Pailan College of Management & Technology

B.Tech Division (College Code-156)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CA-II Examinations
(REPORT WRITING)
(Full Marks=25)
Student Name SURAJ SANTRA
University Roll No 15601321064
Subject Name Advanced Structural Analysis
Subject Code CE(PE)704B
Semester VII
Department CIVIL ENGINEERING

Instructions:
1. Please don’t change the formatting and font.
2. Topics should be selected based on the syllabus covered in the class.
3. Convert the word into PDF before submission.

Module/ Topic Matrix methods of structural analysis

Explanation :
The main purpose of this book is to present the theoretical methodology
of matrix structural analysis and, in particular, the direct stiffness method.
However, since this approach cannot be implemented for practical applications
by hand calculations, it is very important to present in more detail the basic steps
of programming the direct stiffness method for the analysis of skeletal structures.
In Fig. 1.6, the four stages of the direct stiffness method are presented. More
specifically, in first stage of data input, the geometry of the structure is defined
with its nodes and their coordinates, as well as the connectivity of members, their
mechanical properties and boundary and loading conditions.

Module/ Topic Finite difference and relaxation technique

Explanation :
The relaxation method, in an ultimate analysis, is concerned with the solution of
simultaneous algebraic equations. The equations may be known exactly, as in
systems with finite degrees of freedom, or they may represent finite-difference
approximations to a differential equation. R. V. Southwell (1940) has shown in
his book and in a series of papers published by the Royal Society (Southwell et
ad. 1938-43), the power of relaxation methods in solving such equations.
Almost any given set of equations can be solved to any desired order of
accuracy. For finite systems, the problem is then completely solved, but for
differential equations it is also necessary to investigate the accuracy of the
finite-difference approximations. This is a problem outside the scope of
relaxation methods and for this reason has received only passing attention in
Southwell’s series, which has aimed chiefly at extending the use of relaxation
methods to more and more problems of engineering interest. For such
problems high accuracy is not particularly necessary nor even desirable, but
differential equations of similar type are of frequent occurrence in problems of
pure and applied mathematics, and it is often very necessary either to have an
accurate solution or to know the degree of accuracy of any approximate
solution.

Module/ Topic Theory of plate bending

Explanation :

Bending of plates, or plate bending, refers to the deflection of

a plate perpendicular to the plane of the plate under the action of
external forces and moments. The amount of deflection can be determined by
solving the differential equations of an appropriate plate theory. The stresses in
the plate can be calculated from these deflections. Once the stresses are
known, failure theories can be used to determine whether a plate will fail under
a given load.
Module/ Topic Navier’s Sol utions
Explanation :
the Navier solution for rectangular plate [1] was presented as early as 1819 as soon as
the equation of motion was correctly derived [2]. This is the solution for the case of a
plate that is simply supported along all four edges, i.e. the vertical deflection is
restrained and the plate is free to rotate along the edge, leading to the condition that
the bending moments acting normal to the boundary are zero. The Navier solution is
analytical and employs two sinusoidal functions that satisfy the boundary condition in
exact form. The natural frequencies are obtained as a closed-form formula and are a
function of the number of waves in the two directions, the dimensions of the plate,
and the properties of the material. The beauty of this solution is that it is analytical,
exact, compact and easy to use. Solutions for other combinations of boundary
conditions are much more complex and are divided between Levy-type solutions [3],
and the recently developed exact solution for all possible combinations of boundary
conditions [4]. The 27 possible combinations that comprise the Navier and Levy-type
solutions were presented in full in Ref. [5], for rectangular plates.

The first analytical solution for the free vibrations of shallow shells known to the
authors was presented by Leissa and Kadi [6], with application to cylindrical,
spherical, elliptical paraboloidal, and hyperbolic paraboloidal (HYPAR) shallow
shells. Examples of these types of shallow shells are given in Fig. 1. The solution was
given for the case with simply-supported edges, and restraint parallel to the edge for
the in-plane displacement. The functions used by Leissa and Kadi are the exact
solution of the problem, but since they chose the cosine functions to represent the
out-of-plane deflections, they were able to obtain only symmetric modes and skipped
non-symmetric modes which may lead to lower vibration frequencies. The same
functions were used by Godoy and Souza [7], to produce the forced vibrations of
shallow shells under self-weight. The solution was modified by Leissa and Qatu [8] (p.
280), by use of sine functions to represent free vibration modes. However, the
numerical example presented included only the symmetric modes that were the same
as those given in Ref. [6].

Following these early contributions, several authors presented approximate solution

for a limited number of combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane restraints. Olson
and Lindberg [9] used triangular finite elements to obtain an approximate solution.
Leissa et al. [10] used the Ritz method to solve for a cylindrical cantilever shallow
shell. Leissa and Narita [11] extended the method discussed in Ref. [9] to the analysis
of completely free shells. Li et al. [12] used the spline finite strip method to obtain
approximate results for the vibration frequencies. Lim and Liew [13,14] derived the
PB2-Ritz solution for several combinations of boundary conditions of out-of-plane
restraints.
Module/ Topic Levy’s solution
Explanation :
Closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of orthotropic plates are
obtained in this paper based on two variable refined plate theory. The theory,
which has strong similarity with classical plate theory in many aspects, accounts
for a quadratic variation of the transverse shear strains across the thickness,
and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom
surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. Equations of
motion are derived from the Hamilton’s principle. The closed-form solutions of
rectangular plates with two opposite edges simply supported and the other two
edges having arbitrary boundary conditions are obtained by applying the state
space approach to the Levy-type solution. Comparison studies are performed to
verify the validity of the present results. The effects of boundary condition, and
variations of modulus ratio, aspect ratio, and thickness ratio on the natural
frequency of orthotropic plates are investigated and discussed in detail.