What is the visible effect of the process of HEAT

Combustion?
FIRE It is the product of combustion that spreads the fire.
HEAT
It is a particular type of chemical reaction.
FIRE This refers to materials or a substance being oxidized
or will be burned in the ignition process.
It occurs between oxygen in the air and some fuel. FUEL
FIRE

It is when fuel reacts with oxygen to release heat It is the reducing agent.
energy. FUEL
FIRE
A substance that reacts chemically with oxygen and
Also known as the combustion triangle. produces flames.
FIRE TRIANGLE FUEL

A simple model for understanding the chemical It is the visible, gaseous part of a fire.
reaction which must occur to create a fire. FLAMES
FIRE TRIANGLE
It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking
It is composed of three elements – fuel, heat, and place in a thin zone.
oxygen – which must all be present for a fire to FLAMES
ignite.
FIRE TRIANGLE It is a collection of tiny unburnt particles and little
droplets of tar.
It can be described as a solid pyramid with four plane SMOKE
faces.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON This occurs when there is incomplete combustion.
SMOKE
An oxidizing agent refers to materials that produced
oxygen or other oxidizing gases during a chemical It is a residue or a byproduct of the incomplete
reaction. combustion of carbon-based materials.
OXYGEN SOOT

They are not combustible but support combustion

when combined with fuels. It is the manifestation of rapid chemical reaction
OXIDIZERS occurring between fuel and oxidizer (oxygen).
FIRE
It is the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium
or object to another, or from an energy source to a It is heat and light resulting from the rapid
medium or object. combination of oxygen.
HEAT FIRE

It is the result of the movement of tiny particles It is the energy stored in objects.
called atoms, etc. MOTION OR MECHANICAL ENERGY
HEAT ENERGY
As objects move faster, more energy is saved. True or
It is a form of energy measured in the degree of False?
temperature. TRUE
 This gas is used to heat buildings, cook food and
It is the movement of electrons. usually mixed with compounds.
ELECTRICAL ENERGY NATURAL GAS

What are the tiny particles that makeup atoms?

ELECTRONS Used for certain fuels are abundant and others are
scarce.
Electrons that move through a wire are called? MANUFACTURED GAS
ELECTRICITY
Gas which at all normal temperatures inside its
It is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear container; exists solely in the gaseous state under
energy to generate heat. pressure.
NUCLEAR ENERGY COMPRESSED GAS

It is stored in bonds of atoms and molecules. Gas which at all normal temperatures inside its
CHEMICAL ENERGY container; exists solely in the gaseous state under
pressure.
LIQUEFIED GAS
It is also known as light energy or electromagnetic
energy.
SOLAR ENERGY
A liquefied gas exists in its container at a temperature

A type of kinetic energy that travels in waves. far below normal atmospheric temperature, usually

SOLAR ENERGY slightly above its boiling point and correspondingly

low to moderate pressure.

A transfer of heat by motion of hot smoke, gases, etc.

CRYOGENIC GAS
CONVECTION

Used for burning with air to produce heat. Natural

The transfer of heat energy by the movement of
gas and LPG.
heated liquid or gases from the source of heat.
CONVECTION FUEL GASES

Heat transfer that takes place within a solid when one A large number of gases are used for industrial
portion of an object is heated: direct contact. processes such as those in welding and cutting.
CONDUCTION
INDUSTRIAL GASES
Transmission of the heat energy which travel through
a pace or materials as the wave in the radiant energy
travel within the speed of light.
Used for treatment such as anesthesia.
RADIATION

MEDICAL GASES
What is the classification of gases?
Based on Source
According to Physical Properties
According to Usage Provide energy through the fission or fusion of their
atoms.
Based on source gases are:
NUCLEAR FUELS
Natural Gas
Manufactured Gas
It is the most commonly used nuclear fuel. These are the ones that ignited or flame immediately
when contracting fire or high temperatures in the air
URANIUM and continue to burn.

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

The split of the nucleus of atoms. What is the most flammable substance in the world?

NUCLEAR FISSION CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE

These are any items or agents which has the potential

to cause harm to human, animals, or the environment.
The combination of two light nuclei of atom.

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
The freezing point of Celsius.

The most dangerous material is?

0-degree celsius

CHLORINE
The boiling point of Celsius.

It is a highly reactive and volatile substance,

100 degree Celsius
particularly when in the presence of heat.

Used mostly in English-speaking countries.

CHLORINE

FAHRENHEIT
Considered to be among the most hazardous of
hazardous materials.
The freezing point of Fahrenheit.

CHLORINE
32 DEGREE FAAHRENHEIT

What are the classes of hazardous materials?

The boiling point of Fahrenheit.

CLASS 1: E
212 DEGREE FAHRENHEIT

CLASS 2: G
The most commonly used thermodynamic
temperature scale.
CLASS 3: FACL
KELVIN or ABSOLUTE

CLASS 4: FS
Defined as absolute zero of temperature.

CLASS 5: OX S , ORG P
ZERO

CLASS 6: TS, IS
Employs absolute zero as its lowest point.

CLASS 7: RM
RANKINE

CLASS 8: CORROSIVES
The freezing point of water under Rankine.

The probability that the building may catch fire, the

492 DEGREE RANKINE
difficulty in evacuating people, and suppressing the
fire.
The boiling point of water under Rankine.

DEGREE OF HAZARDS
672 DEGREE RANKINE
Low combustibility that no self-propagating fire FIRE
therein can occur and that consequently, the only
probable danger requiring the use of emergency exits It is a portion of the gases of combustion.

will be from panic, fumes or smoke, or fire from

FLAME
some external source.

LOW HAZARD

It does not have a finite shape.

liable to burn with moderate rapidity or to give off a
considerable volume of smoke but from which
FLAME
neither poisonous fumes nor explosions are to be
expected in the event of a fire. It is the whole process of something that is burning.

MODERATE HAZARD FIRE

liable to burn with extreme rapidity or from which

poisonous gases or explosions are to be expected in
the event of fire. The part of the flame that is closest to the wick, the
least hot, and the black part that contains unburnt
HIGH HAZARD/EXTRA HAZARD particles of carbon.

A fire gas formed fires involving organic material INNER PART

containing sulfur.
The biggest part of the flame. Not extremely hot
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) since it gets a limited supply of oxygen.

Colorless, highly toxic gas with a strong odor of MIDDLE PART

rotten eggs.
It is where incomplete combustion takes place.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)
MIDDLE PART
To what degree will Hydrogen Sulfide ignite?
What color does the middle part of the flame
500 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT (200 produce?
DC)
YELLOW AND ORANGE
A toxic gas found in oxygen-starved.
This part of the flame has an unlimited supply of
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN) oxygen therefore, it is where complete combustion
takes place.
This gas is also used as a fumigant.

OUTER PART
HYDROGEN CYANIDE (HCN)

What is the hottest part of the flame?

Can be fatal after only a few breaths

OUTER PART
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

What color does the outer part of the flame produce?

Does a fire need flames?

BLUE
NO

Does the outer part of the flame emit light?

It can be a pile of glowing embers.
 NO The force exerted by the molecules on the surface of
the liquid is an equilibrium.
Reddish-orange in color which deposits soot since it
is a product of incomplete combustion. VAPOR PRESSURE

LUMINOUS FLAME The measure of the thermal degree of the agitation of

This flame has a lower temperature.
LUMINOUS FLAME
This is bluish and does not deposit soot since it is a
product of complete combustion.
NON-LUMINOUS FLAME
This flame has a higher temperature.
NON-LUMINOUS FLAME
a unit of a given substance.
TEMPERATURE
The constant temperature at which the vapor pressure
of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
BOILING POINT
Substances in the air must be heated to initiate or
cause self-contained combustion without the addition
of heat from outside sources.

IGNITION TEMPERATURE
Smooth flame

The temperature at which the material will give off

LAMINAR FLAME
ample vapors to keep burning

Rough flame, unsteady

FIRE POINT

TURBULENT FLAME
How many degrees is the difference between the
flashpoint and the fire point?

5-10 DEGREES
What are the four characteristics of smoke?

The temperature at which a material is not hot

VOLUME
enough to keep burning.

DENSITY
FLASHPOINT

VELOCITY
Used to express the condition of a fuel vaporizing,

COLOR whether or not it is vaporizing fast enough to keep

burning.
It is the ratio of the weight of a solid or substantially
equal to the weight of the volume of water. FLASHPOINT

SPECIFIC GRAVITY These are changes whereby energy is absorbed or

added before the reaction takes place.

ENDOTHERMIC
The weight of an amount of pure gas compared to the
weight of a volume of a dry at the same temperature This reaction or change releases or gives off energy.

and pressure.
EXOTHERMIC

VAPOR DENSITY
A chemical change in which combustible materials
and oxidizing agent reacts.
 OXIDATION FLASH FIRE

The manifestation of fire is when the fire is in its gas- It is a systematic removal and replacement of heated
phase combustion. air, smoke, and gases from a structure with cooler air.

COMBUSTION/FIRE VENTILATION

The term is used to explain the weight of vapors. Opening of the roof or existing roof openings to
allow heated gases and smoke to escape into the
VAPOR DENSITY atmosphere.

What are the stages of development of fire? VERTICAL VENTILATION

IGNITION (Incipient) Venting of heat, smoke, and gases through wall

openings such as windows and doors.
DEVELOPING PHASE (Growth
Phase) HORIZONTAL VENTILATION

FLASH OVER ( Free burning/ Fully Accomplished mechanically with the use of
Developed) instruments.

DECAY/SMOLDERING STAGE FORCED VENTILATION

It occurs when a room is heated enough that flames Oldest practice in the firefighting operation.
sweep over the entire surface.
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
FLASHOVER VENTILATION

It describes a condition on where flames move Usually used on the exterior doorway (point of
through or cross the unburned gases during a fire entry).
progression.
POSITIVE PRESSURE
FLAME OVER/ROLL OVER VENTILATION

Involvement of only the fire gases and not the surface

of other fuel packages.

FLAME OVER

This is a tendency of gases to form into layers

according to temperature. Simply searching a fire scene to detect hidden fires of
sparks that may rekindle. Identifying the point of
THERMAL LAYERING GASES origin and cause of the fire.

A fatal condition that takes place when the fire resists OVERHAUL
extinguishment operations and becomes stronger and
bigger instead. Saving the property of the fire victims.

BITE BACK SALVAGE

Also known as a dust explosion. This happens when

the metal post that is completely covered with dust is
going to be hit by lightning.
 What is a high-pressure hose that carries water or
other fire retardants to a fire to extinguish it
outdoors?
FIRE HOSE

It is a device designed to bring firefighters and their

equipment to the upper stories of buildings to fight
fires and rescue people.
FIRE LADDER and FIRE ESCAPE

It has several devices working together to detect and

warn people through visual and audio appliances
when smoke, fire, carbon, etc., or other emergencies
are present.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

What is the difference between fire suppression and

extinguishment?
FIRE SUPPRESSION
- slowing down
FIRE CONTROL
- keeping from spreading

What is the fire extinguishment theory all about?

INTERRUPTING ONE OR MORE ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS IN FIRE TETRAHEDRON

What are the methods of fire extinguishment?

COOLING
SMOTHERING
STARVATION

What is the process of slowing down the rate of What is cooling?

burning? Removing the heat source
FIRE SUPPRESSION
What is smothering?
What does keeping the fire from spreading or holding Reducing the oxygen content
the fire to one area?
FIRE CONTROL What is starvation?
Isolate the fuel supply.
What term means putting the fire completely out?
EXTINGUISHMENT These are substances that chemically react with the
burning material.
What is an active fire protection device used to FLAME INHIBITOR
extinguish or control small fires often for
emergencies? What is a mechanical device usually made of metal,
FIRE EXTINGUISHER containing chemicals, fluids, or gases for stopping
fires.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER

This type of fire extinguisher is where the expellant
gas and extinguishing agent are stored in a single
chamber and discharge is directly controlled by the
valve.
STORED PRESSURE
This type of fire extinguisher is where the expellant
gas is stored in a separate cartridge located or
adjacent to the shell containing the extinguishing
agent.
CARTRIDGE OPERATED
Often referred to as disposable-non-refillable types.
Sealing is accomplished by means of a frangible
metal disc as opposed to a valve.
SEALED PRESSURE
They extinguish the fire by taking away the heat
element of the fire triangle.
WATER AND FOAM
They separate the oxygen element from the other
elements.
WATER AND FOAM
Class A fires are for what type of extinguisher?
WATER EXTINGUISHERS
Class B or C fires should not be used by what type of
extinguisher?
WATER EXTINGUISHERS
This extinguisher extinguishes fire by taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle and removing
the heat with a very cold discharge.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Class B and C fires should be extinguished by what
type of extinguisher?
CARBON DIOXIDE
They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.
CARBON DIOXIDE
This type of fire extinguisher interrupts the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.
DRY CHEMICAL
This is used for Class B and C fires only.
DRY CHEMICAL
Used on Class B and C fires which have slight
smothering and cooling effects.
HALONS
How many feet do halon extinguishers limited range?
4-6 feet
This fire extinguisher eliminates the heat of the fire
triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier
between the oxygen and fuel elements.
WET CHEMICAL
Fire extinguisher for Class K.
WET CHEMICAL
They extinguish the fire interrupting the chemical
reaction of the fire triangle.
CLEAN AGENT OR HALOGENATED
Fire extinguishers for Class B and C fires.
CLEAN AGENT OR HALOGENATED
Like dry chemicals but extinguishes the fire by
separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by
removing the heat element of the fire triangle.
DRY POWDER
Fire extinguishers for Class D.
DRY POWDER
Extinguishes the fire by taking away the heating
element of the fire triangle.
WATER MIST
An alternative to the clean agent extinguishers.
WATER MIST
Fire extinguishers for Class A or for Class C.
WATER MIST
Effective for Class A, B, and C fires.
CARTRIDGE-OPERATED DRY CHEMICAL
Class A fire extinguisher is for:
ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES
Class B fire extinguisher is for:
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS AND GAS FIRES
Class C fire extinguisher is for:
LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

Class D fire extinguisher is for:

COMBUSTIBLE METALS

Class K fire extinguisher is for:

COOKING MEDIA

An internal pressure check of an extinguisher or shell

to detect possible failure under pressure.
HYDROSTATIC TEST

The operational testing of an extinguisher is

conducted yearly to determine its functions to operate
properly.
SERVICE TEST

A term used to describe a transition which occurs in

the development of a fire, when for example, most of
all the combustible surfaces within a room are heated
above their ignition temperature at the same time.

FLASHOVER

Heat/Kainit (temperature)

- Cooling Method (Pabugnawon ang kainit) so

kailangan e remove ang heat source

Fuel (Reducing Agent)

- Starvation (Gutomon fire), Separation Method

(Para ma gutom so dapat naay action of taking it
away) - Isolation of the fuel supply

Note: Isolating means "IHIWALAY"

OXYGEN (Oxidizing Agent)

- SUFFOCATION/SMOTHERING
(DIBA SMOTHERING KAY DILI MAKA
HINGA, SO KULANG UG OXYGEN) Para ma
put out ang fire, isa ka way kay e reduce ang
oxygen content para dili pa siya mag allow ug
propagate/spread