Modul Bhs Inggris 3

PERTEMUAN 1
REQUEST, PERMISSION AND OFFER
A. TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Setelah mempelajari materi pertemuan 1, mahasiswa mampu:
1.1 Membedakan penggunaan ungkapan request, permission dan offer dari teks
percakapan yang diberikan
1.2 Menulis ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam kalimat yang benar
1.3 Berbicara menggunakan ungkapan request, permission and offer yang benar
B. URAIAN MATERI
1.1 Membedakan penggunaan ungkapan request, permission dan offer dari teks
percakapan yang diberikan
In the conversation below, two guests are visiting friends at their house. Read the
conversation and match these questions from the conversation to their functions.
A: Actually, I wonder if they’re in.

Oh, they are in.
B: They obviously are.
C: Hello.
A: Hello.
B: I’m Mike.
C: How are you?
B: Fine.
A: Shall I just put these upstairs?
C: Well, yeah. Can you put them in our
room, please?
A: Sure.
C: How were the roads?
A: Oh, fine. No problem.
B: No problems. No.
A: Are you in there, Alison? Mmmm.
Hello there.
D: Hello.
A: Do you mind if I put my bag here?
D: Oh, go ahead. Want a cup of tea?
A: Yeah.
Match.
a). Shall I just put these upstairs? …. i) a request
b). Can you put them in our room, please? …. ii) asking for a permission
c). Do you mind if I put my bag here? …. iii) an offer
1.2. Menulis ungkapan request, permission dan offer dalam kalimat yang benar
REQUEST
A request is the act of asking for something to be given or done. When we make a
request, we ask someone for something, or we ask someone to do something. There are
many different ways of making polite requests in English. If you don't want to sound rude
when speaking English, then you need to know how to make a request in a polite way.
Requests in English are usually made in the form of questions.
Polite Request
Expressions: Please/ Could you please/ Would you/ Would you mind
e.g: Could you pass me the book, please?
Would you mind passing me the book, please?
Excuse me, I’m so sorry to bother you but would you mind passing me
the book, please?
In formal writing
Use the phrase: I would be grateful if you could …
Responding to request:
• Sure here you are.
• Okay.
• No, I'm sorry I need it.
• I'm afraid I can't.
The response to the following request:
A: "Would you mind giving me your novel? " is either
• "No, I don't mind."(which is a positive response to the request. It means that I accept
to lend you my novel)
• or "Yes." (which is a negative response to the request. It means that I don't want to
lend you my novel)
PERMISSION
Permission is being given the opportunity to go out and attend certain functions or
gatherings.
• We use can to ask for permission to do something:
Can I ask a question, please?
Can we go home now?
• could is more formal and polite than can:
Could I ask a question please?
Could we go home now?
• may is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission:
May I ask a question please?
May we go home now?
• We use can to give permission:
You can go home now if you like.
You can borrow my pen if you like.
• may is a more formal and polite way of giving permission:
You may go home now, if you like.
Notes:
More formal and polite way of asking for permission:
• Would it be possible if I + V1 …?
• Would it be alright if I + V1 ..?
• Is it alright if I + V1 ….?
• Is it possible if I + V1 ….?
• Do you think I could + V1…?
• Would you mind if I + V1 …?
OFFER
An offer is asking someone if they would like to have something or if they would
like you to do something.
Offering help
• Would you like some help?
• Can I give you a hand?
• Do you need any help?
• May I offer my assistance?
• Need any help?
Asking for help

• Could you give me a hand?
• Would you mind helping me here?
• Could you help me, please?
• I need some assistance, please.
1.3. Berbicara menggunakan ungkapan request, permission and offer yang benar
Telephoning
Making a call: Answering:
Hello, can I speak to Ann, please? Speaking
Hello, I’d like to speak to Mr. Smith,* please? It’s … speaking.
*formal situations I’m sorry, he’s not in.
I’m afraid he’s in a meeting.
Wait a second, I’ll get him/her.
Hold on, I’ll put you through.
Respond from the receiver: Respond from the caller:
Can I take a message? Can you take a message?
Can you leave a message? I leave a message?
Practice the conversations below.
Situation 1: On the Phone.
Jane : “Hello. You’ve reached the marketing department. How can I help?”
Bob : “Yes. Can I speak to Mary Wilson, please?”
Jane : “Who’s calling, please?”
Bob : “It’s Bob Steward here.”
Jane : "Certainly. Please hold and I’ll put you through.”
Bob : “Thank you.”
Situation 2: Business Meeting
A: Good morning, let’s start the meeting (opening)

It’s a pleasure to welcome our new Vice President of Human Resources, Mr. Steven
William.
We’re here today to discuss about our new network project.
First, let’s go over the report from the last meeting.
Mr. Simon, can you tell us how the new network project progressing?
B: In my opinion, we will not be able to complete the project in time.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Decide if questions 1-10 are a request (r), offer (o), or asking for permission (p).
r
Example: Can I look at the newspaper a minute? ….
1. You don’t look too good. Shall I call a doctor for you? ….
2. Could I use your phone for a minute? ….
3. This bus is running rather late. Would you like me to go and ask what’s happening? ….
4. Would you post these letters for me on your way to work? ….
5. I know you hate giving bad news. I’ll tell him if you like. ….
Exercise 2.
Use situations and instructions 1-8 to make offers and requests and ask for permissions.
Example: The phone is ringing. Offer to answer it.
Would you like me to answer the phone?
1. Someone is carrying heavy bags. Offer to help.
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2. You’re writing a letter to a travel company. Request their brochure.
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3. You’re in a friend’s house. It’s hot. Ask permission to open the window.
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4. Your friend needs to go to the airport. Offer to drive him/her there.
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5. You’re at a restaurant table with friends. Request the salt.
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6. You need a day off work. Ask your boss for permission.
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7. You brother has a broken arm. Offer to tie his shoelaces.
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8. Your sister looks tired. Offer her a drink.
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9. Your new neighbour is playing loud music late at night. Ask her to turn it down.
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10. You were on holiday in Bali. Request someone there to take your picture.
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Exercise 3. Memorize the conversation in 1.3
D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. (2015). Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris III (English for Bussiness). Universitas
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 2
SUGGESTION AND ADVICE
2.1 Memahami ungkapan suggestion and advice dari teks percakapan
2.2 Membuat ungkapan suggestion and advice dalam percakapan
B. URAIAN MATERI
2.1 Memahami ungkapan suggestion and advice dari teks percakapan
Read the conversation and answer the questions.

Dan : I’ve got terrible pain with my tooth. I should do something about it. What do
you advise me to do?
Sam : Why don’t you go to the dentist. You’d better to go there as soon as possible.
Dan : I think so, too, but which dentist do you think I should visit?
Sam : If I were you, I would go to Central Hospital. They are very good at this.
Questions.
1. Who needs some advice? ……………..
2. How many suggestions and advice are made? ……………….
SUGGESTION
A suggestion is a plan or opinion given to someone for consideration. It is an idea for
someone else to think about.
Phrases in making suggestions:
✓ Can I make a suggestion?
✓ Why don’t you/we/doesn’t He/She + V1….?
✓ Have you tried + V-ing….?
✓ We could + V1… /Maybe we could + V1…
✓ How about + V-ing….?
✓ What about + V-ing ….?
✓ I have an idea!
✓ Shall I/We + V1 ….
✓ Let’s + V1…
✓ Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
Asking for suggestions:

✓ What shall I/we do?
✓ Has anybody got any ideas?
Responding to suggestions
Accepting:
✓ That’s a good idea.
✓ That sounds like a good idea.
✓ Yes, let’s.
✓ Yes, OK.
Refusing:
✓ Good idea, but ….
✓ Hmm, I think I’d prefer to stay in tonight.
✓ Couldn’t we stay in tonight.
ADVICE
Advice is telling someone what you think they should do. It is stronger than suggestion.
Note:
1. "Advise" is a verb.
Example:
"I advise you to learn English.“
2. "Advice" is a noun.
Example:
"My mother gave me this piece of advice when I was young: “Never give up!"
Giving Advice:
✓ Should e.g. You should go and see the doctor.
You should have studied harder.
(Should have studied = referring to the past)
✓ You ought to …. ~ You had (You’d) better …
✓ Second Conditional: If I were you, I would ….
Asking for Advice:

✓ What should I do? / What do you think I should do?
✓ What would you do if you were me? / If you were me what would you do?
✓ What do you advise me to do?
✓ What ought I to do?
✓ What's your advice?
2.2 Membuat ungkapan suggestion and advice dalam percakapan
Getting the forms right.

Use the verbs in brackets, and the instructions to complete the conversation.
Ask for advice A: What do you think I should do?

Give advice B: It’s a difficult situation, but if I were you I’d think (think) about it.
A: I have, and I just don’t know what to do. That’s why I’m asking you.
1. Give advice B: Well, 1 You …………always ……… (not accept) both jobs now.
2. Reject advice 2 ………………………….….. that’s just delaying the decision.
B: Well then, perhaps you 3 …………………………………(write)
3. Make a suggestion a list for each job with advantages and disadvantages.
A: That’s a 4 ………………. . 5 ………………. we …………. (do)
4. Accept a suggestion, it now?
5. Make a suggestion B: Yeah, OK. 6 …………………. (start) with the local job, and then
6. Accept a suggestion, do the overseas one, 7 …………… ?
7. Make a suggestion A: Yes, or we 8 ……………….. (do) each one together, comparing the
8. Refuse a suggestion positive and negative points as we do it.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Answer the questions below.
How many suggestions are there?
A: Where shall we go on holiday this year?
B: Why don't we take a train down to the seaside for the weekend? Or we could
borrow my dad's car.
A: Let's stay in that great hotel in Brighton?
B: Or maybe we should do something more exciting. Why not go camping?
Exercise 2.
Make a short conversation using suggestions/advice.
D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. (2016). Modul Bahasa Inggris 3. Universitas Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 3
TALKING ABOUT ABILITY
3.1 Memahami ungkapan ability dengan baik
3.2 Membuat ungkapan ability sesuai tenses yang benar
B. URAIAN MATERI
3.1 Memahami ungkapan ability dengan baik
Form
Ability Statement Negative Question
Can She can dance. She can’t dance Can She dance?
Could She couldn’t dance. She couldn’t dance. Could she dance?
be able to She’s able to dance. She isn’t able to dance. Is she able to dance?
She’s unable to dance.
manage to I manage to dance. I didn’t manage to dance. Did he manage to dance?
I managed not to fail.
We use “can” and “be able to” when we express about our power or skill to do something.
The simplest way to talk about basic abilities is using the words “can” and “be able to.” Look
at the short dialogue below.
A: So tell me, can you speak any foreign languages?

B: Yes. I can speak Japanese and Mandarin.
A: I see, and do you know any Spanish?
B: No. I’m unable to speak Spanish.
3.2 Membuat ungkapan ability sesuai tenses yang benar
Expressing present ability

We use can/cannot/can’t:
She can operate the computer well.
Be able to is also possible:
He is able to type 85 words a minute.
Expressing ability in the future

We use will be able to to make a prediction.
By 2050 people will be able to learn a language by taking a pill.
Expressing ability with perfect forms

We use be able to:
He’s been able speak fluent French since he was a child. (present perfect tense)
If she’d been able to type she might have got the job. (past perfect tense)
Expressing past ability

could, was/were able to
Could can be used to express ability when referring to the past. Was/were able to is sometimes
used as an alternative to could when we are discussing ability. We tend to use could when we
are talking about ability generally.
could have + past participle
We can use could have + past participle to talk about unrealized past ability.
e.g. You could have asked me before borrowing his car.
managed to
Managed to means you are able to do something, but only with difficulty.
I managed to start the car, but only after ten minutes of trying.
Verbs that refer to the five senses, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, and verbs that refer to thought
processes, understand, believe, remember, decide, we normally use could, even when we are
talking about specific occasions:
My friend asked me when Mary's birthday was, but I couldn't remember.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Complete the sentences using: can, can’t, be able to, managed/didn’t manage to
1. She won’t … win the spelling bee competition.
2. Dennis … write, but he … draw.
3. The man … escape from the crowd. He’s lucky.
4. Although it was hot, they … get a suntan.
Exercise 2.
Underline verbs and expressions refer to the past, present, future, or perfect tense?
1. I managed to get a doctor’s appointment yesterday.
2. New research suggests that people will soon be able to lose weight by taking pills.
3. People are able to do all sorts of things today that were impossible only 30 years ago.
4. My uncle can’t hear very well.
5. Sue was unable to understand why I wanted to keep that old chair.
6. I didn’t manage to phone my sister last night.
7. I haven’t been able to run since I broke my leg last year.
8. Tyrannosaurus Rex was able to bite with the force of a lorry on each tooth.
9. I’m not able to do the tango. It’s really difficult.
10. My friend Alice lost her house keys yesterday, but she was able to climb in through the
bathroom window.
D. REFERENSI
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 4
TALKING ABOUT POSSIBILITY IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE
4.1 Mahasiswa mampu membuat ungkapan possiblity in the present/future
menggunakan modal verbs
4.2 Mahasiswa mampu membuat ungkapan possibility in the present/future
menggunakan adverbs
B. URAIAN MATERI
4.1 Mahasiswa mampu memahami ungkapan possiblity in the present/future
menggunakan modal verbs
Possibility in the Present

▪ The modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would.
▪ They are used to show that we believe something is certain, probable or possible:
Possibility:
▪ We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future,
but not certain:
e.g. Mary might come earlier. (Perhaps/Maybe Mary will come earlier.)
If we don’t hurry we could be late. (Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)
▪ We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:
e.g. It can be very cold in winter. (It is sometimes very cold in winter)
Impossibility:
▪ We use the negative can’t or cannot to show that something is impossible:
e.g. That can’t be true.
You cannot be serious.
▪ We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true.
e.g. It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
Jane and Beth haven’t eaten all day. They must be hungry.
How certain I am?
Positive more certain Negative
Verbs Adverbs Verbs Adverbs
Must Certainly can’t certainly not
Probably may not probably not
May maybe/perhaps
might/could Possibly less certain might not possibly not
4.2 Mahasiswa mampu membuat ungkapan possibility in the present menggunakan

adverbs
▪ Another way to express certainty/uncertainty is through adverbs. Adverbs modify things

which are not nouns, usually verbs.
▪ Perhaps and maybe are usually placed at the beginning of the clause:
e.g: Perhaps it will stop raining soon.
Maybe the rain will stop soon.
▪ Adverbs like certainly, probably and possibly can come:
after an auxiliary / to be. e.g: She is certainly coming to the party.
before main verbs and negatives. e.g: She certainly likes cooking.
▪ Adverbs like possibly, perhaps, probably, maybe show that we are less sure about
something.
e.g: That is possibly the worst film I’ve ever seen.
I’ll probably go out tonight.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise: Making decisions
Decide to do or not to do these things and add a reason.
Example:
to invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting
- Perhaps I’ll invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting.
- Maybe I’ll invite Mr. Johnson to the meeting.
Decide:
1. to write Jims Company
2. to get new tablets
3. to take the challenge
4. to do some research
5. not to send him the news
6. to review the matter at our next meeting
7. to identify the need
8. to determine the goal
9. not to attend his party
10. to evaluate the action
D. REFERENSI
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 5
TALKING ABOUT POSSIBILITY IN THE PAST
5.1 Memahami ungkapan penggunaan possibility in the past
5.2 Membuat kalimat ungkapan possibility in the past
5.3 Bercerita menggunakan ungkapan possibility in the past
B. URAIAN MATERI
Possibility in the Past

▪ We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was
possible now or at some time in the past:
e.g. It’s nine o’clock. Rose might have arrived now.
▪ We use the modal could as the past tense of can:
e.g. It could be very cold in winter. (Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)
Impossibility:
▪ We use couldn’t/could not to talk about the past:
e.g. Dan was obviously joking. He could not be serious.
Probability:
▪ We use must have for the past:
e.g. She hadn’t eaten all day. She must have been hungry.
Who was that at the door?
certain It was my friend.
It will have been my friend.
It must have been my friend.
It may have been my friend.
It might have been my friend.
It could have been my friend.
It can’t have been my friend.
It won’t have been my friend.
impossible It wasn’t my friend.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Decide, must or must have?
1. They do well on exams. They … (study) a lot.
2. Jack returned my novel last night. He … (finish) reading it.
3. Mrs. Jane received a letter from Benson company an hour ago. She … (read) it.
4. John has a large library in his house. He … (love) books!
5. It … (rain) a lot in the night. There are many puddles everywhere!
6. She looks tired today. She … (sleep) well last night.
7. Your speech was good last night. You … (practice) a lot!
8. The baby is crying. They … (be) thirsty.
9. You … (be) mad at him if you had known the truth.
10. She bought big houses. She … (have) a lot of money.
Exercise 2.
Make sentences using verbs of possibility in the past from these situations.
1. He borrowed many books from the library.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. She looked very happy last night.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. They came late to the meeting.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. The beach looked dirty.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Spectators were enthusiastic in the concert.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 3.
Make a short story about something was possible with you or with people around you in the
past.
D. REFERENSI
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 6
COMPARATIVE DEGREE I
6.1 Memahami penggunaan ungkapan Comparative degree
6.2 Membuat kalimat menggunakan ungkapan Comparative degree
B. URAIAN MATERI
Comparative Degree
• The adjective describes a noun or pronoun. The basic form of an adjective is known as
the positive degree. It can be inflected (changed in form) to compare a quality between two
nouns—this form is known as the comparative degree. It can also be inflected to identify a
noun with the highest or lowest degree of an attribute among a group—this is known as
the superlative degree. Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between
the two objects they modify. They are used in sentences where two nouns are compared:
noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).
• The comparative and the superlative of one-syllable adjectives are formed adding –er and
–est to the absolute.
e.g. large – larger - the largest
His office is larger than my office.
His office is the largest in this area.
• The comparative and the superlative of adjectives of three or more syllable are formed by
adding more and most.
e.g. important - more important - the most important
Looking for a friend is more important than looking for an enemy.
Looking for a friend is the most important thing in this case.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Underline the comparatives that are incorrect in the following sentences.
1. Stretching a string more tightly gives a highest note.
2. The violin is probably the most importantest of all orchestral instruments.
3. The viols are bowed strings that are more older than the violin family.
4. The viols do not have as bright a sound the violin family.
5. The heavier the string, the low the note it sounds.
6. Small violins have short strings than full-sized instruments, but they play the same notes.
7. Andres Segovia is the more famous classical guitarist in the world.
8. It is said that a special varnish used on a violin helps to produce the more beautiful tone.
Exercise 2.
• Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative and make a sentence each.
No. Adjective Comparative Superlative
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D. REFERENSI
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 7
COMPARATIVE DEGREE II
7.1 Memahami comparative and superlative adverbs
7.2 Membuat kalimat comparative and superlative adverbs
B. URAIAN MATERI
Comparative and superlative adverbs
• Many adverbs can have the positive, the comparative, and the superlative forms.
• The comparative form is used for comparing two actions or states:
e.g. He ate his lunch more quickly than Jim (did).
Can’t we go any slower?
The company performed better this year (than last year).
• The superlative is used for comparing one action or state with all the others in the same
category:
e.g. Jack is playing the kind of role that suits him best.
Forming comparative and superlative adverbs

• There are three ways that the comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed,
depending on the spelling of the base adverb.
• Mostly adverbs ending in –ly
• For the comparative and superlative forms of all one-syllable adverbs use –er and –est
Absolute Comparative Superlative

Fast Faster fastest
Early Earlier earliest
and for all other adverbs use more and most

Slowly more slowly most slowly
Commonly more commonly most commonly
• The following are irregular comparatives and superlatives of adjectives and adverbs:
good (adj) Better best
well (adv) Better best
bad (adj) Worse worst
badly (adv) Worse worst
little (adj/adv) Less least
many (adj) More most
much (adj/adv) More most
far (adj/adv) farther farthest
further furthest
late (adv) Later last
old (adj) older oldest
elder eldest
• Other forms of the comparative

1. As … as
When things that are equal are compared, the following forms can be used.
e.g. They are not as many violin makers today as there were in the past.
My house is as high as his house.
2. The double comparative: the + comparative … the + comparative
The double comparative is used to show parallel increase or decrease.
e.g. The more he plays, the more he improves.
The shorter the string, the higher the note.
3. As and Like:
In a simple comparison, like is used before a noun or pronoun.
e.g. You play the cello with a bow like the violin.
If a verb follows the noun or pronoun, as much be used.
e.g: You play the cello with a bow as you do the violin.
C. LATIHAN
Exercise 1.
Change into their correct forms.
1. Nina dances … than Sheila. (well)
2. You must submit this no … than two weeks. (late)
3. The … tornado I’ve ever seen was the one in that place. (badly)
4. He spends the … time in the office. (little)
5. Your annual income is … than £20,000. (little)
Exercise 2.
Using the comparative or the superlative, write a sentence from these adverbs:
1. earlier
2. carefully
3. clearly
4. beautifully
5. badly
D. REFERENSI
Yulianti, D. M. (2016). Modul Bahasa Inggris 3. Universitas Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 8
DESCRIBING LOOK AND LIKE
8.1 memahami ungkapan Describing with look and like
8.2 menunjukan ungkapan Describing with look and like dalam sebuah kalimat
8.3 membuat ungkapan Describing with look and like
B. URAIAN MATERI
8.1 memahami ungkapan Describing with look and like
▪ Like as verb is to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer.

e.g. What sport does James like? He likes badminton.
▪ Look Like is used to ask for and give an opinion about appearance.
e.g. What does James look like? He's tall, with brown hair, and he wears glasses.
▪ Be Like is used to ask for and give a general description (person’s character).
e.g. What is Sarah like? She is reliable, pleasant and generous. She is like a friend.
8.2 menunjukan ungkapan Describing with look and like dalam sebuah kalimat
Read the conversation below.
I Have A New Manager!

A: I have a new manager! Answer the questions below.
B: Who’s he? 1. Underline the words about:
A: I think, you know him. He’s a movie star
a. Someone’s character
and very popular.
B: Really? What is he like? b. Someone’s appearance
A: In the movie he plays as a secret agent. 2. Who do you think A’s new
He’s full of charm and charisma.
B: What does he look like? manager?
A: He’s handsome. He’s tall. He has blue eyes
and black hair. He’s known as 007.
B: I know him! He is ….
8.3 membuat ungkapan Describing with look and like
Describing Physical Appearance
What does your mother look like? To answer the question is the physical:
She is (tall/short/fat/slim/thin)
She is (20s, 30s, 40s)
She has (short/long), (straight/wavy) hair
She has (oval/round/square) face
Describing Character
What is she like? To answer the question is the attitude.
She is /honest/patient/talkative
She is/looks a lot/ very like me/Just exactly
e.g.
▪ Nicole Kidman’s is tall and slim. She has long curly red hair and blue eyes. She’s in 30s.
▪ Brad Pitt’s tall and slim. He has short spiky blond hair and blue eyes. He is tidy. He’s in
his 40s.
C. LATIHAN
Put someone in your family (father, sister, brother) in the gap and answer the questions.
1. What is ……....... like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. What does she / he look like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Do you look like him / her?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What does she / he like?
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
D. REFERENSI
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 9
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
9.1 memahami ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither)
9.2 menunjukan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither) dalam sebuah
kalimat
9.3 membuat kalimat menggunakan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and
neither)
B. URAIAN MATERI
9.1 memahami ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither)
Too, either, so and neither/nor

• After a clause there can be a short addition with too or either. The positive pattern is subject
+ auxiliary + too. The negative is subject + auxiliary + n't+ either.
e.g. You're cheating. ~ You are, too.
Barbara can't drive, and her husband can't either.
• In simple tenses we use the auxiliary verb do.
e.g. I like chocolate. ~ I do, too.
That torch doesn't work. ~ This one doesn't either.
• We can also use be on its own as an ordinary verb.
e.g. I'm tired. ~ I am, too.
• An addition to a positive statement can also have this pattern with 50.
e.g. I like chocolate. ~ So do I. You're beautiful. ~ So are you.
Children should behave themselves, and so should adults.
• So here means the same as too. There is inversion.

e.g. I like chocolate. ~ So I do.
• An addition to a negative statement can also have this pattern with neither or nor.
e.g. Barbara can't drive, and neither/nor can her husband.
We haven't got a dishwasher. ~ Neither/Nor have we.
The ham didn't taste very nice. ~ Neither/Nor did the eggs.
• Neither and nor mean the same as not... either.
NOTE
a. There is no difference in meaning between neither and nor,
but nor is a little more formal.
b. The first sound in either/neither is /i:/ in the USA and usually /ai/ in Britain.
In these examples a negative addition follows a positive statement, and vice versa.
e.g. I'm hungry now. ~ Well, I'm not.
We haven't got a dishwasher. ~ We have.
9.2 menunjukan ungkapan similarities and differences (so and neither) dalam sebuah
kalimat
Read the conversation then answer the question.
A: OK, I’m from Rome, and I live with my family.

B: So do I, but I’m from Caracas. I have just one younger sister.
A: I don’t have. I have three brothers. I’m finishing high school this year. I’m 18.
B: So am I. Do you play any sports?
A: Volleyball, and I swim a lot too.
B: I don’t play volleyball, but I swim quite often as well. I don’t have a boyfriend
at the moment.
A: Neither do I. I play the guitar, but I’m not very good at it.
B: Well, I don’t play any musical instruments, but I listen to a lot of music.
A: Yeah, so do I. What sort of music?
B: Lots, but I’m listening to a lot of reggae just now.
A: So, what have we got in common? We both live at home, both of us like
swimming.
B: Yes, and we’re both 18 and like music. Oh, and none of us has a boyfriend at the
moment.
Underline the words about similarities and differences. What are their similarities and
differences?
C. LATIHAN
Exercise.
Use “So........I” or “Neither.........I” to complete sentences below.
1. Your friend: I am hungry now.
You: … . Let’s go to the canteen, then.
2. Your friend: I can’t answer question number 5
You: … . Let’s ask our friends, then.
3. Your friend: I am sleepy now.
You: … . Let’s have some coffee, then.
4. Your friend: I can’t understand what she explained.
You: … . Let’s ask her to explain one more time, then.
5. Your friend: I am tired now.
You: … . Let’s take a rest, then.
D. REFERENSI
Eastwood, John. (1994). Oxford Guide to English Grammar. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 10
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
10.1 memahami ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
10.2 mampu menunjukan ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
10.3 membuat kalimat menggunakana ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
B. URAIAN MATERI
10.4 memahami ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds
A gerund is the –ing form of a verb used as a noun. It is used as the same ways as a noun (as
a subject or as an object). Look at the sentences below:
a. Playing badminton is fun.
The word “Playing” is a gerund. It is used as the subject of the sentence. “Playing
badminton” is a gerund phrase.
b. We enjoy playing badminton.
The word “playing” is a gerund used as the object of the verb “enjoy”.
c. Jack is fond of playing badminton.
d. The word “playing” is a gerund used as the object of the preposition “of”.
Common verbs followed by gerunds:
Enjoy appreciate mind quit (give up) finish (get through)
Stop avoid postpone (put off) delay keep (keep on)
consider discuss mention suggest
Infinitives
The infinitive is formed by adding to to the base form of a verb. The infinitive can be used
as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
Look at the sentences below:
To train is hard work. (noun)
He always has energy to speak. (adjective)
She ran to win. (adverb).
10.1 mampu menunjukan ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitive

Some verbs take a to-infinitive, and others take a gerund.
▪ Gerund forms: A gerund is an ing-form, e.g. walking.
e.g. Walking is good for you.
▪ Gerund clauses: We can put an object or adverbial after the gerund.
e.g. I like having friends round for coffee.
▪ Some patterns with the gerund:
e.g. Finding the money wasn't easy.
It wasn't easy finding the money.
The difficult part was finding the money.
▪ Preposition + gerund:
e.g. I apologized for being late.
Are you interested in buying this car?
I ran all the way home without stopping.
▪ We use a perfect gerund for something before the time of the main clause.
e.g. Sarah remembered having visited the place before.
(The visit was before the memory.) But we do not need to use the perfect if it is
clear from the context that the time was earlier.
Sarah remembered visiting the place before.
▪ In the negative, not comes before the gerund.
e.g. It's difficult not smoking for a whole day.
I can't help not being amused by these silly jokes.
▪ Verb + object + gerund
e.g. I hate people laughing at me.
The arrangements involve you/your giving everyone a lift.
How can they justify lives being put at risk?
We can use an object + gerund after these verbs:
avoid (not) forget love prefer risk
can't help hate mean prevent save
dislike imagine mention remember stop
dread involve mind resent tolerate
enjoy justify miss resist understand
excuse like
▪ A gerund often comes after a verb + preposition, an adjective + preposition or a

noun + preposition. We do not use a to-infinitive in these patterns.
e.g. We believe in giving people the freedom to choose.
My husband isn't very good at cooking.
It's just a matter of filling in a form.
We can also use a gerund after than, as and like expressing comparison.
e.g. A holiday is nicer than sitting at a desk.
Walking isn't as good for you as swimming.
We can also use a gerund after prepositional verbs.
e.g. Sue insists on reading the letter.
Let's get on with addressing the envelopes.
We can use a gerund after these prepositional verbs:
admit to benefit from get on with rely on
(dis)agree with care for insist on resort to
aim at confess to object to succeed in
apologize for count on pay for think of
(dis)approve of depend on put up with vote for
believe in feel like
▪ A gerund can follow an adjective + preposition.

e.g. I'm nervous of saying the wrong thing.
What's wrong with borrowing a little money?
We can use:
afraid of amazed at angry about/at
annoyed about/at anxious about ashamed of
aware of bad at bored with
capable of content with dependent on
different to/from excited about/at famous for
fed up with fond of good at
grateful for guilty of happy about/with
interested in keen on nervous of
pleased about/with ready for responsible for
satisfied with sorry about/for successful in
surprised at used to worried about
wrong with
▪ For joining and to join

After some verbs and adjectives, we can use either a preposition + gerund or a to-
infinitive, with no difference in meaning.
e.g. The people voted for joining/voted to join the European Community.
We can use these expressions:
aim at doing/to do amazed at finding/to find
angry at finding/to find annoyed at finding/to find
content with being/to be grateful for having/to have
pay for having/to have ready for taking/to take
satisfied with being/to be thankful for having/to have
surprised at finding/to find vote for doing/to do
▪ To do or to doing?
To can be part of a to-infinitive, or it can be a preposition.
e.g. I hope to see you soon. (hope + to-infinitive)
I look forward to seeing you soon. (look forward to + gerund)
We can also put a noun phrase after the preposition to.
e.g. I look forward to next weekend.
We can use a gerund (but not an infinitive) with the verbs admit to, confess to, face
up to, look forward to, object to, prefer ...to, resort to, take to; the adjectives
accustomed to, close to, opposed to, resigned to, used to; and the preposition in
addition to.
▪ To-infinitive : I decided to take a taxi.
Gerund : I suggested taking a taxi.
+ to-infinitive
afford expect ought
agree fail plan
aim get (= succeed) prepare
appear grow pretend
arrange guarantee promise
ask happen prove
attempt hasten refuse
be seek have
be dying help seem
beg hesitate swear
can't wait hope tend
care (= want) learn threaten
choose long train
claim manage turn out
come neglect undertake
dare offer used
decide omit wish
demand
C. LATIHAN
Exercise.
Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
Example: She likes to get up early in the morning. (likes / dislikes)
1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)
2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)

8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)
D. REFERENSI
Azar B. A. (2003). Fundamental of English Grammar. Third Edition. New York: Pearson
Education
Eastwood, John. (1994). Oxford Guide to English Grammar. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Pamulang.
PERTEMUAN 11
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
11.1 memahami conditional sentences
11.2 menentukan struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences
11.3 membuat struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences
B. URAIAN MATERI
11.1 memahami conditional sentences
Conditional Sentences, usually known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses, are contain of If

clause (the condition) and Main Clause (the result). It used to express or to speculate about
what might happen, what might have happened and what we wish would happen.
Examples:
• If I study hard, I will get good score in Math
If clause main clause

• If I win the quiz game, I will give up my job
• We would have got the concert ticket if we had come earlier
Note:
1. The If Clause can come either before or after the main clause
2. Use a comma after the if-clause when the if-clause precedes the main clause
Example: I would buy an expensive car if I had a lot of money (after)
If we had come earlier, we would have got the concert ticket (before)
There are four type of Conditional Sentences:
Type Condition Form Example
If Clause Main Clause
Zero Generally true If + S + V1 S + V1 • If you heat ice, it melts
Conditional • If you don’t brush your
teeth, you get cavities
Type I Real/ Future If + S + V1 S + will + V1 • If I know her address, I’ll
Possibility visit her
(High possibilty • If you don’t hurry, you
to be happen) will miss the meeting
Type II Imaginary If + S + V2 S + would + • If I were president I
situation V1 would lower taxes
(Impossible to be • If I studied hard, I would
happen) pass the exam
Type III Imagine situation If + S + had + S + would/ • If you had told me you
in past (It’s too V3 could/ might + needed a ride, I would
late to be happen) have + V3 have left earlier
Conditional Sentences with “Wish”

We use wish to talk about something in the present or past that is or was not true, but we
would like it or would have liked it to be true
Wishes about situations or speaker’s habits

We use past tense (past simple, past continuous)
• I wish he was more enthusiastic (he isn’t enthusiastic)
• I wish I didn’t smoke to much (I smoke a lot)
Wishes about the
present
Wishes about actions
We use would + infinitive without to
• I wish he would stop talking (he is talking a lot now)
• I wish they’d hurry up (they are being slow)
We use the past perfect

Wishes about the
• I wish I had accepted the invitation (I didn’t accept)
past (regret) • He wishes he’d never taken the job (he did take the job)
Note:
If only can be used in the same way as wish (both present and past). It is slightly stronger and
more dramatic.
Example: If only I could drive (I can’t drive)
If only I’d seen you earlier. I could have warned you about the traffic (I didn’t see
you earlier)
11.2 menentukan struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences
Mike I don’t understand various conditional forms. Second Conditional… Why

Second? I don’t remember when our teacher explained the First Conditional.
Tika If you didn’t talk in class you would know the material.
Mike Wait...wait... I think you gave an example of a Conditional. But First or
Second?
Tika Listen attentively. It’s not very difficult. The First Conditional expresses
Future possibilities. For example: If Diana wakes up earlier, she will not miss
the meeting
Mike You mean that we use Present Simple in “if clauses” and Future Simple in
“main clauses”?
Tika You are right. Remember that we use the First Conditional when a situation is
real or high possiblity to be happen.
Mike And when should we use the Second Conditional?
Tika Can’t you guess? We use the Second Conditional when a situation is unreal or
impossile to be happen. For example: If I saw a ghost here, I would run away.
or If I were the president of my country, I would…
Mike I got the idea. The Second Conditional form is If… + Past Simple …would +
Inf.
Tika Don’t forget that both conditionals refer to the present and future. The
difference is about probability, not time. First Conditional sentences express
real situations; Second Conditional sentences express unreal situations… And
don’t forget about If I were. In speaking we can either use If I were… or If I
was…, but in writing we always use If I were….
11.3 membuat struktur kalimat benar dari conditional sentences

Conversation 1 (First and Second Condition)
Mom : Don’t play with your food.
Jack : Can I go outside now, Mom?
Mom : You can’t. You have to finish your food
Jack : But I’m full. If I ate everything, I would get fat
Mom : If you finish your food, I will allow to play outside with your friend.
Conversation 2 (Third Conditional)
Suzie : So how’s your TOEIC test?
Dona : It’s a big failure.
Suzie : What’s wrong?
Dona : If I had studied English well, I would have got a good score in TOEIC
Suzie : You can do the test again.
Dona : I can, but I really need to study hard this time, so I can get a good score.
Now you can try to make conversation using conditional sentences !
C. LATIHAN
Correct the mistake or rewrite the correct form if there is no mistake.
Example: I could have offered you my help in case, if I knew all about it
I could have offered you my help in case, If I had known all about it.
1. If I had been sent to hospital now, how long would I stay there?
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. If you had not overslept, you would not missed the train yesterday
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. Even if will lend you some money, it will not be enough
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. If you did not shout at her so many times, she would not leave you now
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. I would give you the information if I had had it. Shall I fetch it?
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. The chicken wasn’t good. It would tasted better if you had put some spices on it.
……………………………………………………………………………………
7. If I have worked hard, I would have got the promotion for manager position
……………………………………………………………………………………
D. REFERENSI
Education.
Pamulang.
Rizka, Haira & Niswatin Nurul. (2017). Mega Bank of Grammar. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Baru
Press.
https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.html
https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/
PERTEMUAN 12
PASSIVE VOICE
12.1 memahami penggunaan kalimat Passive Voice
12.2 menemukan kalimat pasif dalam kalimat
12.3 membuat kalimat pasif
B. URAIAN MATERI
12.1 memahami penggunaan kalimat Passive Voice
1. The Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known who
or what is performing the action.
Example: My car was stolen.
In example above, the focus is on the fact that my car was stolen. I don’t know, however,
who did it.
Some time a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the the following
example shows:
Example: A mistake was made
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone. (e.g.
You have made a mistake)
2. Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle
Note:
• The object of active sentence become the subject of the passive voice
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + pas participle)
• The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is
dropped)
Examples:
TENSE SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
Simple Active Alice Makes a presentation
Present Passive A presentation is made by Alice
Simple Past Active Alice Made a presentation
Passive A presentation was made by Alice
Present Active Alice has made a presentation
Perfect Passive A presentation has been made by Alice
Future I Active Alice will make a presentation
Passive A presentation will be made by Alice
Present Active Alice is making a presentation
Progressive Passive A presentation is being made by Alice
Past Active Alice was making a presentation
Progressive Passive A presentation was being made by Alice
Past Perfect Active Alice had made a presentation
Passive A presentation had been made by Alice
Future II Active Alice will have made a presentation
Passive A presentation will have been by Alice
made
Conditional Active Alice would make a presentation
I Passive A presentation would be made by Alice
Conditional Active Alice would have made a presentation
II Passive A presentation would have been by Alice
made
3. Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentences with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two
objects become the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform
into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active Angel Sent an email to me
Passive An email was sent to me by Angel
Passive I was sent an email by Angel
As you can see in the examples above, adding by Angel does not sound very elegant.
That’s why it is usually dropped.
4. Personal and Impresonal Passive

• Personal passive simply means that the object of the active sentence become the
subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can
form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses – Houses are built.
• Verb without an object (intrasitive verb) normally can’t form a personal passive
sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence) . If
you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, then you need an impersonal
construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: He says – it is said.
• Impersonal Passive is not as common in english as in some other languages (e.g
German, Latin). In English Impersonal passive is only possible with verbs of
perception (e.g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that non smokers live longer than smokers – it is said that non
smokers live longer than smoker.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common
Example: They say that non smoker live longer than smoker – Non smoker are said to
live longer than smoker.
The subject of the subordinate clause (non smoker) goes to the beginning of the
sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is
added using an infinitive construction with ‘to’ (certain auxiliary verbs and that are
dropped)
12.2 menemukan kalimat pasif dalam kalimat

Try to find the passive voice below.
When the American, Mr. Otis, bought Carterville Castle, everyone told him that this was
very foolish, as the place was haunted. But Mr. Otis answered, “I come from a modern country,
where we have everything that money can buy. And if there were such a thing as a ghost in
Europe, we would have it at home in one of our museums.” A few weeks later, on a lovely July
evening, Mr. Otis, his wife and their children, Washington, Virginia and the twins, went down
to their new home. When they entered the avenue of Carterville Castle, the sky suddenly
became dark and a spooky stillness was in the air.
Mrs. Umney, the housekeeper, led them into the library of the castle, where they sat down
and began to look around. Suddenly, Mrs Otis saw a red stain on the floor just by the fireplace
and said to Mrs. Umney, “I am afraid something has been spilt there.”
“Yes, madam,” said the old housekeeper in a low voice, “blood has been spilt on that spot.”
“How terrible,” said Mrs. Otis; “I don't want any blood-stains in my sitting-room. It must be
removed at once.”
The old woman smiled and answered, “It is the blood of Lady Eleanor de Carterville, who was
murdered on that spot by her husband, Sir Simon de Carterville, in 1575. Sir Simon disappeared
seven years later. His body has never been found, but his ghost still haunts the Castle. The
blood-stain is a tourist attraction now and it cannot be removed.” “That is all nonsense,” said
Washington, the eldest son of the Otis family, “stain remover will clean it up in no time,” and
he took a bottle
12.3 membuat kalimat pasif

Practice passive voice in Discussion
Jack You’d better work faster. You are being watched.
Mary I’m being watched? What about you?
Jack Yes. All of the workers are being videotaped now
Mary I don’t want to be watched while I work
Jack This factory is being evaluated now
Mary Evaluated? I hope they don’t close it. I don’t want to lose this
job. I need money to buy food for my children
Jack Let’s hope it won’t happen
Now try to make your own dialogue expressing passive voice
C. Latihan
Change the sentences from active to passive

Example: The Government is planning a new road near my house.
Answer : a new road is being planned near my house.
1. Ms. Indiana invited me to dinner.

2. Thomas Edison invented the phonograph.
3. I am going to help him this evening
4. The magician held the show last month.
5. A plumber is going to fix the leaky faucet.
6. Indra has installed a new computer software
7. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal
8. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.
9. They are building a new stadium near the station
10. He always washes his motorcycle on Sundays
11. They will visit the museum tomorrow
12. The company employs many people.
13. A college students bought my old car.
14. The company has hired my friend.
15. Mr. James always washes his motorcycle on Sundays
D. REFERENSI
Goridus Sukur, Silvester.(2007). Complete English Grammar for The Toefl Test.
Yogyakarta : Indonesia Cerdas.
Pamulang.
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/passive-exercise-5.html
PERTEMUAN 13
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY IN THE PRESENT
13.1 memahami modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present
13.2 menemukan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present dalam
kalimat
13.3 membuat kalimat menggunakan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in
the present
B. URAIAN MATERI
13.1 memahami modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present
1. Obligation & Necessity with MUST, HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO

a. We can use MUST, HAVE TO, and HAVE GOT TO to express obligation
(kewajiban) and necessity (keharusan).
b. There is a difference between MUST and HAVE TO. When you are stating you own
opinion that something is an obligation or a necessity, you used MUST. But when you
are giving information about what someone else considers to be an obligation or a
necessity, you normally use HAVE TO. So, broadly speaking, when “must” is used,
the obligation comes from the speaker, (internal obligation).
Examples: It’s a great film. You really must go and see it.
They have to pay the bill by Friday.
c. If we talk about or report an obligation that comes from “outside” (for example: a
regulation or order from somebody else).
1) MUST is possible (especially in written rules)
Examples: The Guests must report in 1 x 24 hours
In Britain you must wear a seat belt when you drive
2) HAVE TO is more common
Example: I have to work from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m. (an order from the boss)
3) HAVE GOT TO is usually only used in spoken English or written fiction. It can
be used for “external” and “internal” obligation
Example: I have got to send this presentation before 7 0’clock
d. In negative sentences “don’t have to”, “needn’t”, “don’t need to” or “haven’t got to” is
used to say that there’s no obligation (tidak perlu/tidak harus)
Examples: You don’t have to work tomorrow if you don’t want to.
You needn’t go tomorrow if you don’t want to.
You don’t need to come tomorrow if you don’t want to.
(NOT = mustn’t)
e. MUST NOT (larangan) is used to tell people not to do things; means that something
is wrong, dangerous or not permitted (jangan/dilarang keras)
Example: You mustn’t move any paper on my desk.
You mustn’t smoke in gas station area
2. Obligation & Necessity with SHOULD, OUGHT TO

a. SHOULD and OUGHT TO are used to express mild obligation and duty, and in
general to say what we think it is good for people to do (sebaiknya)
Example: You should save your money well for you future
You shouldn’t work too hard. It’s not good for your health
b. In most cases, both SHOULD and OUGHT TO can be used with more or less the
same meaning.
Example: You should /ought to go and see your uncle. He’s very ill.
c. However, there is a slight difference: When we use SHOULD we give our own
subjective opinion; OUGHT TO has a rather more objective force, and is used when
we talk about laws, duties and regulations.
Example: We ought to go and see your uncle next week, but I don’t think we will.
It would sound strange to use should and then add we are not going to see him.
13.2 menemukan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in the present dalam
kalimat
Try to find modal verbs for obligation and necessity in the present.
This is a story about a rabbit named Rabbit and a frog named Frog. Rabbit and
Frog are good firends, but Rabbit’s family doesn’t like Frog, and Frog’s family doesn’t
like Rabbit.
Rabbit family says, “ You shouldn’t be friend with Frog. He’s too different from
us. He’s green and has big eyes. He looks strange. You ought to stay with your own
kind”
And Frog family says, “ How can you be friends with Rabbit? He’s big and
clumsy. He’s covered with hair and has funny ears. Don’t bring Rabbit to our house.
What will the neighbors thinks?”
13.3 membuat kalimat menggunakan modal verbs untuk obligation and necessity in
the present
Conversation 1
Julia : Can you drive me to the market? I need to buy a meat.
Mia : Sure. Get in the car! Why don’t you ask Justin to drive you to the market?
Julia : He have to work late tonight. He must finish his presentation for tomorrow
Meeting.
Conversation 2
A student is asking the teacher about his homework:
Teacher : You don't have to write a long essay; a short one would be ok!
Student : What about the grammar exercise do we need to revise the lesson before we can
do it?
Teacher : No, you needn't do the exercise at home as we will surely do it together in the
next English lesson.
Student : Ok! Good bye sir.
Teacher : See you next week!
Now try to make your own dialogue expressing obligation and necessity
C. LATIHAN
Choose the right answer.
1. I (must/ have to) stay on for a few hours because I’d rather work late today than over the
weekend.
2. You (can/ have to) start saving money if you want to retire early.
3. We (have to/ might) be at the airport at least two hours before the flight.
4. I (have got to/ would like to) talk to Anita about it.
5. We can't just go away! We (must/ have to) help him!
6. It's not obligatory to take a tie. You (shouldn’t/ don’t have to) wear one
7. You (might/ ought to) do your homework on Saturday morning. That way you have the
rest of the week-end free.
8. If you go sailing, you (must/ might) wear a life jacket. The sea is very dangerous.
9. Slow down or we're going to have an accident. You (shouldn’t/ mustn’t) drive so fast.
10. When travelling to many countries, you (should/ have to) get a visa.
D. REFERENSI
Education.
Goridus Sukur, Silvester.(2007). Complete English Grammar for The Toefl Test.
Yogyakarta : Indonesia Cerdas.
Pamulang.
http://english4student-grammar.blogspot.com/2009/07/obligation-and-necessity.html
PERTEMUAN 14
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY IN THE PAST
14.1 Memahami ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
14.2 Menulis ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
14.3 Membuat dialog sederhana menggunakan ungkapan ungkapan obligation and
necessity in the past
B. URAIAN MATERI
14.1 Memahami ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past
To express obligation, duty or necessity in the future or the past, must is not used. It replaced
by have to or had to ( harus/wajib...tidak ada pilihan ). Other modal that we can use to
describe obligations in the past :
o should have (seharusnya)
o was/were supposed to (diharapkan/diminta)
o needed to (harus...masih boleh memilih)
o didn’t have to (tidak perlu/tidak harus)
o couldn’t (tidak perlu)
o wasn’t/weren’t allowed (tidak diijinkan)
HAVE TO and NEED TO are often used in the same context, but many times, NEED TO is
used to express something that is less urgent, something in which you have a choice
Examples:
• I was supposed to wash my car.
• I had to wash my car.
• I should have washed my car.
• I needed to wash my car.
• I didn’t have to wash my car.
• I couldn’t wash my car
PAST POSITIVE NEGATIVE

Had to/ didn’t have to Obligation in the past No obligation in the past
• We had to be go to • We didn’t have to go to
bed at 9 o’clock when school on Saturday.
we were kids.
Must Replaced with ‘had to’
Should have + pp/ A past action which A past action which didn’t
shouldn’t have + pp didn’t happen (the happen: the advice/ regret is
advice/ regret is too late) too late
• You should have gone • You shouldn’t have
to the office earlier, written that article. It
now you have missed made you lose your job.
the bus.
Remember 'must have done' is a modal verb of deduction or speculation, not obligation in the
past. For example: Julie must have left. Her coat's not here.
14.2 Menulis ungkapan obligation and necessity in the past

We use “had to” to speak about obligation. And “didn’t have to” to talk about lack of obligation
in the past.
• Students had to study hard.
• Students had to help their parents.
• Students had to do homework.
• Students didn’t have to buy food for the house.
• Students didn’t have to worry about paying the taxes.
14.3 Membuat dialog sederhana menggunakan ungkapan ungkapan obligation and

necessity in the past
• What you have to do in your previous job?
• When I was a sales marketing, I had to ..............
• When I was a student, I didn’t have to......
C. LATIHAN
Exercise.
Write a short paragraph about the job description of your previous job using ‘had to’
- When I was a administration staff, I had to ................
- As a staff, I didn’t have to.........
D. REFERENSI
Education.
Pamulang.
http://english4student-grammar.blogspot.com/2009/07/obligation-and-necessity.html

Modul Bhs Inggris 3

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PERTEMUAN 1

REQUEST, PERMISSION AND OFFER

A: Actually, I wonder if they’re in.

Asking for help

Situation 2: Business Meeting

A: Good morning, let’s start the meeting (opening)

2. Could I use your phone for a minute? ….

4. Your friend needs to go to the airport. Offer to drive him/her there.

5. You’re at a restaurant table with friends. Request the salt.

7. You brother has a broken arm. Offer to tie his shoelaces.

8. Your sister looks tired. Offer her a drink.

Exercise 3. Memorize the conversation in 1.3

Read the conversation and answer the questions.

Asking for suggestions:

Asking for Advice:

2.2 Membuat ungkapan suggestion and advice dalam percakapan

Getting the forms right.

Ask for advice A: What do you think I should do?

A: So tell me, can you speak any foreign languages?

3.2 Membuat ungkapan ability sesuai tenses yang benar

Expressing present ability

Expressing ability in the future

Expressing ability with perfect forms

Expressing past ability

Possibility in the Present

4.2 Mahasiswa mampu membuat ungkapan possibility in the present menggunakan

▪ Another way to express certainty/uncertainty is through adverbs. Adverbs modify things

Possibility in the Past

Forming comparative and superlative adverbs

Absolute Comparative Superlative

Absolute Comparative Superlative

• Other forms of the comparative

▪ Like as verb is to talk about tastes, what we enjoy or prefer.

I Have A New Manager!

Too, either, so and neither/nor

• So here means the same as too. There is inversion.

A: OK, I’m from Rome, and I live with my family.

10.1 mampu menunjukan ungkapan Gerunds and Infinitive

▪ A gerund often comes after a verb + preposition, an adjective + preposition or a

▪ A gerund can follow an adjective + preposition.

▪ For joining and to join

1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)

2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)

6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)

7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)

9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)

Conditional Sentences, usually known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses, are contain of If

If clause main clause

Conditional Sentences with “Wish”

Wishes about situations or speaker’s habits

We use the past perfect

11.2 menentukan struktur kalimat yang benar dari conditional sentences

Mike I don’t understand various conditional forms. Second Conditional… Why

11.3 membuat struktur kalimat benar dari conditional sentences

Now you can try to make conversation using conditional sentences !

1. The Use of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle

4. Personal and Impresonal Passive

12.2 menemukan kalimat pasif dalam kalimat

12.3 membuat kalimat pasif

Now try to make your own dialogue expressing passive voice

Change the sentences from active to passive

1. Ms. Indiana invited me to dinner.