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Photocopying the whole book/uploading PDFs or images of the book without the due permission of the copyright owner is punishable under the copyright act as it weighs against the fair use policy because completely copying and distributing the work for free online and physically would hinder the economic viability of creating and maintaining the source. Any person/ organization found doing photocopy/ PDF circulation, We would take strict legal actions against the alleged without any prior notice.© ALETTER FROM THE AUTHOR Hi First of all fake a deep breath, relax, and realise i, you really have a CHEM “HACK” in you hands right row! You are scon ging fo oulperform in chemistry in every aspacts that you can ever imagine! | am a MBBS Student (a NEET Ranker, AIR 223 in NEET 2019), and | made this book during my 2nd Year MBBS. | have guided thousands of NEET aspirants and this book is the result of all their love ard atfection towards me. Making this book was a dream for me, ard now it is a reality! Se how do | got thie idea of ‘CHEMHACK’ ? Let me fell you the whole story - IH al was accidently discovered by me. | was horrible at learning theoretical subjects which involves ‘rattafecation’ They used to be the hardest subject for me, as my memory was rol good and | used to forge! things faster. One'day my teacher said me to make Asserfon/Reason questions from NCERT for preparation for AIMS entrance. Finifaly fourd this idea boring ard time consuming. But one day | thought, why not to make ofher kind of questions which are easier to make and less time consuming. I ted the idea and it came aut fo be the best thing | ever hd for myself | did this for biology and my marks improved a lt Then | thought. why rot to try the same method for thecrebical parks of eer subjects ike chomsiry? 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With these chemacks, you wil be able fo crease your marks in NEET, JEE & school exams to such a great extent that ‘you can't even imagine! But my plane for you don't end here! After you wil get selected in MBBS or IT/NIT, do ping me once on my lnctagram or Facebok [have a vison of ding someting reeutrary nthe Feld of healheare and wl need yout help il Together. we wll dang some reali bg ings ond make cur naton proud! The pen wl be discbsed fo you after gour selection! :) With lot's of love & happy wishes = Porth GoyalFEATURES OF THE CHEMHACK BOOK 1) All Imp. points of NCERT Covered - All the important facts and diagrams of NCERT are covered, Only theory not important from an exam point of view is omitted. 2) Mnemonics : Funny mnemonics and short tricks added wherever needed 3) DigaQs : These questions will make your diagram practice super-duper! Chemhack contains all important molecular structures. 4) Essence of Chemhack (Active Recall) : Instead of reading NCERT theory again and again for revision (which is a boring process to be true), asking questions from it is better because it will make you more focused and make the revision process fun and faster! 5) PYQs highlighted-by mentioning (NEFF) beside them 6) Internal linking in PDF so that you can easily switch between answers and questions just by clicking on the coloured "ANSWERS" & "QUESTIONS" button. Also in Index you can visit any chapter just by clicking on its name. 7) Short questions so that revision can be fast - small reduction in no of words in each question successively will save a lot of time and will cause bullet-train superfast revision! How to Use ? You can use this book for revision (that too in an active recall manner, that's why they are best!) & also after reading NCERT for question practice.Contents “ARS GROATS- CHEMHACK Physical (XI + XII) Chapters Page no. 1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 2. Structure of Atom 3. States of Matter, 4. Thermodynamics 5. Equilibrium 6. Redox Reactions 7. The Solid State 8. Solutions 1 4 10 16 19 22 24 319. Electrochemistry 10. Chemical Kinetics 1. Surface ChemistryChapter 1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY © INTRODUCTION I Name 2 life saving drugs effective in cancer theropy ~ 2 ____is used for helping AIDS victims have definite volume but not definite shape 4, Properties of a compound are different from ifs constituent elements. T/F 5, Physical properties can be meacured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the substance. T/F 6. Name the 7 SI base units 1 Prefix used for 10-1 is - 8 Prefix used for 0"? is - 4. Prefix used for IO? is - 10, Prefix used for 10° is - Sl unit of mass is gram T/F 12. Write relation between °F-and °C scole. © SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 18. Accuracy/Pracision refers to the closeness of varicus measurements for the same quantity 1k, What i Accuracy ? 15. All non-zero dats are significant, T/F 16 Zeros preceding the first non-zero digit are significant. T/E 11. Zeros between two non-zero dgite are not significant. T/F 18. Zeros af the and or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of the decimal point. T/F 19 Significant figures in (Euler Number) is - 20. According to significant figures, 25 x 250 = 21 According 4 significant figures, |5 x 10 = © STOICHIOMETRY 22. Law of conservation of mass was given by - 23, Law of Definite proportions given by - ANSWERS2 CHEMHACK 24, Law of maltple proportions given by ~ 25, Equal volumes of all gases af the some femperature and pressure should contain an equal number of molecules” This statement was given by - 6 | wu = hg 21 Define mele 28 Mass X = 24 Moe fraction = 30. Meority = 31 Moalty = 32. Molarity changes with change in femperature. T/F raceme Telegram @AakashPapers ANSWERSSOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION ne I Giplafin and taxol BT 2.AZT (Azidothymidine) M00 3 Liquid 20.62 4T 210 «10? 57 + STOICHIOMETRY 6.m hy, sec; Ampere, Kein mole, candela 22. Antone Lavoisier 1 Femto 23. Joseph Proust 8 Pico 24, Dalfon 4. Nano 25, Avogadro 10. Micro 26,166 «10-24 kg LF 27. One mole is the amount of a substance that 2 °F = (VSIC+ 32 contains as mary parfcles or entities as there are + SIGNIFICANT FIGURES atoms in exactly [2 g of Carbo I2 isotope 13, Precision Tel aiierted if solution) x 100 ram @A; Il. Accuracy is the ae top fan 2 24. No. of moles of solute/(Moles of solute + Moles of | to the true value of the result solvent) 6.7 30. No. of moles of solute/Volume of solution in litres 16.F 31, No. of moles of solute/Mass of solvent in kg 327 —ersucnemre— QUESTIONS 1 QUESTIONS 2Chapter 2 Lt a STRUCTURE OF ATOM ‘@ ( © INTRODUCTION Ni |. Cathode rays originate from cathode T/E 2 Charge 4o mass ratio was determined by the scientist - 3.Oil drop experiment was devised by the scientist - 4, Nevtron wae discovered by the scientist - 5. Charge of electron ie - 6, Mass of electron is ~ Mass of proton is ~ 8 Rutherford gold fol was. afome thick 4 Define isobars 10, All the isotopes of a given element show same chemical behaviour. T/F Il The radius of rucleus are usually expressed in ferms of unit 12 Define wave number. 18 Sl unit of wave number iy 1b, Wavelength of viable spectrom aF igh? vares from 1S. What is a black body ? 16. Planck constant value - 1 Work Function is equal fo « 18 Planch’s law - 1M Photoelectric effect equation - 20 Balmar series i described by the formula - 21 Rydeerg constant volue ~ 22. The name of respective serie for my = 2, 3,4, 5, 6 ie - 23. Which series of transitions in the spectrum of H atom falls in visible region ? (NEET) © BOHR MODEL 2b, According to Bohr, the angular momentum of an electron in a given stationary state can be expressed as ~ 2 m= 6 En = 27 velocity Vo = 2. KEn= ANSWERS 1STRUCTURE OF ATOM 24 PEn = 30. frequency: vm = 31 Wave rumberln = 32 Time taken to complete one revolution is proportional to hich powers of m & Z? 33. Total number of spectral ines obtained in H ator (when electron jump from no to ny) equal to - 3h, The Bohr model could not explain the ability of coms to form molecides by chemical bonds, T/F 35, Splitting of epectral lines in the presence of magnetic field ie called - 36. Splifing of spectral nes in the presence of electric fad i cold - 31 Bohr was able to explain the occurrence of Zeeman and Stark effect T/F 38. Describe Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and write its equation © QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM 34. When an electron isn any energy state, the wave function corresponding to that energy state contin all information about the electron, T/F 40. The energy of electrons in aloms isnot quantized. T/F 44], The number which identifies the shell is - 42 Azimuthal quantum number is also called 43, _______ identifies the eer fi bh, Foasd hier eee BitakishPapers 45. For any subshell | values of m are possible 466. mumber refers fo the erentaion of spin of electrons 41. Spin anguder momertum of the electron is a vector quantiy 1/E 48. gives information about the spatial orientation of the orbital with respect to standard set of co- ordinate axis. (NEET) 49 For | = 2m can be - 50. Subsidiary quantum number also determine the energy of the orbital to some extent. T/F 51 What is the total no of orbitals associated with n = 3? 52.A ls orital have number of nodes 53, Boundary surface dagrams enclose the area where probbity of Finding electrons is le. Electron i located further muny from the nucleus as the principal quantum number increnees, T/E 55. There is no simple relation between the values of m (—I 0 and +l) and the x y and z directions. T/F 56. Maximum no of electrons in a subshell | = (NEET) 51. Total no. of nodes = 58, Angular nodes = 54, Radial nodes = ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 26 CHEMHACK Diga®. I Identify which one is plot of Ie and which one is of 2s. 60. What are angular rodes ? 61 Angular momentum of the electron in an orbital = (NEET) 62 Spin angular momentum of the electron = 63. Spin multplity = 64, No.of sub shells in th shells = 65. No.of orbital in nth shell = Diga®. 2 This i the boundary surface chagram of - A B ¢ egra aigsShRape _ I © ENERGIES OF ORBITALS 66, What is the main reasan For having different energies of the subshels in mullvelectran species ? 61 In general the repulsive interaction of the electrons in the euter shell with the electrons in the immer shell are ‘mare important T/E 68, Despite the shielding of the outer electrons from the nucleus by the inner shell electrons, the attractive force experienced by the outer shell electrons increases uith increase of ruclear charge. T/F 64 p-orbital electron spends more time clse fo the nucleus in comparison to s orbital T/E 10. The Zeff experienced by the electron increases with increase of azimuthal quantum number (). T/F TIF two orbitals have same value of (n + D then how wil we decide when one is wer in energy ? TL. Energies of the oritale in the same subshell decrease with increase in the atomic number (ZeFf) T/F TB In the H atom, 4s have lees energy than 3d. T/F Th, Energy of 2s orbital of hydrogen atom is greater than that of 2s orbital of Hhium T/F ANSWERS 2STRUCTURE OF ATOM © FILLING OF ORBITALS 1B. Aufbau principle is based on - (3) Tb. Write order of Filing orbitols fil Ts orbital TI What is Paul Exclasion Principle ? (NEED 18. The maximum number of electrons in the shell with principal quantum number mis equal to - 79. What i Hund's Rule ? 80. Whot ore valence electrons ? 81 Write electronic configuration of Cr 82. Write electronic configuration of Cu 83 Fully Filed orbitals ond half filed orbitals have extra stablty. T/F Bh, Cauzes of stability of completly filled and haf filed eubshels are - (2) ers muse Telegram @AakashPapers ANSWERS 2CHEMHACK 8 © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION IT 2 JJ. Thomson 3. RA. Milkan 4. Chadwick 5.6 x10-19C 6.41 x10-" kg 1.167 «1077 bg 8.1000 4. atoms with same mass number but different atomic rumber 10.7 I fermi UA Bom" |, 400-750 15, The ideal body which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequencies, is called a black body 16. 6626 x 10-* Js 1 hwy 1B E= bw 19 bv = buy + m7/2 Telegram @A 1 wT 20. 7 =109,677 (e Jew 21104671 em"¥ or 218 «10-18 J 22. Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackel, Phund, Humphrey 23, Balmar JOHR MODEL 24, mur = oh/2T 25. rm = oon?/Z where ag = 52.4 pm 26, -218 x 10-1 (27/n?) QUESTIONS 1 21.218 x 0°2/n 28, 218 x 10-19 (2/n?) 244.36 x 10-"8 (22/02) 30 vas2oxi0"( ii 31. F =1,09677%107 a(t }m : 32 3/2 33. (na = naling - na + 1/2 34,7 35 Zeeman effect 36 Stark effect 31F 38.14 states that itis impossible fo determine simultaneously the exact postion and exact inkdiven ti (or elacihi 6Ean electron h AX Ap, 2 or Ax Av, > P25 f 4xm + QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM 347 4OF Wl. Principal quantum number 42 orbital angular momentum ors amber 43 Azimthal quantum number bi = 0.12 45. d+! 46. Spin quantum rumber ua 4& Magnetic orbital quantum number 4142 +1042 50.T QUESTIONS 2STRUCTURE OF ATOM 9 5| Total no, of erbitas = n? Hence 3? = 9 523 53. 90% 54 55. 56. bl 2 S1n-1 58.1 Sdn-l-l 60. Nedal planes passing through origin which have zero probatilty of electrons 61 (h/ar El + DD 62 h/2TW J Lele + UD 63.2641 6h.n 65. n? + ENERGIES OF ORBITALS 66. Mutual repulsion among eae aA 61T 681 61F 10.F I The one with lower value of n will have lower energy RT BF WT FILLING OF ORBITALS TB. Paul's exclusion principle, the Hund’ rue of maximum maltplcty and the relative energies of the orbitals 16. Is. 2s Op. 35, 3p, 4s. 3d. Up, 5s, bd Sp. 65 WF Sd. 6p. 1s Crick - Remember ths sequence ~ S SP SP SDP SDP SFDP SFOP (which imphes - Is(S) 2s2p(SP) 323p(SP) 44s3dlplSDP) ...} Using this, you will nof have to make that hard dagram of Order of filing every time] No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum rumbers TB 2n? 14. pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging 40 the same subshel (p, d or does not take place until each erbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron cach ie. it ie singly occupied 80. electrons that are added to the electronic shell with the highest principal quantum number are called valence electrons 8) Ar] 3d5 lee! akeaabiapers 83.T 84, Causes of stabilty of completely filed and half filed cubshell are (0 Symmetrical distribution of electrons (id exchange energy Diga@s Digad | A-ls B-2s DigaQ. 2 - Boundary surface diagrams of 3d orbilale A- diy) Bedi? -y) C- de?) arson QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4Chapter 3 STATES OF MATTER © INTERMOLECULAR FORCES | The intermolecular forces include the electrostatic Forces that exist behween the tuo oppositely charged ins. 1/F 2 lon-dpole Forces are also van der waals forces. 1/E 3. Name the 3 types of van der Wale ferces. 4s London forces are also called - 5. The inferacton anergy in London forces is inversely proportional to which power of (distance between two inkeracting parbles) ? 6. Dipole-dpole interaction energy between stationary polar molecules (asin sold is propertonal fo between rotating polar molecules is proportional fo ____ 1 Polar molecules con inferact through London forces ale. T/F 8 In dpole-induced dlpoe, interaction energy is proportional fo - 4 Energy of hydrogen bond varies between fo l/mol 10, Molecules also exert repulsive forces on one another. T/F © THE GASEOUS STATE | IL Describe Boyle's Law. 12. Arrange the Ty, Tz and Ts in decreasing order 13. Arrange the Ty, Tz and T3 in decreasing order Pressure (p) (bar) —> Pressure (p) —> ‘Volume(V) (am) —> Volume (1/V) —> |b, Gay Lussac's Law give relationship belween 15. Chark's Law give relaonshp between 16, Avogadro Law give relationship between scale ie aeo called thermodynamic acale of temperature ANSWERS 1STATES OF MATTER 18. Arrange the pr. pe. pa and pa in increosng order 19. Word used for constant pressure - 20 Word used for constart volume ~ 2A gases obey Chores’ low at very high preseures and low femperatures. T/E 22. What does Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) mean ? (NEET) 23. AESTP, molar volume of ideal gas is - 24, AESATP, molar volume of ideal gas is - 25.R value in J/K mol unit equals 4 - 26 According to the kinetic theory of gases there is no force of attraction between the particles of a gas. T/F 21. Collisions of gas molecules are perfectly imelstic. I/F 28 At any particular time different particles in the gas have different speeds and hence different kinetic energies. TE 24 aroham's lw of diffusion i - (NET) 30. Arrange the RMS speed. average speed and mest probable speed in increasing order - (NET) 31. RMS speed of ideal gas = (NEET) 32 Average epeed of ideal oh ONEEHAM (DAAakashPapers 33, Most probable speed of ideal gas = (NEET) 3) REAL GASES 3b, Identify the gases in a lg graph. 35. Identify the plot for ideal and real gas. B A B e— a Volume ——> 36. The pressure exerted by real gas is lover thon the pressure exerted by the ideal gos. T/E 31 Write van der Waals equation. 38. nb in V - nb represents ~ 34a’ in the real gas eq. is a measure of - (NEET) ANSWERS 112 CHEMHACK 40. ‘ais dependent on temperature and pressure. T/F WL Label the gates HZ. N2. 02, C02. CHIs in the fllowing graph U2 Athgh pressure oll he gases have Z< | T/F 43. infermediat presures. most gaes have Z< | T/E 44 Gases show ideal behavior when volume occupied is large/ mall and pressure is high/low. (NEET) U5. The femperature af which a real ges obeys ideal gas law over an appreciable range of presse ie caled or 1: Bag lo cg tegen apn veh TE © Beste a sown 141 Above their Boyle pin. real gases shou poste deviations from ideality T/F 18. Bayle fomp. = 49. Zis called - 50. Z = Videa/ Vireal. T/F © LIQUEFACTION OF GASES 51. What is critical temperature ? 52. What is critical volume a 53 What i eritel presured VELA @AakashPapers 54. If process is carried out at the critical Femperature, substance always remains in one phase T/F 55. The term Fluid is used for liquids only. 1/F 56. What is vapour ? © LIQUID STATE 57. Process of vopourieaton is temperature dependent. T/F 58. AF alm pressure, boing temperature is called - 54 If pressure is | bar, then the boing point is called - 60. What is bing temperature ? 61 Standard beilng point of the liquid ia slightly higher than the normal belng poink T/E 62 The standard beling point of water ie ~ 63, Since water boils at low temperature on hills, ————---- is wsed for cooking food (NET) 6h. In autcclves, the boiing point of water is increased by - 65. At critical temperature, the surface separating the gas and quid phase disappears, T/F 66. Liquids tend 4o have minimum number of malecules af their surface. I/F 61 Fire polshing of glass use the principle of ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 2STATES OF MATTER 68. Surface fenson is independent of temperature. T/F 64 Stronger the intermolecular forces, more the viscosity. T/F 10, Force of viscosity is equal to - Sl unit of coefficient of viscosity is ~ Th. COS unit of coefficient of weccety ie TB Viscosity of lids decreases as the temperature rises. 1/F racer Telegram @AakashPapers ANSWERS 2CHEMHACK 4 © ANSWERS + INTERMOLECULAR FORCES LF 2F 3. London forces, dipole-dipole Forces, and dipole- induced dpole forces 4, Dispersion forces 5.48 EVA 1T BF 410-100 10. THE GASEOUS STATE IL at constant temperature the pressure of a Fixed TF 28. 24 Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional 4o square root of molecular mass. ie. ry/rg = (M2/M,) 30. RMS > Average > Most Probable 31. (BRT) 32. f(8RT/MM) 33. (ART/M) + REAL GASES 34, Plot of pl ve p for real gas and ideal gas A- 00 B-CHy C-H2 cont nie bl ett @AakashPapers * deal gos varies inversely with its volume 2. Tz>Ta>Th 13. Tz>Ta>Ty WPT BVT 16Vin 17 Kein IB pr < pa __. it means reaction proceeds to completion 4 If Ke < __.. it means reaction proceeds rarely 0. 1f Ge > Ke, the reaction wil proceed in the drection of reactants/products II Write relationship between reaction quotient @ and gibbs energy 6 © FACTORS AFFECTING EQUILIBRIUM 12 Le Chateler's principle is bry spphcabl Wh chenidal ejadbhumh ahd hot Dl phlal equilibrium T/E 18 Referring the exathermic reaction (Og) + 3H2 (g) = CH' (9) + HZOL) (if we iereate the presure, reaction ul go backuard/oruard/no change i if we odd a inert gaat constont pressure, reaction ill go backward/orward/no change. (a if we adda inert gas af constant volar, reaction wil ge backuard/ferwardro charge. (nf we increase Fomperatre reaction wl go backuard/feruard/m change Ih A catalyst chonges the equibrium constant T/E 15 Ifa reaction has an exceedingly mal Ka catalyst would be of life help T/F IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 16, The electrostatic forces between two charges are directly proportional fo dielectric constant of the medium, T/F 17 NHB i a lewis acid/lewis base 18. Strong acide have strong conjugate bases. 1/F 19. Kw is temperature dependent. T/F 20. Change in pH with temperature is often ignored T/F 21. Larger the value of Ka, the stronger the acid. T/F 22. Write relation between Ka, Kb and Kur ANSWERS:20 CHEMHACK 23, Higher order ionization constants are smaller than the lower order ionization constants, T/F 2b, As the size of A increases down the group. H-A bond strength decreases. I/F 25. As the electronegativty of A increases, H-A bond strength increases, 1/F 26 Salt of CH3COONa produces a solron of basic pH. T/F 21 Formula for salt hydrolysis pH = 28 What is « buffer solution ? Given one example (NEET) 24. Solabitty formula - 30. The solilty of sols of weak acids increases af lower pH T/F Telegram @AakashPapers ANSWERS:EQUILIBRIUM © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION LF 2. the mass of a gas dissolved in a given mass of a solvent at any temperature is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solvent 3. Melting point 4. Ke = [C}IDIMAJIB]* 5.F 6.F itis expressed in bar 1F 8.10? 9.10-3 10. Reactants JAG = AG° + RTInQ + FACTORS AFFE( EQUILIBRIUM aE 1B. Cg) + 3H2 (g) = CHL (g) » H2Olg) () forward (i) backward (id) no change (wv) backwards FANE ram @A; QUESTIONS 1 IAF 67 + IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 16.F 1 Lewis base 18. F 19.7 20.7 at 22. Ka x Kb = Kw 23.7 247 25.F 26.7 FETS agen de or with the addition of small amounts of acid or alkali are called Buffer Solutions. Example - Bled 24 SOW Kaphtyy 30T QUESTIONS 2Chapter 6 REDOX REACTIONS | Define Oxidation 2 Define Reduction 3. Reducing agent donate the electrons. T/F 4, Oxidation is gain of electrons. T/F 5. Cus Zale Zn + Cubs. VE 6. Arrange Cu. Ag. Zn in order of electron releasing tendency (NEET) In superoxides, oxidation no of 0 is - 8 Oxidation no. of O in OF2 and OLF2 is - 4 In peroside oxidation na. of O is - 10, Osidation no. of H in LiH is - IL In all its compounds, oxidation no. of Fis 1. 1/F 12. Oxidation state denotes the oxidation number of the compound T/F 18 Define oxidising agent Ib, Define reducing agent 15 Ps OH. + H20—> 16, SB + OH. > 11. C+ OH. 18. F2+ OH > |. Which of the following will not show disproportonatin reaction Ci0-, C102-, C103-, CI04- 20, Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of potassium dchromate(VD, K2Gr207 with sodium sulphte, Na2S08, in an acid solution fo give chromiwnll) in and the sulphate ion 21 PermanganatelV) ion, MnO! in basic solution oxidizes iodde ion to produce melecular iedine (2) and manganese (I) exde (MnO2), Write a bolanced ionic equation to represent this redox reaction. 22. Salt bridge contains - 23, What is the function of salt bridge ? 2, What is Stardard Electrode Potential ? 25, A negative E® means that the redox couple is a weaker reducing agent than the Hi /H2 couple. 1/F ANSWERSREDOX REACTIONS © ANSWERS | Loss of electron(s) by any species 2. Gain of electronls) by any species BF LF SF 6.Zn>Cu> Ag 1 8.42 in OF2 and +l in O2F2 44 (0.4 wT 12 F. oxidation rumber denotes the oxidation state of the compound 13. A reagent which can increase the oxidation ruber of on elemert in gen peeifem Il A reagent which lowers the oxidation am. @ an element in a given substance (5. PHS « HOPO2 - (6. S2- + $208 2- 11.CI0- + Gb IBF.» OF2 + H20 QA anes 19. C104 20. Cr201 2= (ag) + 3503 2~ (aq)+ BH+ (aq) > 2Cr3e (aq) + 350M 2 lag) +4H20 (0 21 61= (aq) + 2MrOl- (aq) + 4H2OD — 312%s) + 2MrO2s) +8 OH (aq 22. U-tube containing a solution of KCI or NH4NO3 usually sokdfed by bling with agar agar and later cooling toa jelly lke substance 23, To make the both half cells electrically neutral (as e- will flow from one beaker to another, it will cause development of electric potential opposite of the current flow direction. To break this potential, salt bridge is used) 2h. If the concentration of each species taking part unity lif any gas appears in the electrode reaction, it is confined to! atmospheric pressure) ard further the reaction ie carried out at 298K. then the potential of each clectrede is said fo be the Standard Electrode Potential 15.F —ernecneaiwe— QUESTIONSChapter 7 THE SOLID STATE © INTRODUCTION |. sold usually consists of a large number of small crystak each of them having a definite characteristic geometrical shape. 2 Crystalline solds are short range. 1/F 3. What does long range order mean ? 4, Ex. of erystalne solde - (2) have short range order 6. What doos short range order mean ? 1 Glass is a supercooled liquid. T/F (NET) 8 The structure of amorphous solid is simdar to that of lauid. T/F 4 Ex of amorphous solids - (3) 10, Grystaline colds have a sharp melting point. 1/F II On heating amorphous sold becomes erystaline at some temperature, T/F 12. Amorphous solds have a tendency fo flow, T/F 13 ______ are called pseudo sohdSbt blipert ed liu |, Crystaline solids are ictropic in nature, I/F 15, Amorphous solide are anisotropic in nature. T/F © CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 16.4 categories of crystalline solde are 17. Types of melecular solds are - (3) 18. The atoms and melecules in non polar molecular solids are held together by forces | Non polar molecular sakds conduct electricity T/F 20 Molecules in polar molecular solid are held together by forces 21 Polar molecular solide conduct electricity. T/F 22. Most of the polar molecular solids are gases or liquide under room temperature and pressure, T/F 23. Ex of non polar molecular sold - (2) 2b. Ex of polar molecular sold - (2) 25 Hydrogen borded molecular solide conduct electricity, T/F 26 lone solids are electrical conductors in solid etate. T/F are on orderly colection of positive ine surrounded by and held fogether by a sea of free electrons 28. Covalent bonds are strong and directional in nature. T/F ANSWERS 1THE SOLID STATE 24 Network soils do not conduct electricity except ~ 30. Graphite is a good solid labricant T/F 31 Lustre and colour in malas ix also because of the presence of free electrons in them, T/F e@ CRYSTAL LATTICE 32. Number of three dimensional lattices are - (NEET) 33, What happens in an End-centred unit cell ? 34, Name ll the 7 primtve unl cell 35, SnO2, 02 are examples of crystal system 36, Rhombiceulphur, KNOB, BaSD' are ex of 37 Hexagonal crystal system examples - (3) 38. Ca.03 ie ae colle - 34 HaS i aloo called ~ 440, Moneclnic sulphur isan example af _____ crystal aystem 4, Triclinic crystal examples - (2) 42 A= B= ¥ in which crystal systems ? (4) (NEET) 43. a b SE cin which eryetal sycteme ? (3) Wh anbacinubich eryettt tem? fin @AakashPapers © UNIT CELL & PACKING 45, Total no. of atoms in BCC unit cell - 46. Total no. of atoms in FCC unit cell - (NEET) 47 Coordination no. in one dmenscnal cose packed arrangement is - 468. Square clove packing in tue dimensions have coordination no - 44. Hexagonal close packing in tuo dimensions have coordination no ~ 50. The vide in 2d hexagonal lose packing are square in shape. T/F SILIE the no. of closed packed spheres are N, that the no. of fetrahedral and etahedral vide are ~ 52. Fee and cep structure are some, 1/F 53 ABAB.... pattern is actually hep/cep struchure 5h, ABCABC... pattern is actually hep/foe structure. 55. Mg and Zn have hep/cep structure. (NEET) 56. Ex of foe structure - (2) 51. Coordination no. in hep i ~ (NEED 58. Coordmnation no. in cep is ~ 54 Packing efficiency in cep & - ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 226 CHEMHACK 60, Packing efficiency in hep is - 61 Packing efficiency in BCC is - (NEET) 62 Packing efficiency in simple cubic lattice ~ 63. Write density of unit cell formula 64. The number of carbon atoms per unit cell of diamond unit cell is - (NET) © IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS 65. 3 types on point defects are - 66. Sloichiometric defects have defects in the stoichiometry of the sod. T/F 61 Stoichiometric defects are alto called —_ 68.2 types of intrinsic defects are - 64 Vacancy defects increase the density of the substance, T/F 10. Interstitial defects increase the density of the substance. T/F 1 Frenkel and SchoHHhy defctes are shoum by ionic/romionic sods, ‘12 Frenkel defects create a at its original site and at its new locations. (NEET) 18 Dislocation defect ie - INEET) Tt. Frenkel defects change the density of the solid T/F (NEET) 1. Frenkel defect ie shown Fahey tanea wil Brg of Feces oben PAESVSED 16. Frenkel defect is seen in - (4) (NEET) TI Schottly defects decrease the density of the material T/F (NEET) 18 Random and unequal no. of cation and avione ore missed in Schottky defect. T/F (NET) 14, ___---- is a vacancy defect in ionic solids. (NEE ? 50. There ison scotty defect per or. 8) Schotthy defect is seen in - (4) shows both Frenkel and schotthy defects 83. Ex of impurity defect - (2) Bl, Metal excess defect ie shoum by - (2) 85. The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are caled ______. 86, Excess of Na in NaCl results in colour of the erysta 87 Excess of Li makes LiCl crystal colour -—__ and excess of K make KCI crystal colour BB Ex of Metal excess defect due to the presence of extra cations - 84 Ex of metal deficiency defect - (NEET 40. Zn0 on heating turns colour ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3THE SOLID STATE © ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 41 Conduetiities in metal range between ____ to ____ ohme/m 2. Conductivity in insulators range between fo ohm/m 43. Conductivity in semiconductors range behween —_ fo. obm/m, 4h, Metals conduct electricity in sold as well a molten state, T/F 4%, Electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases with rise in temperature. T/F 46. Ex of intrinsic semiconductors - (2) 47 n-type semiconductor are made by doping - (2) (NET) 48. p-type semiconductors are made by doping - (3) (NEE 44. Solar cell isa dede, T/F 100. Typical compounds of groups 13-5 combinations are ~ (3) ‘al semiconductors hove very fast response and have revolutionised the design oF semiconductor devices 102. Examples of groups I-16 compounds are - (4) 103, Metal oxides which behave lke metals are - (3) (0b, ____ ie tke metalic copper in its conductivity and appearance 105. Oxides which show metalhe or insulating properties depending on femperafure are -() © Maenetic PREPERHIES @AakashPapers 106. Magnetic moment of electron originate from ~ (2) 101. Bohr magneton = (08. Peramagretom is lst inthe absence of a magrehic field T/F (04 In poromagnetiom the subslnce ie magnetized inthe oppeite direction T/F 10. Ex of paramagnetic substances ~() Il Paramagnetism is due to - 12. Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. T/F IB. Ex of damagnetc substances - (3) Il Substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field in damagretiom besavee - IS, Ex of Ferromagnetic oxide i - 16, Ex. of ferromagnetic metals - (4) ITT In sold state, the metal ions of ferromagnetic substances are grouped together nfo small regions called - 18. Ex of antiferromagnetic substance -() II. Difference between ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances are - 120. Ex of ferrimagnetic substance - (3) 12) Ferrimagretic substances become paramagnetic on heakng. T/F ers use ANSWERS 3CHEMHACK 28 © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION U Grystaline 2F 3.1 means that there isa regular pattern of arrangement of particles which repeats itself periodically over the entire orystal 4, NaCl quarts 5. Amorphous solide 6.A regular and periadially repeating pattern is abserved over short defances only IT aT 4 Glass rubber and plastics 0.7 acne eros + CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 6. molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solds 11. Non polar, polar and hydrogen bonded molecular solds 18, Weak dispersion forces or London forces LE 20. Dpole-dpoe forces IF wT 23, He Ce 24. HL S02 25.F 26.F wT Telegram @AaWsshPapers at 28.7 18. Amorphous sods LE BF 24. Graphite 30.7 BT acai Shape Definite characteristic geometrical shape Irregular shape Melting point | Melt at a sharp and characteristic | Gradually soften over a range of temperature Cleavage property temperature When cut with a sharp edged tool, they | When cut with a sharp edged tool, they split into two pieces and the newly | cut into two pieces with irregular generated surfaces are plain and surfaces ‘smooth, Heat of fusion | They have a definite and characteristic | They do not have definite heat of fusion heat of fusion Anisotropic in nature ‘True solids Long range order Anisotropy Nature Order in arrangement of constituent, particles QUESTIONS 1 Isotropic in nature Pseudo solids or super cooled liquids Only short range order. QUESTIONS 2THE SOLID STATE + CRYSTAL LATTICE 32 Ih 33 one particle is present at the cerdre of any tus opposite faces besides the ones present af is corners 3h, Cubic, Tefraganal , Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Rhombohedral Monoclinic and Trichnic 35, Tetragonal 36, Orthorhombic eee se Primitive, Body-centred. Face-centred Tetragonal Primitive, Body-centred Orthorhombic | Primitive, Body-centred, Face-centred, End-centred Prinfthie! Primitive Hexagonal Rhombohedral or ‘Trigonal ‘Monoclinic Primitive, End-centred ‘Triclinie Primitive ree eer Sere 31 Graphite, ZnO, CdS 38 Calcite 34. Ginnabor 40 Monoclinic 4 K2G-201, CuSO4. SH20, H3B03 42 Cubi, Tetragonal Orthorhombic, Rhombohedral 43. Orthorhombic, Menoclnic, Trike 4. Cubic, Tetragonal perry ery NaCl, Zine blende, cu a=B=7=90° ‘White tin, SnO,, TIO, CaSO, a= B=7=90° «@=8=7=90" Rhombic sulphur, KNO,, BaSO, Mada ea Kala P32 Scraphite, zn0.cas, y= 120° a=B=y#90° Calcite (CaCO), HgS (cinnabar) Monoclinic sulphur, Na,SO,.10H,0 K,Cr,0;, CuSO,. 51,0, HBO, a=7=90° B90" aspeye 90° + UNIT CELL & PACKING 452 46 412 48 446 50.F 5] Tetrahedral - 2N, octahedral - N 527 53. Hep QUESTIONS 2 54. Fee 55, Hep 56 Cu Ay 5112 58.12 54. hk 60. Tht 61 68% 62. 52.4% 63, density = 2 - 2M. a aN, QUESTIONS 330 CHEMHACK 64.8 %.T + IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS 95.7 65. () stoichiometric defects 46. Si Ge (id mpurity defects 41P or As (i) non-stoichiometric defects 98.B Al Ga 66.F 47 61 Intrinsic or thermodynamic defects 100. InSb, AIP. GaAs 68 Vacancy and interstitial 10) Gos 64F 102, ZnS, CdS, CdSe and HgTe 0.7 103, TiO, Cr02 and ReO3 lone 104, ReO3 TA, Vacancy defect, interstitial defect 105. VO, VO2, VO3 and 1103 TB Frenkel defect MAGNETIC PROPERTIES WF 106. () orbital motion 15.7 (i) spin around its axis: 6. ZnS, Aghl. AgBr. Agi 107. 927 % 10-24 Am? TT 108. T BF Telegram @AasashPapers 1 Schotthy defect 110. 02, Cuts, Fe8s, Cr3+ 80,10" Ill Presence of unpaired electrons 81 NaCl KCI CsCl and AgBr In 82. AgBr 113, H20, NaCl and COH6 83 SrCI2 ard NaCl CACI2 and AgCl I. Lenz law Bis, NaCl KCI 15, CrO2 35, F-centres N16, Fe, Co, Ni Gd 86, Yellow 111 Domains 87 Pink, violet N18. Med 88. Zn0 119. In Ferromagnetic substance, all domains get oriented 84. FeO in the direction of magnetic field. & in ferrimagnetic 40. Yellow substance, domains in the substance are aligned in ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES paralle| & anti-parallel direction in unequal rumbers. 41.10.10" 120. Fe304 (magnetite) and ferrites tke MaFe20% and 42, 10-70.49-10 ZrF e204 48 10-5-l0* (aT raceme QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4Chapter 8 SOLUTIONS © INTRODUCTION | German siver is micture of ~ (3) 2 Bronze is a mixture of - (2) 3. _____ ppm of fluoride ions prevents tooth decay. ppm of fluoride ions mottling of tooth. 5. In chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas, uhat is the physical state of solite and solvent ? 6, 1 (v/) solution of ____ is used as antifreeze in cars for cooling the engine. (NET) 1 Unit commonly used in medicine and pharmacy is - 8 Define Volume percentage (V/V). 4. Define Mass by volume percentage (w/V) 10. Define ppm Il Define Molarity 12. Mollty(m) = Moles of solite/Mass of solution in kg T/F |B. Molaty is dependent on temperature. I/F (NEED, It, Molarity is independent of femperadure. I/F (NEET) © SOLUBILITY & VAPOUR PRESSURE (5A polar sobent dasohes a nonpelar eolute very easy, 1/F 16 Some solute particles in solution colide with the sold solute particle and get eeparated out of solution. The process is known ax ~ 11. With rise in Femperature,solubilty can decrease. T/F 1B Higher the value of KH, higher is the soluilty af a given pressure, T/F | Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters ? 20. When desched in a selution, the gas molecules are cenverted fo liquid phace. T/F 21. Write Henry Law 22. Write Reoul's law 23 Henry law is a special case of Raoulls law. T/F © IDEAL & NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS 24. The 2 important properties of ideal eoltione are - (NEET) 25. Ex of ideal solutions are - (3) (NEET) ANSWERS 132 CHEMHACK 26 Vapour pressure of non-ideal solution can be higher than predicted T/F 21 The solutions which show negative deviation have stronger solute-solute and solvent-solvent interaction than selite-solvent interaction T/F (NEET) 28 Ethanol and acetone mixture show pesitve/negatve deviation (NEED 24. NCERT ex of positive deviation are - (2) (NEED 30. NCERT ex. of negative deviation are - (2) (NEET) 31 Pherol-aniine & CHCIB-acetone show negative deviation because ~ 32 What are azectropes ? 33. Solutions which show large negative deviations from Raoult's law form maximum boiing azeotrope/ minimum boiling azeotrope. (NEET) 3h, Azeotrope of HNO3-water has % HNO3 and __% water with a boling point of -. K © COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 35. What are cllgetive properties ? 36. Freszng point and boing peint are collgatve properties, 1/F 31. Equation of relative lowering of vapour pressure - 38. Equation of elevation of. ling point - 34. Eq of depression of fr glearam @AakashPapers 40. Eq, of oamotc pressure - 41, Cryoscopic constant is ~ 42 Ebulioscpic constant is - 43. Unit of KF is - 44, KF (in terms of M, Tf, AfusH) = 45. Kb (in terms of M, TE AvapH)) = 46, Process of flow of the solvent is called - 41. Technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass is particularly useful for melecules lke - (2) 48, Membranes used in reverse osmosis are made up of ~ 49, Van't Hoff factor. i = Abnormal molar mass/Normal molar mass. T/F 50. Pure water can be obtained from sea water by - (NET) 51 IF the molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the value of KF becomes half. T/F (NEET) ern aa ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 2SOLUTIONS © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION + IDEAL & NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS Ga Zn Ni 2 Gu Sn 3.1 ppm 4.5 ppm 5. Solute ~ Liquid Solvent - Solel 6. 352, ethylene glycol lw 8. Volume % = Volume of the component/Tofal volume of solston) x 100 4. mass of solute dissolved in 100 ml. of the sokstion (0. Number of parts of the component x 10°/ Total rumber of parts of all components of the soliton Il Morty = Moles of solie/Volume of solution in 24. AmisH = 0, Amir = 0 25. n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and toluene 28. Positive 24. Etharol-acetone, CS2-acetone 30 Phenolaniline, CHCB-acetone 3, They form hydrogen bonds with each other 32, binary mintures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and bil at @ constant temperature 33. Maximum beling azeotrope Telegram ES AIGATAEDROpERTIES 2F : + COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES IBF IF SOLUBILITY, VAPOUR PRESSURE Ib F 16. Crystallation nt BF 19 Because solubility of 02 is more in cold water than 20. pr = pr m1 Hence by using Dalton’ law of parhal pressure, we arrive at equation Pex pana pana 23 F QUESTIONS 1 35 Properties which depend on the number of eclste particles irrespective of their nature 36. Falee, depression in freezing and elevation in boiling point are collgative properties ie. that change (ATb or ATA is collgatve property, not the temp (Tb or TA) itself Same is true for vapour pressure. 31 Apr/pr = irony 38 ATb = i Kb m 34 ATE =i KF m 40. mi) = CRT 43. K kg/mol Uh. Rx Molar mass of solvent x TAL/I000 x AfusH) 45. Rx Molar mass of solvent x T42/I000 x AvapH) 46 Oomoie QUESTIONS 234 V1 Biomolecules - proteins, polymers ef 50 Reverse osmesie 48 Celldose acetate 51. it remains unchanged uae Telegram @AakashPapers QUESTIONS 2 CHEMHACKChapter 9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY © INTRODUCTION | The 2 types of electrochemical cells are ~ 2 Galvanic cell are also called ~ cella a special type of Galvanic cell which contains Zn-Cu couple 44, What is an electrolytic cell ? 5, Salt bridge is not required when ~ 6. Define Standard electrode potential 1 Osidation takes place at anode/ cathode. 8 The direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow T/F 4. Anode is kept on lef¥/right while representing the galvanic cel 10, Ecell = Eanode - Ecathode, T/F I Cu does not dissolve in HCL T/F 12. Cu is not oxidised in HNO3 sokstion. T/F 18. Ex of inert electrodes ~ (2) 9 Ib, Describe Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) (5. Write Nernst Equation 16 Faraday constant value ~ 17. Eq relating AG and Ecellis - 18 Ecell is an intensive/extensive parameter. 19. Most reducing element in this world is ~ © CONDUCTANCE OF ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION 20 Specific resistance is other name for - 21 SI unt of resctvity - 22. Sl nit of conductance is - 23. Conductivity other name is ~ 2b. SI unt of conductivity is - 25, The electrical conductance in a metal does not depend on the rumber of valence electrons per atom. T/F 26 The conductivity of a soliton does not depend on its viscosity. T/F 21. Conductivity of metal decreases uith increase of temperature. T/F 28. Conductivity of electrlyhc solution decreases uith increase of temperature. T/F ANSWERS 136 CHEMHACK 24. The electronic conductance in a metal depends on - (3) 30. The conductivity of electrolytic solutions depends on - (5) 31 Cell constant i equal fo Area/length 1/F 32, Call constant is denoted by symbol ~ 33. Molar conductivity = 34 AS m? mor") = 35. Am(S cm* mor") = 36. Molar conductivity ic independent of the cone. of electrolyte. 1/F 31 Both conductivity and molar conductivity change with the concentration of the electrolyte T/F 38 Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration. T/F 34 Decrease in K on dilution is more than compensated by increase in volume (which contains | mole of electrolyte), T/F 40. For strong electrolytes, equation relating Am A°m and c ie ~ 4 The value of A in the above asked equation depends upon ~ 42. All electrolytes of a porticular type have the some value for AK. T/F 43. A° of Naw is greater than Ke, T/F 4b. D° of Ch ie greater than Br-. T/F 45. Na and Mg is produced of their. ti Moped gated HE he RASHP apers 41 Some of the electrochemical processes, although feasible are so slow kinetically that at lower voltages these db rot seem to fake place and extra potential called _____ has fo be apphed 48 During electrolysie of brine, Cl- is oxidised instead of water due to overpotential of oxygen. T/F 44 During electrolysis: conc. H2S04, which reaction occurs at anode ? (NEET) 50. During electrolysis of dil H2SO4, which reaction occurs at anode ? (NEET) © BATTERIES 51 Leclanche celle are used commonly in and 52 Anode in Leclanche cll is 53. Cathode in Leclanche cal - 5h. The space befueen the electrodes is filed by a moist paste of 55. Reactions at anode - 56. Reactions at cathode - 51. NH3 produced in the reaction form complex with ____ forming 58 Leclanche cals have a potential of nearly ___V. 54 Mercury cell have. as anode and a paste of and —___ ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 2ELECTROCHEMISTRY 60. The electrolyte in mercury cel is a paste of and ______ 61 Reactions in mercury cell at anode ard cathode are - 62, Overall reaction in mercury cell can be represented as - 63 Cel potential in mercury call is 6h. 2 examples of secondary batteries - 65. Lead baHeres have —_— made cathode 66. In lead batteries, ____% solution of ______ is used as an electrolyte 61 Reactions at anode and cathode in lad batteries ore - 68 Overall reaction in lead battery is - 64. Overall reaction in Ni-Cd cell is ~ 70. Fuels like ____________ are combusted in fuel cells to obtain electrical energy. (NEET) cell was used for provdng electrical power in the Apolls space programme. T. Rens at anode and cathode in H2-02 fuel cell is - TB Catalysts ke are incorporated info the electrodes for increasing the rate of electrode reaction Th, Fuel cals produce electricity with an efficiency of about ___X CORROSION 16, Anodic and cathodic reactions jn rusting are - TI He in corrosion ie bekeved fo come from - % The overall reaction of rusting is - 1A. Corrosion is prevented by covering the surface with chemicals lke - (2) 80. Carresion can also be prevented by covering with metals like - (2) (NEET) 81.A sacrificial electrode of another metal like ____ or ____. corrodes itself but saves the object eorsc area ANSWERS 2CHEMHACK 38 © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION | Electrolytic cell and Galanic cell 2 Vollaic cel 8. Darel 4. An electrolyte cell isan electrochemical cll that drives a non-spontaneous redex reaction through the apphcation of electrical energy 5. Both the electrode dp in the some soltion 6. When the concentrations of all the species imolved ina alf-cel is unity then the electrode potentials fnown as standard electrode potential Anode 8T 4 left 1 WT. 2F 18. Ph Aw Ih, The SHE consists of a platinum electrade coated uth platinum black The electrode is doped in an acidic solahon and pure H2 gos ie bubbled through if The cane. of both the reduced and oxidised Forms of His maintained at unity. The pressure of H2 gas is | bar and the cone of He ion in the soltion is | M RT - {ing _ Rr ,, lore nF arier 15. Ercan = Ercan Fy, - = cll) 16, 96487 C/mol 11 AG = -rFEcell 18. intensive Li QUESTIONS 1 + CONDUCTANCE OF ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION 20 resishvity 2Om 22. siemens 23, Specific conductance 24. S/m 25.F 26.F aT 28.F 24, The electronic conductance in a metal depends on () the nature and structure of the metal (i) the number of valence electrons per atom ___| (id tempera Telegram @AgKAS RIAD E UShoi elton depends on - (0 the nature of the electrolyte added (i) size of the ions produced and their solvation (i the nature of the solvent and is viscosity (i) concentration of the electrlyte (i) femperahure 3LF 32.6" 33. K/e 34, A,{S m* mol!) = 35, Am(S em* mot) = 36.F 31T 38.T «(Sm") 1000 L m® x molarity (mol L") x (Sem) x 1000 (em? /L) ‘molarity (mol/L) QUESTIONS 2ELECTROCHEMISTRY 34T 40, Detye-Huckel-Onsager equation Amn = Nem Av (A = Debye constant) 4 the charges on the cation ard anian produced on the dsociation wT 43 F WF 45, Chlorides 46. Cryolte (Na3AF6) 47. Ocerpotential 47 44, 25042 (aq) —> (S20B)2~(aq) + 2e~ 50. 2H20() > 02 (g) + WH (aq) + be + BATTERIES 51 Transistors ard clocks 52 Zine container 13. Finely div 53 Corb red swramded 3) CAAT AD AK pSh carbon 5k, NHWCI and ZnCl2 55. Anode’ Zn) “> Znls + Zem 56. Cathode: MnO? + NHl + e= —> Ma(KOH) + NHS 51 Znls, [2ntNH3M]24 58. 15V 54 ZncHy amalgam H60) and carbon 60. KOH ard Zn 61 Anode: Zbl) « 20H~ —> Znls) « H20 + 2e~ Cathode: Hg + H20 + 20-—> Hl) + 20H 62 ZolHa) + Hgts) ZnO) + Hold QUESTIONS 2 63.135 64 Lead storage baHery and N-Cd battery 65: Pb, gid of Lead packed with PbO2 66, 38, H2SO’ 61. Anode’ Pls) + SO 2-29) —> PhSOL (s) + 2e- Cathode: PUO2 (a) « SO 2-ag) + 4H (ag) + 2e- > PESO (a) « 2420 (0 68. Phis)« PLO2 (x) « 2H2SO4 (aq) > IPESOM (a) « 2H2000 64. Cds) « 2NVOHI3 Ce > Ca (a) + 2NAOHI2 (o) + H20 (0 70. H2, CH, CH3OH 1h Fuel 12, Rens in H2-02 fuel cell Cathode’ 02 (a) + 2H2010 + 4e-—> 4OH-faq) Anode’ 2H2 (g) + 4OH=ag) > GHZOID + Ye 3d platioun or palladum apers a + CORROSION 75. Rustng 16. Anode: Fe () > 2F es + e~Cathode 02 (g) + UH (aq) + he-—> 2H2000 TI. H2COB formed due to dssoition of CO2 in air into water TB. 2Fels) + 02 (g) + WH lag) > 2Fe2olaq) + 2H20 (0 TA Paint biephenol 80. Sn, 2n 81 Ma, Zn QUESTIONS 3Chapter 10 CHEMICAL KINETICS © INTRODUCTION | For the reaction 2HIG) —> H2(q) + 119). rate of reaction can be written as - 2 For a gaseous reaction at constant temperature, rate of reaction can aso be expressed as ~ 3. Rote law for any reaction cannot be predicted by merely looking at the balanced chemical equation. T/F 4, Order of the reaction whose rate law ix - Rate = k (AI2 (BIB is - 5. The reactions taking place in one step are called - 6. Unit of rate constant when reaction ie 2nd order ie - 1 What is the imolecularity' of reaction ? 8. 2Hlg) > H2lq) + 124g), this is urimolecular/bimolecuor reaction 4. KCIO3 « 6F SOs + 3H2SOh > KCI + 3Fe21S04) 3 + 3H20, this reaction is « 0th order reaction. T/F 10. Order of a reaction is rot an experimental quantity. T/F II Molecularty can be zero but order canrot be zero. I/F 12. Order is eppcoble to elementary as well as complex reactions. 1/F 18 For complex reactions mlgeueity has:ne- meaning, TAF 1 1b, For comple reactions, order equal fo the order of [5 Molecularly of the step is the same as the order of the overall reaction (NET) © INTEGRATED RATE EQUATION 16, Draw cone vs time graph of zero order kinetics 17. Order of reacton C2H4(g) + H2 (g) > C2H6(q) is - 1B. Order of tis reaction 2NH3(9) [130K/P4 catalyst] —> N2(q) +3H2(Q) is - 19. Draw graph between log ((REI/IRD vs te for lt order reaction 20, Decomposition of N2O5 and NZO are examples of - 21 Equation of zero order kinetics is ~ 22. Equation of First order kinetics is - 23, Half life for a zero order reaction is directly proprtional to rate constant. T/F 2k, Half life for zero order reaction = 25; Half life of frst order reaction = 26, For zero order reaction 4/2 ©€ [Rlp, For first order reaction W/2 is independent of [Rlp. T/F 27. Ex of pseudo first order reaction are - (2) ANSWERS 1ELECTROCHEMISTRY © TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE OF A REACTION 28. With rise in temperature by °C, the rate constant is nearly doubled 24. Write Arrhenius equation 30. Activation energy of a excthermic reaction ie A —> B is x ard net the energy released from the reaction is y Caleulate the activation energy of the reaction B > A 31 All the molecules in the reacting species do have the same kinehic energy T/F 32 Identify the curve which is at higher temperature Energy of activation Fraction of molecules —> Kinetic energy, ——> 33. Write the relotion befwebn hl 2 TIT aherd Kis the the cnt ail ep Thand k2 is the rate constant at temp. TZ 34. The word catalyst can be used when the added substance reduces the rate of reaction T/F 35.A catalyst alter Gibbs energy AG of a reaction T/F 36. Catalyst catalyses the forward as well as the backward reactions. T/F 51 What is collsion frequency (Z) ? 38 Equation of rate given by collsion theary of chemical reactions is - 34. _____ in the equation represents the Fractin of molecules with energies equal o or greater than Ea 40.A.=PZab is only voli in ___ order ______ reactions. 4L An increase in the conc. of the reactant of a reaction leads to change in which factor of the equation Rate = PZ "2 (NEET) ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 242 © ANSWERS + INTRODUCTION | - MHI/2A+ = ATH2I/M = I21/A+ 2 Rate of change of parkal pressure 3T 45 5. Elementary reactions 6. ol « 1. The number of reacting species (atoms, ions or ‘melecules) taking part in an elementary reaction, hich must code simultaneously n order 4o bring about a chemical reaction is called molecularity & Bimolecular 1F 10.F WF 27 13.7 1k, Slowest step (Rate determining step) |5. Slowest step (RDS) am Telec A DA. CHEMHACK Slope = k/2.303 Jog (IR],/IRI) ——> ° 20. First order 21, [R] = [Ro] - kt 22. In (RVIRo] = -kt 23.F 24, [Rol/2k ogee aApers 26.T Z71 hydrolysis of cane sugar, hydrolysis of methyl acetate [Majorly hydrolysis reaction which use HZ20] + INTEGRATED RATE EQUATION 16. z k= -slope Concentration of R. ——> °, 11 First order 18, Zero order QUESTIONS 1 + TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE OF A REACTION 210°C 14K aAew 30.ney BF 32. Curve B is at a higher temperature. Energy of netwation ‘This area shows, fraction of additional ‘molecules whieh react at (6410), Kineue energy ——> QUESTIONS 2ELECTROCHEMISTRY kB [h-T 38. K = PLab «8! 8 hei? = sa] ta ‘ont ae 460. 2nd order, lementery 4 Collin Frequancy (Z) 34 F 35.F 36.7 31. The rumber of colisions per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture Telegram @AakashPapers QUESTIONS 2Chapter 11 SURFACE CHEMISTRY © ADSORPTION |. The area of the interface depends on the sizeof the portcles of the bulk phases, T/F 2 Under a very high vacuum of the order of __.. fo pascal iti row possible to bain an ultra-clean surface of the metas 3. What ie Adsorption ? 4. The substance which concentrate at surface is caled and the material en the surface of which the adsorption fakes place is caled 5 The process of removing an adsorbed substance from a surface on which itis adsorbed is called - 6 Water vapours are adsorbed/absorbed by anhydrous CoCi2 but adsorbed/absorbed by silca gel The term _____ is used to describe both the absorption and adsorphon 8, AH of adsorphon is always negative T/F (NEED 4.2 types of adsorption are ~ 10. Physisorpton operates when forces operate. IL. In chemisorption, boide are formed (=) fe 12. Chemisorption invokes a high/low energy of activation 13. Activated adsorption i ~ 1b, A physical adsorption af low temperature may pass info chemizorpton as the temperature is increased. T/F (5. Chemisorption ie highly specific T/F (6. Differentiate between Physisorption and Chemizorption (On 4 points) 11. van der Waals’ forces are stronger near the critical temperatures, 1/F 18. S02 > CHY > H2 in case of adsorption T/F 19, Physical adsorption cccurs readiy at low temperature and increases with increasing temperature. 1/F 20. Chemizorpton is reversible. T/F a F 22. K and n depends upon - (2) 23, There is an increate in physicol adsorption with an increase in temp. T/F reundich gave the equation - (NEET) 2, The factor Vn can have values between and __. (probable range —_ to .__) (NET) 25, Freundich ieotherm fails at high pressure. I/F 26. It fails because - 21 Litmus soltion when shaken with charcoal becomes colourless due to - 28, Precpitale of MfOH2 aHains blue colour when precipitated in presence of _____ reagent ANSWERS1 ANSWERS 2SURFACE CHEMISTRY 24. Freundlich’ equation for adsorption from solution phase is ~ 30. Froth-fotaton process use adcorpton principle. T/F 4. Siler halides have the property of adsorbing some dyes like -(Z) CATALYSIS 32 What are promoters ? 33. What are peitone ? 34. In Hober's process, ____ act a8 a promoter and act as a catalyst 35. Write the ran in Lead chamber process and the catalyst used, 36. The heat of adsorption is uted in enhancing the rate of the reaction T/F 37 Catalytic activity increases from Group 5 to Group Il metals with maximum activity being shown by groupe T- 1 38 C0 + H2 lin presence of Ni) > 34. CO + H2 (presence of Cu/2n0-Cr203) > 40. CO + H2 (presence of Cu) —> 4 Shape deci erae a =D 42 Zeolites are used in Sgram @AakashPapers 193, Inport zeae used in petroleum industry in ~ lsh, ZSM-5 converte _____— di by dehydroting them. 45. Enzymes are oso synthesised inthe loratory T/F 46, Cone suger —> Glucose + Fructose. Enayme veed i 11 COHI206 —> COHSOH + CO2.Enayme wed ie - 468 Starch —> Mallose by enzyme - 44 Mallose “> Glucose, by enzyme = 50. Uren ie decompecad using aneyme - 51 Nome the sources of enzyme imertose, zymase, distase, mallase, urease 52, The optimum temperature range for enzymatic acti i 53. Ophimum pH is blween pH values __-__. 5k, Amylase in presence of ____ ione are catelytionly ative 55, Calaystmoshualds process i - 56. Cataytin contact process is ANSWERS 246 CHEMHACK COLLOIDS CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS 51. Colloidal particles diameter is in range between —_ _ (NET) 58 Gas in solid ard solid in solid are called - 54. Solid in gos ard laid in gas are called - 60. Liquid in sod is - 61 Gas in liquid is ~ 62 Solid in liquid is ~ 63 Gel ex - (2) 64. Solid sol ex. - (2) 65. Whipped cream is ex of - 66. Draw table describing all the types of colloids with ex (NET) 61 If the dispersion medium is water, sol is called __ Ose ee 68. If the dispersion medium is alcohol sol is called ____ 64 Lyophobic sole are reversible sols. T/F 10. Lyophilc sols are not stable. T/F I Lyophobic sole ore irreversa KFA (CD) AakashPapers 72 _______ sale need stabilsing agents for their preservation 13. Sols are classified based on “Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase’ as - (3) Th. Muttimolecular colloids ex. - (2) 15. Mocromelecular collide ex ~ (3) 16. Micalls are which type of coleid ? T] The formation of micelles takes place only above a particular temperature called and above a porticular cone, cold ______ (NEET 8. For soaps, CMC is to mol L. PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF COLLOIDS A. As203 + H2S > As2S3¢000, by using which method ? 80. S02 + H2S on oxidation give —— sol 81 ACB + HCHO + H20 > Autsol by oxidation. T/F 82 FeCl8 + H20 on _____ gives Fe(OHI3 (eo) 83 .Collidal sole of which mefale can be prepared by Bredig's Arc method ? (3) is defined as the process of converting a precipitate info collidal sol 85. Electrolyte used for thie purpose is called ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3SURFACE CHEMISTRY 86, Purification of colidal solution ix done by - (3) 81 Pores of filter paper can be reduced by impregnating with soluhon 88, Usual colldion is 2 solution of in a mivture of alcohol and ether. 84. How ie uHa-fler paper prepared ? 40. Ultrafiltration is a fast process, T/F © PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS 4 Coligative propertie arent shown by cole, T/F 4, Tyrdel effect ic observed under whch 2 conditions? 98. Ultramicroecope provides information about the size and shape of cllidal particles T/F set up an apparatus known as ultramicroscope, T/F 45. The color of the colloidal solution depends on the wavelength of light scattered by the dispersion medium. T/F 96. Brownian motion depends on - (2) F1 Small size means faster motion T/F 8 Brownian mation is responsible for the stobity of sole T/F 44 Coloda pales oluay garry an elecrc charge. T/F 100. Negatively cheryl et a eqlamg@AakashPapers 101 Positively charged oxides sol ex - (I) 102 Name al the postvly ard negatively charged sls 103, When KI is added fo the AgNO3 solution, postvely/negatively charged sol resulls, (NET) 10l. When AgNO3 is added to Kl, sol formed is - (NEET) 105. FelB added fo excess hot water, sol formed is ~ 106, FeCl added to NaQH, sl formed is ~ 101 The combination of the uo lagers of opposite charges around the collide por scaled - 108. The First layer of ins is firmly held while the second layer is mobile. T/F 104. This potential difference between the fixed layer and the diffused layer of epposite charges is called - 110. When electrophoresis is prevented by some suitable means, itis ebserved that the dispersion mediwm begins fo move in an electric field, This phenomenon is termed - I Name the ways through which collids are coagulated - (5) 12. A negative charge ion can precipitate a negatively charged cellid. T/F U3. Define the Hardy-Schulze rule. (NEET) Wk, Flecculating power of Nav. Bas, Al3+ is in the order - (NEET) IIS. The abitty to bring coagulation depends upon - (2) ANSWERS 3 ANSWERS 448 CHEMHACK 116. Define ceagulaton valve 17.2 Factors responsible fer the stably of aphilic sole are - IB. Lyephle sols can protect the lyphobic sola. T/F IA. The protective power of lyophilc sols is expressed in terms of - (NET) © EMULSIONS AND COLLOIDS AROUND US 120. O/W type of emulions ex - (2) 121 W/0 type of emulsions ex - (2) 122. Emubitying agents for O/ emusions are -() 123. Emaliying agents for W/0 emulions are - (3) 12h. The droplets in emulsions are offen positively negatively charged 125, ____ and ____ have styphe action 126, Humes acts ax a profeclve cold. T/F 127 ______ fe a sber col used a8 an eye lotion 128. Collial antimony is uaed fo fread - 2 — ‘is used for intramuscular injection. cows Fag TES fi’ @AakashPapers [31 Photographic plates are prepared by coating an emulsion of the lght-censitve plates or colli films 182 Rubber ie obtained by coagulation of (83. Almost al solide adsorb gases. T/F ANSWERS 4SURFACE CHEMISTRY © ANSWERS + ADSORPTION LT 2.10-* to 10-8 3. The accumulation of molecular species at the surface rather than in the bulk of solid or liquid is termed adsorption 4. Adsorbate, adsorbent 5. Desorption 6, Absorbed, adsorbed 1. Sorption * Snag gases are adsorbed readily. . Low temperature is favourable . It depends on the surface Physisorption It arises because of van der Waals’ forces. Itis not specific in nature. It is reversible in nature. Enthalpy of adsorption is low (20-40 kJ mor" )in this case. for adsorption. It decreases with increase of temperature. No appreciable activation energy is needed. area. It increases with an Increase of surface area. It results into multimolecular layers on adsorbent surface aT 4, Physisorpton and chemisorption (0. van der Waal's force I Chemical bonds 12. High 18. Chemisorpton Ib. T 6.1 16, Physisorption and Chemisorption eee 1. It is caused by chemical bond formation. 2. Itis highly specific in nature. 3. Itistrreversible. It. .the nature Ei Keted Gadd Pakircan react with the adsorbent show chemisorption. Enthalpy of adsorption is high (80-240 kJ mor") in this case. . High temperature is favourable for adsorption. It increases with the increase of temperature. High activation energy is sometimes needed. . Italso depends on the surface area, It too increases with an increase of surface area. . It results into unimolecular layer. under high pressure. nT 18.7 (9.F, decrease with increasing temp 20.F sm = bpm 22. nature of adsorbent ard the gas Il surface area of adsorbent BF QUESTIONS 150 2h 0-1 (01 40 05) 25.7 26. Experimenta isotherms aluays seem fo approach saturation af high pressure 21. Adsorphon 28. Magreson 24 im = KC 30.T 31, Ecsin, fluorescein + CATALYSIS 32 Promoters enhance the activity of a catalyst 33, Poisons decrease the activity of a catalyst 3h, Mo, Fe 35, SO2 + 02 > S03, Oxides of ritrogen (NO) 36.7 een Source yeast /@" Yeast Malt ‘Yeast Soyabean Stomach Invertase Zymase Diastase Maltase Urease Pepsin Glucose Starch Maltose Urea Proteins CHEMHACK 31T 38. CH + H20 34. CHBOH 40. HCHO bl Zeoltes 42 Petrochemical industries 43, ZM-5 4h, Alcohols gasoline 45.7 46. Invertase 47. Zymace 48, Diastase 44. Moltase 50. Ureace 51 Sources of enzymes pee) BLdRAakaalke BRATS tose — Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide — Maltose — Glucose — Ammonia and carbon dioxide ~» Amino acids 52. 298-310K 53. 5-7 5b. Nat 95. Platinised asbestos 56. Platinised asbestos and VZ05 ‘LASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS 51.10-® to 10-§ m QUESTIONS 1 QUESTIONS 2 58, Sofd eal 54. Aerosol 60. Gel 61 Foam 62 Sol 63. Cheese jellies 64, Pumice stone, foam rubber 65. Foam QUESTIONS 3SURFACE CHEMISTRY 66. Types of collide Prereree) Prete) peered te ttt) Peed Ester Solid Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Gas Solid Liquid Solid sol Sol Acrosol Gel Emulsion Aerosol Solid sol Foam 61. Aquasol hydrosol 68. Alcosol 64F 10.F WT 12. Lyophobie sole 73. Mulfimeleculor colloids...) I Macromolecular mae le IH, Associated colbids Th. Gold sol. sulphur sols 1B Starch celldose, proteins 16. Associated collide TI Kraft temperature (Th), Critical micelle concentration (CMC) — Th lo-4 to -3_ + PREPARATION AND —PURIFICATION- OF COLLOIDS 11. Double decomposition 80. Steod 81, F. reduction 82 Hydrolysis 83. Gold silver. platinum 84, Peptization gram @ QUESTIONS 3 peered Some coloured glasses and gem stones Paints, cell fluids Smoke, dust Cheese, jellies Milk, hair cream, butter Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide sprays Pumice stone, foam rubber Froth, whipped cream, soap lather 85, Peptizng agent 86, Dialysis, Electro-dialysa, Utrafltration 81, Colledon 88. Ux, nifrocelulose 84. by sooking the filler paper m a clldion solution hardening by formaldehyde and then finally drying it 90.F + PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS UF 42.) The diameter of dispersed particles is not much smaller than the wavelength of the light used (i) The refractve indices of the dispersed phase and the dipersion medium differ greatly in magnitude 3.F 4b, Zsigmondy 4.F 46. Size of particles and viscosity of solution nT 8.7 “aT 100, As2S3, SbaS3, CaS tol 7:02 QUESTIONS 452 (02. Positively and negatively charged cole ete eka ec mete} Hydrated metallic oxides, €.g., AlO,.xH,0, CrO,.xH,0 and Fe,,,xH,0, ete. Basic dye stufis, ¢.g., methylene blue sol. Haemoglobin (blood) Oxides, e.g., TiO, sol. CHEMHACK Ne mee meee) Metals, e.g., copper, silver, gold sols. Metallic sulphides, e.g., ASS». Sb,S,, CdS sols. Acid dye stuffs, ¢.g., eosin, congo red sols. Sols of starch, gum, gelatin, clay, charcoal, ete. (03, Positively (0b, Agl/- (05, Fe208 sH20/Fe3s (06. Fe203 sH20/0H- 101. Hebmholz electrical dovble ayer 108. 10, Electroosmosis IL Electrophoresis, mixing two oppositely charged sok, boiling, dalsi, addition of electrolytes 12. F 113. the greater the valence of the Flacculatng ion added the greater i ts power fo couse precipitation Il, ABs > Ba2s > Now IIS, Magnitude ard charge of ion 116. The minimum conc. of an electrolyte in mmol/L required to cause precipitation of a sol in 2 hours IIT charge and solvation 18. 19. Gold number QUESTIONS 4 + EMULSIONS & COLLOIDS AROUND US 120. Mik and varishng cream [2l Buller and cream ims, natural and synthetic soaps 122. Prot 10 chance polntl © SAN @Ad SLEDS Fay arid, ng chin cleohole,lampblack (2h, Negatively 125, Alum and Ferric chloride (26.1 121 Argyrol (08. Kolaazar 124 Colbidal gold 180. Stomach dsorders [31 AgBr. gelatin (82, Loter 83.7 QUESTIONS 5