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Model of Computer System

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Agenda
❖Computer
❖Model of Computer System
❖Input Unit
❖Output Unit
❖CPU
❖Memory
Computer
A computer system can be thought of as a collection of components
which together are capable of three operations.
Input
Processing
Output
A fourth operation : storage, is also required for practical computer
system.
 Model of a Computer System
Control Unit

ALU
CPU
Registers

Input Unit Output Unit

Primary
Memory

I/P Secondary O/P

Interf Memory Interf
ace ace
--------- Control Flow
Data Flow
Input Unit
This unit is responsible to perform the input operation.
All the input devices belong to the input unit.
There is an input interface with input unit, which converts the data
from user acceptable form to computer acceptable form.
Output Unit
This unit is responsible to perform the output operation.
All the output devices belong to this unit.
There is an output interface, which converts the data from computer
acceptable form to user acceptable form.
CPU
As the name suggested it is responsible to perform all the operations
going on within the computer.
It is also known as the “brain of the computer”.
It is a semi-conductor chip, i.e. a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuit) chip.
NOTE
Circuit No. of Transistors
SSI 1-10
(Small Scale Integrated Chip)
MSI 11-100
(Medium Scale Integrated Chip)
LSI 101-1000
(Large Scale Integrated Chip)
VLSI 1001-10000
(Very Large Scale Integrated Chip)
ULSI 10000 - Onward
(Ultra Large Scale Integrated Chip)
CPU
CPU has three components –
i. ALU
ii. CU
iii. Registers
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
As the name suggested, it is responsible to perform all the arithmetical
and logical operations within the computer.
The ALU always works with the content of registers.
It works according to the control instructions generated by the Control
Unit.
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
a. Arithmetic Section
b. Logic Section
Arithmetic Section :-
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. All complex
operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.

Logic Section :-
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.
Control Unit (CU)
It is used to control and manage the entire activities going on within
the computer, by generating the control instructions.
It is also known as “brain within brain.”
Registers
These are inbuilt with the CPU, so it is also known as “CPU Registers”.
These are the smallest and the fastest memory within the computer.
The registers are digital sequential circuit, made by the combination of
flip-flops, where one flip-flop can stores one bit of information.
An n-bit register is made by n-flip flop.
A CPU has a number of registers, where the sizes and their numbers
depend on the CPU organization.
Primary Memory
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the
computer is currently working.
It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off.
It is generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers.
The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main
memory.
It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile.
It is slower than the main memory.
These are used for storing data/information permanently.
CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are
accessed via input-output routines.
The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main
memory, and then the CPU can access it.
For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
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