3.

2 Carbohydrate and fat metabolism

from topic 3.2.5 to 3.2.7
outline the terms glycogenolysis and lipolysis

*lysis: a suffix that means to break-down

3.2.5 outline the terms glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is a catabolic process and refers to the degradation of glycogen to glucose or glucose-6-phosphate.

In this process, important molecules or enzymes in this are:

-glycogen phosphorylase (cuts glycosidic bonds)

-debranching enzyme (cuts the last 4 branched glucoses)

- glucan transferase (the last three carbons cut are attached to the glucose
main chain)

-α glucosidase: (cuts 1-6 carbon glycosidic bond from remaining branched

glucose)

-phosphoglucomutase: (converts glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 1,6

phosphate)
3.2.5 outline the terms glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the catabolic process that allows the mobilization of lipids that constitute the fuel reserve in adipose tissue
to peripheral tissues to cover the energy needs of the body.

Steps: Hormonal stimulation: Hormones like adrenaline

activate lipolysis.

Lipase activation: The hormone activates the enzyme

lipase.

Triglyceride hydrolysis: Lipase breaks down

triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.

Transport and utilization: Fatty acids and glycerol are

released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues
for energy production.

This process is essential for mobilizing stored fats in

the body for use as an energy source.
Functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting
and exercise.
3.2.6 outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

Glucagon
-Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas.

-Plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels.

-It acts to increase blood glucose levels by stimulating

the liver to release the stored glucose into the
bloodstream through a process called glycogenolysis.

-Glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop too

low, such as during fasting or between meals, and helps to
ensure that the body has a steady supply of energy.
3.2.6 outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

Adrenaline
Adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. Adrenaline plays a crucial role
in the body's response to stress or danger, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response.

Production: Adrenaline is released in response to stress, fear, or excitement. It's part of the sympathetic
nervous system's.

Physiological effects: Adrenaline increases heart rate, dilates the airways in the lungs to increase oxygen
intake, and redirects blood flow to essential organs like the muscles and brain

Behavioral effects: Adrenaline can increase alertness, sharpen focus, and enhance physical performance. It
prepares the body to react quickly in potentially dangerous situations.
3.2.6 outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

Functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise.

Glucagon and adrenaline stimulate the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels during long
periods of exercise and times of fasting.
3.2.6 outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise

Glucagon

Fasting Exercise

During fasting, blood sugar levels drop, the

pancreas releases glucagon.
Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by
promoting the breakdown of glycogen
stored in the liver into glucose through a
process called glycogenolysis.
This provides a steady supply of glucose to
maintain blood sugar levels and prevent
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
During exercise, glucagon helps to mobilize
glucose from liver glycogen stores to
provide energy to working muscles.
It works together with adrenaline to support
energy production and maintain blood sugar
levels during exercise.
3.2.6 outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting
and exercise

adrenaline

fasting exercice

During fasting, During exercise,

Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands in
response to:
- low blood sugar levels
it then signals the liver to release glucose into the
bloodstream through glycogenolysis.
Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood pressure,
and respiratory rate, preparing the body for
increased energy expenditure.
Adrenaline promotes glycogenolysis

Adrenaline stimulates lipolysis, which can be used Adrenaline enhances the breakdown of stored fat
as an alternative fuel source when glucose levels for energy, providing an additional fuel source
are low. during prolonged exercise.
glucagon and adrenaline work together
Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on
glucose uptake during exercise.
 3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

insulin

INSULIN is a hormone produced in Insulin's main job:

the pancreas. move glucose from our bloodstream
into the body's cells to create energy
Regulates glucose levels in the
opposite way of the glucagon If there isn’t enough insulin, glucose
hormone: builds up in the bloodstream instead
- Insulin plays an anabolic than getting into the cells to provide
function and increases the energy. hyperglycemia
storage of glucose, fatty acids
- The body is unable to
and amino acids.
use the glucose for
energy (symptoms of
Too much glucose levels = insulin
type I diabetes)
enhances the move of glucose from
the bloodstream into body cells.
3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

muscle cell

Smith, Y. (2021, March 30).

Insulin's role in the human body. News
3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

video

https://youtu.be/5R4w4mTenuc?si=3WYt3s1nER2wSa4P

minute 3:50 to 5:36 (insulin)

3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

glucose uptake during and after exercise

Energy Demand: During exercise the demand for energy increases, and glucose is a primary source of fuel
for working muscles. Insulin helps to ensure that an adequate supply of glucose is available to meet the energy
demands of exercising muscles by promoting its uptake from the bloodstream.

Post-exercise recovery: After exercise insulin continues to play a role in the replenishment of glycogen
stores in muscles by helping glucose uptake. This helps to restore energy reserves and supports muscle recovery
and adaptation to exercise.

exercice
3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

Muscle Contractions and Insulin Sensitivity:

during exercise = muscles contract,
which activates certain pathways that increase the sensitivity of cells to
insulin.
This means that the cells become more responsive to insulin, allowing for
greater uptake of glucose from the bloodstream.
3.2.7: Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

The role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise

insulin and muscle contraction contribute to glucose uptake during exercise.

- Insulin primarily facilitates glucose uptake by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters to the cell
membrane
- muscle contraction stimulates glucose uptake independently of insulin, ensuring that muscles have an adequate
energy supply to support the increased metabolic demands of exercise.

During exercise, both following their role, insulin signals the cell to take in glucose while muscle contraction makes the
demand for glucose in the muscles higher. This leads to a higher uptake of glucose from the blood and an overall reduction
of glucose levels in the main bloodstream.

*Emphasize that both insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from blood into skeletal muscle.
thank you for your attention