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Ebook Ebook PDF Positive Psychology The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths 4Th Edition All Chapter PDF Docx Kindle
Ebook Ebook PDF Positive Psychology The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths 4Th Edition All Chapter PDF Docx Kindle
3 Church Street
Singapore 049483
ISBN: 978-1-5063-5735-5
8
Brief Contents
1. Preface
2. Remembering Shane J. Lopez
3. Acknowledgments
4. About the Authors
5. Part I Looking at Psychology from A Positive Perspective
6. Chapter 1 Welcome to Positive Psychology
7. Chapter 2 Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive Psychology:
How “ME + WE = US” Might Bridge the Gap
8. Chapter 3 Classifications and Measures of Strengths and Positive
Outcomes
9. Part II Positive Psychology in Context
10. Chapter 4 The Role of Culture in Developing Strengths and Living
Well
11. Chapter 5 Living Well at Every Stage of Life
12. Part III Positive Emotional States and Processes
13. Chapter 6 The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive Affect,
Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being
14. Chapter 7 Making the Most of Emotional Experiences: Emotion-
Focused Coping, Emotional Intelligence, Socioemotional Selectivity,
and Emotional Storytelling
15. Part IV Positive Cognitive States and Processes
16. Chapter 8 Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and
Hope
17. Chapter 9 Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and the
Brave
18. Chapter 10 Mindfulness, Flow, and Spirituality: In Search of Optimal
Experiences
19. Part V Prosocial Behavior
20. Chapter 11 Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism and Gratitude
21. Chapter 12 Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and
Forgiveness
22. Part VI Understanding and Changing Human Behavior
23. Chapter 13 Balanced Conceptualizations of Mental Health and
Behavior
24. Chapter 14 Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good
25. Part VII Positive Environments
26. Chapter 15 Positive Schooling and Good Work: The Psychology of
9
Gainful Employment and the Education That Gets Us There
27. Part VIII Finding Strengths in Others: Embodying Strengths in
Everyday Life
28. Chapter 16 Remembering Shane: Real Strengths in a Real Person
29. References
30. Glossary of Key Terms
31. Author Index
32. Subject Index
10
Detailed Contents
Preface
Remembering Shane J. Lopez
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part I Looking At Psychology from a Positive Perspective
Chapter 1 Welcome to Positive Psychology
Building Human Strength: Psychology’s Forgotten Mission
Going From the Negative to the Positive
A Positive Newspaper Story
Reactions to This Positive Story
Positive Psychology Seeks a Balanced, More Complete
View of Human Functioning
Views of Reality That Include Both the Positive and
the Negative
Where We Are Now and What We Will Ask
Personal Mini-Experiments: What You Want to Experience
A Guide to This Book
Personal Mini-Experiments
Life Enhancement Strategies
The Big Picture
Appendix: Movies for Review
Key Terms
Chapter 2 Eastern and Western Perspectives on Positive
Psychology: How “ME + WE = US” Might Bridge the Gap
A Matter of Perspective
Historical and Philosophical Traditions
Western Influences: Athenian, Judeo-Christian, Islamic,
and Anishinaabe Traditions
Athenian Views
Judeo-Christianity
Islam
Anishinaabe Teachings
Eastern Influences: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and
Hinduism
Confucianism
Taoism
Buddhism
11
Hinduism
Summary of Eastern and Western Philosophies
East Meets West
Individualism: The Psychology of ME
A Brief History of American Individualism
Emphases in Individualism
Collectivism: The Psychology of WE
A Historical Comment on Collectivism: We Came
Together Out of Necessity
Emphases in Collectivism
Demographics Related to Collectivism
The Stories We Tell
Orientation to Time
Thought Processes
East and West: Is One Best?
Personal Mini-Experiments: Getting and Giving Help
Different Ways to Positive Outcomes
“The Rugged Individualist” and the Construct of Hope
The Need for Uniqueness
Eastern Values: Compassion and Harmony
Where We Are Going: From ME to WE to US
ME/WE Balance: The Positive Psychology of US
Both the Individualistic and the Collectivistic
Perspectives Are Viable
Thinking About Your Own Life
Suggestions for ME People (Individualists)
Suggestions for WE People (Collectivists)
Final Thoughts
Appendix: The Need for Uniqueness Scale
Key Terms
Chapter 3 Classifications and Measures of Strengths and Positive
Outcomes
Classifications and Measures of Strengths
Gallup’s Clifton StrengthsFinder
The VIA Classification of Strengths
The Search Institute’s 40 Developmental Assets
Distinguishing Among the Measures of Psychological
Strength
Issues of Equivalence in Using Measures of
Psychological Strength
Identifying Your Personal Strengths
12
Personal Mini-Experiments: Discovering and
Capitalizing on Your Strengths
The Case of Shane
Positive Outcomes for All
Dimensions of Well-Being
Toward a Better Understanding of Positive Outcomes
Identifying Strengths and Moving Toward a Vital Balance
Note
Key Terms
Part II Positive Psychology in Context
Chapter 4 The Role of Culture in Developing Strengths and
Living Well
Culture and Psychology
Main Message: Culture Counts
Understanding Culture: A Matter of Perspective
Positive Psychology: Culture Is Everywhere
Culturally Embedded Positive Psychology Research
and Practice
Personal Mini-Experiments: Culturally Embedded
Daily Practice
Situating Positive Psychology
Putting Positive Psychology in a Cultural Context
Examining the Equivalence of the “Positives” to
Determine What Works
Determining the Foundations of the Good Life
Using Caution in Measuring “Universal” Strengths
The Wise Man of the Gulf
Multicultural Mindset as a Strength
Final Thoughts on the Complexity of Cultural Influences
Key Terms
Chapter 5 Living Well at Every Stage of Life
Resilience in Childhood
The Case of Jackson
What Is Resilience?
The Roots of Resilience Research
Resilience Resources
An Excerpt From Finding Strength: How To
Overcome Anything
Positive Youth Development
What Is Positive Youth Development?
Positive Youth Development Programs That Work
13
The Life Tasks of Adulthood
The Trajectories of Precocious Children
What Are the Primary Tasks of Adulthood?
The Case of Keyonna
Successful Aging
What Is Successful Aging?
The Case of Tony
The MacArthur Foundation Study of Successful Aging
The Adult Development Study
One Man’s View of Aging
Personal Mini-Experiments: Finding Amazing People
of All Ages
A More Developmental Focus in Positive Psychology
Key Terms
Part III Positive Emotional States and Processes
Chapter 6 The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding Positive
Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being
Defining Emotional Terms
Affect
Emotion
Happiness
Subjective Well-Being
Distinguishing the Positive and the Negative
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Positive Emotions: Expanding the Repertoire of Pleasure
Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Joy and
Lasting Happiness
Positive Emotion Styles Linked to the Common Cold
Happiness and Subjective Well-Being: Living a Pleasurable
Life
Age-Old Definitions of Happiness
Subjective Well-Being as a Synonym for Happiness
The Satisfaction With Life Scale
Determinants of Subjective Well-Being
Happiness + Meaning = Well-Being
Twenty-First-Century Definitions of Happiness
Excerpts From Authentic Happiness
Happiest American is Still Hawaiian, Jewish And Chill
Complete Mental Health: Emotional, Social, and
Psychological Well-Being
Increasing Happiness in Your Life
14
Moving Toward the Positive
Life Enhancement Strategies
Key Terms
Chapter 7 Making the Most of Emotional Experiences: Emotion-
Focused Coping, Emotional Intelligence, Socioemotional
Selectivity, and Emotional Storytelling
Emotion-Focused Coping: Discovering the Adaptive
Potential of Emotional Approach
The Case of a Hurricane Survivor
Emotional Intelligence: Learning the Skills That Make a
Difference
Who Is Emotionally Intelligent—And Does It Matter?
Socioemotional Selectivity: Focusing in Later Life on
Positive Emotions and Emotion-Related Goals
Emotional Storytelling: The Pennebaker Paradigm as a
Means of Processing Intense Negative Emotions
Emotional Storytelling After a Traumatic Event
Emotions and Context
Working With Emotions to Bring About Positive Change
Personal Mini-Experiments: Making the Most of
Emotions in Everyday Life
An Emotional Balancing Act
Life Enhancement Strategies
Key Terms
Part IV Positive Cognitive States and Processes
Chapter 8 Seeing our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism,
and Hope
Fascination With the Future
Being Busy Not an End in Itself
Self-Efficacy
I Think I Can, I Think I Can …
A Definition
Childhood Antecedents: Where Does Self-Efficacy
Come From?
Cultural Context and Self-Efficacy
The Neurobiology of Self-Efficacy
Scales: Can Self-Efficacy Be Measured?
Self-Efficacy’s Influence in Life Arenas
The Latest Frontier: Collective Self-Efficacy
Changing Behavior Through TV Heroes
Optimism
15
Learned Optimism—Seligman and Colleagues
The CAVE and Predicting Baseball Outcomes
Optimism—Scheier and Carver
Hope
A Definition
Childhood Antecedents of Hope
The Neurobiology of Hope
Scales: Can Hope Be Measured?
What Hope Predicts
The Latest Frontier—Collective Hope
Hope in Our Current Times
Life Enhancement Strategies
Putting Temporal Futures in Perspective
Personal Mini-Experiments: Balancing Your
Perspective on Time
Cultural Caveats About Temporal Perspective
Appendix A: A Summary of Hope Theories
Appendix B: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory Items
Note
Key Terms
Chapter 9 Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the Wise and
the Brave
Wisdom and Courage: Two of a Kind
Wisdom Difficult to Define, Attain
Theories of Wisdom
Implicit Theories of Wisdom
Explicit Theories of Wisdom
Becoming and Being Wise
Developing Wisdom
Wise People and Their Characteristics
The Measurement of Wisdom
Benefits of Wisdom
The Neurobiology of Wisdom
Future Study of Wisdom
Theories of Courage
Implicit Theories of Courage
Malala Yousafzai’s Courage The New York Times
Amputee a Driving Force in Getting People With
Disabilities Moving
Becoming and Being Courageous
U.S. Senator John McCain’s View on Strengthening
16
Courage—April 2004
Courage Research
The Measurement of Courage
Relationships Between Fear and Courage
Neurological Factors in Courage
Benefits of Courage
Courage and Culture
Finding Wisdom and Courage in Daily Life
Can Courage Be Learned?
Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of the Wisdom
and Courage of Everyday People … Including
Yourself
Life Enhancement Strategies
The Value of Wisdom and Courage
Key Terms
Chapter 10 Mindfulness, Flow, and Spirituality: In Search of
Optimal Experiences
Moment-to-Moment Searches
Mindfulness: In Search of Novelty
Mindfulness as a State of Mind
Living With Mindfulness: The Women’s Heart
Foundation
The Benefits of Mindfulness
Neurological Findings With Mindfulness
Cultivating Mindfulness
Flow: In Search of Absorption
Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Optimal
Experiences
The Flow State
The Autotelic Personality
Cultural Comparisons and Considerations in the Flow
Experience
Neurological Research on Flow
Fostering Flow and Its Benefits
New Areas of Investigation Involving Flow: Gaming
and Internet Use
Life Enhancement Strategies
Spirituality: In Search of the Sacred
The True Benefits of Spirituality?
Spirituality and Cultural Context
The Search Continues
17
Key Terms
Part V Prosocial Behavior
Chapter 11 Empathy and Egotism: Portals to Altruism and
Gratitude
Altruism
Defining Altruism
The Egotism Motive
Forms of Egotism-Motivated Altruism
The Empathy Motive and the Empathy–Altruism
Hypothesis
Correlates of Altruism
Genetic and Neural Foundations Related to Altruism
Empathy
Cultural Variations in Altruism
Cultivating Altruism
Personal Mini-Experiments: Exercises in Altruism and
Gratitude
Measuring Altruism
Future Directions
Gratitude
Defining Gratitude
Correlates of Gratitude
Cultural Variations in Gratitude
Cultivating Gratitude
Thanking Your Heroes
Measuring Gratitude
The Psychophysiological Underpinnings of Gratitude
The Societal Implications of Altruism and Gratitude
Empathy/Egotism and Altruism
Empathy/Egotism and Gratitude
Life Enhancement Strategies
“I Have a Dream”: Toward a Kinder, Gentler Humankind
Appendix A: The Helping Attitude Scale
Appendix B: The Gratitude Questionnaire—Six Items From
GQ-6
Key Terms
Chapter 12 Attachment, Love, Flourishing Relationships, and
Forgiveness
Infant Attachment
Personal Mini-Experiments: In Search of Love and
Flourishing Relationships
18
Adult Attachment Security
Love
Passionate and Companionate Aspects of Romantic
Love
The Triangular Theory of Love
The Self-Expansion Theory of Romantic Love
Flourishing Relationships: A Series of Purposeful Positive
Relationship Behaviors
Building a Mindful Relationship Connection
Life Enhancement Strategies
Creating a Culture of Appreciation
A Lot of Love in the Lovemaking: Avoiding Chaos,
Relationshipwise
Capitalizing on Positive Events
Praise: Encouraging Signs
The Neurobiology of Interpersonal Connection
More on Flourishing Relationships
Future of Love
When Loves Ends
Forgiveness
Defining Forgiveness
Individual and Cultural Variations in Forgiveness
Cultivating Forgiveness
Measuring Forgiveness
The Evolutionary and Neurobiological Bases of
Forgiveness
Physical Health and Forgiveness
Attachment, Love, and Forgiveness: Building a Positive
Psychology of Close Relationships
Appendix A: The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)
Appendix B: The Transgression-Related Interpersonal
Motivations Scale (TRIM)
Key Terms
Part VI Understanding And Changing Human Behavior
Chapter 13 Balanced Conceptualizations of Mental Health and
Behavior
Moving Toward Balanced Conceptualizations
Our Fascination With Abnormal Behavior
Neglect of the Environment and of the Positive
Asking Questions: The Four-Front Approach
The Case of Michael
19
The Lack of a Developmental Emphasis
Normalizing Negative and Positive Behavior
The Case of Michael
Difficulties Understanding Behavior in a Cultural Context
Determining How “Culture Counts”
The Case of Michael
The Limits of the Categorical Diagnostic System
Considering New Personality Dimensions
The Case of Michael
Going Beyond the DSM-5 Framework
Attending to All Behavior
Key Terms
Chapter 14 Preventing the Bad and Promoting the Good
In the Words of a Psychotherapy Client …
Primary Prevention: “Stop the Bad Before It Happens”
Is Primary Prevention Effective?
Components of Effective Primary Preventions
Head Start: An Example of Primary Prevention
Primary Preventions for Children
Primary Preventions for the Elderly
Caveats About Primary Preventions
Secondary Prevention (Psychotherapy): “Fix the Problem”
Is Secondary Prevention Effective?
Common Components of Secondary Preventions
Secondary Prevention Programs for Adults
Secondary Preventions for Racial and Ethnic
Minorities
Secondary Preventions for Children
Secondary Preventions for the Elderly
A Caveat About Secondary Preventions
Primary Enhancement: “Make Life Good”
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Primary Enhancement: Physical Health
A Caveat About Primary Enhancement
Secondary Enhancement: “Make Life the Best Possible”
Secondary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Personal Mini-Experiments: Enhancing Your Daily
Life
Secondary Enhancement: Physical Health
Caveats About Secondary Enhancement
The Balance of Prevention and Enhancement Systems
20
Appendix A: Effective Secondary Preventions
(Psychotherapies) for Adult Problems
Appendix B: Hope Therapy Worksheet
Key Terms
Part VII Positive Environments
Chapter 15 Positive Schooling and Good Work: The Psychology
of Gainful Employment and the Education That Gets Us There
Positive Schooling
“Teachers Can’t Get Jobs in the Real World!”
Negative Psychology: “Those Who Can’t, Shouldn’t Be
Teaching”
“No Child Left Behind” and Beyond
Personal Mini-Experiments: The Power of Positive
(and Negative) Teachers
The Components of Positive Schooling
Care, Trust, and Respect for Diversity
Goals (Content)
Plans
Motivation (Plus Enlivening the Course Contents for
Students)
Hope
Societal Contributions
Teaching as a Calling
2016 National Teacher of the Year: “I Was a Teenage
Mom, and Teachers Changed My Life”
Giving Back to Teachers
Gainful Employment
Gainful Employment: Happiness, Satisfaction, and Beyond
Performing Well and Meeting Goals
Deriving Purpose by Providing a Product or Service
Engagement and Involvement
Variety in Job Duties
Income for Family and Self
Companionship and Loyalty to Coworkers and Bosses:
Friends at Work
Safe Work Environments
Respect and Appreciation for Diversity in the
Workplace
Having or Being a Good Boss
The Strengths-Based Approach to Work
Match People, Don’t Fix Them
21
The Stages of This Approach
Does It Work?
Capital at Work
Traditional Economic Capital
Human Capital
Social Capital
Positive Psychological Capital
The Dark Side: Workaholics, Burnouts, and Jobs Lost
Workaholics
Burnout
Losing Your Job
What Can Be Done to Improve Your Work?
Making the Job Better
Personal Mini-Experiments: Becoming Gainfully
Employed
Applying for a New Job
The Power to Change
When Work Becomes a Calling: The Tale of a Hospital
Orderly
The Psychology of Gainful Employment and the Education
That Gets Us There
Appendix A: Example of Positive Schooling: The
StrengthsQuest Program
Appendix B: Positive Workplaces in Hong Kong: Building
Positive Organizations, Engaging the Heart of Employees
Key Terms
Part VIII Finding Strengths in Others: Embodying Strengths in
Everyday Life
Chapter 16 Remembering Shane: Real Strengths in a Real
Person
“Strengths are all around you”
“Strengths are also within you”
“Strengths can be shared and borrowed”
Remembering Shane J. Lopez
Lisa M. Edwards, Marquette University
Jeana L. Magyar, University of Wisconsin, Steven’s
Point
Heather Rasmussen, University of Kansas
Danny Singley, The Center for Men’s Excellence
Ryon McDermott, University of Alabama
Cynthia Pury, Clemson University
22
Kevin Rand, Indiana University–Purdue University
Indianapolis
Connie Clifton Rath, Gallup
Barbara L. Fredrickson, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill
Sarah Pressman, University of California, Irvine
Kristin Koetting O’Byrne, Abilene Christian
University
Matt Englar-Carlson, California State University,
Fullerton
Brian Cole, University of Kansas
Matthew Gallagher, University of Houston
Jennifer Teramoto Pedrotti, California Polytechnic
State University
References
Glossary of Key Terms
Author Index
Subject Index
23
Preface
For many of you, this is your first educational foray into the field of
positive psychology. We are privileged to introduce you to this work. If
your life is in some small way improved by reading the following pages, it
will have made our efforts more than worthwhile.
24
chapters. In Chapter 6, “The Principles of Pleasure: Understanding
Positive Affect, Positive Emotions, Happiness, and Well-Being,” we
discuss what has been learned about emotions and happiness. And in
Chapter 7, “Making the Most of Emotional Experiences: Emotion-Focused
Coping, Emotional Intelligence, Socioemotional Selectivity, and
Emotional Storytelling,” we reveal recent findings on how emotions can
contribute positively to effective coping in life.
Part IV, “Positive Cognitive States and Processes,” contains three chapters.
Chapter 8 (“Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and
Hope”) covers the most powerful positive cognitive and motivational
states. Then, in Chapter 9 (“Wisdom and Courage: Characteristics of the
Wise and the Brave”), we introduce findings about people at their best
under sometimes difficult circumstances. And in Chapter 10
(“Mindfulness, Flow, and Spirituality: In Search of Optimal
Experiences”), we detail the latest findings on the power of mental
processes in relation to self and higher forces.
25
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apua siitäkään. Se mahtoikin olla jotain henkistä sairautta, päätteli
hän siinä kävellessään sohjuista maantietä. Olisiko se tämä kirottu
osuuskauppa-asia? koetti hän tutkia olemustaan, vaan ei sekään
tuntunut syynä olevan. Se oli jotain outoa ja ennen tuntematonta.
Valitettuaan outoa oloaan suutari Horttanaiselle, joka kyläili
sattumalta Ylä-Rietulassa, oli tämä suutari arvellut:
Miirun Eedla pesi yhä vaatteita joen rannalla. Tällä välin oli hän
käynyt kotonaan ja pukeutunut pyhähameeseensa, jonka helmat oli
kumminkin varovaisuuden vuoksi kietaistu vyötärölle.
Punaposkisena ja reippaana siinä vaan liehui ollenkaan
aavistamatta, että veti puoleensa ohi kulkevien ijäkkäitten
poikamiesten huomion, ja sai vakaiset miehet ajattelemaan naima-
asioita silloin, kun muut tärkeämmät asiat olivat kysymyksessä.
— Kuka?
— Kuuletko sinä…!
— Ka, mitä?
Rietula terästyi.
— Oleppa nyt lautamies tai mikä tahansa, niin anna sille sapiskat.
— Niin, minä vaan kysyn, että mitä varten sinä tulet tänne
kokoukseen puhumaan puuta heinää ja sotkemaan ihmisten asioita
ja yrityksiä, aloitteli Rietula. Ja minä kysyn vielä, mikä sinä olet
olevinasi, kun sinun pitää aina haukkua meitä huonosta sovusta ja
pahanilkisyydestä. Sinä et ole edes lautamies ja siltä sinä otat
suuvuoron ja esiinnyt näissä julkisissa paikoissa komentavasti kuin
kukko kanaparvessa. Mutta me emme kuuntele enää tästälähin
sinun turhia jaarituksiasi. Sinut ajetaan ulos, jollet pidä visusti kiinni
leipälaukkuasi. Ajetaan pian koko kyläkunnasta ja Kuivalan
seurakunnasta sinne Hämeeseen, josta olet tänne tullutkin
sekaannusta aikaansaamaan.
Taisi tulla ihan ilkoiset häpeät. Mikä se saikin nyt miehen niin
pehmenemään? Eihän vaan tuo Eedla…? Kyllä se taisi olla sen
ansio, että ryhti meni mieheltä. Mokomakin tallukka siinä…! Ilmankos
se Salomoni sanoikin, että älä katso naisen puoleen. Ja ilmankos
Simsonilta voimat meni, kun nainen leikkasi hiukset. Voi tätä Eedlan
lepukkata, minkä teki!
— Kuuletko sinä!
— Että mitä?
— Älä tolita!
— Kuulkaahan sitä!
— Ulos, Kyrmyniska!
— … vää!
— En!
Kun Iisakki oli saanut kaikki lestit nakelluksi tuvasta, otti hän
rikkinäisen padan ja paistinpannun ja lennätti ne rantakiville niin että
rämähti. Niitä seurasi pöytä ja sänkyrenkkana, joka aukeni kokonaan
liitoksistaan saatuaan potkun rantakivikolle.
— Tartuhan kiinni!
Ja tupa pyllähti nyt vuorostaan jokeen, josta kauhistunut suutari
yhä harasi lestejään.
— Ei ole lysti Iisakilla käräjissä, sen minä takaan. Jos olisi muuten,
mutta meneppäs vierittämään toisen osuutta jokeen. Kyllä se häpeä
vielä maksetaan.
— Pois piti lähteä näiltä mailta. Riita ja tora vaan kiihtyy tässä
kurjassa kyläkunnassa, ja minun vanhat korvani eivät sitä kestä
enää kuunnella. Pois rauhallisemmille maille, jossa ihmisten
asumuksia ei vieritellä jokeen eikä juorut terävien käärmeenkielien
lailla myrkytä ihmisten elämää. Ei minusta ole riitelijäksi enää…
— Enkä minäkään rupea ketään panettelemaan, virkkoi suutarin
eukko ja lähti menemään miehensä häntä seuratessa.