ABSTRACT

1
ABSTRACT

Phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry,

home or office. Many times one or two phases may not be live in three phase
supply. Because of this, many times, some electrical appliances will be on in
one room and OFF in another room..This creates a big disturbance to our
routine work. Also load demand is increasing on daily basis; the major problem
consumers are confronting is power interruption. Due to this power break, a lot
of damage is caused to household appliances and occasionally to life. The
problem of power pause originated from single phase faults in distribution
system while power is available in other phases. While most domestic loads are
connected to single phase supply and if the fault occurs in any one of the phases
and the power is available in other phases, we cannot utilize that power. There
is therefore a need to automatically switch from one phase to other and auxiliary
supply when there is a power failure in any one or all of three phases of the
power supply.

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

3
CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

In developing countries like India, there is always the problem of

interrupted power supply as insufficient power is being generated to provide
consumers with continuous services and satisfactory quality. This leads to
constant power failure which in turn affects both the public and private sectors
of the economy. Industries, banks, hospitals and so many other public and
private establishment all have major critical loads that needs to be powered at
all times in order to carry out various processes efficiently. The introduction of
some of these alternative sources of power supply brings forth the challenge of
switching smoothly in a timely manner between the mains supply and the
alternative sources whenever there is a failure on the mains source. Automatic
three phase selector is an integral part of the process of power generation,
allowing smooth and instant transfer of electric current between multiple
sources and load. The function of the automatic three phase selector is to
monitor the incoming public supply voltage and detect when the voltage drops
below a certain level that electrical/electronic appliances can function
depending on the utility supply. The compares the automatic three phase
selector voltage of the other two phases using a comparator circuit and if the
voltages are not available, the system changes over from public supply to
generator. When the generator is in operation, it prevents any feedback current
to the load. It also ensures that the different power sources are synchronized
before the load is transferred to them. The transfer switch senses when there is
interruption if the mains supply remains absent.

4
1.2 PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY

The proposed methodology is based on robust technology meets safety

reliability and fastest in operation. It consists of a sensing system, signal
conditioning electronic circuit, controller. It is installed at the transformer site
and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter of the
embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the
system memory. System will help the system to run under reliable condition and
identify problems before any failure. For above result we are using a small step
down transformer of 12 V, 1 Amps rating and small bulb are connected as a
load. In this project we are using CT transformer for measuring load current.
Also we are using Temp. Temperature Sensor for giving any rise of
temperature, oil level sensor is also used which detects any fall of oil level. The
values of voltage, current and temperature and level of oil of the transformer is
directly applied to one of the input ports of the microcontroller. Along with this,
a display is connected in the input port of the microcontroller value then the
transformer will automatically shut down and in this way transformer life will
be increased. We also designed Two-way communication here by which we can
ask system about given parameter value just by sending Wireless Data to it so
that we can have watch over transformer For this it is not necessary for the
operator to sit in the system premises which was the case at conventional
system.

1.3. LITERATURE REVIEW

In this section we will discuss about various existing Automatic phase

selection methods.

1] DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC POWER PHASE SELECTOR: Phase

selector is a mechanism used in alternating or switching between power phases
with respect to the availability of power on any ofthe phases. Over the decades,
5
there has been frequent phase failure in the power phases resulting to manual
switching of the fuse from one phase to the other. However, this paper focuses
on the design of a phase selector using automatic switching mechanism.

This during its operation transfers the consumer’s loads to the available
power source in the case of power failure in the power supply from the national
grid and automatically detects when power is restored to the failed phase and
returns the loads to this source. In the course of this design, several tests were
carried out such as the continuity test of contactor and relay coils to ascertain
low resistance, continuity test on the contacts of the materials used to ensure
free flow of current, conductivity ofthewires and the whole system was also
simulated using the Proteus electronics software.

2] AUTOMATIC PHASE SELECTOR USING MICRO -

CONTROLLER 89C52: In three phase equipment’s, if supply voltage is low in
any of the one phase and you if you wish to run all the equipment properly.This
equipmentwill help you to rescue this situation. However proper rating fuse
need to be used in three phase i.e. R, Y, and B inputs lines. Where the correct
voltage is available at that time. Other low voltage phase shift to correct voltage
in same manner, to run all the equipment on the single phase in the building.
The circuit consist of relay comparator, transformer.

3] DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF AUTOMATIC PHASE

SELECTOR AND CHANGE OVER FOR 3 -PHASE SUPPLY: This project
work is on the design and construction of automatic phase selector and
changeover switch for 3 -phase power supply. It provides a means of switching
from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing
phase, it also change over to generator if there is failure in all the three phases
of the AC mains.

6
 The circuit also senses the restoration of any or all the three phases of the
mains and change over without any notice of power outage. This project has
been improved on the existing types of electro mechanical device that has being
in use over the years. Hence this has been achieved by the use of 1 -of -4
analogue multiplexers (CD4052), analogue to digital converter (ADC0804),
AT89C51 micro controller and relay switches.

7
 CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

8
CHAPTER-2

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

9
2.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

10
 CHAPTER-3

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

11
CHAPTER-3

3.1 WHY WE ARE USING EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

 Cost of production is very low.

 It is an advanced and latest technology.

 Production time is very less.

 It improves the efficiency of the host machine tremendously.

3.2 WHAT IS EMBEDDED SYSTEM?

Embedded System is a small computer system that is generally hidden

inside equipment [machine, electrical appliances, or electronic gadget] to
increase the intelligence of the equipment for better or more efficient
functionality. This kind of system always involves both the software and the
hardware co-development.

Embedded Systems are often easier understood in terms of Smart devices,

intelligent or automated equipments. Embedded Systems do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system. Hence Embedded System can be defined as follows:

 It is embedding or inserting human intelligence by means of a software into

a Microcontroller chip and designing a hardware for the purpose.

 It is a combination of software and hardware with automatic working

without user interface.

 It performs specific functions in host systems like satellites, remote

controllers, televisions, Robots, ATMs, pagers, laser printers, missile launch
systems, etc.

12
3.3 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

13
3.4 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor needs
many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes are
enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have

75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

14
 CHAPTER-4

MICRO CONTROLLER

15
CHAPTER-4

4.1 MICRO CONTROLLER

The ATMEGA-328 is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC

single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel. It uses on-chip
flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time
programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other
microcontrollers at thetime.

16
 4.2 Pin descriptions

 VCC

Digital supply voltage

 GND

Ground

 Port B (PB7:0)XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is
used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR isset.

 Port C(PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C
pinsthat are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

17
  PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin.

Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other
pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is notrunning.

 Port D(PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
Dpins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

 AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-
pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

 AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

 ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF packageonly)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7.6 serve as analog inputs

to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and
serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

18
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

19
 CHAPTER-5

5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTIONS

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built
using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a
steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and
provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input
dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the
voltage at various points in the unit is shown in fig 19.1. The ac voltage, typically
120 V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the
level for the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A
regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has
much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of popular
voltage regulator IC units.

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

20
 5.2 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of
the IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator
circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set
voltage.A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac
supply line to step the ac voltage to a desired amplitude, then rectifying that
ac voltage, filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally
regulating the dc voltage using an IC regulator.

5.3 THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator,
IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can
vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The
specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

IN OUT

UNREGULATE 7805
D DC
VOLTAGE

GND

21
 The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.
Figure 19.26 shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage
regulation with output from this unit of +12V dc. An unregulated input voltage
Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s
OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2
(mostly for any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to
ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible
voltage range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the
output voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. These
limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. A table of
positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table

Positive Voltage Regulators in 7800 series

IC Output Voltage Minimum Vi (V)

Part (V)
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
+8 10.5
7808
+10 12.5
7810
+12 14.6
7812
+15 17.7
7815
+18 21.0
7818

22
5.4 LCD DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this
project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing
with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming,
special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.

23
 Usually these days single controller LCD modules are used more in the
market. So in the project document we will discuss more about the single
controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double
controller too.

5.4.1 DDRAM - Display Data RAM

Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit

character codes. Its extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area
in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is not used for display can be used as
general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually displayed
on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible, so whatever
you write after 16 chars is written in DDRAM but is not visible to the user.
Figures below will show the DDRAM addresses of 1 Line, 2 Line and 4 Line
LCDs.

5.4.2 CGROM - Character Generator ROM

Now you might be thinking that when you send an ascii value to DDRAM, how
the character is displayed on LCD? so the answer is CGROM. The character
generator ROM generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit
character codes (see Figure 5 and Figure 6 for more details). It can generate 208 5
x 8 dot character patterns and 32 5 x 10 dot character patterns. User defined
character patterns are also available by mask-programmed ROM.
24
5.5 .ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY:

The electromagnetic relays give a transision from ON to OFF when the coil is
energised or deenergised. The main feature in a relay is contacts that close or open
an electric circuit under the control of electromagnet.

We use the un scaled general purpose relay and is very simple in design.

ARMATURE FIXED CONTACT

MOVABLE CONTACT

SUPPLY
COIL SPRING

IRON CORE

When a DC current is passed through a coil the iron core get magnetised
and attracting armature towards it. The moving contact is attached to the armature.
Therefore the switches can operated with the help of this make contact.

Typical switching capacities

Normal duty contacts : 5 amp 24Vdc

1 amp 250Vac

Heavy duty contacts : 10 amp 24Vdc

5 amp 250Vac

25
5.6. THE SWITCHING TRANSISTOR:

The transistor BC 547(NPN) is used to switch the LED displays. The

simplest way to use a transistor as a switch, meaning that we operate it at either
saturation or cut-off, when a transistor is saturated, it is like a closed switch from
the collector to the emitter. When a transistor is cut- off it is like an open switch.

+Vcc

Rc
IC

+VBB RB
BC 547

VCC / RC CLOSED SWITCH

VCE

OPEN SWITCH

26
5.7 Transformer:

The Transformer gives outputs of 12V and 0V. ... A varying current in
the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core
and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (E.M.F) or voltage in the
secondary winding. When a digital project has to work with AC mains a
Transformer is used to step-down the voltage (in our case, to 24V or 12V) and
then convert it to DC by using a rectifier circuit.

27
 CHAPTER-6
PROGRAMMING

28
CHAPTER-6

6.PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

6.2 Power

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Arduino Power Supply

6.3 Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also

has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM

29
6.4 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT "IDE"

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.0.3 / December 10, 2012; 3months ago

Written in Java, C and C++

Operating system Cross-platform

Type Integrated development environment

Website arduino.cc

30
 Arduino programs are written in C or C++ The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which
makes many common input/output.

Operations much easier. Users only need define two functions.

To make a run able cyclic executive program:

 Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize
settings.

 Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

31
6.5 FLOWCHART

Voltage Monitoring & Phase Sequence Detection

Relay Control Logic

Relay Selection

Safety Features

Manual Override

Monitoring and Alerts

32
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

33
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION

This project will improve on the overall efficiency of our power systems
resident in needed areas as the downtime experienced as a result of power
instability will be reduced. As a result of this, there will be a positive impact on
the social economic development of our immediate environment. From the cost
analysis, it can be seen that it is economically viable and affordable when
compared to its functions. By using the automatic phase changer, it
automatically shifts to the necessary phase where correct voltage is available. It
automatically supplies voltage in up to 2 of the 3 incoming phases in case of
power failure or low voltage. Automatic Phase Changer automatically cuts
supply during low voltage; thus, it protects the equipment from the harmful
effects of unhealthily low voltage. It can be used in 1) Residential buildings 2)
Commercial offices. 3) Factories operating with 1 phase machineries. 4)
Hospitals/Banks/Institutions Automatic phase changer finds huge application in
the modern world. This device is more cost effective, reliable and of
maintenance free.

34
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

35
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

1] Uchechukwu Innocent Ezirim, Uchenna Bright Oweziem, Chinedu Cletus

Obinwa, Solomon Okwuchukwu Ekwueme, ETAL -ISSN: 2277-3754, ISO
9001:2008 Certified, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Technology (IJEIT), Volume 5, Issue 2, August 2015.9)

2] Mr.Lalit Patil, Shiwali Sonawane, Nisha Thakur, ETAL - Komal Nagare-

InternationalResearch Journal ofEngineering and Technology (IRJET),Volume:
03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2016,eISSN: 2395 -0056,p-ISSN: 2395-0072.10)

3] Ofualagba G, E.E. Udoha, ETAL -Department of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, FederalUniversityof Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria,
International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp: (28-35), Month: May -August 2017

[4] Ayan Ghosh, Shamik Chattaraj ,Snehashis Das , Kaustav Mallick , “Design of
Automatic Phase Selector from Any Available Three Phase Supply” ,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7 , Issue 2 ,
February -2016.

[5] Design of Automatic Phase Selector From AnyAvailable 3 phase with the
use of logic gate and relay driver, published by, Nimadi sill (techno India
collage of technology),Say debate(techno india collage of technology) June
2016.

[6] Erika Twining,“Grid Current RegulationOfAThreePhase Voltage Source

Inverter With an LCL Input Filter,” Transaction On Power Electronic, Vol .18, No
.3 May 2003. Mariusz Malinowski and Jasinski .

36
[7] F. U. Nweke and R. C. Iwu, “Design and Construction of Automatic Three
PhasePower System Selector”IOSRJournal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) eISSN:
2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov. -Dec. 2015), PP 11-14,

37