Nouns in apposition

To combine 2 or more sentences into one sentence

နာမ်တူတာရာ, Verb ဖ ြုတ်, comma ( , ) ခံ ကပ်ပပြီးရ ြီး

What is noun ?

1. Article ( a, an, the ) နစတ

ဲ့ ဲ့ Noun phrase

2. Possessive (my, our, your, their, his, her, its ) နစတ

ဲ့ ဲ့ Noun Phrase

3. အရ အတွက် နစတ
ဲ့ ဲ့ Noun Phrase

4. One of နစတ
ဲ့ ဲ့ noun phrase

Eg. There are many pagodas in Bagan, an ancient capital of Myanmar.

My son, a musician, earns little and lives with me.

Adjectival phrase

1. Begins with Preposition

eg. On the table , under the tree

2. Begins with V-ing

Eg. Playing football, sitting alone

3. Begins with V- ed,en

Eg. Written in English, made in Japan

Subject and predicate

Predicate starts with Verbs …….. Sometimes start with adverb

Eg. A wealthy merchant with plenty of gold and money was passing by.

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 Either … or / Neither … nor

Either … or ( choose one )

1. Either Noun … or … Noun …
Eg. I don’t eat either meat or fish.

2. Verb – singular / plural --- Verb န ကပ်

ဲ့ လျက် Noun ကကို ကညဲ့ ်

Eg. Either James or his wife is at home.

Either James or his children are at home.

3. Either + Singular noun

Eg. You can fish from either side of the river.

4. Either of the ( plural noun ) + Singular noun

Eg. Either of the cars is a good purchase.

5. Either of the ( obj pronoun )

Eg. Choose one of the cars. Either of them is OK.

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 Neither … nor

1. Neither … nor
Not, no ထပ် မထညဲ့ ရ
်

Eg. I like playing neither badminton nor tennis.

I don’t like playing either badminton or tennis.
2. Verb – singular / plural --- Noun
Eg. Neither James nor his wife is at home.

3. Not ထညဲ့ သ
် ုံးို မယ်ဆို Aux: Verb ပိုစရရုံး

Eg. I don’t eat cake nor do I eat bread.

4. Neither + Singular noun + Singular Verb

Eg. Neither candidate is a good option.

5. Neither of the ( plural N ) + Singular Noun

Eg. Neither of the candidates is a good option.

6. Neither of + Obj Pronoun

Eg. I like neither of them

Participle phrase

Present participle – V-ing eg. Finishing the classwork difficult, he asked his professor to help.

Past Participle – V - ed/en eg. The boy trained by a good coach won the first prize.

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 Used to / be used to / get used to
Form of “ use”

Noun – use of / no use / using

Adjective – useful / usable/ useless

Verb – use, used, using

Adverb – usefully, uselessly

Used to + V (base form) ---- Habitual / repeated actions in the past

(+) --- S + used to + V(b.f) (-) --- didn’t use to + V(bf) Q --- Did S use to + V (b.f)

Eg. When I was a teenager, I used to go dancing every weekend.

Be (am, is, are) used to + V-ing Something is normal , not strange or new

(+) --- S + Be used to + V-ing (-) --- am, is, are + not+ use to + V-ing Q --- Be + S +use to + V-ing

Eg. I’m used to driving on the left.

Get used to + V-ing

Something in the process becoming normal/ common

Got used to / gotten used to / Be getting used to / will get used to

(+) --- S + get used to + V-ing (-) --- do + not + get use to + V-ing Q --- Do + S +get use to + V -ing

Eg. It might be difficult at first, but you will get used to driving on the left.

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 Reported speech
Direct speech -- တက
ို ရ
် ို ကရ
် ပြော Indirect speech --- တစ်ဆငရ
်ဲ့ ပြော

I. Reporting verbs

Say + that tell that

Say + to + somebody tell + somebody

Say + something + to + somebody tell + object + that

Ased in Questions

II. Pronouns

1st person – I, We

2nd person – You

3rd person – HE, She, It, They

Eg. Tim said “ I go to school everyday”.

Tim told me / said that he goes to school every day.

III. Time / place Today – that day

This – that Yesterday – the day before / the previous day

The day before – 2 days before yesterday

These – those
Tomorrow – the next day
Here – there Next week – the following week

Now – then This morning – that morning

Last week – a week before

Ago – before

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IV. Verb tenses

Present Past Future

Present simple → Past simple Can → could

Shall→ Should

Present perfect → Past Perfect Will → Would

May → Might

Present Continuous → Past Continuous Must / have to → Must/ had to

Present perfect Continuous → Past perfect Continuous am, is, are + going to → was, were + going to

Must have been → must have been

1. Expectation - ခိုလက်ရှထမှန် → Present

“I am a teacher” → She told me that she is a teacher.

2. Proverb - စကြောုံးပို

Time and tide wait for no men.

3. Scientific statement

Water boils at 100* C

4. Historical event

The French revolution was started in 1789.

5. Habitual action

I go to school every day.

V. Reporting verb

V-1in current, habitual, repeated statement, recent event

Shell – should - အကကရပုံး , would - လမဲ့်မည်။ , could - နင

ို မ
် လြောုံး

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 Yes / No Questions

V to do – Do / Does / Did ….?

V to be – Am, Is , Are …...?

V to have – Has, Have, Had …?

Modal V – Can, Could, Shall, ….?

If / Whether န ဆက်
ဲ့ / အရ ြေလို ပန်ရရုံးရပုံး

Eg. He asked “ Have you got time ?”

He asked me if I had got time.

Wh- Questions
Wh Q – who, whom, whose, what, when, where, why…

How Q – How, how + adj ,

ရမုံးတဲ့ Wh / How နဆက်

ဲ့

Eg. He asked “ What time is it ?”

He asked me what time it was.

Said → asked, wanted to know ( နြောုံးရထြောင်သမ

ူ ပါ)

Said to → asked + Obj

Command / Request

Command Sub ပါစရြောမလို

(+) V-1 (Do) → to + V-1

(-) Don’t + Main V … → Not to + V-1

Eg. “ Do your homework” → Mom told me to do my homework.

“ Don’t play too much” → Mom told me not to play too much.

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 Request ( please , Could)

Please → Request … to + V-1

Eg. “ Please tell me how you feel”.

She requested me to tell her how I felt.

Could → ask .. to + v-1

“Could you buy me a car?”

She asked her father to buy her a car.  request

She asked her father if he could buy her a car.  Question

Active – Passive Voice

Verbs always end with V-3

1. To change the focus of the sentence

Eg. An ocean generates most of the oxygen on our planet.

Most of the oxygen on our planet is generated by the oceans.

2. When the person doing the action is of no interest

Eg. The workers painted the room yesterday.

The room was painted yesterday.

3. When we do not know who did the action

Eg. Disneyland is opened in 1955.

4. When describing processes

Eg. The lifestyle of the silkworm begins when are laid on a leaf.

5. The agentless Passive voice

Eg. Paper bags are often used ( by someone ) instead of plastic bags for environmental reasons.

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Few people value experience more than education.

Experience is rarely valued more than education.

6. When not to use the passive voice

It + Passive Voice ( by unspecified group of people )

Eg. I believed → it is believed (by me ) that

7. Omission of verbs

Eg. Grass is eaten by grasshoppers, grasshoppers by frogs, frogs by snakes, and snakes by
hawks.

Conditional Statement

If Clause Main Clause

0 Zero Conditional If V 1 V1
General truth, Scientific facts, If you heat ice, it melts.
Show the same result ( 100 %)
1st Conditional If V1, will V1
Possible situation in the future If you study, you will pass the exam.
(80%)
2nd Conditional If V2, Would + V1
Unlikely situation, ( 0%) (I, He, She, It + were)
impossible now or in the future If I were a boy, I would do adventures.
3rd Conditional (ရနြောင်တရ) If Had+ V3, Would + have + V3
If you had not been I would have gone to
Imagine a different past, that did sick, your party.
not happen

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 Not only….but also
Sub – verb agreement ရှရ

Both and န ဆင်

ဲ့ ---- parallel structure ( positive clause → positive clause / negative clause → negative clause)

Eg. She is not only intelligent but also hardworking. ( lazy မာြီး )

1. Not only … but also ရရ ဆ

ှေ့ ိုြီးံ မာဆို င် the nearest subject ကို ကကညဲ့ပ် ပြီး Verb – Plural / singular

Eg. Not only he but also I am a student.

Not only TV but also phones are more modernized than before.

2. Sub + V + not only … but also

3. Verb with Model verb

Not only + Aux: V + S + Main V …, but + S + also + V ….. .

Eg. Not only did he forget the interview, but also didn’t care.

Not only will I eat fried chicken, but I will also drink cola.

Not only is he a great actor, but he is also a singer.

4. Adjective + Adjective
Eg. Cheese burger is not only tasty but also juicy.

Relative pronouns ( Who, Whom, Whose) (That, Which )

Who – people in Subject place eg. She is a teacher who teaches English.

Whom – people in Objective place eg. From whom did you receive flowers?

Which/ That – Animal / things eg. That’s the hen which lays three eggs. The house, that was
sold last week, is mine.

Whose – A person’s possession eg. I have a friend whose dog is playful.\

When – time eg. That was the week when we booked our holiday.

Where – Place eg. Is this the room where the party took place.

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Why – reason eg. Tell me the reason why you left me.

What – things eg. Give him what he wants.

Who Vs Whom Vs That

Who ရနြောက်မှြော Verb တန်ုံးလက

ို ်

Eg. The boy who won the race trained hard.

Whom ရနြောက်မှြော S + V လက
ို ်

Eg. The boy whom I like won the race trained hard.

That / who ရနြောက်မှြော S+V ပါမယ်ဆို မထညဲ့ လ

် ရ

Eg. She is the person Who I admire most.

This is the book that I bought yesterday.

As … as / not as … as
As … adj / adv ( D-1) … → 2 ခိုကို ယဉ် → similar / level တူ

Eg. She is as good as her sister.

Similar / level တူ င် “ as … as” , and, too, so or , also အပိုပါ င် ဖ ြုတ်

Eg. James can play the piano well. Mary can also play the piano well.

James can play the piano as well as Mary.

Not Similar / Level မတူ င် Subject ရရ ှေ့ ရနာက် ရဖပာင်ြီးရပြီး , D-2 ကို D-1 ရဖပာင်ြီး ,than ဖ ြုတ်

Eg. Robots can work more precisely than human workers.

Human workers can not work as precisely as Robots.

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 As … Vs Like …
As = in role of / compare jobs Like = similar to / compare appearances or behaviors

As + Noun / Pronoun + Verb ( clause ) Like + Noun/ Pronoun

Eg. Leave it as it is. Eg. It looks like a castle.

Parallel Structure (အပပြိုငဝ

် ါကျ တည်ရဆြောက်ပို)

The more /the less / -er …...the more / the less/ -er ) (---ရလ ---ရလ )

Sentence မှြော 2 clauses ရပုံးထြောုံး → find adjective in each clause ( sub + V + adj) ------ Adj D2 ပိုစရ ပြောင်ုံး

*Adj န ဲ့ဆက်ထြောုံးတြောတဲ့ noun ပါ ရင် Adj န ဲ့တရရုံး , Conj: (As, When, If) ပါရင် ြေြိုတ်

In (+) sentence The more ( adj/ adj + addition ) + Sub + V ,

Eg. 1. If you are more active, you need more food.

The more active you are, the more food you need.

2. When he gets older, he has a few friends.

The older he gets, the fewer friends he has.

3. If you study hard, your scores will be good.

The harder you study, the better your scores will be.

In ( - ) sentence, The fewer / less ( adj/ adj + addition ) + Sub + V

Eg. 1. If you didn’t care people, your life will be peaceful.

The fewer you care, the more peaceful your life will be.

2. If the kids eat many sweets now, they won’t be hungry for the coming meal.

The less sweets the kids eat now, the less hungry for the coming meal.

Clause 2 ခိုလုံးို မှြော Verb တူရနရင် ြေြိုတ် V to be ( am, is, are)

Eg. If the quality is good, the price is high. Eg. When a man is wise, he becomes humble.

The better the quality, the higher the price. The wiser the man, the humble he becomes.

Sub + Verb Eg. The earlier, the better. The faster, the better.

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