JOINTS WORKBOOK

Key terms

Term Definition
joint

The point where two bones meet/articulate.

ligament

A sleeve of tough, fibrous connective tissue, which connects two are more
bones. (like to like)

tendon
Strong, mainly inelastic dense connective tissue, which connects muscle to
bone.

to articulate

Surfaces which move or hinge

motility
Capable of movement

Types of Joints

Type Description Example

fibrous The skull

Non-movable joint

cartilaginous The spine/vertebrae

Little movement, connected by cartilage

synovial Knees, shoulders, wrist,

Movable joints; majority of our joints ankle
Structure of a Synovial Joint
The Bone Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a0E5Nckxu5g

Verse 1

14 bones make up my face Verse 5

The cranial bones surround an empty space. 28 phalanges in my fingers and thumbs

No that’s not right, they’re protecting my brain! And 44 bones already, still not done!

Where was I let’s start again. 1 coxal – a hip,

1 femur - a thigh,

Verse 2 2 patellas are kneecaps – my, oh my!

22 bones under my hair;

3 Ossicles inside each ear. Verse 6

The hyoid bone inside my throat. Tibia and fibula in each shin,

Who knew that? Let’s make a note! Tibia’s fat, and fibula thin!
Each ankle has 7 tarsals bones

Verse 3 Twist them, sprain them, hear them groan!

26 vertebrae in my spine,
24 ribs in this chest of mine, Verse 7

The sternum keeps them all apart, 10 metatarsals in the balls of my feet.

They’re protecting my lungs and my heart. 28 phalanges in my toes..that’s so neat!

How many bones is that, you ask?

Verse 4 Well, add them them up…..

2 bones in each shoulder, front and back. And complete the task!

3 in each arm, it’s the muscles I lack! 206!!!!!!!

8 carpals that make up each of my wrists

5 metacarpals per palm, how’s our list?
Knee Injury Poster Circus
Ligaments of the knee

ACL Injuries

What is the primary purpose of the ACL?

To control movement of the knee joint.

How can the ACL be torn or injured?

Lateral movements

What are some activities where the ACL is commonly injured?

Contact sports (Rugby, American Football), sports with lateral and quick changing movements (soccer,
basketball, skiing).

According to AAOS, which groups of athletes are at a higher risk of ACL injuries?
Female athletes – A lot of research is being conducted in this area.

PCL Injuries

What is the primary purpose of the PCL?

Aids in rotation of the knee. Prevents the tibia from moving too far under the femur, which stabilizes the knee.

PCL sprains usually occur because of:

A blow to the knee while it is bent.

How are PCL’s most often injured?

Car accidents, and sporting activities (American football, soccer, baseball, skiing. Falling.

MCL Injuries

Where is the MCL located on the knee & what does it do?

Inside the knee. Prevents the knee from moving inward.

How does the MCL primarily get injured?

Bending, twisting, quick change of movement.

Which contact sports report a high rate of MCL injuries?

American football and soccer.

Cartilage Injuries

What is the primary purpose of cartilage?

Cushion between joints; prevents bones from rubbing against each other.

What is a meniscus tear?

A rupture in one of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee.

What are some signs & symptoms of a meniscal tear?

Pain due to swelling. Menisci doesn’t have nerve endings, so the menisci tissues aren’t actually causing the
pain. Stiffness may occur.

What may occur if the meniscus goes untreated?

Difficult to move – Surgery may or may not be needed.

Interesting video about meniscus tears below.

http://www.howardluksmd.com/sports-medicine/meniscus-tears-why-surgery-isnt-always-necessary/
Osgood Schlatter disease Painful knee condition of the patella ligament

What are the two ways in which Osgood-Schlatter Disease may affect boys 10 -15 years of age?

1) Growth spurt

2) Physical activity/sports

What are some symptoms of Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease?

Pain (in the knees, when running or doing other physical activities, inflammation).

Tendon Injuries

What is tendinitis?

Inflammation of a tendon.

What two groups of people are more prone to these tendinitis injuries?

Tennis players, golfers. However, running or doing any activity in excess can increase the risk of tendinitis.

Treatment of Knee Injuries

PHYSICAL THERAPY:
RICE:
 Evaluation
 Rest

 Therapy
 Ice

 Education
 Compression

 Aftercare
 Elevation
Extension task
Diagnose the patients. Explain your reasoning!

Dislocation

Fracture
Different Types of Synovial Joints

Joint Type Movement at joint Examples Structure

Hinge  One axis

 Flexion and
Extension

Pivot  One axis

 Rotation

Ball and socket  3 axes

 Flexion and
extension
 Abduction and
adduction
 Rotation and
circumduction

Saddle  2 axes
 flexion and
extension
 abduction and
adduction, giving
circumduction

Condyloid  2 axes
 flexion and
extension
 abduction and
adduction, giving
circumduction

Gliding  A little movement

in all directions
Movement at synovial joints
Explain the movements occurring at each synovial joint during four different types of physical activity.

Ball & Hinge Condyloid Saddle Gliding Pivot

Socket
Name of Description Description Description Description Description Description
Activity/ of of of of of of
Sport movement movement movement movement movement movement
A penalty Hip- flexion Ankle-
kick in plantar
soccer flexion
Knee-
extension
High Jump Hips in Ankle/ Take off/
flight- take off leg Clavicle &
Extension - plantar Scapula-
flexion. Elevation
Knee/ take
off leg -
extension
Throw in, Elevation, Elbow joint Hand
in soccer- upward extends as Joints-
(arm action rotation a Supination
in overarm movement to
throw) progresses pronation
Push Up 2. 1. Elbow-
1. Down Shoulder- flexion
Phase horizontal
2. Up adduction
Phase

 During the High Jump in flight the facet joints in the spine produce extension and hyperextension.
Penalty Kick in Soccer (main agonist muscle in red)

Physical Joint Movement Agonist Body Body axis Type of

Activity type produced muscles plane muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Leg action Ankle/ Plantar Tibialis Sagittal Transverse Eccentric
in kicking Hinge flexion anterior
Knee/ extension Quadriceps Sagittal Transverse Concentric
Hinge group
Hip/ ball flexion Iliopsoas, Sagittal Transverse Concentric
and rectus
socket femoris,
adductor
longus/
brevis

High Jump (main agonist muscle in red)

Physical Joint Used Articulating Movement Agonist muscles Type of
Activity bones produced muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
High jump Ankle Talus, tibia, Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius, Concentric
at take off - take off fibula Soleus,
leg Tibialis posterior,
Peroneus,
Flexor digitorum
longus
Knee Tibia, femur Extension Quadriceps group: Concentric
- take off Rectus femoris,
leg vastus medialis,
vastus intermedius,
vastus lateralis
Shoulder Clavicle, Elevation Trapezius, Concentric
girdle scapula rhomboids, levator
scapulae
High jump hips Femur, Extension Gluteus maximus, Concentric
in flight acetabulum of assisted by:
pelvis Hamstring group:
Biceps femoris,
semimembranosus,
semitendinosus
spine vertebrae Extension/ Erector spinae group Concentric
hyperextension
Arm action in an over arm throw (2 handed- like a ‘throw in’, in football)

(main agonist muscle in red)

Physical Joint Used Articulating Movement Agonist Type of
Activity bones produced muscles muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Arm action Elbow Humerus, Elbow joint Triceps concentric
in over radius, ulna extends as brachii,
arm throw a anconeus
movement
progresses
Shoulder Scapula, Elevation, Elevation: concentric
girdle clavicle upward trapezius,
rotation levator
scapulae
Upward
rotation:
trapezius,
serratus
anterior
Hand joints Carpals, Supination Pronator concentric
radius, ulna to pronation teres,
pronator
quadratus

Full action of the Push Up (up phase and down phase)

Main agonist muscle is in red, main antagonist muscle in blue

Physical Joint Used Movement Agonist Antagonist Type of

Activity produced muscles muscles muscular
contraction
(isotonic)
Arm action Elbow/ flexion Triceps Biceps eccentric
in push up- hinge joint brachii, brachii,
down anconeus brachialis
movement
Up Shoulder/ Horizontal Pectoralis Trapezius, concentric
movement ball and adduction major, posterior
socket anterior deltoid
deltoid
Dissecting a Leg
Aim:

The aim of this activity is to make you aware of the elements of the skeletal system and how they
interrelate.

Materials:

• Raw chicken leg quarter - one for each pair

• Sharp scissors – one per pair

• Plastic gloves

 Cutting tile

Procedure:

Our leg is very much like that of a chicken including the femur (thigh bone), knee (hinge joint), fibula
and tibia (smaller bones of the shin), cartilage, and ligaments that are all part of our skeletal system.
Beyond that, we also have similar muscle structure, tendons, fat, and skin.

We will be exploring each of these similar characteristics.

Shade in the bullet point to show each activity completed

1. Place the chicken leg, skin side up, on the cutting tile.
o Point out the texture of the skin.
o Identify the follicles where feathers grew.
o Feel the skin.
 2. Turn the chicken leg over.
o Understand that the part you call the meat is actually the muscle. Identify the fat.
o You may want to pull off some of the fat and show the difference in the consistency of the
muscle and fat.
o Locate the end of the bone that may be seen at either end of the leg.
o Identify the cartilage as the white tissue that surrounds the end of the bone to protect it.
-The purpose of the cartilage is to keep bones from touching each other.
-It stops the wearing down of bone that would occur if the bones were in constant contact with
each other.

3. Return the chicken leg to the skin up position.

o Pull the skin of the thigh back to show the underside of the skin.
o Locate the blood vessels of the skin.

4. Remove the remainder of the skin.

o Review the other tissue that is now visible (fat, muscle, cartilage, bone).

5. Pick up the leg and bend the joint.

o Show that it is a hinge joint because it only moves in one direction.
o Demonstrate the movement of the joint.

6. Using scissors, carefully cut away some of the muscle to expose tendons (white areas
of the muscle) that connect the muscle to the bone.
-Tendons are part of the muscular system.
-They become very evident near the ends of the bones.
-Ligaments are more difficult to locate.
-Ligaments attach the bones to other bones.
o Look around the joint and attempt to locate ligaments.
o Also expose the cartilage for viewing.
o Show that the cartilage surrounds the bone where it would be touching another bone.
-Cartilage is the protective cushion between bones.
-DO NOT expose the joint yet.
o Point out the various shapes of the muscles.

7. Carefully cut away the muscle, fat, tendons, etc. to expose as much of the bone and
joint as possible.
o Show that the joint is well protected by cartilage.
o Demonstrate the hinge joint and the type movement possible with a hinge joint.
-It will only move in one direction.
8. Carefully break the hinge joint.
o View both parts of the hinge joint.
o Demonstrate how they fit together.
o Note the amount of cartilage protecting each part of the joint.
o Review again that cartilage is between bones, ligaments hold bone to bone, tendons
hold muscle to bone.

9. Carefully break the largest bone. Do not crush the bone.

o Observe the red jelly-like tissue inside the bone.
-This is the bone marrow.
-Marrow produces red blood cells and platelets for use throughout our body.
o Use the point of the scissors to show the consistency of the marrow.
o Discuss how brittle the one is and how easily it was broken.
Bone Injuries - webquest

1. STRAINS AND SPRAINS

Go to http://www.hughston.com/hha/a.strain-sprain.htm

What is the difference between a SPRAIN and a STRAIN?

A sprain is an injury involving the stretching or tearing of a ligament or joint capsule.

Strains are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing of a muscle and tendon.

2. ARTHRITIS: TWO TYPES

a. Osteoarthritis http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoarthritis/article.htm
- Description/Cause:

- What are “bone spurs” and how are they associated with OA?
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bone-spurs/DS00627

- How does this relate to Wolff’s Law?

b. Rheumatoid Arthritis
http://www.arthritis.org/disease-center.php?disease_id=31

- Description of rheumatoid arthritis:

- How does RA differ from OA?

3. VIRTUAL SURGERY! Your turn to be the doctor! Write a brief description of the steps involved in ONE

Pick one: http://www.edheads.org/activities/knee/ OR http://www.edheads.org/activities/hip/

4. BONE FRACTURES: http://www.medicinenet.com/fracture/article.htm

a. Greenstick fracture: (draw and define)

b. Comminuted fracture: (draw and define)

c. Compound fracture: (draw and define)

5. WHAT´S UP WITH THE PHRASE ‘DOUBLE-JOINTED? –CAN YOU EXPLAIN WHAT IT MEANS?

http://www.personal.psu.edu/afr3/blogs/SIOW/2010/09/why-are-some-people-double-jointed.html

6. CRACKING YOUR KNUCKLES?… (be sure to visit BOTH sites)

http://www.livescience.com/health/060710_mm_joints_crack.html

http://www.physorg.com/news64162917.html

a. What are the different explanations behind what causes the “popping” sounds associated with joint-
popping?

b. Can cracking your knuckles cause arthritis?

Joints Review Questions – try and complete these WITHOUT your notes!

1. What are joints? 2 marks

Answer: The point at which 2 or more bones articulate.

2. What are fixed joints? What is their other name? 2 marks

Answer: The bones are held together by tough fibres, also known as a fixed joint.

3. What are slightly moveable joints? 2 marks

Answer: The bones are separated by a cushion of cartilage, also known as cartilaginous joints.

4. Answer: Skull- Fibrous Joint Spine- Cartilaginous joint

5. What are freely Moveable joints?

Answer: Also know as Synovial Joints

6. The knee joint is a Hinge Joint.

7. There are 6 types of freely moveable joints.

8. A. Hinge Joint B. Saddle Joint C. Ball and Socket D. Condyloid Joint

E. Pivot Joint F. Gliding Joint

9. Ligaments link the bones together and limits the range of movement of a joint.

10. Cartilage protects bones and stops them from wearing each other down.