LESSON THREE - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Integumentary System - “covering”

Important to know:

- synthesis of Vitamin D in dermal blood vessels – VITAMINS,

HINDI GALING SA SUN BUT FROM OUR SKIN AND IS ONLY
ACTIVATED BY THE SUNLIGHT
- Blood Reservoir: skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s
blood volume
- Insulates and cushions the deeper body organs

Structure of the Skin

SKIN SKIN HAS 3 LAYERS :

- EPIDERMIS
- DERMIS
- HYPODERMIS

HYPODERMIS

- Anchors the skin to underlying organs

- Provides a site for nutrient storage
- Insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes
occurring outside the body
 A. Epidermis
- Outer layer
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinocytes: dominant cells that are present which produce keratin
which prevents water loss

Epidermis

1. Outer layer of the skin

- HAS > Keratinocytes: dominant cells that are present which produce
keratin which prevents water loss
- Unvascularized – NO BLOOD, KAYA WALANG BLOOD WHEN MEN
SHAVE

5 Layers of the Epidermis:

Above the Stratum corneum are the dead cells flaking off at skin
surface.
Come, Let’s Go See Babe -> MNEMONICS

1. Stratum corneum

- Outermost layer of epidermis

- Cells are dead, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin.

2. Stratum Lucidum

- Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of
feet

3. Stratum granulosum

- Cells are flattened, organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm full of

granules
4. Stratum spinosum

- Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of

pre-keratin

5. Stratum Basale (Stratum germinativum)

- Deepest layer of the epidermis; lies next to dermis

- Germinativum= “germinating layer”
- Contains the most nourished epidermal cells since nutrients diffusing
in the dermis reach to them firstStructural Features of Epidermis

FAMILIARIZE, BUT DON’T MEMORIZE ALL! ONLY REMEMBER:

1. Stratum Corneum – outermost layer > CONTAINS DEAD SKIN CELLS

2. Stratum basale – innermost layer > HEALTHIEST CELLS

WHY? Because yung growth ng skin starts from the bottom layer
(basale) and are pushed upwards kaya dead skin cells na yung nasa
taas and new skin cells ang nasa baba

REMEMBER THESE: -

- Melanin: pigment that ranges from yellow to brown to black;

produced by melanocytes
- Epidermal Dendritic Cells: activates immune cells against
foreign body invasion
- Merkel Cells: associated with sensory nerve endings

THEY ARE ALL LOCATED IN THE EPIDERMIS

 B. Dermis

Vascularized, MAY BLOOD, KAYA IF YOU SLICE YOURSELF AND

DUMUGO, NAAPEKTUHAN NA ANG DERMIS NON

There are Two Major Regions of the Dermis:

- Papillary Layer
- Reticular Layer
a. Papillary Layer
- It has peg-like projections called dermal papillae
- It houses pain and touch receptors

Fingerprints: sweat films formed from the papillary patterns

b. Reticular layer
 - Deepest skin layer
- Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands (oil gland aka sebaceous
glands: secretes sebum)

Two Major Regions of the Dermis:

1. Papillary Layer
- Houses pain and touch receptors (closely related with Merkel Cells of
the epidermis)
- Where Fingerprints are formed: sweat films formed from the
papillary patterns
2. Reticular layer
- Deepest skin layer
- Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands (oil gland aka sebaceous
glands: secretes sebum) > HOUSES HE COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC
FIBERS!

Structural Features of Dermis

- Collagen: gives skin its toughness

- Elastic fibers: gives skin its elasticity

Skin Color

1. Melanin: Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments

2. Carotene: Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables (e.g. carrot)

3. Hemoglobin: Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries;

oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
4. Redness (erythema)—due to embarrassment, inflammation,
hypertension, fever, or allergy

5. Pallor (blanching)—due to emotional stress (such as fear),anemia, low

blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

6. Jaundice (yellowing)—liver disorder

7. Hematoma- formation of blood outside the blood vessels (Hema =blood;

oma = new formation)

! EPIDERMIS – KERATIN

! DERMIS – COLLAGEN AND ELASTIC FIBERS

! CYANOSIS – blue-ing of the skin because of POOR BLOOD SUPPLY

OR

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

HELPFUL LINKS PLEASE WATCH: -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSi0lbbbeTE -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKAzVC0WcmI

Appendages of the skin

Cutaneous glands

CUTANEOUS – means SKIN

GLANDS – something that SECRETES

ENDOCRINE VS EXOCRINE

ENDOCRINE – releases it in the blood

EXOCRINE – releases it through DUCTS

 - all are exocrine glands which release its secretion through ducts two
groups of cutaneous glands:
-
1. Sebaceous/Oil glands
- Found all over the body except for the palms of the hand and soles of
the feet
- Sebum: product of these glands that keeps moisture in the skin and
are essential during bacterial invasion
- Acne appears when sebaceous glands are clogged by sebum.
2. Sudoriferous/Sweat glands

Two types of sweat glands:

a. Eccrine
- Open via duct to pore on skin surface
- Produces sweat which is acidic (pH of sweat is from 4-6)
- Acidic nature inhibits bacterial growth
- Sweat is released for temperature regulation
- Sweat is composed of water, salts, vitamin C, metabolic waste, lactic
acid
b. Apocrine
- Largely confined on axillae and genital areas
- Ducts empty into hair follicles
- secretion contains fatty acids and proteins, as well as all the
substances present in eccrine sweat; consequently, it may have a
milky or yellowish color
- begin to function during puberty with the influence of Androgens

DIFF TYPES OF CUTANEOUS GLANDS:

1. ECCRINE – which produces the regular sweat for thermal

regulation, located everywhere except the palms and souls of the feet
 – produces the Sebum: product of these glands that keeps moisture
in the skin and are essential during bacterial invasion

2. APOCRINE – produces fats and protein secretion and is located in

the MAXILLARY (underarms) AND PUBIC REGIONS - *pls make sure
you have memorized the regions of the body by now

Helpful links:

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3An8mGcC-I
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdGjw1mDADU

Type of Burn Description Healing

only the superficial epidermis
is damaged.
First Degree
Burn the area becomes red and 2-3 days
swollen.
example: Sunburn without
blistering
- injury to the epidermis and Because sufficient
the superficial part of the numbers of epithelial
Second Degree dermis. cells are still present,
Burn regrowth
- skin is red, painful, and (regeneration) of the
blistered. epithelium can occur.
- burns destroy both the regeneration is not
epidermis and possible, and skin
the dermis grafting must be
Third Degree done to cover the
Burn - often extend into the underlying exposed
subcutaneous tissue tissues.
resulting to the full
thickness
 - Blisters are present, and the
burned area appears
blanched (gray-white) or
blackened.
- the nerve endings in the
area are destroyed, the
burned area is not painful.

- are also full-thickness In severe cases,

burns, but they extend into amputation may be
deeper tissues such as bone, required to save the
muscle, or tendons. patient’s life.
Fourth Degree - burns appear dry and
Burn leathery, and they require
surgery and grafting to
cover exposed tissue

Hair

- Root is enclosed in the follicle – YUNG DULO NG BUHOK

- Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin – yung main
buhok
- Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells – dead – no feeling,
same as stratum corneum
- Melanocytes produce pigment for hair color
- Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale - matrix
– madami matrix sa body and it just means na dito naggrow ang
something
- Arrector pili muscle: Pulls hairs upright when person is cold or
frightened (Goosebumps)
Produced by hair follicle

- Root is enclosed in the follicle

- Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
- Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
- Melanocytes produce pigment for hair color
- Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

Hair Follicle

- inner epithelial root sheath is composed of epithelial tissue

and forms the hair
- The outer fibrous sheath is dermal connective tissue
- Arrector pili muscle: Pulls hairs upright when person is
cold or frightened (Goosebumps)

Nails

- Its thickened proximal area, called the nail matrix, is

responsible for nail growth.
- Clear but appear pink because of the rich blood supply in the
underlying dermis
 - Mismong nail is dead, uncolored
- Nail bed below is vascular
- Remember: LUNULE – crescent-like shape in the fingertips

IMPORTANT LINKS FOR THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw (watch at slower

speed and take note of his explanations)

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EN-x-zXXVwQ
Skin Cancer: most common type of cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma: least malignant; arises from the stratum

basale

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: arises from the stratum spinosum

Malignant Melanoma: most deadly; cancer of melanocytes

The are two ways to classify Cancer or abnormal cell mass:

Benign- Does not spread (encapsulated)

Malignant- Metastasizes (moves) to other parts of the body