Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bulletin1 Web
Bulletin1 Web
Introduction
For the majority of residential solar energy systems — whether it is photovoltaics (PV) for producing electricity
or solar hot water systems used for pool heating, hot water heating or space heating — the solar panels1 that
collect the sun’s energy are usually installed on the home’s roof.
As such, where the solar panels are supported by and connected to a building they are normally covered
under the jurisdiction’s building code, which means there is a need to carry out a review to ensure
conformance to the structural requirements as outlined in the building code.
Through the work done in the City of Toronto’s pilot solar hot water deployment program — the Toronto Solar
Neighbourhoods Initiative — Toronto has developed a simple methodology to evaluate rafter roof conditions
and to confirm that the solar installation is in compliance with the building code (the Ontario Building Code in
the case of Toronto). This bulletin outlines the solutions that have been developed by the City of Toronto.
1 PV panels are commonly referred to as “modules” while solar thermal panels are referred to as “collectors.” As this bulletin
applies to both solar technologies it uses the term “solar panels.”
While rafter (and joist) requirements are defined in the building code (i.e. their size, spacing and maximum
allowable span), trusses are a product that is engineered (i.e. they are P.Eng stamped for use in a specific
application). Thus a solution for rafters can be standardized whereas a solution for trusses is unique to the
specific truss design.
In evaluating solar for roofs there are three issues:
1. The weight of the solar panels (the dead weight or distributed load).
2. The height of the solar panels above the roof (the active load or the uplifting load due to wind).
3. The connection points to the roof (the point-load conditions).
A B C
Generally solar panels are not installed directly onto a roof for the following reasons:
• PV modules require air circulation to keep the modules cool, which will increase their performance;
• Installing solar panels directly onto the roof can increase the heating of the roof covering, causing
premature degradation of the covering;
• A direct mount (which is not weather sealed) would allow moisture between the solar panels and roof
resulting in a potential weakening of the attachment method due to the thermal freeze-thaw expansion
cycle.
However there are some exceptions where solar panels may be directly mounted onto the roof:
• Solar pool collectors are generally installed directly (often supported by straps underneath the collectors)
on the roof as the mounting design allows the collectors to slightly shift about on the roof due to
temperature expansion and contractions of the plastic solar collectors. The low temperatures that these
collectors operate at prevents roof covering degradation.
• PV “shingles” which replace conventional roof coverings;
• Solar panels installed like skylights — integrated into the roof structure (shingles and sometimes sheathing
removed) and flashed in on all sides.
One of the primary considerations of roof mounting of solar panels is the wind loading — often referred to
as the active or uplifting load. As the height of the solar panels above the roof increases the wind loading
also increases. Above 18 inches the potential impact of wind loading increases significantly. Thus a flush roof
installation is generally defined as one that is less than 18 inches above the roof.
evacuated
Type flat plate flat plate tank on roof
tube
Distributed Weight (psf) 3.7 3.3 5.4 15.8
Maximum Rafter Span (2x8
6.60 4.42 3.18 4.92
rafters w 16” spacing)
Information for this table was derived from the structural drawings and solar span table of solar collectors in the Toronto Solar
Neighbourhoods Initiative.
2 Roof conditions are generally rafter size (i.e. 2x6s), rafter spacing (generally 16” or 24”) and rafter span (the distance between
structural supports of the rafter).
3 Manual for Structural Assessment for Installation of Solar Water Heating in Domestic Dwellings; www.solarindustries.org.nz/
documents/030149_Manual_for_Structural_Assessment.pdf
Developing the solar span table (and the accompanying structural drawings of the solar panel mounting
design and attachment to the roof) is generally the responsibility of the solar system supplier and must follow
the design provisions determined by the local regulator. In the case of the Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods
Initiative, it was determined that the majority of solar hot water flat plate collectors in the program were of
similar dimensions and weight and could be installed on a sloped roof in a similar fashion. Thus the program
developed its own set of structural drawings and span table, which can be used as a “generic” design for
installing solar hot water collectors in Toronto. The standard conditions are defined in Table 4 below and the
full drawings, engineer’s letter of compliance and sample engineers’ calculations can be found in Appendix
A4.
Table 4: Conditions for use of the Solar Neighbourhoods’ Standard Slope Roof Drawings
Solar Collectors
Type Flat Plate
Max Dimensions 8.5 ft x 8.5 ft (72.25 ft2) – 6.71 m2
Max Weight (Dead) 131 kg – 289 lbs
Connection Points to roof Either 6 or 8 roof connections points
Connection Method 3/8” x 4” SS lag screws or bolts into middle of rafters
Distributed Load 4.0 psf
Point Load 36.1 lbs (8 points) or 48.2 lbs (6 points)
Roof Conditions
Roof Slope 30o or steeper
The solar span table for the proposed solar installation shows that this type of roof (2x6s with 16”
spacing) can hold this system up to a rafter span of 2.52m. Thus the roof is adequate for this proposed
solar installation
Maximum Spans (m) For Roof Rafters — Solar Thermal Structural Load
Rafter Size Rafter Spacing (mm)
mm Nominal 400 600
38 x 89 2x4 1.69 1.74
38 x 140 2x6 2.52 2.56
39 x 194 2x8 3.18 3.17
38 x 235 2 x 10 4.08 3.98
38 x 286 2 x 12 4.89 4.69
4 Solar Water Heating Program Technical Handbook; City of Palo Alto Utilities; May 17, 2008; www.cityofpaloalto.org/civica/
filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=12062
5 Expedited Permit Process for PV Systems; Solar America Board for Codes and Standards; May 2009; www.solarabcs.org
North York 416-696-4179 Toronto and East York 416-696-4151 Date Permit No.
Scarborough 16-696-4166 Etobicoke York 416-696-4169 Day Month Year
Project Location
Street No. Street Name Unit No.
Roof Assessment Assessment is done underneath the proposed solar collector installation location.
Roof Slope (angle from horizon, flat =0°): If roof is sloped - direction of roof slope (i.e. S, SW, SE):
Roof Plan
Applicant
I have reviewed the roof joist size, spacing and span at the proposed location of the solar collectors and the information contained in
this report is true to the best of my knowledge.
If homeowner does not sign below then a Building Code Identification Number (BCIN) is required
Owner
Maximum Spans (m) For Roof Rafters - Solar Thermal Structural Load
Rafter Size Rafter Spacing (mm)
mm Nominal 400 600
38 x 89 2x 4 2.74 2.30
38 x 140 2x 6 3.89 3.23
38 x 184 2x 8 4.74 3.92
38 x 235 2 x 10 5.84 4.81
38 x 286 2 x 12 6.80 5.59
Maximum Spans (ft) For Roof Rafters - Solar Thermal Structural Load Maximum Spans (m) For Roof Rafters - Solar Thermal Structural Load Maximum Spans (ft) For Roof Rafters - Solar Thermal Structural Load
Rafter Size Rafter Spacing (Inch) Rafter Size Rafter Spacing (mm) Rafter Size Rafter Spacing (Inch)
Inch Nominal 16 24 mm Nominal 400 600 Inch Nominal 16 24
1-1/2 x 3-1/2 2x 4 9.00 7.53 38 x 89 2x 4 2.68 2.28 1-1/2 x 3-1/2 2x 4 8.78 7.46
1-1/2 x 5-1/2 2x 6 12.77 10.59 38 x 140 2x 6 3.78 3.18 1-1/2 x 5-1/2 2x 6 12.40 10.44
1-1/2 x 7-1/4 2x 8 15.56 12.86 38 x 184 2x 8 4.61 3.86 1-1/2 x 7-1/4 2x 8 15.11 12.67
1-1/2 x 9-1/4 2 x 10 19.14 15.78 38 x 235 2 x 10 5.68 4.74 1-1/2 x 9-1/4 2 x 10 18.64 15.55
1-1/2 x 11-1/4 2 x 12 22.30 18.35 38 x 286 2 x 12 6.63 5.52 1-1/2 x 11-1/4 2 x 12 21.75 18.10
Continued on page 10
October 8, 2009
Wade Tam
Toronto Building, City of Toronto
100 Queen Street West
E
Toronto, ON M5H 2N1
L
RE: SLOPED ROOF SOLAR COLLECTORS
P
Dear Mr. Wade Tam,
The attached sealed drawings, S-1 to S-3 are based on Sustainable EDGE’s structural
M
design calculations, which considered solar system dead loads, live liquid loads, roof structure self
weight, specified snow load, and wind 1/50 year live load including a 2.5 gust factor, as per Limit
A
State design provisions of the Ontario Building Code.
S
These drawings are only for flat plat type solar hot water collectors. This structure is designed to
hold two typical solar hot water collectors of a maximum array size of 8.5’ x 8.5’ (72.25 square feet)
and a maximum dead weight filled with heat transfer fluid of 131 kg. Sloped roof installation is
considered to be for roofs at a slope of 30° or steeper.
If installed as shown in the enclosed documents for sloped roof installations and using the materials
specified within those documents, and provided that the existing roof rafter size meets the span
requirements of Tables 1 and 2 for 6 connectors or Tables 3 and 4 for 8 connectors on drawing S-1,
the installed system would meet the structural requirements of Part 4 of the Ontario Building Code.
I trust the above is sufficient information for meeting the structural permit requirements of the City of
Toronto Buildings Department.
Sincerely,