BMC Stones Crackin 2024

SSC JE | BMC | Stones | SSC + ESE Questions | Time: 9PM
AE JE Civil
Stones
Crack-In 2024
Daily Class Time: 8PM
Telegram ID - Shubham Agrawal Sir Testbook
Building Stones
Stone has been defined as the natural, hard substance
formed from minerals and earth material which are
present in rocks.
Rock may be defined as the portion of the earth’s crust

having no definite shape and structure.
Classification of Stones
Stones
Geological Physical Chemical
Igneous Sedimentary Stratified Unstratified Calcareous Silicious
Metamorphic Foliated Argillaceous

Geological Classification
It is based upon the mode of classification:
1
2
3
1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

They are of volcanic origin and are formed as a result of
solidification of molten mass lying below or above the earth’s
surface. Type of Igneous %age of Silica Example
Rocks
Acid Rocks 70 -80 Granite, Rhyolite
Intermediate 60 - 70 Syenite, Andesite
Rocks
Basic Rocks 45 – 60 Gabbro
Ultra-Basic Rocks 30 - 45 Peridotite , Basalt

Volcanic Rocks (Extrusive Rocks)
These are the Rocks formed due to cooling down of magma
on the surface of the earth.
Structure : Fine Grained
Colour : Light
Example : Basalt, Trap, Pumice, Obsidian, etc.

Hypabyssal Rocks
at shallow depth beneath the surface of the earth.
Structure : Fine Grained
Colour : Light
Example : Dolerite

Plutonic Rocks (Intrusive Rocks)
at Coniderable depth beneath the surface of the earth.
Structure : Coarse Grained
Colour : Dark
Example : Granite, Syenite, Gabbro, Diorite, etc.
2. Sedimentary Rocks / Aqueous

The various weathering agencies like :
1. Rain
2. Sun
3. Air
4. Frost, etc.
break up the surface of earth.
Rainwater carries down these broken pieces to the rivers.
Rivers to Plains, where the sediment to form rocks.
2. Sedimentary Rocks
Properties:
• Soft
• Can be easily split up along the bedding as well as normal
planes.
Examples : Gypsum, Anhydrite, Lime tufa's, shale, chalk,
sandstone, gravel, Magnesite, Dolomite, Limestone,
diatomite , Tripoli, etc.
3. Metamorphic Rocks
are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks as a result of
the action of the earth movements, temperature changes,
liquid pressures, etc.
Properties:
• Strong
• Either Foliated or Non-foliated
Examples : Phyallite , Marble, Quartzite, Slate , Mudstone,
Gneiss, Schist, etc.
Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic
Basalt Sandstone Gneiss
Dolerite Limestone Quartzite
Trap Laterite Marble
Granite Dolomite Slate
Syenite Gypsum Schist
Gabbro Shale
Chalk
Physical Classification
It is based upon the physical characteristics:
1. Stratified Rocks
They show distinct layers along which the rocks can be split.
Generally Sedimentary Rocks
Examples :
1. Sandstone
2. Limestone
3. Shale
4. Slate
5. Marble, etc.
2. Un-Stratified Rocks
They do not show distinct layers & cannot be split into thin
layers.
Generally Igneous Rocks
Examples :
1. Granite
2. Basalt
3. Trap
3. Foliated Rocks
They have a tendency to split up only in a definite
direction.
Examples :
1. Slate
2. Gneiss
3. Schist
Stratified Rocks Un-Stratified Rocks Foliated Rocks Non-Foliated Metamorphic
Rocks
Sandstone Granite Slate Marble
Limestone Basalt Schist
Quartzite
Shale Trap Gneiss
Gypsum Diorite
Slate Dolerite
Gabbro
Syenite
Chemical Classification
It is based upon the Chemical Composition:
1. Calcareous Rocks
The principal constituent is lime.
Examples :
1. Limestone
2. Marble
3. Dolomite
4. Gypsum
2. Silicious Rocks
The principal constituent is Silica.
These are Very Hard & Durable
Examples :
1. Granite
2. Basalt
3. Trap
4. Quartzite
5. Gneiss
6. Syenite
3. Argillaceous Rocks
The principal constituent is Clay
They are Hard & Brittle.
Examples :
1. Slate
2. Laterite
3. Schist
Calcareous Rocks Silicious Rocks Argillaceous Rocks
Marble Granite Slate
Limestone Basalt Laterite
Dolomite Gneiss Schist
Gypsum Syenite
Trap
Sandstone
Quarrying of Stones
The process of obtaining stones for Engineering activities is called
Quarrying.
Methods of Quarrying:
1. Excavation : Stones buried in earth or under loose overburden are
excavation..
2. Wedging : This method of quarrying is suitable for costly, soft and
stratified rocks such as sandstone, limestone, laterite, marble and
slate.
3. Heating : It is most suitable for quarrying small, thin and regular
blocks of stones from rocks, such as granite and gneiss.
4. Blasting : Explosives such as blasting powder, blasting cotton,
dynamite and cordite are used.
Dressing of Stones
The process of giving a proper size, shape and finish to the roughly
broken stones as obtained from the quarry.
Objective :
1. Reduced Size
2. Proper Shape
3. Better Appearance
4. Increased Resistant to Weathering
Seasoning of Stones
A freshly cut stone carries some natural moisture known as quarry
sap making it soft and workable.
The stone becomes :

1. Harder
2. Compact
3. Weather Resistant
Time Required : 6 to 12 months
Important Terms
Cleavage is the measure of the capability of some minerals to
split along certain planes parallel to the crystal faces.
The various types of cleavage are :
1. Basal
2. Prismatic
3. Cubic
4. Rhombohedral
5. Octahedral
Important Terms
Streak is the colour of the mineral in powder-form. For some
minerals, their colour is seen to be entirely different from that
of their powder
Lustre is shine on the surface of a mineral and its appearance
under reflected light is classified as :
1. Vitreous (glassy)
2. Greasy
3. Pearly
4. Resinous
5. Dull
6. Silky and metallic.
Use of Stone
Name of Rock Use Remark
Granite Bridge Abutment, Pier, Sea Water Absorption <1%
walls Compressive Strength (70 - 130)N/mm2
Marble Ornamental work Compressive Strength 70N/mm2
Lime-Stone Manufacture of Cement Compressive Strength 55N/mm2
Flooring, Roofing
Slate Partitions, Flooring, Roofing Water Absorption <1%
Compressive Strength (77 - 210)N/mm2
Quartzite Retaining wall
Basalt Road , Concrete Aggregate Compressive Strength (150 - 190)N/mm2
Kankar Manufacture of Hydraulic
lime
Test on Stones
Smith’s Test
This test is performed to find out the presence of soluble matter in
a sample of stone.
Water Slightly Cloudy : No Problem

Water Dirty : Indicates Earthy Matter
Test on Stones
Acid Test
Purpose : To check weather resistance
• It confirms the power of stones to withstand the atmospheric
conditions.
• 100 g of stone chips are kept in a 5% solution of H2SO4 or HCI
for 3 days.
• Then the chips are taken out and dried.
• The sharp and firm corners and edges are indication of sound
stone.
Test on Stones
Crushing Test
Purpose : To check Compressive Strength
Cube : 40 mm
No of Cubes : 3
Prior to Test : 72 Hours in water
Rate of Loading : 14N/mm2
Result : Strength not less than 100N/mm2.

Test on Stones Mineral Mohs

Value
Talc 1
Hardness Test Gypsum 2
This test is performed by scratching a Calcite 3

Fluorite 4
stone with a knife.
Apatite 5
Orthoclase 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Sapphire 9
Diamond 10
Test on Stones
Toughness Test
This test is performed by breaking the stone with
Hammer.
Test on Stones Types of Water absorption (% not

stone greater than)
Sandstone 10
Water Absorption Test (IS 1124)
Limestone 10
The selected test pieces of stone are crushed or
Granite 1
broken
Trap 6
Shale 10
Size of Stones : 10 mm < d < 20 mm IS Sieve
Gneiss 1
Slate 1
Quartzite 3
Test on Stones
Type of Test Determine for
Abrasion Test (By Dory’s Testing Machine) Wearing Resistance
Attrition Test (By Deval Testing Machine) Rate of Wearing Resistance
Crushing Strength Test (IS 1121 Part1) Compressive strength
Smith's Test Soluble Matter / Muddy matter
Brard's Test Frost resistance
Acid Test Weather resistance
Crystallization Test (IS 1126) Durability
Hardness Test (Moh's Scale) Hardness
Impact Test Toughness
Water Absorption Test 5% for good stone
Friction Factor Type of Rock

0-14 Soft rock
Dory's Testing Machine Test-
14-17 Medium hard
> 17 Hard rock
Toughness coefficient Toughness

Impact Test- 19 or More Very tough
16t o 17 Moderate tough
16 or below Poor tough
Friction Co-efficient Quality of Stones

2% Good
Attrition Test-
3% Medium
5% or More Useless

BMC Stones Crackin 2024

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SSC JE | BMC | Stones | SSC + ESE Questions | Time: 9PM

Rock may be defined as the portion of the earth’s crust

Geological Physical Chemical

Igneous Sedimentary Stratified Unstratified Calcareous Silicious

Metamorphic Foliated Argillaceous

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

1. Igneous / Eruptive Rocks

2. Sedimentary Rocks / Aqueous

The stone becomes :

Water Slightly Cloudy : No Problem

Result : Strength not less than 100N/mm2.

Test on Stones Mineral Mohs

This test is performed by scratching a Calcite 3

Test on Stones Types of Water absorption (% not

Friction Factor Type of Rock

Toughness coefficient Toughness

Friction Co-efficient Quality of Stones

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