factor, therefore 0.01 moles of HOI Moles of MgCl, = 0.005 Mass of MgCl, = 0.005x95 = 4.75 g (iii) Moles of Mg= “= =0.01 2.0x5 Moles of CH;COOH = . A 7000 0.01 Moles of H* ions = 0.01 As the number of moles of H* produced is same as in the case of HCl, therefore same volume of hydrogen will be produced. Ethanoic acid will react slowly as compared to HCl, because ethanoic acid being weak acid will not ionise completely, therefore H’ ions produced will not be of the same concentration. As the reaction proceeds ethanoic acid will ionise and keep on reacting with magnesium until whole of acid is consumed. (c) @) 2CH,COOH + Na,CO, -> 2CH,COONa +CO, +H,0 (ii) Bubbles of gas will be seen or effervescence will take place. OR sodium carbonate will dissolve or disappear. TYQuestion 13 Choose from the following substances to answer the Westions below, copper(II) chloride chlorine ethanoic acid hydrochloric acid manganese(IV) oxide platinum potassium dichromate(VI) sodium chloride sulfuric acid vanadium(V) oxide Each substance can be used once, more than once or not at all. Name a substance which (a) isa catalyst in the Contact Process, ty) (b) has an aqueous solution that reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to a a blue Precipitate, —Topic 7 Acids, Bases and Salts Theory 77 page 11 (c) is a weak acid, mM (d) can be used in the test for sulfur dioxide, 188} (e) reacts with aqueous potassium iodide to give a brown colour. ty (J09/P2/Q1) Solution (a) Vanadium(V) oxide (b) Copper(II) chloride (c) Ethanoic acid (d) Potassium dichromate(VI) (e) ChlorineQuestion 14 The table shows the concentration of different ion: ne 8 fo industrial waste. tnd in a sample of aqueous ion concentration in mol/dm? Caz 0.125 Ht 2.30 Kr 0.234 NOs” 3.68 Fe? 0.450 Use the information in the table to answer the following questions. (a) Write the formula of one salt that could be obtained from the sample. [1] (b) Is the sample of aqueous waste acidic, neutral or alkaline? Explain your answer. f) (c) Calculate the mass of dissolved iron(II) ions, Fe?*, in 25 dm’ of the aqueous waste. mass of iron(II) ions =....... ok [2] (d) Excess aqueous sodium hydroxide is added, a small volume at a time, to a sample of the aqueous industrial waste. 1 Describe and explain what you would observe. ib} (e) Describe how you would confirm the presence of dissolved nitrate a the sample. (09/P2196)ee Solution (a) KNO, or Ca(NO,), oF Fe(NO,), (b) Acidic, because in the mixture, H* ions are present making the mixture acidic 25 x 0.450 = 11.25 11.25 x 56 = 630 g (ec) Moles of iorn(II) ions = Mass of iron(II) ions = . oo TTen Topic 7 Acids, Bases and Salts o Theory 77 page 12. TA P. (d) Green precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide. White precipitate of calcium hydroxide will not be seen due to green ‘CON precipitate. (e) Add excess of sodium hydroxide and aluminium to the mixture, heat the “@ mixture. Ammonia gas turning red litmus blue indicates the presence of nitrate ions.Question 15 Fertilisers supply the essential elem ents for plant growth. 8 nitrogen, Phosphorus and potassium, A bag of fertiliser contains 500 g of ammoni , of potassium nitrate, KNO,. one eiteb: : (a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in the bag of fertiliser. [4] rr. (b) Eutrophication occurs in river water polluted by fertilisers, Describe the principal processes involved in eutrophication, [3] (c) Potassium sulfate is a soluble salt. Outline the preparation of a pure, dry sample of potassium sulfate, starting from dilute sulfuric acid. [3] (J09/P2/Q10}a Solution (@) M, (NH,),80, = (14 + 4)x24324(16x4)=139 oom M, KNO, =39+14+(16x3)=101 *@ Mass of nitrogen in (NH,),SO, = Zs x500 = 106.1 g Mass of nitrogen in KNO, = =. 500 = 69.3 g Total mass of nitrogen in (NH,),SO, & KNO, = 106.1+69.3=175.4 175.4 1000 (b) Water polluted by fertilisers causes rapid growth of algae, which blocks sun light, so plants die. Bacteria uses up oxygen causing aquatic animal to die due to lack of oxygen. x 100 = 17.54 = 17.5% % of nitrogen = eacting sulfuric acid with potassium : 5 z (c) Potassium sulfate can be prepared by ease Tas vse? KOH in hydroxide. Find the equivalent amount: r ene titration flask with few drops of indicator (e.. litmus) and titrate * Se dilute H.SO,, Then mix the same amounts without IMlte vt the raixture to evaporate the water until crystallisation pom : mixture, crystals will form, dry the crystals.Question 12 Dilute ethanoic acid i yi and ic aci , ribbon to form hydrogen. Silo ommlons aves reek Si ® Give a formula of one ion found in both of these dilute acids, (b) Magnesium ribbon reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation, Mg +2HCI — MgCl, +H, : A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm® . hydrochloric acid. enn 96 2.9 malian’ (i) Which reactant, magnesium or hydrochloric acid, is in excess? Use calculations to explain your answer. re) (ii) Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that can be formed in this reaction. iy (iii)A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm! of 2.0 mol! dm’ ethanoic acid. Explain why this reaction forms the same volume of hydrogen but takes place much more slowly than the reaction of the same mass of magnesium with 5.0 cm? of 2.0 mol/dm® hydrochloric acid. {3) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute ethanoic acid and w sodium carbonate. (ii) What observations would be made during iB} [J08/P2/Q9] (c) (i) this reaction?ee 0.24 ye, Moles of Mg =D = 0.01 5 Moles of HCI = 2.073 = 0.01 according to equation Mg+2Hc1 MgC, +11, 0.01 mole of Mg needs 0.02 moles of Hc, ii) As the amount of HC1 is a limiting fa, Go produce 0.005 moles of Moi,“ Moles of MgCl, = 0.005 Mass of MgCl, = 0.005 x95 = 4.75 g therefore Mg is in excess, therefore 0.01 moles of HCI 0.24 Gi) Moles of Mg = ~~ = 0.01 2.0x5 OH = =" = Moles of CH;CO! T0007 2-02 Moles of H’ ions = 0.01 As the number of moles of H* produced is same as in the case of HCI, therefore same volume of hydrogen will be produced, : Ethanoic acid will react slowly as compared to HCl, because ethanoiec acid being weak acid will not ionise completely, therefore H’ ions produced will, not be of the same concentration. As the reaction proceeds ethanoic acid will ionise and keep on reacting with magnesium until whole of acid is consumed. ©) (i) 2CH,COOH +Na,CO, > 2CH,COONa +CO, +H,0 i) Bubbles of gas will be seen or effervescence will take place. OR sodium carbonate will dissolve or disappear.Question 16 to answer the questions be), (a) Choose from the following compounds ammonium sulfate calcium oxide copper(II chloride ethanoic acid ethene nitrogen dioxide sodium iodide sulfur dioxide more than once or not at all. Each compound can be used once, Which compound (i) may be formed when alkanes are cracked, (ii) forms a yellow precipitate with aqueous silver nitrate, fs (iii) is used as a fertiliser, uy (iv) is a pollutant arising from lightning activity, th (v) is used by farmers to reduce soil acidity, w eh} in} (vi) forms an alkaline solution when it reacts with water? (b) Define the term compound. (c) Explain why sodium iodide will not conduct electricity when solid but will conduct when dissolved in water. Ql (N09/P21Q11 |; oe 2a [| Solution (a) (i) Ethene (ii) Sodium iodide (iii)Ammonium sulfate (iv) Nitrogen dioxide (v) Calcium oxide (vi) Calcium oxide (b) When two or more than two different elements combine chemical} compound is formed. NY, a (c) The ions (Na* & I-) will not be free to move in solid state. In aqueous state ions will be free and able to move towards cathode and anode.question 17 jlisers are used to promote plant growth and i ‘ orze fertilisers are potassium chloride, potassinn nites whe phosphate. Potassium nitrate is a soluble salt that can b te 7 petween an acid and an alkali. e prepared by reaction | (i) Write an equation for the reaction of an acid witl . potassium chloride. with an alkali to Prepare i) Describe the essential experimental details of this i i potassium chloride, et on (b) Ammonium phosphate is an ionic compound containing the phosphate ion, PO, ; () Write the formula for ammonium phosphate. ww (di) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate. % by mass = 2] (c) A farmer adds excess calcium hydroxide to react with hydrogen ions in acidic soils. He then adds fertiliser to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. (i) Write an ionic equation to show the neutralisation of hydrogen ions by solid calcium hydroxide. ty (ii) Suggest why the farmer should use potassium nitrate rather than ammonium phosphate to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. [1] (d) A scientist believes a water sample is contaminated by potassium nitrate. Describe a chemical test to confirm the presence of aqueous nitrate ions. (21 [J10/P2/Q10} Oras: | solution ) KOH+HCl —> KCI+H,0 fw COMMENT on at ij) Appropriate amounts of an acid & an alkali ;. <@ An acid b Gi) wainst KOH in the presence st an Fete 'S found by titrating Her Feaction to g Take new sample of HCl & KOH in the same rati ; ‘and water, experiment. Heat the mixture, in a ching dish, to dey ound im above A) Do not mained will be the required salt. » to dryness. The solid ree ‘of the tit process. () @) (NH,),PO, © Alan (ii) Molar mass of (NH,),PO, = (14+ 4)%84+81416x4=149 eaea 42 s = ——x 100 = 28.18 = Produce % by mas: Ta 28.2 wat ane . S (@) Al nite (©) @) Ca(OH), +2H* —+ Ca +2H,0 reacts Gi) Ammonium phosphate will react with calcium hydroxide to give ammo- — nia. Ammonia being a gas will escape into the atmosphere causing loss 7 of nitrogen from fertilis ® ) test: Add sodium hydroxide and aluminium powder to the sample and heat. observation: Ammonia gas will be given off turning red litmus blue.In other power stations the flue gases are reacted carbonate. This removes about 90% of the nitrogen ide from the flue gas. (i) Sulfur dioxide reacts with calcium carbonate to sulfite, CaSO,. Suggest the name of the other product of this reaction. (ii) Nitrogen dioxide reacts with calcium carbonate to for Suggest the name and formula of one of these salts. ) Suggest two advantages of treating flue gas with seawater calcium carbonate. yn dioxide is a greenhouse gas. This is because its cov b infra-red radiation. raw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to s! Show only the outer shell electrons. how the bonding in a moSolution ~ (a) @) N,+0,>2NO (i) 2NO+0, > 2NO, (b) 2NO, +H,0 > HNO, + HNO, (ce) (i) Carbon dioxide Gi) name: Calcium nitrate formula: Ca(NO,), Treating flue gas with seawater does not produce carbon dioxide hene does not contribute to an increase in global warming. onde and 2. Seawater is abundant and cheaper as compared to calcium carbonate. i i 1 (dLo a) (by jo (a (estion 19 adde 0 mol ole " Owly fj sk the pH of the contents of the ‘ue ie acid, Tete into a on potassitim hydroxide has been added, "sured, mus 0. At the aq s how the pH ch, all of th raph show’ changes with eeu hydroxide. the addition of tee ous ‘ous poassium hydroxide, KOR, ; pemntaining 25.0 em of 0.059 8 pH 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 volume of alkali added in om? What is the pH of 0.0500 moVdm? sulfurie acid? a Construct the equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and Felassium hydroxide, a () What volume of aqueous potassium hydroxide has been added when the mixture has a pH of 7? 2 » Caleulate the concentration, in mol/dm’, of the aqueous potassium wdroxide, 3] Ky cepetiment is repeated with 26.0 em: of 0.0500 mol/dm' exhancie acd ‘COOH, instead of 25.0 em? of 0.0500 mold? sulfur ac ‘1 ybtained. be and explain any differences in the graph which would be ol plSolution (@) pH =12 (®) 2KOH+H,S0, + K,S0, +2H,0 (©) (Volume = 30.0 cm? Gi) Moles of H,S0, = 5_.. 0.05 = 0.00125 1000 from part (b), H,SO, and KOH are in the molar ratio 1:2 hence moles of KOH = 0.00125 x2 = 0.00250 0.0025 concentration of aqueous potassium hydroxide = ————- «1000 = 0.0833 moVdm? C (d) As ethanoic acid is a weak acid, therefore, “ 1. The graph will have a higher starting pH, ie. the graph will start above pH 12. 2. The vertical section of the graph will be smaller.Solution (a) pHs 12 (b) 2KOH +H,80, + K,SO, +2H,0 (©) Volume = 30.0 em" Tople 7 Ack Tople 7 Acids, Bases and Salts : __Thoory 77 page 47 To ‘ GH. Moles of H,80, = 220.06 » 0.00126 1000 from part (b), H,80, and KOH are hence moles of KOH = 0.00125 «2 (d) As ethanoic acid in @ weak acid, there! 1. ‘Tho graph will have a higher starting pH, ie, the graph will start above pH 1.2, 2, The vertical section of the graph will be smaller. ition of aqueous potassium hydroxide in the molar ratio 1:2 0.00250 0.0025, 5 71000 0.0633 rnol/dm? fore,Question 1 Use the substances named in the table to answor th Ss \e following IDE questions, name of substance | "*lting point | boiling point 7 Percentage by olume in clean air nitrogen oxygen, (a) Gi) Name a monatomic gas. Name the gas used in the Haber Process to make amm (iii) Which substances are liquids at -187 °C? in (iv)Name the substance which is a liqui perature. quid over the largest range of tem- Box A represents the arrangement of particles in carbon dioxide at ~79 °C. (w) Draw a diagram in box B to show the atrany ‘ carbon dioxide at -77 °C. Bement of particles ‘6 00000000000000: O0000000000000| iO0000000000000 IOODOON00000000N! B33359880599 00000000000000! ‘COMMENT on Box A Box B a) () Helium he percentage amounts of the same gases were measured in air from a crowded ier, they classroom. or gain el (b) (i) Name one gas whose percentage is higher in air from a crowded (ene classroom. Ql No (tion malin (ii) Name one gas whose percentage is lower in air from a crowded classroom. {2]Use the substances named in the table to answer the foll ‘Mowing questions. name of substance | ¢!ting point | boiling point percentage b; re ee ge by a a re volume in clean air | carbon dioxide | sublim 8 = | carbon dioxide | blimes at 78 0.03 “helium i -269 0.0005 nitrogen =196 78.03 | ooecn : 183 20.99 | (a) (i) Name a monatomic gas. (ii) Name the gas used in the Haber Process to make ammonia. (iii) Which substances are liquids at -187 °C? (iv) Name the substance which is a liquid over the largest range of tem- perature. Box A represents the arrangement of particles in carbon dioxide at —79 °C. | (v) Draw a diagram in box B to show the arrangement of particles in carbon dioxide at -77 °C. {él (OOO000N 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 0000000 Q000000 0000000 0000000 9000000 9000000 0000000 0000000 000000 Box A Box B The percentage amounts of the same gases were measured in air from a crowded classroom. (b) (i) Name one gas whose percentage is higher in air from a crowded classroom. (ii) Name one gas whose percentage is lower in air from a auc classroom. [D02/P2/QU ‘COMME! e@ ner or (i) or N (iEe Solution (a) (i) helium i (ii) nitrogen | (iii) oxygen, argon (iv) oxygen :(v) (b) (i) carbon dioxide (ii) oxygenQuestion 2 name of gas ee ps — The table shows some information about three gases, formula |*¢lative molecular mass chlorine Gi, ar ammonia i HCL solid ammonium —ii,_ chloride HEAT The red litmus quickly turned blue. (b) Name the process which causes the gases to move along the tube. (a) Complete the table by filling in the boxes. A student heated some solid ammonium chloride, Ammonia and one other gas were formed, (3) NH,Cl, in a test-tube, He tested the gases coming out of the tube with litmus paper. [EGEEES— red litmus paper [=== — blue litmus paper (c) Which gas turned the red litmus paper blue? (d) Which gas turned the litmus paper red? (e) Explain why the two gases travelled along the test-tube at different speeds. Use information from the table. A few seconds later, both pieces of litmus paper turned red (1) 163) fl 2i| (D03/P2/Q2] | pt eHSolution (a) Formula: NH, Name of gas: hydrogen chloride Relative molecular mass: 36.5 (b) Diffusion (c) ammonia (d) hydrogen chloride (e) The rate of diffusion depends on the mass of the gas particles. Ammonia g travels faster than hydrogen chloride gas as it has a lower relative molecu! mass and therefore, a less dense gas. The Mr of NH, = 17 whereas t Mr of HCl = 36.5.Topic 1 Particulate Nature of Matter, Diffusion Theory 1 page 3 T —p Question 3 5 A student set up the apparatus shown below. Cotton wool soaked in concentrated aqueous ammonia Go x. 8 ZZ cotton wool soaked in concentrated hydrochloric acid Colourless fumes of hydrogen chloride are given off by the hydrochloric acid. Colourless fumes of ammonia are given off by the aqueous ammonia. (a) After a few seconds, white fumes were seen at point X in the tube. Name the compound formed at point X. rr} (b) Use the kinetic particle theory to explain this observation. [3] (ce) The student repeated the experiment using a solution of methylamine, CH,NH,, in place of ammonia, NH,. The white fumes were seen at point Y in the tube, rather than at point X. Explain this difference. (2) (N07 /P2/Q2] A ) h ae COMME(N07 /P2)Q9) Solution . (a) Ammonium chloride (b) Hydrogen chloride (Mr = 36.5) being hea (Mr = 17), that is why they meet at X and p Vy diffuses slower than ammonia roduce fumes of ammonium chloride, (c) Methylamine (Mr = 31) has a similar RMM to therefore they diffuse at similar rates and hydrochloric acid (Mr = 36.5), fumes are produced at Y.Question 4 Bromine is a halogen. It has two naturally-occurring isotopes. (a) Define the term isotopes. aw (b) One isotope of bromine has the symbol S\Br. State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this isotope of bromine. [2] (c) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature. (i) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the molecules in liquid bromine. Show a bromine molecule as O. [2] (ii) A small amount of liquid bromine was placed in the bottom of a sealed flask. After thirty minutes the brown colour of the bromine had spread throughout the flask.Topic 1 Particulate Nature of Matter, Diffusion Aa air. liquid bromine start after 30 minutes Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations. [3] (d) Bromine forms a variety of compounds with other halogens. (i) Bromine reacts with fluorine to form bromine(I) fluoride, BrF. Write an equation for this reaction. fy Gi) Another compound of bromine and fluorine is bromine(V) fluoride, BrF,,. Calculate the percentage of bromine by mass in bromine(V) fluoride. 22] (N11/P2/Q5]Solution (a) Atoms of the same element having samo number of protons and different number of neutrons are called isotopes (b) protons: 35, neutrons: 46, (e) (i) O O O ORF O exele (ii) Molecules of bromine with higher energy will escape from liquid and mix with air molecules. Their random movement will help bromine molecules to diffuse into air. After 30 minutes bromine will diffuse completely giving uniform brown colour in the flask. electrons: 35 (@) @ Br, +F, —> 2BrF (ii) M, of BrF, = 80+(19x5)=175 80 Percentage = Te 100 = 45.7%