DISASTER READINESS AND - The risk could be high, medium, or low,

depending on physical, environmental, and

RISK REDUCTION socio-economic factors.
Prepared by: JULIANNE CAYABYAB | 12HSMT-1
Disaster Risk Reduction
- A proactive approach involves deciding
MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND how to reduce, prevent, or mitigate a
DISASTER RISK particular risk associated with disaster to a
certain level and at what cost through rapid
LESSON 1: CONCEPT OF DISASTER and effective response.

Disaster Vulnerability
- A serious disruption of the functioning - An inability to resist a hazard or respond
community or a society causing widespread when disaster occurs or condition
human, material, economic, and determined by factors which increase the
environmental losses, which exceed the susceptibility of community to the impact of
ability of the affected community to cope disaster.
using its resources.
Types of Vulnerability
Types of Disaster a. Physical and Environmental - refers to
a. Natural Disaster human made environment and natural
- Geophysical (Earthquakes, environment.
Landslides) b. Social vulnerability - refers to susceptibility
- Hydrological (Tsunamis, Flashfloods) of population, social institution, or
- Meteorological (Cyclone, Typhoons, organization.
Storm surge) c. Economic Vulnerability - refers to the
- Climatological (Extreme assets and resources of the community that
Temperature, Wild Fire) are susceptible to disasters, including
- Biological (Plagues, Pandemics) distribution, utilization of goods and
services that ensure the well-being of the
b. Man-made people.
- Pollution
❖ Light Capacity
❖ Noise - Pertains to the ability of people or
❖ Air community to resist or to cope up with
❖ Water hazards.
❖ Radioactive
- Accidents (Vehicular accident)

Disaster Risk
- The probability of harmful consequences or
expected losses resulting from the
interaction between natural or human
induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
LESSON 2: VULNERABILITY OF PHILIPPINES TO
DISASTERS

- The Philippines is one of the world’s most

disaster-prone countries. Located along the
boundary of major tectonic plates and at the
center of a typhoon belt, its islands are
regularly impacted by floods, typhoons,
landslides, earthquakes, and volcanoes.

- The location of the Philippines in the Pacific

makes it very vulnerable to meteorological
disturbance such as typhoons. The
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
Astronomical Service Administration
(PAGASA) states that around 19 to 20
typhoons enter the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR) every year.

- The Philippines is also Located in the

western Pacific Ring of Fire of the Pacific
Ocean where many active trenches, faults
and volcanoes can trigger earthquakes.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

(PHIVOLCS), the Government agency responsible
for forecasting volcanic eruption.

Poverty and Vulnerability - The poor usually have

lesser access to better homes, public facilities and
livelihood opportunities, which make them
vulnerable to disaster.

Disaster as Social Phenomenon - It is a social
phenomenon because natural events have social
consequences only as a result of the actions of the
human beings and societies.
Points
a. Harmful practices worsen vulnerability to
disaster.
b. Population growth and shortage of land
have further pushed low-income families to
worse living condition, which make them
more vulnerable to disaster.
c. The poor, the elderly, persons with
disabilities or special needs, indigenous
people and communities marginalized by
the exploitation of natural resources usually
end up as a victim of disaster as they are
the most vulnerable group.
d. The aftermath of a disaster paves way for
disaster prevention effort.
LESSON 3: HAZARDS
Types of Hazards
a. Natural
➔ Astrological
➔ Hydro-Meteorological and
Climatological
➔ Geologic
➔ Biological
b. Man-induced Hazards
➔ Hazardous activities
➔ Lifestyle
➔ Industrial
➔ War and Terrorism
Hazard Analysis
- Is the identification, study and monitoring of
any hazard to determine its potential, origin,
characteristics and behavior.
Community Hazards and Disaster History
Construction - the existing hazards and disaster
that the community experienced are identified.
Hazards and Vulnerability Mapping - areas in the
community that are vulnerable to a specific hazard
are identified then located in the map.
Factor analysis - Tool to describe the
characteristics of the hazards in terms of the
following:
a. Frequency - How often do the hazards
occur?
b. Duration - How long does it occur?
c. Speed on onset - How fast does it occur
upon initial detection?
d. Intensity - What is the strength or
magnitude?
e. Probability - What is the chance that it will
occur?
f. Forewarning - is there adequate time to
prepare upon detection?
g. Manageability - How manageable are the
effects of the hazards?
MODULE 2: GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS Intensity
- Scale use to observed property damage to
LESSON 1: EARTHQUAKE estimate the amount of ground shake at a
particular location.
Earthquake
- Movements of earth’s crust or a ground
shaking caused by the sudden movement
of one block of rock slip.

Anatomy of Earthquake

a. Fault lines - any fracture or system fracture
in Earth’s crust.
b. Focus - The point where the waves
originate.
c. Epicenter - the point on Earth’s surface
directly above the focus.
Earthquake Hazards
a. Ground shaking
b. Ground rapture - displacement of the
ground due to violent shaking.
c. Ground subsidence - lowering of the
ground surface.
d. Liquefaction - take place when there is a
water pressure in saturated soils because of
ground shaking.
e. Tsunami
Earthquake Preparedness and Risk Reduction

Seismographs
- Instrument to measure the magnitude

Magnitude
- A measure of the total energy released at
the earthquake’s point of origin.
Signs of an Impending Earthquake

Although scientists know that earthquakes will

occur in the future, predicting exactly when the
next earthquake will occur seems to be impossible.
Some signs are said to foreshadow an impending
earthquake. Most of the signs are based on
experiences and observations of local communities.
Here are some of the factors that can be
Volcanism
considered:
- The processes associated with the
discharge of magma.
Animal behavior
a. Convergent volcanism - volcano
- Animals often exhibit abnormal behavior
that forms near at the subduction
before an earthquake. They become
zone.
disturbed and very sensitive before an
b. Hotspot
earthquake hits. However, the connection
between animal behavior and earthquakes
have not been fully explored and not yet
definitely proven.

Change in atmospheric conditions.

Electromagnetic disturbance
- There are speculations that there is a
relationship between magnetic and
electrical charges in rock material and
earthquakes. Some scientists have
Types and Classifications of Volcano
hypothesized that these electromagnetic
a. Shield
fields change in a certain way just before an
b. Cinder cone
earthquake.
c. Composite
d. Active - is currently erupting or showing
Boom sound
signs of eruption.
- There are instances that a trembling sound
e. Dormant - one which has erupted and then
occurs before and during earthquakes. It
entered a long period of inactivity.
could be the cause of minor earthquakes
f. Extinct - is one that has not shown any sign
but are too shallow to be detected by a
of activity for a long period.
seismograph.

LESSON 2: VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Volcano
- A vent on the earth’s surface that opens
downward to a pool of molten rocks.
Volcanic Hazards
1. Lava Flow - mass of magma that flows
down the slope of the volcano.
a. Aa flow - have a surface of rough
jagged blocks with dangerously
sharp edges and spiny projection.
b. Pahoehoe - smooth surface that
sometimes resembles twisted braids
of ropes.
2. Pyroclastic materials
a. Volcanic ash
b. Lapili
c. Volcanic bomb
d. Volcanic block
e. Volcanic gas
Reducing the Impact of Eruption
3. Lahar - A flowing mixture of volcanic debris
and water.
Volcanic Eruption Preparedness
Here are the precursors of an impending eruption
according to PHIVOLCS.
1. Increase steaming of volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic
tremors
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color
of steam emission from white to gray due to
entrained ash
3. Ground swells, ground tilt and ground
fissuring due to magma intrusion
4. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or
near the crater
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls, and
landslides from the summit area not
attributable to heavy rains
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying
up of vegetation around the volcano’s upper
slopes
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs,
wells, and crater lake near the volcano
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content
of springs and crater lakes within the vicinity
of the volcano
9. Drying up spring/wells around the volcano
10. Development of new thermal areas/or
reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras
❖ What to do BEFORE volcanic eruption
1. Learn about your community’s warning
system. If there is none, work with your
community in developing one.
2. Make an evacuation plan. You have to get to
higher ground away from the eruption. Plan
a route out and have a back-up route in
mind in case family member are separated
from one another during the eruption.
3. Create an emergency communication plan.
Ask a relative or a friend living outside the
danger zone to serve as your contract, as it
would be easier to reach them after the
disaster. Make sure that everyone in the
household knows that person’s name,
address, and phone number.
4. Prepare a disaster supply kit. This should
include items such as a first aid kit, a mask,
a can opener, a flashlight with extra
batteries or preferably a crank model, any
necessary medication, sturdy shoes,
goggles or another form of eye protection,
and a battery-powered radio. Ensure that
everyone in your family knows where the
emergency supplies are located.
5. Contact your local emergency management
office or the Red Cross chapter for more
information on volcanoes.
6. Although it may seem safe to stay at home
and wait for the start of an eruption, doing
so could be dangerous. The rock debris
from a volcano can break windows and set
the house on fire. Stay safe by following the
authorities’ instructions and leaving the area
before the disaster begins.
c. Use a dust mask or hold a damp
cloth over your face for you to
breathe.
d. Keep car or truck engines off
7. Remember to stay out of the area defined by the
government officials as a restricted zone.
8. If possible, stay away areas of volcanic ash fall.
9. When outside:

a. Cover your mouth and nose. Volcanic ash

can irritate your respiratory system.
❖ What to do DURING volcanic eruption b. Wear goggles to protect your eyes.
1. Listen to a battery-operated radio or c. Keep skin covered to avoid irritation from
television for the latest emergency contact with ash
information. d. Clear roofs of ash fall. Ash fall is very heavy
2. Follow the evacuation order issued by and can cause buildings to collapse
authorities. e. Exercise great caution when working on a
3. Avoid areas downwind and river valleys roof
downstream of the volcano. f. Avoid driving in heavy ash fall. Driving will
4. If caught indoors: stir up more ash that can clog engines and
a. Close all windows, door, and stall vehicles
dampers. g. If you have a respiratory-ailments, avoid
b. Put all machinery inside a garbage contact with any amount of ash. Stay
or barn. indoors until local health officials advise that
c. Bring animals and livestock into it is safe to go outside.
closed shelters.
5. If trapped outdoors, seek shelter indoors.
a. Protect yourself. Wear long-sleeved
shirts and a pair of pants. Use
goggles or dust mask to protect
your eyes or hold a damp cloth over
your face
b. If caught in a rock fall, roll into a ball
to protect your head
c. If caught near a stream, be aware of
mudflows. Move up a slope,
especially if you hear a roar of a
mudflow.
6. Protect yourself from ash fall
a. Wear long-sleeved shirt and long
pants
b. Use goggles to protect your eyes
LESSON 3: LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES
Landslides
- Downward movement of soil, rock, and
earth material along a slope.
Types of Landslides
a. Creep - a slow gradual movement of soil.
b. Slump - is the downslope flowage of soft
unconsolidated materials.
c. Rock and Debris Slide - slow to rapid
downslope movement of unconsolidated
soil and rock debris.
d. Rock Fall - the freefalling movements of
massive rocks from a cliff or steep slopes.
e. Debris Flow - is the rapid flowage debris
and other rock materials.
f. Mudflow - the mass movement
characterized by a flowing mass of mud
along the flank of volcano.
Landslide Preparedness
Sinkholes
- Geologic formation cause by exposure to
water, erosion, and ground movement.
➔ Geologic formations caused by exposure to
water, erosion, and ground movement. The
principle in the formation of a sinkhole is
similar to the formation of caves and
underground rivers. Sinkholes can also
result from drilling, mining, construction,
changing of the land surface, broken water
or drain pipes, improperly compacted soil
after excavation work, or even heavy traffic
that creates too much ground pressure.