A Literature Survey on
Blockchain Based E-voting System
1
Shilpa S,2 Rakhi Umesh Chauvan, 3Sudeep GS
Bachelor of Engineering in ISE, HKBKCE – Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India
Abstract—This paper proposed an E-Voting model where digital
technology is used to help today’s people and improve their life
where this model ensures security, privacy and transparency.
Some problems can occur with the traditional electoral system. It
is with the organization that has full authority over the database
but it can not be trusted, it is possible to tamper with the
database. This model has security features which includes both
authentication and authorization. Authentication is incorporated
by using a unique identification key and authorization is done by
fingerprint where in this the vote is in the form of transaction,
which keeps track of votes Through which atomicity and integrity
are maintained. And this will improve the voting scenarios
Keywords: Authentication, Authorization, Node, Transaction,
Miners,Chain, Consensus
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent decades, the global landscape of electoral
processes has witnessed a notable shift towards embracing
technology to enhance efficiency, security, and accessibility.
Traditional voting systems, characterized by paper ballots and
manual counting, are time-consuming processes, and lead to
potential errors, and susceptibility to fraudulent activities. The
advent of electronic voting (E-voting) systems emerged as a
promising solution, seeking to address these issues and
modernize the democratic process.
The integration of the Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain
technology emerges as a novel approach to fortify E-voting
systems against these concerns. The synergy between Artificial
Intelligence and Blockchain holds the promise of addressing
the vulnerabilities inherent in traditional and even some
contemporary electronic voting methods. The rationale behind
this integration lies in leveraging AI for advanced identity
verification and authentication, while Blockchain serves as an
immutable and transparent ledger, ensuring the integrity of the
entire voting process.
II. Objective
The objective of this research is to delve into the
implementation of AI and Blockchain technologies within the
E- voting paradigm, with a specific focus on capturing eye and
fingerprint data. Recognizing that governments already possess
extensive databases containing such biometric information, the
research aims to capitalize on existing data repositories to
enhance the accuracy and security of voter identification. By
integrating AI algorithms capable of recognizing unique eye
and fingerprint patterns, the system not only reinforces
identity verification but also ensures a seamless and efficient
voting experience.
This study is motivated by the imperative to contribute to
the ongoing discourse on bolstering the resilience of electoral
systems through technological innovation. By harnessing the
power of AI and Blockchain, the research seeks to not only
address existing challenges but also to set a foundation for a
robust, secure, and inclusive E-voting ecosystem. As
societies navigate the complex intersection of technology and
governance, understanding the implications, benefits, and
potential risks associated with the proposed integration
becomes crucial for the advancement of democratic
processes in the digital age.
III. E-VOTING SYSTEMS
Electronic voting systems, while intended to streamline
the democratic process, grapple with formidable challenges.
One paramount issue is the susceptibility to security
breaches, encompassing hacking and tampering. Instances
from various elections worldwide underscore the
vulnerability of these systems to external threats, raising
concerns about the sanctity of the electoral process.The lack
of a paper trail in many traditional e-voting systems
exacerbates the security issue. Unlike traditional paper
ballots, which provide a tangible and auditable record,
electronic votes can be altered without leaving a trace. This
lack of transparency makes it challenging to verify the
accuracy of results and exposes the system to manipulation.
Furthermore, accessibility and inclusivity concerns persist
in traditional e-voting systems. Some segments of the
population, such as those with limited technology access or
disabilities, may face barriers to participation. Addressing
these challenges is pivotal for ensuring the democratic
process's integrity and fostering trust among citizens.
1. Evolution towards Technology Integration:
Recognizing the shortcomings of traditional
e-voting systems, the trajectory has shifted towards embracing
advanced technologies. Blockchain and AI emerge as pivotal
components in this evolutionary process, promising to
surmount existing challenges and usher in a new era of secure
and transparent elections.
* Blockchain Technology: Basics and Security Features-
Blockchain, the foundational technology behind the
cryptocurrencies, operates on a decentralized ledger, creating
a tamper-resistant record of transactions. This inherent feature
makes it a compelling solution for enhancing the security of e-
voting systems. Each vote has become a cryptographic block
linked to the preceding one, forming an immutable chain. This
decentralized structure eliminates the risk of a single point of
failure, mitigating the potential for fraud or manipulation.
The transparency afforded by blockchain is equally
significant. Every participant in the network has access to the
entire transaction history, fostering a high level of trust. This
transparency extends to the verification of election results, as
each vote's journey through the blockchain is visible and
traceable. Examining successful implementations of
blockchain in voting systems worldwide provides valuable
insights into the practical applications and benefits of this
technology.
a. Artificial Inteigence in Voting: Utilizing Voting for
Identity Verification-
Artificial Intelligence, with its cognitive capabilities,
adds another layer of sophistication to the e-voting landscape.
Identity verification, a cornerstone of secure elections, can be
significantly enhanced through AI. Utilizing facial recognition
and fingerprint analysis, AI algorithms can ensure the
accuracy of voter identification. This not only reduces the risk
of fraudulent votes but also streamlines the voting process by
automating identity verification. The integration of AI in
identity verification introduces adaptability and resilience to
evolving threats. Machine learning algorithms can
continuously learn and improve, staying ahead of potential
exploits. Examining case studies where AI has been
successfully employed in identity verification processes sheds
light on best practices and potential pitfalls.
The role of AI in e-voting extends beyond identity
verification. AI algorithms can actively monitor the voting
process, identifying anomalies and patterns indicative of
malicious activities. Real-time analysis of voting data
allows for swift response to potential threats, enhancing the
system's overall security.Accuracy in vote counting is
another domain where AI excels. Machine learning
algorithms can process vast amounts of data with speed and
precision, reducing the likelihood of errors in tallying votes.
Examining instances where AI has been deployed to
enhance the accuracy of e-voting systems offers valuable
insights into the practical implications and challenges of this
integration.
3. Methodology-
The methodology section of this type of research
encompasses a detailed exploration of the processes and
strategies involved in implementing the integration of
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technologies into
the E-voting system. This section is crucial for elucidating
the steps undertaken to ensure the successful incorporation
of advanced technologies while addressing key
considerations such as system architecture, data collection,
and the implementation plan.
A. System architecture-
*Integration of Blockchain:

2. Enhancing Security and Accuracy-

Building on the foundations laid by blockchain and
AI, the overarching goal is to fortify the security and
accuracy of e-voting systems. The combination of these
technologies introduces a multi-layered approach to
safeguarding the electoral process.

Blockchain and AI’s Role in ensuring Security and Accuracy-
Blockchain, by design, ensures the security of the entire
electoral process. Its decentralized nature removes the reliance
on a central authority, reducing the risk of manipulation. The
cryptographic hashing of votes guarantees their integrity,
creating a robust defense against tampering. Diving into
specific security features embedded in blockchain protocols
elucidates the mechanisms that will fortify the electoral
infrastructure.he decentralized nature of blockchain which
enables universal accessibility of the distributed database to
all participants in the network,which is governed by a
consensus algorithm. Therefore, blockchain data are
immutable, additionally traces and validates transactions
based on their origins. This technique makes digital
transactions transparent, secure, and tamper-proof.
Considering these unique characteristics, blockchain is an
appropriate mechanism for integration with e-voting systems.
The integration of Blockchain into the E- voting system
which serves as a foundational element, providing a
decentralized and a secure platform for recording and
managing voting data. The Blockchain architecture will be
designed to accommodate the unique requirements of the
voting process, ensuring the transparency, immutability, and
the resilience against tampering. Smart contracts will play a
pivotal role in automating various stages of the voting
process, from voter registration to the validation of election
results. The decentralized nature of Blockchain mitigates
the risk of single-point failures and enhances the overall
trustworthiness of the E-voting system.

*AI Algorithms for Eye and Fingerprint Data-
Implementing advanced AI algorithms is central to the
success of the proposed system. These algorithms will
focus on the analysis and authentication of eye and
fingerprint data, utilizing machine learning models trained
on comprehensive datasets. The objective is to create
robust biometric recognition mechanisms that enhance the
security and efficiency of the voting process. By
leveraging AI, the system can adapt to variations in
individual biometric patterns, ensuring a high level of
accuracy in identity verification. Continuous learning and
improvement mechanisms within the AI algorithms will
be implemented to stay resilient against emerging threats
and variations in biometric data.
B. Data Collection-
*Government Data Sources-
Leveraging the existing government databases
containing eye and fingerprint data is integral to the
research. Collaborative efforts with relevant government
agencies responsible for managing biometric information
will be established. The goal is to access reliable and
up-to- date datasets that form the basis for training the AI
algorithms. Ethical considerations will be at the forefront,
ensuring that data usage adheres to privacy regulations
and respects individual rights. Establishing secure
connections and protocols for data retrieval from
government sources will be a critical aspect of this
process.
*Privacy and Legal Considerations-
The collection, storage, and utilization of
biometric data require meticulous attention to privacy and
legal considerations. Compliance with data protection
laws, such as GDPR or equivalent regional regulations,
will be a major priority. Consent mechanisms will be
transparently communicated to individuals, ensuring they
are fully informed about how their biometric data will be
used in the context of the E-voting system. Encryption
protocols and secure storage practices will be
implemented to safeguard the confidentiality and integrity
of the collected biometric data.
IV.IMPLEMENTATION
The integration of blockchain into the e-voting system
represents a pivotal step towards achieving a secure,
transparent, and tamper-resistant electoral process. This
section delves into the technical intricacies of how
blockchain is implemented to fortify the foundation of
electronic voting.The implementation of blockchain in e-
voting involves the creation of a decentralized ledger that
securely records each vote. The use of a permissioned
blockchain ensures that only authorized
participants, such as election officials and designated
nodes, have the ability to validate transactions. This
approach balances the advantages of decentralization
with the necessity for governance and control.
1. Smart Contracts-
One of the key technical components in integrating
blockchain is the deployment of smart contracts. These
self-executing contracts encode the rules and conditions
of the election process. Through predefined logic, smart
contracts automate tasks such as vote validation, tallying,
and result declaration. This not only reduces the reliance
on intermediaries but also ensures the execution of the
electoral process is transparent and immutable
.
2. Decentralized Consensus Mechanism-
The selection of an appropriate consensus
mechanism is paramount in ensuring the security and
reliability of the blockchain. Practical Byzantine Fault
Tolerance (PBFT) or Proof of Authority (PoA) are often
favored for their efficiency and resilience against
malicious nodes. Examining the specific consensus
mechanism chosen in the implementation provides
insights into the system's robustness.
3. Encryption Techniques-
To safeguard the privacy and integrity of votes,
encryption plays a vital role. Advanced encryption
techniques, such as homomorphic encryption, enable the
counting of votes without decrypting them, preserving
voter anonymity. Analyzing the encryption methods
employed in the blockchain integration sheds light on the
measures taken to protect sensitive voter information.
4. Immutable Record-
The immutability of the blockchain ensures that once
a vote is recorded, it cannot be altered or deleted. This is
achieved through cryptographic hashing, where each
block contains a unique identifier based on the content of
the previous block. This chain of blocks creates a secure
and transparent audit trail, enabling stakeholders to trace
the entire voting process
AI Algorithms-
a. AI Algorithms for Identity Verification-
*Facial Recognition:
AI-driven facial recognition algorithms play a
pivotal role in verifying the identity of voters. By
analyzing facial features and comparing them to a
database of registered voters, this technology ensures
that the person casting the vote is indeed the legitimate
voter. The technical aspects involve deep learning
models trained on diverse datasets to accurately
recognize faces under various conditions.
*Fingerprint Analysis-
Leveraging AI for fingerprint analysis enhances the
biometric verification process.Machine learning
algorithms,particularly those based on
patternrecognition,

can efficiently match fingerprints against a secure
database. The utilization of minutiae points and ridge
patterns ensures the uniqueness and reliability of
fingerprint-based identity verification.
*Behavioral Biometrics-
AI algorithms can extend identity verification beyond
traditional methods by analyzing behavioral biometrics.
This includes the unique way individuals interact with
technology, such as keystroke dynamics or mouse
movement patterns. Incorporating behavioral biometrics
provides an additional layer of authentication, making it
more challenging for malicious actors to impersonate
legitimate voters
A. Summary of Findings-
The exploration of e-voting systems, blockchain
integration, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications
underscores their transformative impact on democratic
processes. Summarizing the key findings emphasizes the
collective contributions of these technologies.
*Post-Election Audit-
AI can aid in post-election audits by analyzing patterns
in voting data. This retrospective analysis helps identify
any discrepancies or patterns that may indicate
manipulation. The technical implementation of these
post-election audit algorithms contributes to the overall
robustness of the e- voting system.
The exploration of e-voting systems, blockchain
integration, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications
underscores their transformative impact on democratic
processes. Summarizing the key findings emphasizes the
collective contributions of these technologies.
*Blockchain Integration in E-voting-
The incorporation of blockchain addresses security and
transparency challenges in e-voting. Decentralized ledgers
ensure tamper-resistant records, and smart contracts
automate the electoral process, enhancing efficiency. The
immutability of the blockchain provides an auditable trail,
assuring stakeholders of the process's integrity.
*AI Algorithms for Identity Verification and Security
Enhancement-
AI algorithms, particularly in identity verification,
bolster e-voting system security. Facial recognition and
fingerprint analysis introduce sophisticated biometric
verification. Behavioral biometrics add an extra layer of
authentication, and AI actively monitors for anomalies
and adapts to emerging threats, enhancing overall
security.
*Combined Impact on Security and Efficiency-
The synergy between blockchain and AI fortifies e-
voting systems, addressing vulnerabilities in traditional
methods. This combined impact creates a robust
framework for secure, transparent, and efficient
democratic processes.
B. Future Work-
Guiding future research and development in e-voting
systems is crucial for continuous improvement.
Suggesting potential areas for exploration is key to
advancing the field.
*Enhanced Privacy Measures-
Future research can delve into cryptographic
techniques that safeguard voter anonymity without
compromising transparency, ensuring enhanced privacy
in e-voting systems.
Future research can delve into cryptographic
techniques that safeguard voter anonymity without
compromising transparency, ensuring enhanced privacy
in e-voting systems.
*Usability and Accessibility-
Focusing on user interfaces for diverse demographics
and addressing accessibility challenges for individuals
with disabilities will contribute to a more inclusive and
user-friendly e-voting experience.
*Scalability of Blockchain Networks-
Investigating methods to optimize blockchain
protocols for varying election sizes ensures scalability
while maintaining system security and efficiency.
*Public Perception and Trust-
Understanding and improving public perception
and trust in e-voting systems is essential. Research can
explore strategies for effectively communicating the
benefits and security features of blockchain and AI-
integrated systems to the public.
In conclusion, the integration of blockchain and AI in e-
voting systems is a transformative step in redefining
democratic processes. Future research promises to
address current challenges and elevate standards in
security, transparency, and inclusivity. As technology
evolves, opportunities to enhance the democratic
experience for global citizens continue to unfold.
The evolution of blockchain-based e-voting systems
from 2017 to 2023 has beenmarked by significant
advancements, as evidenced by research papers from this
period.Significant studies emerged, proposing a novel
approach to utilizing blockchain technologyor recording
votes for different voting scenarios. These systems aimed
to address common limitations in existing voting systems
and involved a critical evaluation of popularblockchain
frameworks suitable for e-voting applications. During the
years, the primary research emphasis shifted towards
enhancing security and developing robust frameworks
for blockchain-based e-voting systems. In recent years,
the other aspects of e-voting systems,scalability and cost
efficiency, have received more attention.
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