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Pure Bending Pure Bending Other Loading Types

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF Pure Bending
Other Loading Types
Example 4.03
Reinforced Concrete Beams • Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

4 MATERIALS Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Sample Problem 4.4

does not pass through section centroid
Bending Deformations Stress Concentrations
produces internal forces equivalent to an
Strain Due to Bending Plastic Deformations
axial force and a couple
Beam Section Properties Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
Ferdinand P. Beer
Properties of American Standard Shapes Plastic Deformations of Members With a Single
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
Pure Bending Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Plane of S... • Transverse Loading: Concentrated or
John T. DeWolf Sample Problem 4.2 Residual Stresses distributed transverse load produces
Bending of Members Made of Several Example 4.05, 4.06 internal forces equivalent to a shear
Lecture Notes: Materials Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry force and a couple
Example 4.03 Example 4.07
J. Walt Oler
Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.8
Texas Tech University • Principle of Superposition: The normal
Sample Problem 4.4 Unsymmetric Bending
stress due to pure bending may be
Stress Concentrations Example 4.08
combined with the normal stress due to
Plastic Deformations General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading Pure Bending: Prismatic members
axial loading and shear stress due to
Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material subjected to equal and opposite couples
shear loading to find the complete state
acting in the same longitudinal plane
of stress.
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Symmetric Member in Pure Bending Bending Deformations Strain Due to Bending Stress Due to Bending
• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure • For a linearly elastic material,
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the Consider a beam segment of length L.
bending: y
 x = E x = − E m
section bending moment. After deformation, the length of the neutral c
• member remains symmetric
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal surface remains L. At other sections, y
= −  m (stress varies linearly)
and opposite forces. • bends uniformly to form a circular arc c
L = (  − y )
• The sum of the components of the forces in any • cross-sectional plane passes through arc center  = L − L = (  − y ) −  = − y • For static equilibrium,
direction is zero. • For static equilibrium,
and remains planar  y y
x = = − =−
y Fx = 0 =   x dA =  −  m dA
(strain varies linearly)  y 
• The moment is the same about any axis   c M =  (− y x dA) =  (− y ) −  m  dA
• length of top decreases and length of bottom L
 c 
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and 
increases m =
c
or ρ=
c 0 = − m  y dA m 2  mI
zero about any axis contained in the plane.  m c M=  y dA = c
• These requirements may be applied to the sums • a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the y First moment with respect to neutral
c
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length  x = − m m =
Mc M
=
of the components and moments of the statically c plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral I S
indeterminate elementary internal forces. does not change surface must pass through the y
Fx =   x dA = 0 section centroid. Substituti ng  x = −  m
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive) c
M y =  z x dA = 0 above the neutral plane and positive (tension) My
x = −
M z =  − y x dA = M below it I

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Beam Section Properties Properties of American Standard Shapes Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section Sample Problem 4.2
• The maximum normal stress due to bending, • Deformation due to bending moment M is SOLUTION:
Mc M quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
m = = • Based on the cross section geometry,
I S 1 m m
1 Mc
I = section moment of inertia = = = calculate the location of the section
 c Ec Ec I
centroid and moment of inertia.
I
S = = section modulus
( )
M
=  yA
c EI Y = I x =  I + A d 2
A beam section with a larger section modulus A
• Although cross sectional planes remain planar
will have a lower maximum stress • Apply the elastic flexural formula to
when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section, deformations are nonzero,
find the maximum tensile and
3
compressive stresses.
1
I 12 bh y y
S= = = 16 bh3 = 16 Ah  y = − x =  z = − x = Mc
c h2   m =
I
Between two beams with the same cross • Expansion above the neutral surface and A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature, by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
will be more effective in resisting bending. 1 
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M
= = anticlastic curvature =
 
fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
large section modulus. the radius of curvature.
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Sample Problem 4.2 Sample Problem 4.2 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials Example 4.03
SOLUTION: • Consider a composite beam formed from
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the SOLUTION:
two materials with E1 and E2.
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate maximum tensile and compressive stresses. • Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
the location of the section centroid and Mc • Normal strain varies linearly.
m = section made entirely of brass
moment of inertia. I x = −
y
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m 
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3 A = =  A = +76.0 MPa • Evaluate the cross sectional properties of
1 20  90 = 1800 50 90 103
I 868  10−9 m 4 • Piecewise linear normal stress variation. the transformed section
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  = −131.3 MPa
2 40  30 = 1200 20 24 103 B = − =− B 1 = E1 x = −
E1 y
 2 = E2 x = −
E2 y
3 I 868  10−9 m 4   • Calculate the maximum stress in the
 A = 3000  yA = 114 10
Neutral axis does not pass through transformed section. This is the correct
3
• Calculate the curvature section centroid of composite section. maximum stress for the brass pieces of
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm 1 M the bar.
A 3000 = • Elemental forces on the section are
 EI Bar is made from bonded pieces of
Ey E y
dF1 =  1dA = − 1 dA dF2 =  2dA = − 2 dA • Determine the maximum stress in the
( ) (121 bh3 + A d 2 ) 3 kN  m steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1  
(165 GPa )(868 10 )
I x =  I + A d 2 =  = -9
m 4  (Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the steel portion of the bar by multiplying
= (12
1 90  203 + 1800  122 ) + ( 1 30  403 + 1200  182 )
My
 = 47.7 m x = − • Define a transformed section such that maximum stress in the steel and the maximum stress for the transformed
I
12
1 =  x  2 = n x dF2 = −
(nE1 ) y dA = − E1 y (n dA) E
n= 2 brass when a moment of 40 kip*in section by the ratio of the moduli of
I = 868  103 mm 4 = 868  10-9 m 4   E1 is applied. elasticity.
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Example 4.03 Reinforced Concrete Beams Sample Problem 4.4 Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION: • Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section reinforced by steel rods. • Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
made entirely of brass. • Transform to a section made entirely 29 106 psi
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below E
n= s = = 8.06
E 29 106 psi of concrete. Ec 3.6 106 psi
n= s = = 1.933 the neutral surface. The upper part of the
Eb 15 106 psi
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933  0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in
concrete beam carries the compressive load. • Evaluate geometric properties of 
( )
nAs = 8.06  24 85 in  = 4.95 in 2
2

• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area transformed section.
• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area • Evaluate the geometric properties of the
1 b h3 = 1 (2.25 in.)(3 in.)3 nAs where n = Es/Ec. • Calculate the maximum stresses transformed section.
I = 12 T 12 in the concrete and steel.  x
• To determine the location of the neutral axis, 12 x  − 4.95(4 − x ) = 0 x = 1.450 in
= 5.063 in.4  2
• Calculate the maximum stresses
(bx ) x − n As (d − x ) = 0
2
A concrete floor slab is reinforced with
5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
( )
I = 13 (12 in )(1.45 in )3 + 4.95 in 2 (2.55 in )2 = 44.4 in 4

Mc (40 kip  in.)(1.5 in.)

1 b x2 + n As x − n As d = 0
m = = = 11.85 ksi 2 of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and • Calculate the maximum stresses.
I 5.063 in.4 3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45 in
• The normal stress in the concrete and steel c = =  c = 1.306 ksi
( b )max =  m ( b )max = 11.85 ksi bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft I 44.4 in 4
My
x = − width of the slab, determine the maximum
( s )max = n m = 1.933 11.85 ksi ( s )max = 22.9 ksi I Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s = 18.52 ksi
stress in the concrete and steel.  s = n 2 = 8.06
c =  x  s = n x I 44.4 in 4

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Stress Concentrations Plastic Deformations Plastic Deformations Members Made of an Elastoplastic Material
• For any member subjected to pure bending • When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate • Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
 x = − m
y
strain varies linearly across the section strength of the material, failure occurs and the  x  Y m =
c corresponding moment MU is referred to as the I
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material, ultimate bending moment.  m = Y
I
M Y =  Y = maximum elastic moment
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid c

My
• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found • If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
and x = − from an experimentally determined value of MU
I elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
and a fictitious linear stress distribution. elastic core.
• For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve, MU c
RB =  y2 
the neutral axis location is found by satisfying I M = 32 M Y 1 − 13 Y2  yY = elastic core half - thickness
 c 
Fx =   x dA = 0 M =  − y x dA 

Mc • RB may be used to determine MU of any • In the limit as the moment is increased further, the
Stress concentrations may occur: m = K • For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of
I member made of the same material and with the elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
• in the vicinity of points where the symmetry and a material with the same tensile and same cross sectional shape but different fully plastic deformation.
loads are applied compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral dimensions. M p = 32 M Y = plastic moment
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes strain relationship may be used to map the strain Mp
k= = shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
in cross section distribution from the stress distribution. MY

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Plastic Deformations of Members With a Residual Stresses Example 4.05, 4.06 Example 4.05, 4.06
Single Plane of Symmetry • Plastic zones develop in a member made of an • Thickness of elastic core:
elastoplastic material if the bending moment is A member of uniform rectangular cross section is  y2 
• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a M = 32 M Y 1 − 13 Y2 
large enough. subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.  c 
vertical plane of symmetry. 
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
 y2 
• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass • Since the linear relation between normal stress with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus 36.8 kN  m = 32 (28.8 kN  m )1 − 13 Y2 
 c 
and strain applies at all points during the of elasticity of 200 GPa. 
through the section centroid.
yY yY
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b) = = 0.666 2 yY = 80 mm
c 60 mm
• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary the member to be fully elastic. the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the After the loading has been reduced back to zero, • Radius of curvature:
R1 = R2 • Maximum elastic moment:
principle of superposition to combine the stresses determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses, Y 240 106 Pa
A1 Y = A2 Y Y = =

The neutral axis divides the section into equal

due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic (d) radius of curvature. I 2 2 2
( )(
= bc = 3 50  10−3 m 60  10−3 m
2
) E 200 109 Pa
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M c 3 = 1.2 10−3
areas. (elastic deformation). −6
= 120  10 m 3
y
Y = Y
• The plastic moment for the member,
• The final value of stress at a point will not, in
I
( )
M Y =  Y = 120  10− 6 m3 (240 MPa )


(
M p = 12 A Y d ) general, be zero.
c
= 28.8 kN  m
=
yY
=
40 10−3 m
 = 33.3 m
Y 1.2 10−3

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Example 4.05, 4.06 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry Example 4.07 Example 4.07
• Stress due to eccentric loading found by SOLUTION: • Normal stress due to a
superposing the uniform stress due to a centric centric load
• Find the equivalent centric load and
load and linear stress distribution due a pure A = c 2 =  (0.25 in )2
bending moment
bending moment = 0.1963 in 2
 x = ( x )centric + ( x )bending • Superpose the uniform stress due to P 160 lb
0 = =
P My the centric load and the linear stress A 0.1963 in 2
= −
A I due to the bending moment. = 815 psi
• M = 36.8 kN-m • M = -36.8 kN-m • M=0 • Eccentric loading
• Validity requires stresses below proportional • Evaluate the maximum tensile and
yY = 40 mm Mc 36.8 kN  m At the edge of the elastic core, F=P • Equivalent centric load • Normal stress due to
 =
m = limit, deformations have negligible effect on compressive stresses at the inner
 Y = 240 MPa I 120 106 m3 x − 35.5 106 Pa M = Pd
and bending moment bending moment
x = =
geometry, and stresses not evaluated near points and outer edges, respectively, of the
= 306.7 MPa  2 Y E 200 109 Pa of load application. P = 160 lb I = 14 c 4 = 14  (0.25)4
superposed stress distribution.
An open-link chain is obtained by M = Pd = (160 lb )(0.65 in )
= −177.5 10− 6 bending low-carbon steel rods into the = 3.068  10−3 in 4
= 104 lb  in
yY 40 10−3 m shape shown. For 160 lb load, determine • Find the neutral axis by determining Mc (104 lb  in )(0.25 in )
 =− = −6 the location where the normal stress m = =
x 177.5 10 (a) maximum tensile and compressive I 3.068  10−3 in 4
stresses, (b) distance between section is zero.
= 8475 psi
 = 225 m centroid and neutral axis
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Example 4.07 Sample Problem 4.8 Sample Problem 4.8 Unsymmetric Bending
The largest allowable stresses for the cast • Determine equivalent centric and bending loads. • Analysis of pure bending has been limited
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120 d = 0.038 − 0.010 = 0.028 m to members subjected to bending couples
MPa in compression. Determine the largest P = centric load acting in a plane of symmetry.
force P which can be applied to the link. M = Pd = 0.028 P = bending moment
• Members remain symmetric and bend in
• Superpose stresses due to centric and bending loads the plane of symmetry.
SOLUTION:
P Mc A P (0.028 P )(0.022) = +377 P • The neutral axis of the cross section
• Determine equivalent centric load and A = − + =− +
A I 3 10−3 868 10−9 coincides with the axis of the couple.
• Maximum tensile and compressive • Neutral axis location bending moment.
P Mc A
B = − − =−
P
−
(0.028 P )(0.022)
= −1559 P
stresses P My0 • Superpose the stress due to a centric A I 3 10 −3
868 10−9 • Will now consider situations in which the
t = 0 +m 0= −
A I load and the stress due to bending. bending couples do not act in a plane of
= 815 + 8475  t = 9260 psi • Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.
P I 3.068 10−3 in 4 symmetry.
y0 = = (815 psi ) • Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable
c = 0 − m AM 105 lb  in  A = +377 P = 30 MPa P = 79.6 kN
= 815 − 8475  c = −7660 psi From Sample Problem 4.2, tensile and compressive stresses. • Cannot assume that the member will bend
 B = −1559 P = −120 MPa P = 77.0 kN in the plane of the couples.
y0 = 0.0240 in A = 3 10−3 m 2
• The largest allowable load is the smallest
Y = 0.038 m • In general, the neutral axis of the section will
of the two critical loads. • The largest allowable load P = 77.0 kN
I = 868 10−9 m 4 not coincide with the axis of the couple.
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Unsymmetric Bending Unsymmetric Bending Example 4.08 Example 4.08

• 0 = Fx =   x dA =   −  m dA • Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
y Superposition is applied to determine stresses in SOLUTION:
 c  the most general case of unsymmetric bending. the corresponding maximum stresses.
or 0 =  y dA • Resolve the couple vector into
• Resolve the couple vector into components along M z = (1600 lb  in ) cos 30 = 1386 lb  in
components along the principle
neutral axis passes through centroid the principle centroidal axes. M y = (1600 lb  in )sin 30 = 800 lb  in
centroidal axes and calculate the
M z = M cos M y = M sin  1 (1.5 in )(3.5 in )3 = 5.359 in 4
corresponding maximum stresses. I z = 12
 y  • Superpose the component stress distributions M z = M cos M y = M sin 
Wish to determine the conditions under • M = M z = −  y −  m dA 1 (3.5 in )(1.5 in )3 = 0.9844 in 4
I y = 12
 c 
Mzy Myy
which the neutral axis of a cross section σ I x = − + • Combine the stresses from the The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
of arbitrary shape coincides with the or M = m I = I z = moment of inertia Iz Iy
c component stress distributions. M z y (1386 lb  in )(1.75 in )
axis of the couple as shown. 1 = = = 452.6 psi
defines stress distribution • Along the neutral axis, Mzy M yz Iz 5.359 in 4
x = +
• The resultant force and moment M y Myy
x = 0 = − z + =−
(M cos ) y + (M sin  ) y A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a Iz Iy The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
Iz Iy Iz Iy rectangular wooden beam in a plane (800 lb  in )(0.75 in ) = 609.5 psi
• 0 = M y =  z x dA =  z −  m dA
M yz
from the distribution of y • Determine the angle of the neutral 2 = =
elementary forces in the section  c  y Iz forming an angle of 30 deg. with the Iy 0.9844 in 4
tan  = = tan  axis.
must satisfy or 0 =  yz dA = I yz = product of inertia z Iy vertical. Determine (a) the maximum y I
stress in the beam, (b) the angle that the tan  = = z tan  • The largest tensile stress due to the combined loading
Fx = 0 = M y M z = M = applied couple couple vector must be directed along z Iy
neutral axis forms with the horizontal occurs at A.
a principal centroidal axis plane.  max = 1 +  2 = 452.6 + 609.5  max = 1062 psi

© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 37 © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 38 © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 39 © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 - 40
Edition
Fourth

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Edition
Fourth
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 4.08 General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

• Consider a straight member subject to equal
• Determine the angle of the neutral axis. and opposite eccentric forces.
5.359 in 4
I
tan  = z tan  = tan 30 • The eccentric force is equivalent to the system
Iy 0.9844 in 4 of a centric force and two couples.
= 3.143 P = centric force
M y = Pa M z = Pb
 = 72.4o

• By the principle of superposition, the

combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x = − +
A Iz Iy

• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may

be found from
Mz My P
y− z=
Iz Iy A

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