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 POLITY
SOCIAL AUDIT ADVISORY BODY (SAAB)

WHY IN NEWS ?
ü Facilitate stakeholder dialogue.
ü The inaugural meeting of the Social
ü Ensure transparency and
Audit Advisory Body (SAAB) was
accountability.
convened on January 18, 2024, in New
ü Gather stakeholder responses.
Delhi.
ü Promote participation.
ABOUT SAAB
SOCIAL AUDIT UNITS IN INDIA
ü Established by NISD ( National Institute
ü Mandated by National Rural
of Social Defense )
Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA).
ü Enhance grant-in-aid (GIA)
ü Most states have independent Social
institutions' service quality.
Audit Units (SAUs).
ü Conduct social audits.
ü Framework for social audits under
AIM Building and Other Construction
ü Guide MoSJE. Workers Act, 2013.
ü Institutionalize social audits. ü Meghalaya Community Participation
ü NRCSA (National Resource Cell for and Public Services Social Audit Act,
Social Audit) ensures audits at state 2017: First state-level legislation.
level. ü Right to Information Act, 2005:

A BOUT SOCIAL AUDIT Enhances transparency.

ü National Resource Cell for Social Audit
ü Examines schemes.
(NRCSA) by Department of Social
ü Active community involvement.
Justice and Empowerment.
ü Compares official records and
realities.
ü Tool for accountability and feedback.
OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL AUDIT

ü Highlight implementation gaps.

ü Raise program awareness.
 HISTORY
KONARK SUN TEMPLE

WHY IN THE NEWS? KONARK WHEEL

ü PM Modi selected the Konark Wheel as ü Symbolizes the Sun God's chariot and
a backdrop at the G20 Summit, represents the cosmic cycle in Hindu
highlighting India's cultural heritage. mythology.
ü The choice underscores the ü Adorned with 12 pairs of decorated
importance of showcasing India's rich wheels, each with a diameter of 9 feet
history to the world. 9 inches and featuring 8 spokes.

KONARK TEMPLE
SIGNIFICANCE AND UNESCO STATUS
ü Located in Odisha, built in the 13th
ü Declared a UNESCO World Heritage
century under King Narasimhadeva I
Site in 1984, recognizing its cultural and
of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.
architectural significance.
ü Known for its intricate architecture,
ü Adorned with intricate carvings
resembling a chariot with 12 pairs of
depicting various mythological
stone-carved wheels.
themes, showcasing ancient
SUN TEMPLE AND ASTRONOMY craftsmanship

ü Designed to capture the first rays of

the rising sun, representing ancient
Indian astronomy.
ü The temple's alignment allows the
morning sun's rays to fall on the Sun
God's idol, symbolizing the cosmic
cycle.
 GEOGRAPHY
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
WHY IN THE NEWS? ü Operated by the National Centre of
Radio Astrophysics (NCRA), affiliated
ü Pune’s GMRT becomes first Indian
with Tata Institute of Fundamental
facility to detect gravitational waves
Research (TIFR), Mumbai.
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ü Among the world’s six largest radio
ü Predicted by Albert Einstein in his telescopes.
General Theory of Relativity (1916). ü Project under the Department of
ü Ripples in the fabric of space-time. Atomic Energy (DAE).
ü Generated by violent cosmic events: ü Comprises 30 fully-steerable dish-
collisions of black holes, collisions of type antennas, each 45 meters in
neutron stars, supernovae explosions. diameter, spread across a 25-km
ü Carry information about the events region.
that created them. ü World’s largest radio telescope
operating at meter wavelengths.
DETECTION AND CONFIRMATION
ü Instrumental in the discovery of nano-
ü Detection made by the Laser hertz gravitational waves.
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave
OBJECTIVES OF GMRT
Observatory (LIGO) in 2015.
ü Travel at the speed of light. ü Detect highly red shifted spectral lines
ü Cataclysmic events: collisions of black of neutral Hydrogen, indicating early
holes, supernovae explosions, galaxy formation.
collisions of neutron stars. ü Study rapidly-rotating pulsars in our
ü Provide insight into the nature of galaxy.
gravity: irregularities in neutron stars, ü Redshift reflects the signal’s
remnants of gravitational radiation wavelength change due to object
from the Big Bang. movement.
ü Pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars
GIANT METREWAVE RADIO TELESCOPE
with high densities, emit radio beams
(GMRT)
akin to a cosmic lighthouse.
ü Located 80 km north of Pune in
Khodad.
 ECONOMY
INTERIM BUDGET OF 2024 - 25 (PART - 2)

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE OUTLAY RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE

ü Increased by 11.1% to Rs 11,11,111 crore, ü Total receipts (other than borrowings):

constituting 3.4% of GDP. Rs 30.80 lakh crore.
ü Tripling of capital expenditure outlay in ü Total expenditure: Rs 47.66 lakh crore
the past 4 years emphasized. in 2024-25.

REAL GDP GROWTH RATE ü Tax receipts estimated at Rs 26.02 lakh

crore.
ü Projected Real GDP growth rate: 7.3% in
ü Revised Estimate: Total receipts (other
FY 2023-24.
than borrowings): Rs 27.56 lakh crore,
ü India's resilience despite global
with tax receipts at Rs 23.24 lakh crore.
challenges highlighted.
ü Revised Estimate for total expenditure:
ü India poised to become the third-
Rs 44.90 lakh crore.
largest economy by 2027.
ü Revenue receipts expected to exceed
ü India's contribution to global growth is
Budget Estimate at Rs 30.03 lakh crore.
expected to rise by 200 basis points in
5 years. HELP EXTENDED TO STATE
ü Growth projections by international GOVERNMENTS
agencies: World Bank (6.4%), IMF ü Continuation of fifty-year interest-free
(6.3%), OECD (6.1%), ADB (6.7%) for loan scheme for capital expenditure to
2024-25. states with a total outlay of Rs 1.3 lakh
crore.
GST COLLECTION
ü Provision of Rs 75,000 crore as fifty-
ü GST collection reached ₹1.65 lakh crore
year interest-free loan proposed to
in December 2023.
support milestone-linked reforms of
ü Seventh time crossing the ₹1.6 lakh
Viksit Bharat by State Governments.
crore benchmark noted.
 ENVIRONMENT
2500 YEAR OLD SOLUTION TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE
WHY IN NEWS ? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
ü Researchers at the Birbal Sahni ü Importance of understanding
Institute of Palaeosciences revealed historical climate patterns
India's millennia-old climate change ü Human adoptation underscored.
solution.
INDIA'S CLIMATE CHANGE
ü Through a study on Vadnagar's
MITIGATION INITIATIVES
2500-year human occupation
timeline. ü National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC):
STUDY FINDINGS
v Launched in 2008
ü Vadnagar, situated in Gujarat's v To foster low-carbon and
semi-arid region. climate-resilient development.
ü Fluctuations in monsoon v 8 national missions addressing
precipitation observed across diverse climate change.
Historic periods. ü National Adaptation Fund on
ü Displayed resilience in agriculture Climate Change (NAFCC):
despite 2500 years of monsoon v Established in 2015
variability. v Support adaptation projects by
ü Utilization of C4 plants indicates state governments.
adaptation to weakened summer ü Panchamrit
monsoon. v Non-fossil Energy Capacity: 500

ABOUT C4 PLANTS GW by 2030.

v Renewable Energy: 50% of total
ü Utilize C4 carbon fixation pathway for
energy from renewables by
photosynthesis
2030.
ü Adaptation: Hot, arid environments
v Carbon Emissions: Reduce by
ü Minimize: Water loss,
one billion tonnes by 2030.
photorespiration
v Carbon Intensity: Decrease by
ü Efficiency: Enhance photosynthetic
45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels).
rates
v Net Zero Emissions: Achieve by
ü Examples: Maize, sugarcane, grasses
2070.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
END TO END ENCRYPTION

WHY IN NEWS? ü Safety from Third Parties: Protects

data from unauthorized access by
ü Tussle between Government of India
service providers and cloud storage
and Messaging platform Whatsapp on
entities.
how tackle illicit and fake content
ü Tamper-Proof: Prevents tampering
DEFINITION during transmission, as altered
ü End – to - end encryption is a messages remain undecryptable.
communication process that encrypts ü Compliance: Assists industries in
data being shared between two meeting regulatory compliance by
devices. ensuring data security.

MECHANISM DISADVANTAGES

ü Key Storage: Cryptographic keys for ü Complexity in Defining Endpoints:

encryption and decryption are stored Challenges arise in clearly defining
solely on the communicating communication endpoints, risking
endpoints. data exposure if compromised.
ü Encryption Algorithm: Utilizes ü Fake content regulation: Raises
algorithms to convert standard text concerns among law enforcement
into an unreadable format during agencies regarding the protection of
transmission. illicit content.
ü Decryption Access: Only individuals ü No Protection to Metadata: While
possessing decryption keys, stored message content is encrypted,
exclusively on endpoints, can metadata remains visible, potentially
unscramble and read the encrypted compromising user privacy.
data.
APPLICATIONS
ü Exclusion of Third Parties: Decryption
ü Secure Messaging: Used in messaging
keys are not accessible to any third
apps like Signal, WhatsApp, iMessage,
parties, including service providers,
and Google Messages for encrypted
ensuring data privacy and security.
communication.
ADVANTAGES ü Password Protection: Safeguards
ü Security in Transit: Utilizes public key passwords and authentication data
cryptography, restricting message from unauthorized access.
decryption to endpoint devices.
ü Data Security: Protects stored data
and cloud-stored information from
unauthorized viewing.
ü Regulatory Compliance: Helps
companies meet data privacy
regulations by securing sensitive
information.
ü Secure Data Transfer: Ensures secure
transfer of business documents,
financial details, and personal
conversations.
ü Access Control: Controls user
authorization for accessing stored
data, enhancing security measures.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN INDIA

Information Technology (Intermediary

Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code)
Rules 2021
\

ü Recent rules impact end-to-end

encryption techniques of social
messaging apps, potentially affecting
platforms like WhatsApp, Telegram,
and Signal.
 CURRENT AFFAIRS
SMART BANDAGE

WHY IN NEWS ? LIMITATIONS

ü A new ‘smart bandage’ raises the ü Biosensors had delayed response.

bar for treating chronic wounds ü Scaling of manufacturing

ü Affordability to average citizens
ABOUT

ü Integrates biosensors, drug-loaded

hydrogels, electrical stimulation
modules, and wireless
communication.
ü Uses a soft, stretchable polymer.
ü Maintains contact with skin and
adhere to the skin.
ü Data collected is wirelessly
transmitted to a smartphone.
ü Developed at California Institute of
Technology

WORKING

ü Tracks chemical process.

ü Moniotrs pH level
ü Electrodes help tissue regeneration.

ADVANTAGES

ü Enhanced tissue regeneration

ü Faster wound closure
ü Reduced scarring
ü Can accurately monitor infection,
inflammation,
 375+
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