pol heine

ekonomikuri
azrovneba

tomi I I
pol heine
ekonomikuri azrovneba
tomi II

Paul Heyne
The Economic Way of Thinking
Part II

saredaqcio jgufi:
Teimuraz kuprava
zaza gelaSvili
badri gelitaSvili

gamocemis koordinatori:
ana milaSvili

© Tavisufali da agraruli universitetebis gamomcemloba

yvela ufleba daculia
meoTxe qarTuli gamocema 2012

ISBN 978-9941-0-4824-1 (orive tomis)

ISBN 978-9941-0-4826-5 (meore tomis)

www.freeuni.edu.ge
sarCevi

Tavi 12

Semosavlis ganawileba ........................................................................................................ 7

mimwodeblebi da momxmareblebi ..................................................................................................................7
Kkapitali da adamianuri resursebi...............................................................................................................8
adamianuri kapitali da investiciebi..........................................................................................................8
sakuTrebis ufleba da Semosavali...............................................................................................................9
realuri, samarTlebrivi da moraluri uflebebi................................................................................10
molodini da investiciebi............................................................................................................................10
moTxovnis kanoni da sawarmoo momsaxureba............................................................................................11
adamianebi Tu manqanebi?................................................................................................................................14
`warmoebuli moTxovna~ sawarmoo momsaxurebaze.................................................................................14
vin vis uwevs konkurencias?..........................................................................................................................15
profkavSirebi da konkurencia ...................................................................................................................15
siRaribe da uTanasworoba ...........................................................................................................................16
ratom izrdeba uTanasworoba? ...................................................................................................................19
Semosavlebis gadanawileba...........................................................................................................................19
TamaSis wesebis Secvla da sazogadoebrivi TanamSromloba..............................................................21

Tavi 13

garegani efeqtebi da sakuTrebis uflebaTa konfliqti....................................... 33

uaryofiTi da dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi ............................................................................................33
srulyofileba miuRwevadia.........................................................................................................................34
molaparakeba.....................................................................................................................................................35
garegani efeqtebis Semcireba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze................................36
momCivani binaTmflobelobis SemTxveva...................................................................................................36
precedentebis mniSvneloba.........................................................................................................................37
radikaluri cvlilebebis problema.........................................................................................................38
garegani efeqtebis Semcireba kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT.................................................................39
danaxarjebis minimizacia..............................................................................................................................40
kidev erTi midgoma: garemos dabinZurebis dabegvra...........................................................................41
garemos dabinZurebis licenziebi?............................................................................................................42
efeqtianoba da samarTlianoba...................................................................................................................42
buStis koncefcia............................................................................................................................................43
uflebebi da garemos dabinZurebis socialuri problema.................................................................44
gadatvirTuli gzebi, rogorc garegani efeqti....................................................................................45

Tavi 14

bazrebi da mTavroba............................................................................................................ 55
kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi?...........................................................................................................................55
konkurencia da individualizmi.................................................................................................................56

3
 ekonomikuri Teoria da mTavrobis qmedeba.............................................................................................56
iZulebis ufleba..............................................................................................................................................57
saWiroa Tu ara mTavroba?.............................................................................................................................58
gamovricxoT argadamxdelebi!....................................................................................................................59
ubileTo mgzavris problema........................................................................................................................59
dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi da ubileTo mgzavrebi.............................................................................60
kanoni da wesrigi.............................................................................................................................................61
saxelmwifo Tavdacva.....................................................................................................................................61
gzebi da skolebi..............................................................................................................................................62
Semosavlebis gadanawileba...........................................................................................................................63
nebayoflobiTi gacvlis regulireba.......................................................................................................63
mTavroba da sazogadoebrivi interesebi.................................................................................................64
informacia da demokratiuli mTavrobebi..............................................................................................64
arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirTa interesebi................................................................................................65
dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi da mTavrobis politika...........................................................................67
rogor adgenen adamianebi sazogadoebriv interesebs?.......................................................................68
patimrebis dilema...........................................................................................................................................68
politikuri institutebis SezRuduloba...............................................................................................70

Tavi 15

ekonomikuri sistemebis zogadi daxasiaTeba............................................................ 83

vin aris mdidari, da vin – Raribi?..............................................................................................................83
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)........................................................................................................................84
erovnuli Semosavlebis angariSebis SezRudvebi..................................................................................85
axsna-ganmartebebis ZiebaSi..........................................................................................................................86
axsna-ganmartebebis ZiebaSi..........................................................................................................................87
erToblivi ryevebi..........................................................................................................................................89
inflacia.............................................................................................................................................................89
inflacia da recesia.......................................................................................................................................90
ra iwvevs erTobliv ryevebs?.......................................................................................................................91
mokle Sinaarsi..................................................................................................................................................94

Tavi 16

fulis miwodeba..................................................................................................................... 97
sigareti, rogorc fuli................................................................................................................................97
fulis evolucia..............................................................................................................................................98
miTi dekretuli qaRaldis fulis Sesaxeb...............................................................................................99
fuli dRes........................................................................................................................................................101
fulis Seqmna....................................................................................................................................................102
bankebis muSaobis regulireba...................................................................................................................103
ra SegviZlia vTqvaT oqros Sesaxeb?........................................................................................................106
is, rac SeiZleba Seiqmnas, SeiZleba gaqres kidec.................................................................................106
maS rogoria mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis raodenoba?............................................................................107
federaluri sarezervo sistemis instrumentebi...............................................................................108
vin iRebs sinamdvileSi gadawyvetilebebs?...........................................................................................109

4
 Tavi 17

monetaruli da fiskaluri politika........................................................................ 115

didi depresia..................................................................................................................................................115
warmoudgeneli iaponuri ekonomika........................................................................................................116
ra xdeba recesiis dros...............................................................................................................................117
moTxovna fulze............................................................................................................................................119
ratom aqvs xalxs fulis maragi.................................................................................................................120
realuri da sasurveli fulis maragi......................................................................................................120
ramdenad stabiluria fulze moTxovna?...............................................................................................121
monetaruli politikis ganxorcieleba.................................................................................................123
rodisaa monetaruli politika efeqtiani ............................................................................................124
Ffiskaluri politikis SemTxveva .............................................................................................................124
Ddrois sworad SerCevis politika.............................................................................................................125
federaluri biujeti, rogorc politikis instrumenti..................................................................126
daumTavrebeli saqme....................................................................................................................................129

Tavi 18

Eerovnuli ekonomikuri politika da saerTaSoriso gacvla............................ 135

saerTaSoriso garigebaTa aRricxva........................................................................................................135
ratom utoldeba Semosavali gasavals?.................................................................................................136
wonasworoba da uwonasworoba..................................................................................................................137
gaurkvevloba saerTaSoriso uwonasworobasTan dakavSirebiT.....................................................138
Uwonasworoba, rogorc SeniRbuli politikis Sedegi.........................................................................139
rodemde gagrZeldeba ase?.........................................................................................................................140
savaluto kursi da msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti.........................................................................141
breton vudsis sistema.................................................................................................................................142
fiqsirebuli Tu Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursi? ................................................................143
aravin icis.......................................................................................................................................................144
problemebi......................................................................................................................................................145
saerTo valutis SemTxveva..........................................................................................................................146
kerZo, erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi interesebi................................................................................147
SedarebiTi upiratesobis dasacavad.......................................................................................................149

Tavi 19

dasaqmeba da umuSevroba.................................................................................................. 157

umuSevroba da dausaqmebloba...................................................................................................................157
dasaqmebulni, dausaqmebelni da umuSevarni........................................................................................158
Sromis bazris gadawyvetilebebi..............................................................................................................159
umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis doneebi.......................................................................................................160
xarjebi da gadawyvetilebebi.....................................................................................................................162
umuSevroba da recesia.................................................................................................................................164
ratom arsebobs umuSevroba yovelTvis?...............................................................................................165
filipsis mrudi..............................................................................................................................................167

5
 umuSevrobis Semcireba iluziis meSveobiT...........................................................................................168
Sromis bazris politika..............................................................................................................................169

Tavi 20

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis daCqareba............................................................................ 177

istoriuli monacemebi.................................................................................................................................177
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZvlebi......................................................................................................178
ucxouri investiciebi..................................................................................................................................180
adamianuri kapitali.....................................................................................................................................182
aziuri rekordi..............................................................................................................................................183
aziis gareT......................................................................................................................................................185

Tavi 21

ekonomikuri saqmianoba da politikuri ekonomia............................................... 191

politikuri garemocva................................................................................................................................191
drois sazRvrebi da Sedegebis Tanmimdevroba.....................................................................................192
SeuzRudavi deficitebi..............................................................................................................................193
mTavroba yvela doneze – ratomac ara?..................................................................................................194
monetaruli politikis politekonomia.................................................................................................196
moqmedebis Tavisufleba Tu wesebi..........................................................................................................197
vin akontrolebs mdgomareobas?..............................................................................................................198
debatebis ganaxleba......................................................................................................................................199
ra gvelis win?.................................................................................................................................................202

Tavi 22

ekonomikuri SezRudvebi................................................................................................. 207

ra ician ekonomistebma................................................................................................................................207
ekonomikis miRma.............................................................................................................................................208

6
 Semosavlis
ganawileba

g ifiqriaT Tu ara imaze, rom Semosavals sxva adamianebisgan viRebT? ra Tqma unda, sakuTari
moxmarebisTvis gankuTvnil zogierT saqonels TviTonve vawarmoebT da, albaT, arseboben
gandegilebic, romelTac fulTan saqme arasodes hqoniaT, magram yalbi fulis mWrelebis garda,
TiToeuli Cvengani Semosavals sxvebisgan iRebs.
sxvebs varwmunebT, raTa maT daiqiravon Cveni Sroma, iyidon Cveni saqoneli, mogvcen sesxi an,
ubralod, aRiaron, rom Cveni statusi Semosavlis miRebis uflebas gvaZlevs. am ukanaskneli xe-
rxiT sargebloben, magaliTad, bavSvebi, sapensio asakis adamianebi, an latareis momgebiani bi-
leTebis mflobelebi. mokled, Cven sxvebs vTavazobT imas, raSic isini fuls ixdian da, ese igi,
Semosavlebis ganawilebac miwodebiTa da moTxovniT ganisazRvreba.

mimwodeblebi da momxmareblebi
am sayovelTaod cnobili daskvnis gamosatanad grZeli gza varCieT, raTa xazi gagvesva im
faqtisaTvis, rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi Semosavals uSualod aravin anawilebs. adamianTa Semo-
savali mravali urTierTdakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegia, es gadawyvetilebebi ki sxva­
dasxva individis mier mosalodneli sargeblisa da xarjis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba. ra Tqma
unda, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT nebismier gadawyvetilebaTa miReba. mxolod erTeulebi Tu miiRe-
ben weliwadSi 300 000 dolaris mopovebis gadawyvetilebas imis xarjze, rom sxvebma sakalaTbur-
To moedanze TamaSs uyuron. adamianebi gadawyvetilebebs iReben garkveuli SezRudvebis farg-
lebSi, magram maT mainc aqvT arCevani, Semosavali bunebis mza saCuqari rodia, igi SeiZleba
Seicvalos arCevanis Sedegad. ufro sworia analogi sacxovrebel adgilTan. yvelas ar SeuZlia
sacxovreblad nebismieri adgilis amorCeva, magram umetesobas moqmedebis erTgvari Tavisu-
fleba aqvs, roca wyvets, Tu sad icxovros – kaliforniasa Tu aiovaSi, qalaqsa Tu gareubanSi,
binasa Tu sakuTar saxlSi. sacxovrebeli adgili, iseve rogorc Semosavali, mravali urTierTda-
kavSirebuli faqtoriT ganisazRvreba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba usamarTloc aRmoCndes. magaliTad raso-
brivi crurwmena zRudavs adamianTa SesaZleblobebs rogorc sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevisas,
ise Semosavlis miRebisas. gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi zogjer TaRliTobas mimarTaven. adamiani
SeiZleba cudi saskolo ganaTlebis an arasasurveli garemos msxverpli gaxdes, rac zRudavs
misi samomavlo arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. zogjer ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu
vis vicnobT, vidre imas, Tu risi gakeTeba SegviZlia. amgvarad, imis mtkiceba, rom adamianebis Se-
mosavali miwodebiTa da moTxovniT ganisazRvreba, Semosavlebis ganawilebis arsebul sistemas
ki ar amarTlebs, aramed am sakiTxis xedvis erT-erT mimarTulebas gvTavazobs.
ekonomikuri Teoria Semosavlebis ganawilebas xsnis rogorc nayofier momsaxurebaze
moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis Sedegs. sityva `nayofieri~ imaves niSnavs, rasac `is, razedac

7
moTxovna arsebobs~. saqmianoba nayofieria, Tu adamianebs iseT rames sTavazobs, risTvisac isini
mzad arian fuli gadaixadon. sakmaod cudi reputaciis mqone sruliad sxvadasxva adamianebi
(maTi nusxis Sedgena Tavadac SegiZliaT), nayofieri momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi arian. sityva
`momsaxureba~ yovelTvis ar niSnavs imas, rom daxarjuli iyos garkveuli Zalisxmeva. adamiani,
romelic mTlianad memkvidreobis xarjze cxovrobs, gvawvdis nayofier momsaxurebas aRniSnuli
mniSvnelobiT, uars ambobs ra mis xelT arsebuli resursebis mTlian kontrolze. aravis mouva
azrad mas damsaxurebad CauTvalos Zalisxmeva, vinaidan is Zalisxmevas ar xarjavs, magram memkvi-
dres – uqnaras, romelic dividendebiT cxovrobs – mainc Seaqvs wvlili mimdinare warmoebaSi,
vinaidan Tavis kapitals ar xarjavs. ekonomikuri analizisTvis mniSvneloba aqvs ara memkvidris
Rirsebebs, aramed im resursebze arsebul moTxovnas, romelTa flobasac misTvis regularuli
Semosavali moaqvs.
nayofier momsaxurebaze moTxovna araviTar Semosavals ar moutans adamians, romelsac ar
gaaCnia resursebi am momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelsayofad, amitom calkeul adamianebs da
ojaxebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawileba ZiriTadad resursebis mflobelobazea damyarebuli.
zogjer am azrs sxvagvaradac gamoTqvamen: Semosavlebis ganawileba simdidris ganawilebazea
damokidebuli. aq saqme isaa, rom piradi simdidris sakiTxSi empiriuli gamokvlevebis umetesoba,
iseve rogorc am sityvis sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba, simdidres aqtivebis iseTi saxeobe-
biT Semofarglavs, rogoricaa: naRdi fuli, aqciebi, obligaciebi da uZravi qoneba, magram
amerikelebis mier yovelwliurad miRebuli Semosavlebis ZiriTadi wyaro simdidris es formebi
ki ar gaxlavT, aramed – adamianuri kapitali.

Kkapitali da adamianuri resursebi

me-11 TavSi ganvmarteT termini `kapitali~. ekonomikuri mniSvnelobiT is niSnavs `warmoebis
saSualebebs~, anu saqonels, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas momavali dovlaTis warmoebi-
saTvis. manqana-danadgarebi da aRWurviloba, sawarmoo da komeciul SenobebTan da nagebobebTan
erTad, kapitals Seadgens, magram kapitalia, is codna da gamocdilebac, rac adamianebs gana-
Tlebis, profesiuli momzadebis an praqtikuli gamocdilebis Sedegad aqvT SeZenili da rac sa-
Sualebas aZlevT, sxvebs miawodon Rirebuli nayofieri momsaxureba. mtkiceba, rom Semosavlebis
ganawileba simdidris ganawilebazea damokidebuli, zusti iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sim-
didris ganmartebaSi adamianur kapitals CavrTavT.
amerikelTa Semosavlebis umetesi nawili adamianuri kapitalis mflobelobis Sedegia.
magaliTad, saxelmwifos mier yovelwliurad gamoTvlili erovnuli Semosavlebis statisti-
kis mixedviT, daqiravebul mSromelebze gacemuli saerTo Tanxebi gacilebiT metia korpora-
ciebis mogebaze. `daqiravebulTa anazRaureba~, Cveulebriv, 15-jer aWarbebs korporaciebis
dividendebisa da gaunawilebeli mogebis jams. es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqmis mTeli erovnuli
Semosavali mSromelebsa da momsaxureebs miaqvT saxlSi. adamianebis saqmianoba, rac erovnuli
Semosavlis ZiriTad nawils qmnis, moicavs eqimebis, korporaciaTa xelmZRvanelebis, msaxiobebis,
estradis varskvlavebis, maswavleblebis, mbeWdavebisa da teqnikosebis saqmianobas. gavrceleb-
uli azris miuxedavad, aSS-is Semosavlebis araTanabari ganawileba amJamad ZiriTadad imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom ver xerxdeba Rirebuli adamianuri momsaxurebis Tanabari miwodeba. adamianuri
kapitali aucileblad unda Sediodes simdidris Cveneul gansazRvrebaSi, vinaidan aSS-Si Semo-
savlis ZiriTadi nawilis gamomuSaveba adamianuri resursebis xarjze xdeba.

adamianuri kapitali da investiciebi

da mainc, xom ar vcdebiT, rodesac am resursebs kapitals vuwodebT? kapitali warmoebul
resursebs niSnavs. ramdenadaa warmoebuli da ara dabadebiT gamoyofili an, ubralod, SemTxveviT
SeZenili adamianTa SesaZleblobebi, romlebic maT maRali Semosavlis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas SeuZlebelia gonivrul da sasargeblo ganzogadebamde misvla. albaT,
sityva `unari~ ufro neitraluri da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro marTebuli iqneboda.
meore mxriv, rodesac adamianis am SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi viyenebT sityvas `warmoeb-
uli~, amiT xazs vusvamT sakmaod mniSvnelovan moments. adamianebs SeuZliT TavianTi SesaZle-
blobebis gazrda da isini asec iqcevian imis imediT, rom damatebiT Semosavals miiReben. isini

8
sakuTar TavSi investirebas axorcieleben, rodesac dadian skolaSi, iReben specialur profe-
siul momzadebasa da garkveul praqtikul Cvevebs, an raime sxva gziT zrdian im momsaxurebis
fass, romlis miwodebac SeuZliaT. savsebiT marTebuli iqneba, sakuTar TavSi aseT investirebas
adamianuri kapitalis SeZena vuwodoT.

adamianuri kapitali izrdeba kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

mizniT ganxorcielebuli investiciebis Sedegad.

sagadasaxado angariSebis Sedgenis specialistis saqmianobis faseuloba ar aris damokidebu-

li imaze, es xeloba SeZenilia Tu Tandayolili. is damokidebulia kvalifikaciaze, romlis gaz-
rda mxolod didZali Sromis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli. Tavisi saqmianobis ufro Zvirad gayidvis
imedi sagadaxado angariSebis Sedgenis specialistebs aiZulebs golfis TamaSis nacvlad, xan-
grZlivad Cahkirkitebdnen mosawyen sagadasaxado kanonebs. aq mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pro-
fesiuli siamaye da pativmoyvareobac, magram ufro maRali Semosavlis perspeqtiva myar zemo­
qmedebas axdens adamianebze, aiZulebs gaafarTovon sakuTari potenciuri SesaZleblobebi, rac
saSualebas miscemT miawodon ufro Rirebuli momsaxureba. stimulebi adamianebs ukeTesi
Sromisken ubiZgebs.

sakuTrebis ufleba da Semosavali

Semosavlian resursebs, mravali adamiani flobs rogorc individualurad, ise erToblivad
– partniorobis, korporaciis da araformaluri SeTanxmebis saxiT. mflobelebs es resursebi
SeZenili aqvT sxvadasxva gziT, romelTa umravlesobis dadgena SeuZlebelia. Tavis mxriv,
resursebi mravalgvari formiT arsebobs – ideebiTa da CvevebiT dawyebuli da CarxebiTa da
nayo­fieri mindvrebiT damTavrebuli. magram ar ifiqroT, TiTqos resursebis mflobeli yovel­
Tvis is aris, visac raime qoneba an sakuTar seifSi Senaxuli dokumenti aqvs, romelic misi sa-
kuTrebis uflebas adasturebs. sakuTrebis ufleba damokidebulia `TamaSis moqmed wesebze~ da
ara mxolod amgvar faqtorebze.
warmoidgineT, rom saxlisken mimavali gasasvlelis mflobeli xarT, magram ver miaRwieT imas,
rom iq manqanebi ar gaaCeron da Sesasvleli ar Caxergon. sakuTari manqanis gaCereba ar SegiZliaT
da verc sxvebisgan iRebT Semosavals am adgilas manqanebis gaCerebisTvis. amgvarad, sakuTrebis
realuri ufleba ar gaqvT da, aqedan gamomdinare, manqanebis sadgomic Tqveni sakuTreba ar gax-
lavT. `sakuTar~ teritoriaze mxolod `klasobanas~ TamaSi Tu SegiZliaT.
ganvixiloT sxva magaliTi: qalma sazRvargareT kargi samedicino ganaTleba miiRo, magram,
radgan sazRvargareT swavlobda, samSobloSi ver moipova saeqimo praqtikis ufleba. is Sez-
Ruduli Rirebulebis adamianur resurss flobs – mas mxolod sakuTari ojaxis wevrebisa da
megobrebis momsaxureba SeuZlia.
binis qiris saxelmwifo kontrolis pirobebSi mravalbiniani saxlis mepatrone SeiZleba iseT
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes, rom ver SeZlos iseTi qiris daweseba, romelic dafaravs gadasaxadebs
da Senobis Senaxvis xarjebs. am SemTxvevaSi is, faqtiurad, aRaraa am saxlis mepatrone. ZiriTadi
uflebebi im xalxs ekuTvnis, romlebmac binebi daiqiraves da amgvarad, realuri mepatroneebi
gaxdnen. is, rom, am SemTxvevaSi, nominaluri mepatrone realuri mepatrone araa, imiT mtkicdeba,
rom mas ar SeuZlia gayidos sakuTari saxli, Tumca mzadaa, uari ganacxados uZrav qonebaze da
sakuTrebis ufleba xelisufalT gadasces, romlebic gadasaxadebs amoiReben.
federaluri kanonmdebloba amtkicebs, rom eTeri sazogadoebis sakuTrebaa. magram kavSir-
gabmulobis federaluri komisia uflebas rTavs satelevizio kompaniebis mepatroneebs, ufa-
sod isargeblon maTTvis gamoyofili arxebiT. vinaidan kompaniebis mepatroneebs SeuZliaT Se-
mosavlis miReba satelevizio momsaxurebis miwodebiT, amitom isini arxis realuri mepatroneebi
arian. amis dasturi isaa, rom maT SeuZliaT gayidon Senoba da danadgarebi im fasad, romelic
bevrad aRemateba am mowyobilobis warmoebis danaxarjebs, Tu myidveli imedovnebs, rom tele-
kompaniasTan erTad misTvis gamoyofili arxiT sargeblis uflebasac SeiZens.

9
 mflobeloba wnelebis konaa. zogjer konas
ramdenime wneli aklia.

qalaqis meri, kanoniT arc erTi samoqalaqo samsaxuris mepatrone ar gaxlavT. magram Tu mas im
sargeblis miRebis imedi aqvs, romelsac aZlevs farTo kabineti, TanamSromlebis uzarmazari
Stati, motociklistebis eskortiani didi limuzini da yvela banketze magidis saTaveSi yofna,
maSin misi simdidre sinamdvileSi imaze gacilebiT didia, vidre gveCveneba. ra Tqma unda, mas ar
SeuZlia sakuTrebis am uflebis gayidva. am mxriv is SezRudulia, magram sakuTrebis nebismieri
ufleba xom ama Tu im saxiT SezRudulia. gayidvis ufleba sakuTrebis uflebis mniSvnelovani,
Tumca, ara erTaderTi komponentia da misi arseboba am uflebas zRudavs, magram ver auqmebs.

realuri, samarTlebrivi da moraluri uflebebi

imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT zedmeti dava, xSirad erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT real-
uri, samarTlebrivi da moraluri uflebebi. swored realuri uflebebi ayalibebs adamianebis
molodins da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT saqcielsac. Tu qalaqis sabWo daadgens, rom parkebSi gas-
eirnebisas patronebi valdebulebi arian ZaRlebi misabmeliT ataron da awmindon yvelaferi, ra-
sac ZaRlebi samaxsovrod toveben, amiT sabWo moqalaqeebs samarTlebriv uflebas aZlevs, baRSi
yovelgvari SiSisa da sifrTxilis gareSe iseirnon. magram Tu policias am dadgenilebis Ses-
ruleba ar SeuZlia da ZaRlebis mravali mepatrone mas ugulvebelyofs, moqalaqeebis realuri
uflebebi maTi samarTlebrivi uflebebisgan gansxvavebuli iqneba. gaixdian Tu ara fexsacmels
parkSi moseirne adamianebi damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ra miaCniaT maT realur uflebad. Tu
fexsacmels ixdian da aRSfoTebulebi saubroben, rom `ufleba aqvT, imyofebodnen daubinZureb-
el parkSi~, am SemTxvevaSi isini saubroben moralur uflebaze, romliTac, maTi azriT, unda
sargeblobdnen.
vinaidan ufleba sazogadoebrivi movlenaa, amitom is damokidebulia sxva adamianebis mier Se-
sabamisi valdebulebebis aRiarebaze. sanam ZaRlebis patronebi ar CaTvlian, rom valdebulni
arian yuradReba miaqcion TavianTi oTxfexa megobrebis saqciels, raTa Tavidan aicilon dawese-
buli jarimebi da sxva moseirneebzec izrunon, parkSi moseirneebi ver isargebleben balaxze
seirnobis uflebiT da, aqedan gamomdinare, verc fexsacmels gaixdian.

molodini da investiciebi
resursebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba sabolood im adamianis molodinzea
damokidebuli, vinc mas iRebs. pirovnebebi da ojaxebi iReben gadawvetilebas, moixmaron an in-
vesticiebze daxarjon TavianTi Semosavlebi, erTmaneTs udareben ra yoveli SesaZlo varianti-
dan mosalodnel mogebas. isini arCevans akeTeben sxvadasxva investiciebs Soris da MmxedvelobaSi
iReben ara mxolod ukugebis mosalodnel sidides, aramed misi miRebis saimedoobis xarisxsac.
adamianebi, romlebsac eSiniaT sakuTari investiciebis konfiskaciisa, arCevans iseTi investici-
ebis sasargeblod gaakeTeben, romelTa konfiskaciac ufro Znelia, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini
nakleb mogebas hpirdeba maT, vidre sxva, ufro sarisko sainvesticio proeqtebi. diqtatorebi,
romlebic grZnoben, rom xelisufleba xelidan usxltebaT, cdiloben, fuli Sveicaruli
bankebis angariSze Caricxon. eTnikuri umciresobebi, romlebic ZiriTadi mosaxleobis mxridan
mtrul damokidebulebas ganicdian, fuls ZvirfaseulobaSi an sxva, advilad transportirebad
aqtivebSi abandeben. yvelaze advilad transportirebadi simdidre adamianis kapitalia. swored
amiT SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu ratom aqvT ganaTlebis aseTi maRali done SeZlebul eTnikur umci-
resobebs. ra Tqma unda, adamianuri kapitalis konfiskaciac SesaZlebelia: Tu adamianebs ukrZa-
laven Sromas specialobis mixedviT, romelic swavlis Sedegad aqvs miRebuli, amiT arTmeven ada-
mianur resurss, romelic ganaTlebam misca.
Tu CaufiqrdebiT imas, rom investiciebisgan miRebuli Semosavlebi momavali Semosavlebia,
maSin mixvdebiT, rom moxmarebis an investirebis gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenas axdens adamianis
droiTi preferenciebis normac. adamiani, romelic momavali movlenebis diskontirebisas ufro

10
maRal ganakveTs iyenebs, awmyoze iqneba orientirebuli, ufro metad moxmarebas amjobinebs da
amis Sedegad arCevans momaval wlebze ufro naklebi Semosavlis miRebis sasargeblod gaakeTebs.
is adamianebi, romlebic momavali movlenebis diskontirebas dabali ganakveTiT axdenen, uars
acxadeben dRevandel moxmarebaze momavalSi moxmarebis sasargeblod da amis Sedegad axalgazr-
dobaSi ufro did investiciebs akeTeben, riTac uzrunvelyofen ufro did samomavlo Semo-
savals. aqedan saintereso daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba – adamianebi, garkveulwilad, TviTonve
irCeven cxovrebis manZilze maTi Semosavlebis cvlilebis dinamikas.
kidev erTi daskvna isaa, rom ori adamianis mimdinare Semosavlebis Sedarebisas ar SegviZlia
imis Tqma, Tu romel maTgans aqvs ufro maRali Semosavali. samedicino kolejis bolo kursis
friadosan students SeiZleba hqondes Semosavali, romelic sakmarisad didi uaryofiTi ci-
friT gamoixateba; magram SegviZlia Tu ara imis Tqma, rom is ufro Raribia, vidre imave asakis
sxva pirovneba, romelsac arakvalificiuri samuSaos SesrulebisTvis weliwadSi 20 000 dolaris
toli Semosavali aqvs? ufro swori gza iqneba adamianis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miRebuli da
misaRebi Semosavlebis urTierTSedareba. swored am mosazrebidan gamodioda studenti, rode-
sac miiRo gadawyvetileba eqimi gamxdariyo da, albaT, am mosazrebidan unda gamodiodes yvela,
visac Semosavlebis konkretuli ganawilebis obieqturi Sefaseba surs.

Semosavali adamianis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

wliuri Semosavali

iuristi

meqanikosi

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Semosavlis mimRebis asaki

ra Tqma unda, adamianis cxovrebis manZilze Semosavlebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba rTu-
lia. amis gakeTeba advilad SeiZleba mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg. SesaZloa, swored amitom
ganvagrZobT bevri studentis siRaribis gazviadebas, agreTve imaTi simdidrisac, vinc odesRac
studenti iyo. es ori Secdoma erTmaneTs ar abaTilebs. Tu mTavroba am urTierTsapirispiro
gazviadebebis sapasuxod Semosavlebs ufrosi asakis pirebidan axalgazrdebze gadaanawilebs, is
Seamcirebs ukugebis mosalodnel sidides da Sedegad investiciebis moculobas, romelTac ada-
mianebi axalgazrdobaSi akeTeben.

moTxovnis kanoni da sawarmoo momsaxureba

warmoebis resursebze moTxovnis mrudi sxva moTxovnis mrudebis msgavsia – is klebadia. sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi moTxovna maRalia dabali fasebis dros da dabalia maRali fasebis dros. war-
moebis resursebis SemTxvevaSi es Tanafardoba xSirad ise SeiZleba iyos SeniRbuli, rom adamian-
ebi mas ver xedavdnen an misi arseboba ar sjerodeT. magram es Tanafardoba mainc arsebobs, miuxe-
davad imisa, aRiareben Tu ara mas.

11
 amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia damqiraveblis moTxovna SromiT momsaxurebaze. damqi-
raveblebi yiduloben SromiT momsaxurebas mxolod mas Semdeg, rac Seafaseben am momsaxurebis
SesaZlo wvlils Semosavlis SeqmnaSi.
isini qiraoben, rodesac moelian, rom daqiravebidan miRebuli damatebiTi Semosavali meti
iqneba im damatebiT xarjebTan SedarebiT, rasac aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba gamoiwvevs. isini
sargebloben me-9 TavSi moyvanili martivi wesiT: imoqmede iqamde, vidre mosalodneli zRvruli
Semosavali metia mosalodnel zRvrul danaxarjebze. rac ufro maRalia xelfasis done, miT
ufro maRalia SromiTi momsaxurebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli zRvruli xarjebi. sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, SromiTi momsaxurebis fasis zrdisas, masze moTxovnis sidide Semcirdeba.
ratom uaryofen amas ase xSirad? amas uaryofs, magaliTad, is, vinc amtkicebs, rom minimaluri
xelfasis mowinaaRmdegeebi gulgrilobas iCenen Raribebis bedis mimarT. marTlac, iReben Tu
ara Raribebi sargebels minimaluri xelfasis zrdisgan? Tu dadgenili minimaluri xelfasi ar
aris imaze maRali, vidre is, rasac damqiraveblebi iZlevian, maSin mis dawesebas araviTari Sedegi
ar mohyveba. mas Sedegi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba, rodesac damqiraveblebi minimaluri xel-
fasis Sesaxeb kanonis SemoRebamde ufro nakleb xelfass ixdidnen. xom ar Seamcireben mSrome-
lebs damqiraveblebi, Tu iZulebulni iqnebian meti xelfasi gadauxadon, an xom ar Sewyveten axa-
li mSromelebis miRebas daTxovnilebis nacvlad?
`sulac araa aucilebeli~ – cudi pasuxia. aseTi pasuxi xSirad gvesmis, vinaidan bevri fiqrobs,
rom damqiraveblebi xelfass `mogebidan~ ixdian da, minimaluri xelfasis zrdisas, SeuZliaT ar
Caataron kadrebis Semcireba manam, sanam miRebuli mogeba sakmarisia gazrdili xelfasebis dasa-
farad. es azri TiTqos gulisxmobs, rom SromiT momsaxurebaze moTxovnis sidide mudmivia da
teqnologiis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. magram, SromiT momsaxurebaze moTxovna sruliad ara-
elastiuri ar gaxlavT, piriqiT, zogjer igi metad elastiuri xdeba, vinaidan damqiraveblebs
TiTqmis yovelTvis SeuZliaT substituti (Semcvleli) mouZebnon nebismieri saxis SromiT mom-
saxurebas.
minimaluri xelfasis dawesebas bevri imiT amarTlebs, TiTqos im arakvalificiuri mSro­
melebis raodenoba, romlebic mzad arian imuSaon, da im arakvalificiuri mSromelebis raode-
noba, romelTa daqiravebac damqiraveblebs surT, mudmivia. garkveul minimalur doneze (saaTSi
4 dolari?) naklebi xelfasisTvis aRaravin imuSavebs. garkveul maqsimalur doneze meti xelfa-
sis pirobebSi (saaTi 8 an 9 dolari?) is damqiraveblebi, romlebic arakvalificiur Sromas iyene-
ben, iZulebulni gaxdebian, sawarmoebis karebi daxuron. am sazRvrebSi arakvalificiur samuSao
Zalaze moTxovnis mrudi sruliad araelastiuria. Tu es msjeloba samarTliania, maSin arakval-
ificiuri mSromelis xelfasi unda gansazRvros iman, visac meti msyidvelobiTi unari aqvs. Sei-
Zleba vikiTxoT, ratom unda iyos es Zalaufleba damqiraveblebis xelT? ratom ar unda mivceT
kanons ufleba, Caerios da daadginos minimaluri xelfasi, raTa damqiraveblebi iZulebulni
gaxdnen miscen sacxovrebeli minimumis toli gasamrjelo?

ararealuri suraTi

xelfasebis done

D
$8.50

S
4.00

D
daqiravebulTa raodenoba

12
 ekonomistTa umetesobis tradiciuli keTilganwyoba maRali minimaluri xelfasis kanonis
mimarT, emyareba maT rwmenas, rom miwodebis mrudebi zrdadia, xolo moTxovnis mrudebi – kleba-
di. im arakvalificiur mSromelTa ricxvi, romlebic mzad arian TavianTi Sromis miwodebisTvis,
mudmivi ki ar aris, aramed izrdeba xelfasis zrdasTan erTad, amitom, rodesac xelfasi izrdeba,
arsebul samuSao adgilze moxvedris msurvelTa raodenobac izrdeba. amasTan, gazrdili xelfa-
sis pirobebSi, arakvalificiuri mSromelebis damqiraveblebi pouloben sxvadasxva gzebs, raTa
ekonomia gaswion im samuSaoze, romelic maT `sWirdebaT~.
ganvixiloT, rogor moiqcevian swrafi kvebis sasauzmis mepatroneebi, romelTac minimaluri
xelfasis zrda aiZulebs 25%-iT gauzardon xelfasi maTTan momuSave mozardebs? ar aris mar-
Tali, TiTqos sasauzmeSi yovelTvis daqiravebulTa erTi da igive raodenoba unda muSaobdes.
arsebobs uamravi saSualeba, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyenon mSromelTa raodenobis Sesamcire-
blad. erT-erTi maTgania samuSao saaTebis Secvla: dabali xelfasis dros SeiZleba momgebiani
iyos sasuzmis muSaoba dRis naklebad datvirTul saaTebSi. maRali xelfasis dros amis gakeTeba
SeuZlebelia. meore SesaZlebloba momsaxurebis xarisxia. pikis saaTebSi swrafi momsaxureba Sei-
Zleba uzrunvelyofil iqnas damatebiTi mSromelebis saSualebiT, romlebic sxva saaTebSi ar
imuSaveben. rodesac xelfasi gaizrdeba, am mSromelebis nawili SeiZleba daiTxovon, ris gamoc
klientebs mouxdebaT rigSi cota meti drois dakargva. ra Tqma unda, es gazrdis realur fass
momxmareblebisaTvis da xels kravs zogierT klients, magram arc erTi normaluri firma ar mo-
emsaxureba klientebs xarjebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. yovelTvis arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba,
rom ekonomia gaswion ama Tu im saxis SromiT momsaxurebaze iseTi xerxebiT, romelic arasdros
ar mouva azrad saqmeSi Cauxedav adamians. zogierTi maTgani azrad arc mepatrones mouvidoda,
SromiTi xarjebi mas meti da ukeTesi muSaobis stimuls rom ar aZlevdes.

ufro realuri suraTi

xelfasebis done

Sromis
miwodeba

minimaluri
xelfasi

moTxovna
Sromaze

daqiravebulTa raodenoba

Znelia ar daeTanxmo imas, rom kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri xelfasi ver uzrunvelyofs yovel­
kvireul Semosavals, rac aucilebelia ojaxis im doneze Sesanaxad, rasac miCveulia amerikelebis
umetesoba. magram es bevrs arafers niSnavs. jer erTi, mraval adamians, romelsac xelfasi aqvs, ara
aqvs ojaxi an ar warmoadgens ojaxis ZiriTad marCenals. im adamianebis daaxloebiT naxevari, romle-
bic minimalur xelfass iReben, arian im ojaxis wevrebi, romelTa Semosavali aWarbebs aSS-is ojaxebis
saSualo Semosavals. da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, Tu kviraSi 200 dolari araa adekvaturi Semo-
savali, maSin yovelgvari Semosavlis uqonloba miT umetes araadekvaturia. minimaluri xelfasis
mniSvnelovani zrda zogierTs met Semosavals moutanda, magram Seamcirebda imaT Semosavlebs, vinc
samuSaos ver ipovida ufro maRali minimaluri xelfasis pirobebSi.
rodesac vsaubrobT minimaluri xelfasis kanonis SesaZlo Sedegebisa da agreTve imaT Ses-
axeb, visac es kanoni ar Seexeba, aucileblad unda davakvirdeT realur cifrebs. Tu minimaluri
xelfasi saaTSi 5,75 dolaramde izrdeba maSin, rodesac swrafi kvebis sawarmo damwyeb mosamsax-

13
ures 6 dolars sTavazobs da Tu soflis meurneobis mSromelebs, oficiantebs, sastumroebis
TanamSromlebsa da staJiorebs es kanoni ar exeba, maSin minimaluri xelfasis zrdas mxolod mci­
re Sedegebi eqneba. minimaluri xelfasis garSemo gamarTuli debatebi zogjer sxvadasxva poli-
tikuri xedvis adamianebisTvis Seuracxmyofeli saxelebis wodebis SesaZleblobad iqceva.

adamianebi Tu manqanebi?
ucnauri warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom nebismieri saxis SromiT momsaxurebaze moTxovna xel-
fasis mixedviT sruliad araelastiuria, safuZvlad udevs farTod gavrcelebul rwmenas (an
SiSs) imisa, rom manqanebi samuSao adgilebs `mospoben~, vinaidan adamianebze gacilebiT mwarmoe-
blurebi arian. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac vambobT, rom manqana adamianze ufro `mwarmoe-
bluria~? damqiraveblebs ainteresebT ara marto fizikuri an teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi, ar-
amed zRvruli Semosavlisa da zRvruli xarjebis Tanafardoba. manqana adamianze efeqtiani
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba da maSin imuSavebs, Tu misi gamoyenebidan miRebuli zRvruli Semo-
savlisa da zRvruli xarjebis fardoba metia, vidre igive fardoba adamianis SemTxvevaSi. garda
sxva danarCenisa es niSnavs, rom xelfasebis done did rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi mimdinare te-
qnologiuri cvlilebebis siswrafisa da mimarTulebebis gansazRvraSi.
ukanasknel wlebSi aSS-Si avtomaturma liftebma liftiorebi mxolod teqnologiis ganviTa-
rebis gamo rodi Secvales. avtomaturi liftebis Seqnaze daixarja dro, fuli da energia da mSene-
blebma isini SemdgomSi TavianT SenobebSi daayenes imitom, rom gamoTvlil iqna mogebisa da xarjebis
fardoba, da ara imitom, rom avtomaturi liftebi axali da lamazi iyo. zogierT sxva qveyanaSi, sadac
liftiorebis xelfasi (alternatiuli Rirebuleba) dabalia, liftebs specialurad momzadebuli
liftiorebi marTaven, rac am SemTxvevaSi, ufro efeqtiania, vidre avtomaturi liftebi.
teqnologiuri siaxleebi iwvevs SromiTi resursebis gamoTavisuflebas erTi dargidan da
iZleva sxva dargSi maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. avtomaturma liftebma ubiZges adamianebs,
romlebic manamde mgzavrebis gadayvaniT iyvnen dakavebulebi, sxva saqmisTvis moekidaT xeli,
SeetanaT sxvanairi, damatebiTi wvlili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo warmoebaSi. amave
dros, SromiTi resursebis Secvlili garemoebebiT gamowveuli gadaadgileba zogierTi adamia­
nisTvis simdidris dakargvas niSnavs. Sromaze moTxovnis zrdam liftiorebis nawili sxva, ufro
maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebisken miizida da danarCeni liftiorebis xelfasis zrdac
gamoiwvia. garkveulwilad, am situaciis erT-erTi mizezi avtomaturi liftebia. Tumca amave
dros zogierTma liftiorma Zveli samuSao adgili dakarga, ukeTesi ki ver ipova. maT nakleb-
momgebian winadadebebze daTanxmeba mouwiaT. aseTi adamianebi droebiT mainc dazaraldnen. isi-
ni aiZules, rom sakuTar Tavze aeRoT axali samuSao adgilebis Ziebis xarjebi, imis garantia ki
ar misces, rom axali samuSao adgilebi Zvelze ukeTesi iqneboda. amitom teqnologiuri cvlile-
bebiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba da avtomatizaciis SiSi savsebiT gasagebia. kolejis profe-
sorebic ki mkacr Sefasebebs aZlevdnen iseT teqnologiur siaxleebs, rogoricaa videoleqcie-
bi, kompiuterizebuli kursebi da internet-ganaTleba.

`warmoebuli moTxovna~ sawarmoo momsaxurebaze

meore faqtors, romelsac SeuZlia SeniRbos sawarmoo momsaxurebaze moTxovnis mrudis
klebadoba, am moTxovnis meoradi xasiaTi warmoadgens. sawarmoo momsaxurebaze moTxovna gamom-
dinareobs am momsaxurebis Sedegad Seqmnil saqonelze arsebuli moTxovnidan. rodesac firmebi
acxadeben, rom axal mSromelebs qiraoben an mSromelTa nawils iTxoven, am gadawyvetilebebs
arasdros ar xsnian xelfasis cvlilebiT. mTavar mizezad TavianT saqonelze arsebul moTxovnas
asaxeleben: `gayidvam yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba~, an kidev: `mza saqonlis maragebi dauS-
vebel zomebamde gaizarda gayidvis uecari Semcirebis gamo~. amgvarad, iqneba STabeWdileba,
TiTqos mSeneblebisa da saavtomobilo qarxnebis mSromelebisgan Sromaze moTxovnis raodenoba
damokidebulia sacxovreblebisa da avtomobilebis bazarze arsebul pirobebze da ara mSene-
belTa da avtomobilebis amwyobTa xelfasze.
sinamdvileSi, igi damokidebulia erTzec da meorezec. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxlebisa da av-
tomobilebis fasebze, agreTve maTi warmoebis meTodebze garkveuli gavlena ukve moaxdina xel-
fasebis donem, romlis gadaxda aucilebeli iyo mSenebelTa da avtomobilebis amwyobTa momsa­

14
xurebis SesaZenad. mSeneblebis SemTxvevaSi es gamoixata gayiduli saxlebis raodenobisa da,
Sesabamisad, dasaqmebuli mSeneblebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, vinaidan xelfasebis donis zrdam
axali saxlebis fasebis zrda gamoiwvia. ufro metic, saxlebi sul ufro xSirad axali meTodebiT
igeba, romlebic ekonomiis saSualebas iZleva mSenebelTa Sromis Semcirebis, xis ufro martivi
konstruqciebisa da seriuli avejis xarjze.
Sromaze moTxovnis Sesaxeb msjelobidan erTi daskvna gamomdinareobs – moTxovna SezRudvaa.
Semosavali, romlis miRebac sawarmoo resursebis mflobelebs SeuZliaT TavianTi resursebis
miwodebis Sedegad, am resursebze moTxovniTaa SezRuduli. yuradRebas imsaxurebs meore
daskvnac – Semosavali, romlis miReba resursebis mflobelebs SeuZliaT, iqmneba am resursebiT
SeTavazebul momsaxurebaze moTxovniT. amis kargi magaliTia nebismieri Seixi, romelic navTo-
bis WaburRils flobs.
mdidari iqneba Tu Raribi, qveyana, romelic weliwadSi erT sul mosaxleze daaxloebiT 1000
barel navTobs awarmoebs, damokidebuli iqneba naxSirwyalbadisgan Semdgar am blant da aalebad
siTxeze (romelic adre sazizRari da usargeblo eCvenebodaT) arsebul moTxovnaze. aseTi
moTxovnis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia (OPEC) 70-ian
wlebSi ver moipovebda saerTaSoriso movlenebze imaze met gavlenas, vidre audubonis sazoga-
doeba (bunebrivi resursebis konservaciis damcveli sazogadoebrivi organizacia). magram imis
gamo, rom Cvens saukuneSi navTobze uzarmazari moTxovna arsebobs, OPEC -is Sesaxeb bevrma di-
asaxlismac ki icis.

vin vis uwevs konkurencias?

rodesac, sakuTari Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, sawarmoo resursebis mflobelebi qmnian
iseT organizaciebs, rogoricaa OPEC-i, amas imiT xsnian, rom aseTi organizacia maT saSualebas
miscems, ufro efeqtianad gauwion konkurencia maT mier miwodebuli momsaxurebis myidvelebs.
es argumentebi SeiZleba mcdarad miviCnioT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SevafasebT imaT motivebs,
vinc isini wamoayena. savsebiT cxadia, rom gamyidvelebi ar uweven konkurencias myidvelebs. myi­
dvelebi konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs, imis misaRebad, rasac gamyidvelebi miawodeben. gamyid­
velebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven myidvelebisTvis. konkurencia, romlis likvidaci­
isTvisac iyo gamiznuli OPEC-i, aris navTobis eqsportior qveynebs Soris konkurencia. OPEC-ma
SeZlo warmatebis miRweva, vinaidan SeZlo warmoebis SezRudva, xolo rodesac warmoebis mcire
moculobis SenarCuneba veRar moaxerxa, maSinve dakarga kontroli fasebsa da Semosavlebze.
gamyidvelebs SeuZliaT igive TamaSi scadon. aq SeiZleba mivmarToT adre moyvanil magaliTs,
esaa SeTanxmeba profesionaluri sportuli gundebis mepatroneebs Soris, romlis mixedviT,
mepatroneebi erTmaneTs ar uweven konkurencias sportsmenebis SeZenisas. imisaTvis, rom es Se-
Tanxmeba qmediTi iyos, TiToeuli sportsmenis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis ufleba erT mepa-
trones unda hqondes. swored amas isaxavs miznad `SerCevis~ politika, romelsac profesional-
uri sportis mepatroneTa asociaciebi axorcieleben. rodesac myidvelebi aseT erTian pozicias
irCeven, am Zalisadmi dapirispirebul qmediT saSualebas, SesaZloa, gamyidvelTa organizacia
warmoadgendes. magram am pirobebSi gamyidvelTa asociaciis mizani iqneboda myidvelTa Soris
konkurenciis ganaxleba an gamyidvelTa Soris konkurenciis Semcireba, da SevecdebodiT, Tu maT
qmedebas myidvelebTan ufro efeqtiani konkurenciis mcdelobad miviCnevdiT.

profkavSirebi da konkurencia
ZiriTadi federaluri aqti, romelic profesiuli kavSirebis organizebasa da koleqtiuri
xelSekrulebebis dadebas aregulirebs, preambulaSi mcdarad amtkicebs, rom profkavSirebi
sWirdebaT araoganizebul mSromelebs, raTa ufro efeqtiani konkurencia gauwion korpora-
ciebs. magram mSromelebi konkurencias uweven mSromelebs, xolo damqiraveblebi – damqiraveb-
lebs. swored aseTi konkurencia axdens gavlenas xelfasis doneze.
damqiraveblebs ar SeuZliaT mSromelebs gadauxadon iseTi xelfasi, rogorsac isurvebdnen,
imave mizeziT, romliTac kompania `Aramco~-s ar SeeZlo Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT daewesebina
fasi navTobze, romelsac is saudis arabeTidan yidulobda. mSromelebs alternatiuli SesaZle-
blobebi aqvT sxva damqiraveblebis saxiT, xolo saudis arabeTs ki yovelTvis hqonda alternatiuli

15
SesaZleblobebi sxva navTobgadamamuSavebeli kompaniebis saxiT. mSromelebis mier miwodebuli Sro-
ma faseulia damqiraveblebisTvis, amitom es ukanasknelni mzad arian erTmaneTs am SromisTvis Se-
evaWron, Tumca amas SeuZlia gamoiwvios xelfasis donis zrda. navTobi faseulia navTobgadama-
muSavebeli kompaniebisTvis da isinic mzad arian konkuren­ciisTvis, ris Sedegadac, navTobis fasi
ba­relSi 3 dolaridan (1972 wels, rodesac OPEC-i axali Seqmnili iyo) 30 dolaramde gazardes.
OPEC-i sakmaod maRal fass – barelSi 20 dolars – 80-ian wlebamde inarCunebda, vidre daSlas daiw-
yebda.
zustad aseve, Tu sxva mSromelebi mzad arian, igive momsaxureba ufro nakleb fasad miawodon,
mSromelebi ver miaRweven im xelfasis dawesebas, romelsac, maTive azriT, imsaxureben. mSro­
melebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven da profkavSirebis Seqmnis erT-erTi mizanic swored am
konkurenciis SezRudvaa. profkavSirebi aumjobesebs Tavisi wevrebis poziciebs, risTvisac
konkurenciis saSualebas uzRudavs maT, vinc profkavSirebis wevri ar aris. maT SeuZliaT es
pirdapir gaakeTon, magaliTad, dadon kontraqti damqiraveblebTan, romelTac samsaxurSi
miRebis ZiriTad pirobad profkavSirebis wevroba miaCniaT, Semdeg ki wevrTa raodenoba Sez-
Rudon. maT SeuZliaT igive arapirdapiri gziTac gaakeTon: zustad ise, rogorc kanoniT dadge-
nili minimaluri xelfasi zRudavs zogierTi mSromelis mier samuSao adgilis miRebis SesaZle-
blobas, profkavSirebis mier moTxovnili maRali xelfasic (romelic gaficvis muqariTaa
gamagrebuli) ukargavs Sromis SesaZleblobas imas, vinc Tanaxma iyo nakleb xelfaszec emuSava.
Sexeduleba, rom aSS-Si profkavSirebi imitom Seiqmna, rom msxvili korporaciebis siZlieres da-
pirispireboda, istoriuli faqtebiT ar dasturdeba. am qveyanaSi mZlavri profkavSirebi jer im
dargebSi warmoiqmna, romlebic wvrili firmebiT iyo warmodgenili: mSeneblobaSi, beWdviT saqmeSi,
safeiqro da samTo-mompovebel warmoebaSi. rkinigza gamonaklisia, romelic zogad wess adasturebs:
arsebobda specialuri kanoni, romelic rkinigzis muSakTa profkavSirebs did Zalauflebas aZlev-
da. is profkavSirebi, romlebic dRes msxvil korporaciebs upirispirdeba metalurgiaSi, avtomo-
bilebis warmoebasa da eleqtromowyobilobebis warmoebaSi, profkavSirebis im proeqtebis STamoma-
valni arian, romelTac wvril damqiraveblebTan hqondaT saqme.

xelfasebis done

dasaqmeba

SromiTi SesaZleblobebi siRaribis Semcireba uTanasworobis

mcirdeba maRali xelfasis Semcirebisgan gansxvavdeba. isini
iZulebiTi dawesebis Sedegad zogjer erTad xorcieldeba,
zogjer ki, _ cal-calke

siRaribe da uTanasworoba
Semosavali ar SeiZleba ufro didi iyos, vidre produqciis moculoba. fuladi an nominaluri
Semosavlebis zrdis siswrafes im adamianebis SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs, romlebic sazoga-
doebis fuls qmnian. magram aravis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ar umjobesdeba, rodesac Semosava-
li orjer izrdeba, xolo fulis TiToeul erTeuls imaze orjer naklebi saqonlis yidva Seu-
Zlia, rasac manamde yidulobda. sazogadoebis wevrebis realuri Semosavlebis gasazrdelad
aucilebelia realuri saqonlis warmoebis moculobis zrda.
miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis zogierTi wevris Semosavlebis gazrda warmoe-
bis moculobis zrdis gareSe, sxvebis Semosavlebis Semcirebis gziT. aseTi qmedebis mizani Sei-

16
Zleba iyos uTanasworobis Semcireba, an siRaribis Semcireba. es ori mizani erTmaneTisgan
gansxva­vdeba, Tumca, xSirad ase ar fiqroben. RaribTa xvedriTi wilis Semcireba (rac moxda aSS-
Si me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi) SesaZlebelia uTanasworobis mniSvnelovani Semcirebis gareSec.
mosaxleobis aRweris biuros ojaxebis monacemebis damuSavebis erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad gam-
oyenebuli meTodi Semosavlebis mixedviT, ojaxebis kvintilebad (mexuTedebad) ganawileba war-
moadgens. 12-1 cxrilSi naCvenebia im Semosavlebis wili ojaxebis mTlian SemosavlebSi, romle-
bic 1997 da wina xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRes yvelaze dabalSemosavlianma ojaxebma (pirveli
kvintili), sididT momdevno Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebma (meore kvintili) da a.S., im ojaxebamde,
romelTa Semosavlebi yvelaze maRalia (bolo kvintili). Semosavlebi Tanabrad rom nawilde-
bodes, TiToeuli kvintilis Semadgeneli ojaxebi saerTo Tanxis 20 procents miiRebdnen. cxa-
dia, es ase ar aris. cxrilSi moyvanilia yvelaze didi Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebis (ojaxebis
saerTo raodenobis 5 procenti) monacemebi.
am monacemebidan yvelaze sayuradReboa ori. erT-erTi isaa, rom miuxedavad progresuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisa da mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisTvis daxmarebebis saxelmwifo pro-
gramebis zrdisa, saukunis meore naxevarSi aSS-Si Semosavlebis ganawileba mniSvnelovnad ar
Secvlila. meore sayuradRebo monacemia mogeba, romelic Seqmnilia zeda kvintilSi 1980 wli-
dan, da danakargebi, romlebic qveda kvintilebis wevrebma ganicades.

ojaxebis fuladi Semosavlebi – mTliani Semosavlebis wili, miRebuli yoveli kvintilis

da yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis 5%-is mier.
cxrili 12.1

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997

pirveli kvintili 4,5 4,8 5,4 5,3 4,6 4,2
meore kvintili 12,0 12,2 12,2 11,6 10,8 9,9
mesame kvintili 17,4 17,8 17,6 17,6 16,6 15,7
meoTxe kvintili 23,4 24,0 23,8 24,3 23,8 23,0
mexuTe kvintili 42,7 41,3 40,9 41,0 44,3 47,2
yvelaze maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis
17,3 15,9 15,6 14,6 17,4 20,7
(ojaxebis saerTo raodenobis 5%)

1950 wlidan moyolebuli, am procentuli raodenobebis stabiluroba moCvenebiTia. upi­

rveles yovlisa, es ricxvebi gviCvenebs Semosavlebs gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde. meorec, am mona-
cemebSi ar Sedis naturaluri daxmarebebi. maTSi asaxulia mxolod fuladi daxmarebebi. magali-
Tad, aq gaTvaliswinebulia pensiebi, veterane­ bisTvis socialuri daxmarebis programis,
arasrulwlovani bavSvebis daxmarebis programisa da socialuri daxmarebis yvela saxis progra-
mis farglebSi miRebuli daxmarebebi, romelTac fulis saxe aqvs. magram es monacemebi ar iTval-
iswinebs iseTi naturaluri daxmarebebis Rirebulebas, rogorebicaa samedicino daxmareba, bi-
nis qiris SeRavaTebi da sasursaTo talonebi. esenic Semosavlebia, Tumca fulis gadaxdas ar
iTvaliswinebs. mesamec, es monacemebi ar aris imgvarad koreqtirebuli, rom ojaxebis wevrTa ra-
odenoba gaiTvaliswinos. zeda kvintili moicavs 30 procentiT met adamians, vidre qveda.1 rode-
sac yvela es koreqtireba Sesrulebulia, dabali Semosavlebis mqone jgufebis wili izrdeba,
xolo maRali Semosavlis mqone jgufebis wili mcirdeba.
gvinda yuradReba mivapyroT imas, rom, miuxedavad uTanasworobis mxolod umniSvnelo Semci-
rebisa, am periodSi siRaribe mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 12-2 cxrilSi asaxulia am periodSi aSS-is mo-
saxleobaSi im ojaxebis xvedriTi wili, romlebic siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofebian. siRaribis
zRvari is Semosavalia, romelic saWiroa sxvadasxva sididis ojaxebis normaluri cxovrebisTvis.
mis dasadgenad, Semosavali, romelic saWiroa sakmarisi sakvebis SesaZenad, samze mravldeba. siRari-
bis zRvari yovelwliurad icvleba fulis Rirebulebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.

1 mniSvnelovania imis codnac, roმ zeda kvintilSi Semavali ojaxebis Sromis miwodebis raodenoba oTxjer metia, vidre qveda
kvintilSi myofi ojaxebisa.

17
 am monacemebis gamoqveyneba mosaxleobis aRweris biurom mxolod 1959 wlidan daiwyo. es rom
adre gaekeTebina, siRaribis monacemebi ufro dramatuli iqneboda, vidre 12-2 cxrilis monace-
mebi. jandacvisa da adamianTa momsaxurebis departamentis wevris, fordon fiseris gamoTvle-
biT, 1948 wels siRaribe 33 procents Seadgenda. meore msoflio omis win arsebuli siRaribis
done, miaxloebiTi gamoTvlebis mixedviT, 60-70 procenti iyo.2
im ojaxebis wili, romelTa Semosavali siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba
cxrili. 12-2

weli procenti
1997 10,3
1990 10,7
1980 10,3
1970 10,1
1975 13,9
1960 18,1

wyaro: aSS mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, siRaribis istoriuli monacemebis cxrilebi, cxrili 13.
http//www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/index.html

siRaribis aseTi Semcirebis mizezi ekonomikuri zrda iyo. rodesac mTliani Semosavali weli-
wadSi saSualod sami procentiT izrdeboda, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeboda saukunis pirvel naxevar-
Si, mTliani Semosavali 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi gaoTxmagdeboda. Tu siRaribis zRvari absoluturi
sididea da fasebis donis cvlilebebs iTvaliswinebs, maSin siRaribe didad mcirdeba maSinac ki,
rodesac uTanasworobis mTliani suraTi ar icvleba.

aris Tu ara siRaribe dabali semosavali an iseTi Semosavali,

romelic saSualoze gacilebiT naklebia?

magram ramdenad misaRebia siRaribis zRvris absolutur erTeulebSi gamosaxva? ucnauri xom
ar aris imis Tqma, rom msoflioSi umdidresi qveynis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti me-20 saukunis
pirvel aTwleulebSi siRaribeSi cxovrobda. adamianebis umravlesoba siRaribes realur er-
TeulebSi aRiqvams. gamokiTxvis monacemebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebis umravlesoba
ojaxis normaluri cxovrebisTvis saWiro Tanxad daaxloebiT imaze erTnaxevarjer met Tanxas
asaxelebs, vidre mTeli sazogadoebis saSualo Semosavalia. am standartiT, siRaribis mniS-
vnelovani Semcireba aucileblad iwvevs uTanasworobis Semcirebas.
ras vgulisxmobT sinamdvileSi Semosavlebis uTanasworobis Sesaxeb saubrisas? rodesac vxe-
davT iseT monacemebs, rogoric 12-1 cxrilSia moyvanili, mzad varT, daufiqreblad davuSvaT,
rom mimdinare wels meore an meoTxe qvejgufSi Semavali ojaxebi igive ojaxebia (an amave ojaxebis
ufro adreuli Taobebi), romlebic amave jgufebSi Sediodnen wina wlebSi. es yovelTvis ase ar
aris. ufro metic, es naklebsavaraudoa. im martivi mizezidan gamomdinare, rom Semosavlebis
ierarqiaSi ojaxis adgili didad aris damokidebuli ojaxis ZiriTadi marCenalis asakze.

ojaxebis fuladi Semosavlebi 1997 wels

cxrili. 12-3

ojaxebis ufrosi asaki saSualo Semosavali ($)

15-dan 24 wlamde 26,778
25-dan 34 wlamde 46,065
35-dan 44 wlamde 60,435

2 monacemebi aRebulia naSromidan "Twentieth Century Record of Inequality and Poverty in the United States", Robert D. Plotnick, Eugene Smo-
lensky, Erik Even House, Siobhan Reilly. naSromis aვtorebi pasuxs ar ageben Cvens msjelobaSi maTi mimoxilvis Sedegebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb.

18
 45-dan 54 wlamde 72,967
55-dan 64 wlamde 66,925
65 wels zeviT 42,870

wyaro: aSS mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, siRaribis istoriuli monacemebis cxrilebi, cxrili -F 11.
http//www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/index.html
am azrs 12-3 cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebic adasturebs. aq naCvenebia yvela ojaxis saSualo
Semosavlebi 1997 wels ojaxis ufrosis asakis mixedviT. cxrilis monacemebi amtkicebs, rom
uTanasworoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda, rom SegveZlos ojaxis Semosavlebis Sedareba ojax-
is ufrosis sicocxlis sxvadasxva periodSi.
Tu SevadarebT 12.3 cxrilSi moyvanil monacemebs sxvadasxva kvintilebis mier 1997 wels miRe-
bul maqsimalur Semosavlebs,3 aRmovaCenT, rom `saSualo~ ojaxi Tavisi arsebobis manZilze
meore jgufidan Sua jgufis gavliT meoTxe jgufSi gadadis, Semdeg ki kvlav Sua jgufs ubrunde-
ba, rodesac ojaxis ufrosi pensiaze gadis.

ratom izrdeba uTanasworoba?

imisTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu ratom izrdeboda uTanasworoba 1980 wlidan (ufro zustad,
daaxloebiT 1974 wlidan), unda gavixsenoT, rom aSS-is ojaxebis 80%-is Semosavali Sromis anaz-
Raurebazea dafuZnebuli. Semosavlebis uTanasworobis nebismieri zrdis mizezebis asaxsnelad,
upirveles yovlisa, unda davakvirdeT xelfasebis struqturis cvlilebebsa da agreTve
moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebebs, romlebic xsenebul cvlilebebs iwvevs.

uTanasworoba, ganaTleba da kvalifikacia

1980-1990 wlebSi SeimCneoda xelfasebis uTanasworobis zrda. miwodebis TvalsazrisiT, im

skoladamTavrebulebis raodenoba, romelic samuSao Zalas uerTdebodnen, ufro swrafad iz-
rdeboda, vidre kolejis kursdamTavrebulebis raodenoba. aseTi mdgomareoba, sxva Tanabar pi-
robebSi, iwvevs did raodenobriv gansxvavebas kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa da skoladamTavre-
bulTa saSualo xelfasebs Soris da zrdis xelfasebis uTanasworobas.
moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT, am periodSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba dafiqsirda. sawar-
moo seqtori mcirdeboda, xolo momsaxurebis sfero izrdeboda. sxva seqtorebTan SedarebiT,
warmoebaSi arsebuli xelfasebi naklebad uTanasworo iyo, amitom sawarmoo seqtoris sididis
Semcirebam uTanasworobis zrda gamoiwvia. amasTanave swrafad izrdeboda is dargebi, romle-
bic, tradiciulad kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa Sromas iyenebdnen. am yvelafris Sedegad
gaizar­da sxvaoba ganaTlebuli, kvalificiuri mSromelebisa da imaT xelfasebs Soris, visac nak-
lebi ganaTleba da kvalifikacia hqonda.

Semosavlebis gadanawileba
msgavsi sakiTxebisadmi interesi, Cveulebriv, imis gamo Cndeba, rom Semosavlebs Soris didi gansx-
vavebis arsebobas mravali adamiani arasasurvelad miiCnevs. kidev erTxel miaqcieT yuradReba imas,
rom es azri sruliad gansxvavebulia im Sexedulebisgan, rom siRaribea arasasurveli. siRaribe Sei-
Zleba arsebobdes SedarebiT TanasworobasTan erTad, iseve rogorc SesaZlebelia didi uTanaswo­
robisa da metad mcire siRaribis gverdigverd arsebobac. cota vinme Tu dafiqrdeba imaze, Tu rato-
maa arasasurveli siRaribe, ra zomiTaa dasaSvebi uTanasworoba, an ratom unda gamoiwvios gacilebiT
meti SeSfoTeba fuladi Semosavlebis uTanasworobam, vidre uTanasworobis sxva saxeebma.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra pasuxebi gaecema am kiTxvebs, ojaxebisa da calkeuli amerikelebis Se-
mosavlebs Soris uTanasworobis daZlevisken mimarTuli programebi erT principul sirTules
awydebian: vinaidan, Semosavals aravin anawilebs, amitom SeuZlebelia misi gadanawilebac. aravis
ZaluZs sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi produqtis nawilebad dayofa. yvelaze
3 qveda oTxi kvintilis ojaxebis maqsimaluri Semosavlebi 1997 wels Sesabamisad, 20586, 36000, 53616 da 80000 dolars
udrida. mosaxleobis umdidresi 5%-is ojaxebis minimaluri Semosavali 137000 dolars Seadgenda.

19
meti, risi gakeTebac mTavrobas SeuZlia isaa, rom ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevis imediT Secvalos
TamaSis wesebi. rac SemdgomSi miiRweva, yovelTvis gansxvavebuli iqneba imisgan, ris miRebasac
varaudobdnen da SeiZleba, sapirispiroc ki aRmoCndes.
Semosavlebis uTanasworobis Semcirebis umartives da yvelaze pirdapir gzas TiTqosda war-
moadgens programa, romelic iTvaliswinebs didi Semosavlebis dabegvras da mcire Semosavlebis
mqone pirebisaTvis daxmarebebis gacemas. magram ekonomikaSi araferi xdeba ase martivad da
pirdapir. imisaTvis, rom gazardos gadasaxadebi did Semosavlebze, mTavrobam unda Secvalos
miRebuli Semosavlebis garkveul kategoriebze gadasaxadebis gadaxdis wesebi. rodesac is amas
gaakeTebs, adamianebi maSinve ar daiwyeben am maRali gadasaxadebis gadaxdas. isini Seecdebian
moiqcnen ise, rom minimumamde daiyvanon TamaSis axali wesebis zemoqmedeba. zogierTi es cvli-
leba imaSi gamoixateba, rom isini Seecdebian kanonieri gziT Tavidan aicilon gadasaxadebis
gadaxda. sxvebi gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis arakanonier gzebs mimarTaven. es yvelaferi iqa-
mde migviyvans, rom gansxvaveba mizansa da Sedegs Soris metad didi aRmoCndeba. gadasaxadebis
gazrdis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali mosalodnelze gacilebiT naklebi iqneba.

gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi cvlian stimulebs, da Sesabamisad, qcevas

Raribebs rom damatebiTi Semosavali misces, mTavrobam unda SeimuSavos axali wesebi, romlebic
daxmarebebis miRebis uflebebs daaregulirebs. kanonebis aseT gadaxedvas arasasurveli Sedegebi
mohyveba, vinaidan adamianebi Seecdebian Secvalon qceva, raTa axal kriteriumebs Seesabamebodnen.
zogierTi aseTi mcdeloba kanonieri iqneba, zogi – ukanono, magram maTi erToblivi zemoqmedeba,
SesaZloa, mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes, vinaidan arsebobs uamravi Sansi, romliTac adamianebs Seu-
ZliaT isargeblon. sinamdvileSi, siRaribesTan brZolis Zalisxmevis gazrdisas, im adamianebis ra-
odenoba, romlebic Raribebis kategorias miekuTvnebian, SeiZleba gaizardos.
ganvixiloT martoxela samSviliani dedis magaliTi. davuSvaT, deda TveSi iRebs 400 dolaris
odenobis naRd fuls, 100 dolaris sasursaTo talonebs da 50 dolaris SeRavaTian samedicino
daxmarebas TavisTvis da SvilebisTvis. Semdeg mas sTavazoben samuSao adgils TveSi 1000 dola­
ris anazRaurebiT. miiRebs Tu ara is am winadadebas da uars ityvis Tu ara daxmarebaze? gaum-
jobesdeba Tu ara misi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, Tu ase moiqceva?
daxmarebidan miRebuli Semosavali ar ibegreba. Tu deda muSaobas daiwyebs, mouwevs social-
uri uzrunvelyofisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gadaxda. man unda izrunos bavSvebis mov-
laze, SeiZinos tansacmeli da gawios satransporto xarjebi. ufro metic, is dakargavs yovelT-
viuri fuladi daxmarebis, sasursaTo talonebisa da SeRavaTiani samedicino momsaxurebis
miRebis uflebas. rodesac yvela am danaxarjs Seajamebs, aRmoCndeba, rom misi xelfasi sinamd-
vileSi 90%, an meti zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis mixedviT daibegreba.

zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi: damatebuli Semosavlis procentuli

wili, romelic gadasaxadebis amkrefs miaqvs.

aiReT realuri cifrebi da Tavad SeamowmeT Sedegi! Tu saSemosavlo da socialuri dacvis

gadasaxadebi, transportisa da tansacmlis xarjebi 350 dolari jdeba, xolo daxmarebis dakarg-
va Tviur Semosavals kidev 550 dolariT amcirebs, samSvilian dedas mouwevs 900 dolaris gadax-
da1000 dolaris misaRebad, es ki daxmarebidan miRebuli Semosavlis danamatis 90%-ian zRvrul
sagadasaxado ganakveTs Seesabameba, rac arcTu ise mimzidvelia. aseT situaciaSi veravin daadan-
aSaulebs am qals sizarmacesa da upasuxismgeblobaSi, Tu is uars ityvis SeTavazebul samsa­
xurze, ganagrZobs daxmarebis miRebas da Tavad mouvlis Svilebs.
iaxtebis mflobelebi mdidrebi arian. is, vinc nagvis yuTebSi iqeqeba, Raribia. magram, Tu mTav-
roba miiRebs axal kanons, romlis mixedviTac, iaxtis TiToeuli mepatrone valdebuli iqneba,
weliwadSi 10,000 dolari gadaricxos `nagvismaZieblebis~ daxmarebis fondSi da TiToeuls am
fondidan yovelwliurad 2,000 dolars dauniSnavs, registrirebuli iaxtebis ricxvi mkveTrad
Semcirdeba, xolo maTi raodenoba, vinc Tavs `nagvismaZieblebs~ uwodebs, mkveTrad gaizrdeba.

20
SesaZloa, es suraTi gazviadebulic iyos, magram zustad asaxavs problemis arss. did sazogadoe-
bas ar SeuZlia davalebebis ganawileba da prizebis darigeba Tavisi wevrebisTvis ise, rogorc
amas mSoblebi sakuTar ojaxebSi akeTeben – SesaZleblobebisa da saWiroebebis mixedviT. davale-
bebisa da prizebis ganawileba aucileblad damokidebuli iqneba im adamianebis qcevaze, romleb-
sac sakuTari interesebi aqvT TamaSis aRiarebuli wesebis pirobebSi. Semosavlebis gadanawilebi-
sas mTavrobas SeuZlia miaRwios mxolod imas, risi miRwevac TamaSis wesebis SecvliTaa
SesaZlebeli. es ki namdvilad ar migviyvans im Sedegebamde, ris miRebasac vapirebdiT, rodesac
wesebs vcvlidiT.

TamaSis wesebis Secvla da sazogadoebrivi TanamSromloba

Tu Tavdapirveli cvlileba sasurvel Sedegebs ar iZleva, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kvlav unda
SevcvaloT kanonebi da ganvagrZoT maTi cvlileba manam, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. magram vis
aqvs is codna, romelic aucilebelia am mSvenieri cvlilebebis Casatareblad? im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tuki aseTi codna iarsebebda, vis aqvs am cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Zalaufleba demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi? ra mouva TanamSromlobis rTul procesebs, romelTac maRali special-
izaciis mqone ekonomika emyareba, Tu TamaSis wesebi ganuwyvetliv icvleba?
adamianebi axorcieleben investiciebs, raRacaze uars amboben, iReben sarisko gadawyvetile-
bebs imis rwmeniT, rom sakuTrebis dadgenili uflebebi daculi iqneba da wesebi `TamaSis~ msvle­
lobisas ar Seicvleba. wesi, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom kanoni nebismier momentSi SeiZleba
Seicvalos, TiTqmis yvela saxis sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis safuZvels Searyevda. sa-
kuTrebis uflebebi sakmarisad stabiluri da naTeli unda iyos, Tu gvsurs, rom adamianebi moma-
vals gegmavdnen da sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Soreul Sedegebs iTvaliswinebdnen.
unda aRiniSnos, rom, rodesac TamaSis wesebis gauTvaliswinebeli cvlilebebis gamo molo-
dini ar sruldeba, sazogadoebis wevrebi aRar TamaSoben Cveulebriv TamaSebs da mTeli yura­
dReba ufro mniSvnelovan TamaSze – wesebis dadgenaze gadaaqvT.

21
mokled gavimeoroT

Semosavlebis ganawileba sawarmoo resursebis miwodebisa da maTze arsebuli moTxovnis Sedegia.

sawarmoo resursebis warmoeba aris investireba an kapitalis Seqmna. kapitalis erT-erTi um-
niSvnelovanesi saxea adamianuri kapitali. mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan aSS-Si TviT mdi-
dari adamianebic ki Semosavlebs ZiriTadad adamianuri resursebis miwodebis Sedegad iReben.
sazogadoebaSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis xasiaTi da moculoba sakuTre­bis sayovel-
Taod miRebul da dadgenil wesebzea damokidebuli, vinaidan sakuTrebis ufleba gansazRvravs
imas, Tu ras unda moelodnen adamianebi sakuTari qmedebebidan.
droiTi upiratesobebis dabali norma investiciebs ufro mimzidvels xdis, vidre moxmarebas.
investiciebis momavali ukugebis didi ganusazRvreloba adamians momavali Semosavlis ufro
maRali ganakveTiT diskontirebas aiZulebs, rac investiciebis Semcirebas iwvevs.
nebismieri saxis sawarmoo momsaxurebaze moTxovna ar aris absoluturad araelastiuri. vi-
naidan arsebobs nebismieri saxis sawarmoo momsaxurebis substitutebi, amitom, rac ufro nakle-
bia fasi, miT metia moTxovna, da, rac ufro metia fasi, miT naklebia moTxovna.
sawarmoo momsaxurebis potenciuri momxmareblebi iReben gadawyvetilebas sakuTari moTxov-
nis Sesaxeb, risTvisac erTmaneTs adareben sxvadasxva gadawyvetile­bebis Sesabamis savaraudo
zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul Semosavals.
sawarmoo momsaxurebaze moTxovna da, aqedan gamomdinare, fasi, nawilobriv mis mier warmoe-
buli saqonlis moTxovnazea damokidebuli. magram sawarmoo momsaxurebis fasebi, Tavis mxriv,
gavlenas axdens garkveuli saxis saqonlis warmoebis danaxarjebsa da fasebze da, aqedan gamom-
dinare, warmoebuli da gayiduli saqonlis raodenobaze.
sawarmoo momsaxurebis gamyidvelebi konkurencias ar uweven am momsaxurebis myidvelebs.
gamyidvelebi konkurencias uweven sxva gamyidvelebs, myidvelebi – sxva myidvelebs. ufro maRa-
li Semosavlebisadmi miswrafebas konkurenciis Semcirebis mcdelobamde mivyavarT, vinaidan is,
rac gamyidvelma unda miiRos, da is, rac myidvelma unda gadauxados, konkurentebis mier SeTava-
zebul alternatiul SesaZleblobebzea damokidebuli.
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis Sedegad aSS-Si RaribTa xvedriTi wili me-20 saukunis pirvel sam
meoTxedTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. siRaribis done stabiluri gaxda, xolo sauku-
nis ukanasknel meoTxedSi gaizarda kidec. saukunis bolo meoTxedi Semosavlebis uTanasworo-
bis mcire, magram myari zrdiTac xasiaTdeba, amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo arakvalificiuri da ara-
sakmarisad ganaTlebuli mSromelebis miwodebis zrda. amave dros, izrdeboda moTxovna
ganaTlebul da kvalificiur mSromelebze.
sazogadoebrivi TanamSromloba moiTxovs sakuTrebis SedarebiT stabilur uflebebs, vinaidan
iTvaliswinebs adamianebis unars, iwinaswarmetyvelon sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebi.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. Semosavali aris fuladi Semosavlebis nakadi drois erTeulSi: 240 dolari kviraSi an 30 000
dolari weliwadSi. simdidre aris aqtivebis – naRdi fulis, aqciebis, Senobebis, Sromis iara-
Rebis, kvalifikaciisa da sxv. – maragi. rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan Semosavali
da simdidre?
a) Tu gaqvT wliuri renta, romelic momavali 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliurad
10000 dolars mogitanT, rogori iqneba am rentis dRevandeli Rirebuleba? ramdenad
gazrdis Tqvens simdidres es kapitali?
b) davuSvaT, gaqvT 100 aqcia axali perspeqtiuli kompaniisa, romelsac jer ar dauwyia
dividendebis gacema da, SesaZloa, momavali ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi es verc gaa-
keTos. niu-iorkis safondo birJaze amJamad erTi aqcia 50 dolarad iyideba. ra simdi-
dres flobT am aqciebis saxiT? rom moisurvoT am simdidris gadaqceva Semosavlad,
rogor SeZlebdiT amis gakeTebas? daaxloebiT ra Semosavlis miReba SegiZliaT Tqve-
ni simdidris Semcirebis gareSe?

22
 g) ratom SeiZenen erT aseT aqcias 50 dolarad, Tu cnobilia, rom kompania ar apirebs
dividendebis gacemas ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi?
d) kerZo avtomobili simdidris nawilia. moaqvs Tu ara mas raime Semosavali mepa-
tronisTvis? ra saxiT?
e) ris mixedviT ganisazRvreba saxlis sabazro Rirebuleba da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi
wili patronis simdidreSi? ganisazRvreba Tu ara saxlis Rirebuleba (simdidre) mas-
Si cxovrebidan miRebuli sargebliT?
gansazRvravs Tu ara saxlis fasi sargeblis sidides, romelic masSi cxovre­biT miiReba? da-
vuSvaT, viRacas Tavisi saxli ar uyvars, vinaidan fanjrebidan mTebisa da zRvis yuris xedi
misTvis arasasiamovnod iSleba. Seamcirebs Tu ara es garemoeba am saxlSi cxovrebisgan miRe-
bul sargebels? Seamcirebs Tu ara es saxlis mflobelobasTan dakavSirebul simdidres?
rogori qcevis gamowveva SeuZlia sargebelsa da simdidres Soris aseT damokidebulebas?
v) aris Tu ara inJinris diplomi simdidre? riTi ganisazRvreba aseTi diplomis Rirebule-
ba? rogor SeuZlia axal diplomian inJiners, romelic axlaxans Seudga samuSaos, am sim-
didris nawili mimdinare Semosavlad aqcios, raTa SeiZinos aveji axali binisTvis?
z) warmatebuli eqimi, romelsac bevri pacienti hyavs, iRebs gadawyvetilebas, gavides
pensiaze da gayidos Tavisi `saeqimo praqtika~. sinamdvileSi ras gayidis is? riT gan-
isazRvreba gasayidi produqtis Rirebuleba potenciuri myidvelisTvis?
T) warmoadgens Tu ara momavali pensia adamianis simdidris nawils? warmo­adgens Tu ara
simdidris nawils socialuri dacvis mosalodneli daxmareba adamiani­ sTvis,
romelsac 65 weli Seusrulda?
2. cnobilia eqimis yofili colis mier aRZruli sarCeli, romelSic qali iTxovda, rom misTvis
gadaexadaT qmris samedicino diplomis Rirebulebis naxevari, vinaidan is daexmara qmars sa-
medicino kolejis damTavrebaSi da, saerTo qonebis Sesaxeb kaliforniaSi arsebuli kanonis
mixedviT, ufleba hqonda saerTo qonebis naxevarze.
a) eqimis advokati amtkicebda, rom ganaTleba sakuTreba ar gaxlavT da ar SeiZleba misi
nawilebad dayofa, vinaidan diploms Rirebuleba ar hqonda, rodesac qmarma is miiRo.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu eqimi diplomis aRebisTanave mokvdeboda, mis cols erTi centic ki
ar Sexvdeboda. eTanxmebiT Tu ara amas?
b) davuSvaT, col-qmars gayris momentSi saxli daewva. ra zomebs mimarTavs xolme xalxi,
raTa Tavi daicvas materialuri qonebis SemTxveviTi dazianebis an raime sxva saxis
danakargebisgan? ra zomebs mimarTaven axalgazrda eqimebi, raTa uzrunvelyon saku-
Tari ojaxebi didi SemosavliT, maTi uecari sikvdilis SemTxvevaSic ki?
g) colis advokatebma yofili qmris samedicino ganaTlebis Rirebulebis wilad 250,000
dolari moiTxoves. davuSvaT, samedicino diploms 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelwliu-
rad damatebiT 30,000 dolaris motana SeeZlo imis garda, rasac eqimi diplomis gar-
eSe miiRebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mosalodnelia inflacia, es Tanxa SeiZleba gaizar-
dos, amitom dRevandeli Rirebulebis Sesafaseblad unda visargebloT sargeblis
realuri da ara nominaluri ganakveTiT. eTanxmebiT Tu ara colis advokats imis Se-
fasebaSi, Tu ra unda ekuTvnodes mis klients? rogori iqneba 30,000 dolaris naxevris
dRevandeli Rirebuleba, romelic 30 welzea gaTvlili 4 procentiani ganakveTis
SemTxvevaSi?
d) eqimma ganacxada: `ara mgonia, rom mas aqvs ufleba Cemi momavlis naxevarze~. yofilma
colma ganacxada: `me unda miviRo mogeba saerTo warmoebaSi Cadebuli Cemi investici-
ebidan~. meuRleebi daSordnen 10 wlis erToblivi cxovrebis Semdeg, romlis ganmav-
lobaSic qali buRaltrad muSaobda, xolo qmarma daamTavra samedicino koleji da
ordinatura. Tqven rogor gadawyvetdiT am problemas?
e) niu-iorkis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem daadgina, rom, rodesac fexburTis
yofilma varskvlavma Sewyvita TamaSi `niu-iork jeT~-Si, man Seamcira qorwinebis aq-
tivebi da amrigad, yofil meuRles Semosavlebis wili daakargvina. fexburTelma ga-
nacxada, rom surda, meti dro gaetarebina Tavis sacolesTan. TamaSi rom eqimis rCe-
viT daetovebina, SesaZloa, misTvis saqorwino aqtivebis gaflangva ar daabralebi­naT.

23
 magram mosamarTlem gadawyvita, rom fexburTeli upasuxismgeblod moiqca, rodesac
gundidan wasvlis es mizezi daasaxela. mosamarTlis gadawyve­tilebas ojaxis advoka-
tma aseTi pasuxi gasca: `me megona, linkonma monoba 150 wlis win gaauqma~. rogor Secv-
lidiT am gadawyvetilebas? aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, miakuTvnon adamianuri kapi-
talis nawili yofil cols imis gareSe, rom ar dairRves mecamete damatebaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalva iZulebiTi monobis Sesaxeb?
3. jeki da jili kolejis ganaTlebis miRebaSi investirebas apireben, risTvisac momdevno xuT
weliwadSi wliurad 20,000 dolaris gadaxdas gegmaven (Tu uaryofil Semosavalsa da sxva da-
naxarjebs ar CavTvliT) da varaudoben, rom momavali 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi es maT Semosavals
wliuri 10,000 dolariT gazrdis.
a) gamoiyeneT me-11 TavSi mocemuli 11-3 cxrili da dafiqrdiT, iqneba Tu ara es momgebi-
ani investicia jilisTvis, romelic 3-procentian diskontirebas apirebs.
b) iqneba Tu ara es kargi investicia jekisTvis, romelic 9-procentian diskontirebas
apirebs?
g) rogor moqmedebs investirebis gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaze is faqti, rom jil-
sac da jeksac swavla uyvarT?
4. vin aris erovnuli parkebis mflobeli? mTavroba? xalxi? Sinagan saqmeTa departamentis
parkebis samsaxuris Cinovnikebi? ras niSnavs warwera: `aSS-is mTavro­bis sakuTreba. ar daar-
RvioT sakuTrebis ufleba~?
5. TviTmfrinavSi Casajdomi taloniT ufleba gaqvT daikavoT A adgili fanjarasTan. rodesac A
adgilze midixarT, aRmoaCenT, rom iq eqvsi wlis bavSvi zis. mas aqvs Casajdomi taloni B ad-
gilze. Tqven sTxovT, gadajdes, magram is geubnebaT, rom fanjaraSi yureba unda da gTxovT,
rom Tqven mis adgilze dajdeT. vinaidan Tqvenc gindaT fanjaraSi yureba, amitom bortgamci-
lebels uxmobT da daxmarebas sTxovT. is geubnebaT: `marTla gsurT, rom me vaiZulo es pata-
ra, Tavis adgilze gadajdes?~
vin aris am SemTxvevaSiA adgilis mflobeli? daasaxeleT am sakuTrebis realuri, moraluri
da samarTlebrivi uflebebi.
6. santa-monikaSi binis qiris kontrolis SemoRebis sapasuxod eqvsbiniani saxlis mepatronem mis
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis dangreva gadawyvita. magram municipalitetma mas amis ufleba ar
misca da ganucxada, rom gasaqiravebeli binebis SenarCunebis interesebi ufro maRla dgas, vi-
dre misi ufleba, romelic saxlis dangrevas iTvaliswinebs. kaliforniis uzenaesma sasamarT-
lom mxari dauWira municipalitetis uars saxlis dangrevis uflebis gacemaze.
vin aris am saxlis mflobeli? daasaxeleT sakuTrebis realuri, samarTleb­rivi da moralu-
ri uflebebi.
7. federaluri mTavrobis `daxmarebis programebi~ ganisazRvreba, rogorc `programebi, rom-
lebic uzrunvelyofen daxmarebis gacemas im pirebisTvis, romlebsac maTi miRebis kanonieri
ufleba aqvT~. vinaidan am uflebebis dadgena arsebuli kanonis mixedviT xorcieldeba, ami-
tom programis xarjebs kongresi ar amtkicebs.
a) SeiZleba Tu ara imis Tqma, rom adamianebi, romlebzec vrceldeba daxmarebis progr-
amebi, Semosavals sakuTrebis gansazRvruli uflebebis wyalobiT iReben?
b) zogierTi programis kriteriumebi iseTia, rom adamianebs ar SeuZliaT TavianTi ar-
Cevanis mixedviT miiRon daxmareba. aseTebia, magaliTad, garkveuli wlovanebis
pirebis daxmareba da veteranTa daxmareba. sxva programebSi SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas iseTi kriteriumebi, romlebic adamianebis met-naklebad Tavisufali arCevanis
sagania. rogor fiqrobT, imoqmedebs Tu ara moTxovnis kanoni meore kategoriis pro-
gramebis xarjebis zrdis tempebze?
8. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda moTxovna maswavleblebis momsaxu­rebaze; xolo uka-
nasknel xans maT winaSe dadga samuSao adgilebis naklebobis seriozuli problema. amis Sede-
gad gaizarda maswavlebelTa profkavSirebis Seqmnis survili. ra SeiZleba misces maswavle-
bels profkavSirebis Seqmnam maTTvis metad asaxelsayreli samuSao Zalis bazris pirobebSi?

24
 vin miiRebs sargebels? vin dazaraldeba?
9. koleqtiuri xelSekrulebis erT-erTi formis mixedviT, damqiraveblebs SeuZliaT daiqira-
von mxolod profkavSirebis wevrebi. meore formis mixedviT, damqiraveblebs SeuZliaT dai-
qiravon nebismieri pirovneba, magram samuSaoze ayvanis Semdeg is aucileblad profkavSiris
wevri unda gaxdes. rogor imoqmedebs, Tqveni azriT, xelSekrulebis es ori gansxvavebuli
forma xelfasze? dasaqmebaze? profkavSirebis mier erovnuli umciresobebis diskrimina-
ciaze? ratom?
10. sanam 1987 wels programa daixureboda, holandiis mTavroba mxatvrebs iseT stipendias uxdi-
da, romlis sididec ojaxur mdgomareobasa da Svilebis raodenobas iTvaliswinebda. am mxa-
tvarTa tiloebis umravlesoba sawyobebSi inaxeboda.
a) rogor fiqrobT, izrdeba Tu ara aseTi programis Sedegad mxatvrebis saSualo Semo-
savlebi?
b) sinamdvileSi, rogor SeuZlia mas mxatvrebis saSualo Semosavlebis Semcireba?
11. aSS-is kolejis maswavleblebs arasdros hqoniaT namdvili profkavSirebi. maS ratom gaizar-
da meore msoflio omis Semdgom 25 weliwadSi maTi saSualo xelfasi ase mkveTrad? rogor
SeeZloT kolejis maswavleblebs profkavSirebis daxmarebiT mieRwiaT xelfasis ufro meti
zrdisTvis? ratomaa zogierTi maswavlebeli dainteresebuli iseTi kanonis miRebiT, rome-
lic sadoqtoro xarisxis gareSe kolejSi maswavleblobas krZalavda? rogori iqneboda,
Tqveni azriT, misi Sedegebi, Tu ramdenime StatSi aseT kanons miiRebdnen?
12. asaxavs Tu ara fexburTis da humanitaruli disciplinebis Rirebulebis Tanafardobas didi
saxelmwifo universitetis humanitaruli disciplinebis pedago­ge­bisa da fexburTis mwvrT-
nelebis xelfasebis Tanafardoba? asaxavs Tu ara is im wlebis raodenobas, romelic unda
daxarjon maswavleblebma da mwvrTnelebma ganaTlebis miRebaze? saaTebis raodenobas, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic isini muSaoben? maTi samuSaos sirTulesa da aramimzidvelobas? ratom
aqvT fexburTis mwvrTnelebs aseTi maRali xelfasebi?
13. ra TvalsazrisiT moqmedebs fardobiTi fasebi fardobiT Rirebulebaze? am kiTxvaze pasu-
xis gasacemad Semdegi magaliTi dagexmarebaT: davuSvaT, dalaqis xelfasi orjer aRemateba
ZiZis xelfass da aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom, TiTqos, sazogadoebisTvis orjer me-
tad saWiroa Tmis varcxniloba, vidre bavSvis movla. samarTliania Tu ara es 12-1 naxazze
aRwerili situaciisTvis. DDd dalaqebze moTxovnaa, xolo DZ – ZiZebze moTxovna. SZ kvalifi-
ciuri dalaqebis miwodebaa, xolo Sd – kvalificiuri ZiZebis miwodeba. sadalaqo momsaxure-
bis fasi 10 dolaria, xolo ZiZebis momsaxurebisa – 5 dolari.
a) ratom fasdeba am sazogdoebaSi dalaqis Sroma orjer ufro metad, vidre ZiZis?
b) rogorc Cans, moTxovna ZiZebze ufro maRalia, vidre dalaqebze. maS, ratom aris
dalaqis xelfasi orjer ufro maRali, vidre ZiZisa?
g) migvaniSnebs Tu ara miwodebis mrudebi moduri varcxnilobisa da bavSvebis movlis
mimarT adamianebis damokidebulebaze? Tu sazogadoebaSi izrdeba pativiscema raime
saxis samuSaos mimarT, ra gavlenas axdens es am dargis kvalificiuri muSakebis miwo-
debaze? ra gavlenas axdens es xelfasze?
d) grafikze mocemuli informaciis daxmarebiT daamtkiceT, rom sinamdvileSi sazoga-
doeba orjer met mniSvnelobas aniWebs bavSvebis movlas, vidre varcxnilobas.

25
 $30
Dm

25
Dd
Sd
20

15 Sm

10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

nax. 12-1. sadalaqo momsaxurebisa da ZiZebis Sromis miwodeba da moTxovna

5
14. adam smits miaCnda, rom saSualo xelfasebi zogierTi saqmianobisTvis imitom aris Sedare-
biT dabali, rom am saqmianobiT dakavebuli ramdenime adamiani Zalian maRal xelfass iTxovs,
es maRali xelfasi ki am saqmianobisken Zalian bevr adamians izidavs. smitis azriT, upirve-
les yovlisa, es imitom xdeba, rom adamianebis umravlesobas warmodgena ara aqvs sakuTar
SesaZleblobebze. marTali iyo Tu ara smiti?
a) SenarCundeba Tu ara profesionali kalaTburTelebisa da fexburTelebis maRali
wliuri xelfasi, Tu maT saSualo xelfasebs CavrTavT kolejebis im moTamaSeTa xel-
fasebSi, romlebmac ver moaxerxes kolejidan profesionalur ligaSi gadasvla?
b) ekonomistebma stiven levitma da sadhir vekateSma gamoTvales, rom kokainis gam­
yidvelebis saaTobrivi anazRaureba naklebia, vidre qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo
mini­maluri xelfasi, ase rom, mraval maTgans SeuZlia aralegaluri xelfasis nacv-
lad legaluri Semosavali miiRos. ratom arian zogierTebi Tanaxma imuSaon aseT
saSinel pirobebSi legalur minimalur xelfasze nakleb fasad?
g) meril stripi da tom kruzi did xelfass iReben. rogor SeuZlia varskvlavebis xel-
fass Seqmnas aSS-Si msaxiobebisTvis maRali, saSualo da dabali medianuri xelfasi
(saSualo xelfasi aris yvela msaxiobis mTliani xelfasi, gayofili msaxiobebis ra-
odenobaze; medianuri xelfasi aris jgufis SuaSi myofi msaxiobebis xelfasi).
15. damqiraveblebsa da profkavSirebs Soris molaparakebebi zogjer mTavrdeba e.w. ordoniani
kontraqtebiT. `Zveli muSakebi~ iReben erT xelfass, xolo damwyebni – gacilebiT naklebs.
a) ramdenad momgebiania aseTi kontraqti Semdegi oTxi mxarisTvis: damqiraveblebi,
`Zveli muSakebi~, `axali muSakebi~, profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelebi?
b) romeli jgufisTvis iqneba aseTi ordoniani kontraqti momavalSi yvelaze ufro nak-
lebad sasargeblo?
16. iwvevs Tu ara xelfasis maRali done Zlieri profkavSirebis mqone iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa
avtomobilebis mSenebloba da metalurgia, xelfasebis zrdas iseT dargebSi, romlebSic Se-
darebiT dabali xelfasebia? Tu iwvevs, rogoria is procesebi, romelTa Sedegadac es xdeba?
Tu kontraqtebi, romlebic maRal xelfa­sebs gulisxmobs, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas
iwvevs, sad pouloben samuSaos is adamianebi, romlebic ar Sedian profkavSirebSi?
17. floridis StatSi, florid-loderdeilis santeqnikosebis profkavSirebis adgilobrivma
ganyofilebam ramdenime wlis win sakuTari surviliT 45%-iT Seamcira mciresarTuliani sa-
xlebis mSeneblobaze dakavebuli wevrebis saaTobrivi anazRaureba, xolo mravalsarTulia-
ni saxlebis mSeneblobaze dasaqmebul mSromelebs maRali ganakveTebi SeunarCuna. profkav-
Sirebis erT-erTma xelmZRvanelma ganacxada, rom es inflaciasTan brZolisa da saxlebis

26
 mflobelTa daxmarebis mizniT gakeTda. rogor fiqrobT, iyo Tu ara am gadawyvetilebis ki-
dev erTi mizezi is, rom am adgilas sakmao raodenobiT iyvnen iseTi mSromelebi, romlebic
Tanaxma iyvnen, emuSavaT orjer nakleb xelfasze, vidre amas profkavSirebi iTxovda? rogor
fiqrobT, ratom ar Seamcira profkavSirma mravalsarTuliani saxlebis mSeneblobaze dasaq-
mebulTa anazRaureba?
18. `rom ar gvqondes mZlavri profkavSirebi, gveqneboda aranormirebuli samuSao dRe, dabali
xelfasi, bavSvTa Sroma da Sromis saSiSi da mavne pirobebi. industriuli sistemis yvela es
naklovaneba aRmofxvril iqna profkavSirebSi gaerTianebuli mSromelebis mier, romlebic
sakuTar Sromas icaven~.
a) eTanxmebiT Tu ara gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi moyvanil am gancxadebas?
b) SegiZliaT Tu ara moifiqroT am mtkicebulebebis romelime nawilis Semowmebis saSu-
aleba?
19. JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli werilis avtori gakvirvebas gamoTqvams: `ra unda vuyoT im adamia-
nebis mzard raodenobas, romlebmac samuSao dakarges imis gamo, rom korporaciebi nergaven
axal, kapitaltevad teqnologiebs? raSi gvWirdeba es teqnologiebi, Tu isini Cvens gaRari-
bebas iwvevs?~
a) SegiZliaT daexmaroT avtors pasuxis gacemaSi?
b) im zrdasruli amerikelebis wili, romlebic erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen, ase-
Tia: 1970 wels – 57,4%, 1980 wels – 59,2%, 1990 wels – 62,7% da 1997 wels – 63,8%. adas-
turebs Tu ara zrdis es tendencia werilis avtoris azrs?
20. gazeTis korespondenti federaluri mTavrobis mier mozardebisTvis dawesebuli minimalu-
ri xelfasis Semcirebis Sesaxeb werda: `nebismieri damqiravebeli mzadaa ekonomia gaswios
yvelaferze. mas rom arCevani hqondes, is amjobinebda mSromelTa daqiravebas saaTSi 85 cen-
tiT naklebi xelfasiT~.
a) Tu mozardebis minimaluri xelfasi 85 centiT Semcirda, ratom amjobinebs zogierTi
damqiravebeli, romelic mzada, `ekonomia gaswios yvelaferze~, ar Seumciros mo-
zardebs xelfasebi?
b) ratom uxdis bevri damqiravebeli mozardebs (da sxvebsac) dadgenil minimalur xel-
fasze met Tanxas profkavSirebTan SeTanxmebis anda profkavSirebis Seqmnis safrTx-
is ararasebobis SemTxvevaSic ki?
g) igive korespondenti ar eTanxmeba imas, rom mozardebis minimaluri xelfasebis Sem-
cireba gamoiwvevs maTTvis xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis raodenobis zrdas:
`McDonald's-is restornebs sWirdebaT X momsaxure da swored aseTi iqneba iq dasaqmeb-
ulTa raodenoba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori iqneba maTi xelfasi~. eTanxmebiT Tu
ara amas? rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda, McDonald's iZulebuli rom yofiliyo per-
sonalisTvis saaTSi 9 dolari gadaexada? iqneboda Tu ara X mudmivi sidide?
21. rogor imoqmedebs kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri xelfasis mniSvnelovani zrda
a) profkavSirebSi Semaval mSromelebze;
b) mozardebze;
g) arakvalificiur mSromelebze.
22. `Sesadari Rirebuleba~ – aseTia im moZraobis saxelwodeba, romelic 80-ian wlebSi gaCnda,
raTa SesabamisobaSi moeyvana xelfasi da SromiTi momsaxurebis fardobiTi Rirebuleba. am
moZraobas, ZiriTadad isini uWeren mxars, vinc Tvlis, rom qalebi daumsaxurebel diskrimi-
nacias ganicdian samuSao Zalis bazarze. im samuSao adgilebis umravlesoba, romlebic maT
ukaviaT (mdivnebi, meddebi), `qalur~ adgilebad iTvleba. amis gamo maTi anazRaureba `Sesa-
dar Rirebulebaze~ naklebia. Sedareba am SemTxvevaSi im samuSao adgilebTan xdeba, romle-
bic ZiriTadad mamakacebs ukaviaT.

27
 $80

35

xelfasi (dolari saaTSi)

30
meddebis zRvruli Rirebuleba
saavadmyofosTvis

25

20
sanitaruli zRvruli Rirebuleba
saavadmyofosTvis

15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
nax. 12-2 saavadmyofos meddebisa da sanitrebis zRvruli Rirebuleba
10
a) SeuZlia Tu ara samuSao adgils hqondes mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirebule-
ba? SegiZliaT Tu ara gaixsenoT iseTi situacia, rodesac samuSao adgilis Rirebule-
ba konkretuli pirovnebisTvis misi RirebulebiT ar ganisazRvreboda?
b) warmoidgineT klinika, romelSic 20 eqimi, erTi medda da erTi laborantia. swori
iqneba Tu ara imis Tqma, rom am pirobebSi damatebiTi medda an damatebiTi laboranti
klinikisTvis ufro Rirebuli iqneba, vidre damatebiTi eqimi?
g) faseuloba an Rirebuleba, romelic gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, yo­
velTvis zRvruli faseuloba an Rirebulebaa. ratom aris ekonomikis fakultetis
mdivnis Rirebuleba meti, rodesac kandidati erTia, vidre rodesac rvaa? aRwereT is
situacia, romlis drosac mdivani ufro Rirebulia ekonomikuri fakultetisTvis,
vidre doqtoris diplomis mqone ekonomisti?
d) ratom ecdeba damqiravebeli, romelic me-9 TavSi moyvanil maqsimizaciis princips
misdevs (produqciis moculobis zrda, rodesac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul dana­
xarjebze metia, da, Semcireba, rodesac naklebia), gadauxados TiToeul mSromels is
xelfasi, romelic misi zRvruli Rirebulebis tolia? ras niSnavs mtkiceba, rom
damqiravebeli mSromelebs uxdis ufro naklebs, vidre maTi zRvruli Rirebulebaa?
23. 12-2 naxazze naCvenebia meddisa da sanitaris zRruli Rirebuleba saolqo saavadmyofoebisTvis.
a) ratomaa meddis Rirebuleba savadmyofosTvis saaTSi 80 dolari? ratomaa sanitris
Rirebuleba saaTSi 30 dolari? rogor fiqrobT, daavalebs Tu ara saavadmyofo med-
das Ramis qoTnebis gatanas, temperaturis gazomvas, an paciente­bisTvis saWmlis mi-
tanas, Tu amisTvis mas saaTSi 75 dolari unda gadauxdos?
b) davuSvaT, sanitrebi profkavSirSi erTiandebian da saavadmyofos SeuZlia, maT saa-
TSi 19 dolari gadauxados. ramden sanitars daiqiravebs saavadmyofo? rogori iqneba
sanitris zRvruli Rirebuleba?
g) davuSvaT, meddebi ar Sedian profkavSirSi da saavadmyofos SeuZlia maTi saaTSi 10
dolarad daqiraveba. ramden meddas daiqiraveben? rogori iqneba meddis zRvruli
Rirebuleba?
d) rogori iqneba am situaciaSi sanitrisa da meddis Sesadari Rirebuleba? asaxavs Tu
ara Sesadari Rirebuleba Sesrulebuli samuSaos mniSvnelobas?
e) gamoiyeneben Tu ara meddebs qoTnebis gasatanad, Tu maTi daqiraveba saaTSi 10

28
 dolarad SeiZleba? Tuki sanitrebs orjer meti unda gadauxadon vidre meddebs, vis
mosTxoven nagvis kalaTebis gatanas? ra movaleobebis Sesrulebas daavaleben sani-
trebs, Tu maT saaTSi 29 dolari unda gadauxadon? gaxdeba Tu ara sanitris momsa­
xurebis Rirebuleba samjer meti meddis momsaxurebis RirebulebasTan SedarebiT?
24. ratom daTanxmdebodnen meddebi saaTSi 10 dolarad emuSavaT?
a) ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli meddebis momsaxurebis miwodebis mrudi?
b) ukanasknel dromde meddis kvalifikaciiis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo klinikaSi sam-
wliani kursebis damTavrebis Sedegad, Tu klinikas sertifikatis gacemis ufleba
hqonda. dRes aucilebelia, rom meddas bakalavris wodeba hqondes. amisTvis man unda
daamTavros araorganuli da organuli qimiis, maTematikis, mikrobiologiis, enisa da
sociologiis Semswavleli kursebi. iwvevs Tu ara es mkacri moTxovnebi diplomire­
buli meddebis Rirebulebis zrdas maTi momavali damqiraveblebisTvis? iwvevs Tu
ara es meddebis miwodebis mrudis cvlilebas? aisaxeba Tu ara es meddebis zRvrul
Rirebulebaze?
25. ra xdeba, rodesac myidvelebi fasis mimRebebi ki ar arian, aramed fasis maZieblebi. davuSvaT,
mosaxleobaSi sareklamo gancxadebebs avrcelebT da 100 calis gavrcelebaSi 6,25 dolars
iRebT. teritoria Zalian didia da daqiravebulebis gareSe am amocanis Sesrulebas ver moaxer-
xebT. Tqveni potenciuri damxmareebi arian mezoblis bavSvebi. TiToeuli maTgani mzadaa, imuSa-
os erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi da daarigos 100 gancxadeba. ai, maTi minimaluri moTxovnebi:

alani $3
beti 3,5
Caki 4
dona 4,5
elmeri 5
frensi 5,5
jorji 6
hepzibahi 6,5

ramden mozards daiqiravebT, Tu Tqveni mizania mogebis maqsimizacia da yvela daqiravebu-

lisTvis erTi da imave xelfasis gadaxda?
a) rogori iqneba Tqven mier miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali damatebiTi mSromelis da­
qiravebisas?
b) rogori iqneba Tqveni zRvruli danaxarji damatebiTi mSromelis daqiravebisas, Tu
alans daiqiravebT? betis? Caks? Tu gsurT, rom zRvruli xarjebi ar aWarbebdes
zRvrul Semosavals, romeli mozardis daqiravebas SeZlebT?
g) warmoidgineT, rom didi saavadmyofo meddebTan mimarTebaSi msgavs situaciaSi aR-
moCnda. mas SeuZlia daiqiravos imdeni medda, ramdenic sWirdeba, magram damatebiTi
meddebisTvis ufro maRali xelfasebia saWiro. zogi Tanaxmaa mciredze imuSaos, zogi
– bevrad metze da a.S. arian iseTi meddebic, romlebic mxolod maRal xelfasze muSa­
obas Tanxmdebian. ratom SeiZleba es klinika aRmoCndes meddebis mudmivi naklebobis
winaSe? rogor unda moiqces klinika (daxmareba: ra zomebs mimarTaven gamyidvelebi,
rodesac damatebiTi gayidvebi bazars `afuWebs~)?
26. 23-e kiTxvaSi vivaraudeT, rom sanitrebis profkavSirs SeuZlia miaRwios saaTSi 19 dolarian
xelfass.
a) realuria Tu ara es, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac viciT sanitrebis momsaxurebis
moTxovnisa da miwodebis Sesaxeb?
b) ra unda gaakeTos profkavSirma, raTa sanitrebis xelfasi saaTSi 19 dolaris doneze
iqnas SenarCunebuli?

29
 g) ratomaa ufro advili saaTSi 19-dolariani xelfasis daweseba eleqtriko­sebis prof-
kavSirisTvis, vidre sanitrebis profkavSirisTvis?
d) ratomaa ase cota mbeWdavi da kancelariis muSaki gaerTianebuli profkavSirebSi?
e) ratom aRweven met warmatebas profkavSirebis organizebisa da xelfasis momatebis
saqmeSi kvalificiuri mSromelebi, romlebsac isedac didi xelfasebi aqvT?
27. unda iRebdnen Tu ara istoriisa da inglisuri enis maswavleblebi iseTsave xelfass, rogor-
sac bunebismetyvelebisa da maTematikis maswavleblebi?
a) davuSvaT, olqis mTavroba erTnairi staJis mqone yvela maswavlebels erTnair xel-
fass uxdis (miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel sagans aswavlis igi), rac istoriisa da ingli-
suri enis maswavleblebis siWarbesa da bunebismetyvelebisa da maTematikis maswavle-
blebis deficits iwvevs. mohyveba Tu ara amas xelfasebis diferenciacia?
b) rogor SeiZleboda erTdrouli deficitisa da siWarbis problemis gadawyve­ta ise,
rom bunebismetyvelebis da maTematikis maswavleblebisTvis ar gadagvexada ufro
meti, vidre istoriisa da inglisuri enis maswavleblebs vuxdiT?
g) ratom gadaiqca erTnairi xelfasis politika mraval skolaSi maTematikisa da bunebi-
smetyvelebis maswavleblebis deficitisa da, imavdroulad, istoriisa da inglisuri
enis maswavleblebis siWarbis mizezad? ra faqtorebi uwyobda amas xels moTxovnis
TvalsazrisiT? miwodebis TvalsazrisiT?
28. amerikel eqimTa asociaciis monacemebis mixedviT, ukanasknel wlebSi ojaxis eqimebis saSua-
lo Semosavali mcirdeboda, xolo eqimi-specialistebis Semosavlebi izrdeboda. yvelaze
ukeT saqme qirurgebs hqondaT da amJamad maTi saSualo xelfasebi TiTqmis orjer aRemateba
Terapevtebis Semosavlebs.
a) es sxvaoba mniSvnelovanwilad sxvadasxva samedicino momsaxurebis dazRvevis ga-
dasaxadebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebidan momdinareobs. Terapevtebis ameriku­li
sazogadoeba amtkicebs, rom dazRvevis gadasaxadebis ganakveTebi samarTliani araa.
rogor SeafasebdiT am gancxadebis samarTlianobas? rogor unda SevafasoT warmate­
buli qirurgiuli operaciis Sesadari Rirebuleba zusti diagnozisa da swori re-
ceptis dadgenis Sesadar faseulobasTan?
b) qirurgebi TavianT did Semosavlebs imiT xsnian, rom isini oTxi wliT mets swavloben,
vidre Terapevtebi. amarTlebs Tu ara damatebiTi oTxi wlis swavla ufro did Semo-
savlebs imiT, rom es swavla Zviri jdeba, Tu imiT, rom swavlebis damatebiTi wlebi
codnas zrdis da kvalifikacias amaRlebs?
29. aSS-Si mimdinare recesiis dros Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom erTi Tvis ganmavlo-
baSi 118000 saojaxo meurneoba daiSala.
a) ratom iwvevs recesia saojaxo meurneobebis gaqrobas?
b) ra daemarTa amis Sedegad ojaxebis saSualo Semosavlebs?
30. qvemoT moyvanil TiToeul magaliTSi ojaxis Semosavlebis zrdas ojaxis yvela wevri ufro
naklebi Semosavlebis mqone ojaxebis kategoriaSi gadahyavs. rogor xdeba es? niSnavs Tu ara
es imas, rom am adamianebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba uaresdeba? ojaxebis Semosavlebis Sesa-
xeb monacemebis analizis dros romeli mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi Cndeba amasTan dakavSirebiT?
a) moxuc col-qmars, romlebic Svilis ojaxTan erTad cxovrobs, umateben pensias, rac
maT calke cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevs.
b) col-qmari, gauTavebeli Cxubis miuxedavad, erTad cxovrebas ganagrZobs, vinaidan
cal-calke saxlebis Senaxva ar SeuZliaT. samsaxurSi dawinaurebisa da xelfasis gaz-
rdis Sedegad coli da qmari didi siamovnebiT Sordebian erTmaneTs da Tan TiTo Svi-
li mihyavT.
g) qirurg-orTopedis meuRle Tavs anebebs samuSaos, raTa saxls da bavSvebs mixedos,
misi colis saeqimo praqtikas ki Zalian didi Semosavali moaqvs.
31. rogor unda gaviTvaliswinoT naturaluri daxmareba im adamianebis Semosavlebis gamoTvli-
sas, romlebic socialuri uzrunvelyofis daxmarebebs iReben?
a) gonivruli iqneba Tu ara sasursaTo talonebis, binis qiris SeRavaTisa da ufaso sa­

30
 skolo sadilebis fuladi Rirebulebis CarTva im ojaxis SemosavlebSi, romelic dax-
marebas iRebs?
b) rogor gazrdida es maT Semosavlebs (daxmareba: ra girCevniaT – sxvebis mier Tqven­
Tvis SerCeuli nivTebiT savse kalaTa Tu am nivTebis fuladi ekvivalenti)?
g) avadmyofebisTvis gacemuli daxmareba mniSvnelovnad zrdis bevri moxucebuli
amerikelis keTildReobas. Tu moxucebuls utardeba ufaso operacia, romelic 5000
dolari Rirs, unda CavTvaloT Tu ara, rom misi Semosavali 5000 dolariT gaizarda?
32. xSirad gvesmis gamoTqma `dabalSemosavliani moxucebi~. ramdenad Raribebi arian moxucebi
aSS-Si?
a) ratom asaxavs 12-3 cxrilSi moyvanili Sesabamisi cifri arasrulad 65 welze meti asa-
kis adamianebis saSualo fardobiT Semosavals?
b) 1997 wels moxucebuli adamianebis mxolod 10,5 procenti imyofeboda siRaribis ofi-
cialur zRvars miRma, maSin roca 1959 wels es ricxvi 27%-s Seadgenda. Tqveni azriT,
rogor moxda es cvlileba?
g) ramdeni upiratesobis CamoTvla SegiZliaT, romliTac 65 welze meti asakis mqone
adamianebi sargebloben da romelic maTi Semosavlebis zrdas ar iwvevs?
33. 1997 wlamde sasursaTo talonebis erovnuli programa am programiT mocul yvela ojaxs yo-
velTviurad gansazRvruli raodenobis talons urigebda, rac maT kvebis produqtebis mini-
maluri raodenobis SeZenis saSualebas aZlevda. talonebis raodenoba damokidebuli iyo
ojaxis sidideze, magram ara Semosavalze. amasTan, Semosavlis mixedviT dadgenili iyo fasi,
rac ojaxs talonSi unda gadaexada: nulidan dawyebuli – yvelaze Raribi ojaxebisTvis, ta-
lonis sruli Rirebulebis 85%-iT damTavrebuli – im ojaxebisTvis, romlebsac didi Semo-
savlebi hqondaT. 1977 wels es sistema Seicvala sxva sistemiT, romlis mixedviTac, gacemuli
talonebis raodenoba damokidebuli iyo Semosavalze, magram talonebi ufasod rigdeboda.
1977 wels Catarebuli cvlilebebis sasargeblod ZiriTadad Semdegi mosazreba saxeldebo-
da: uzneobac rom ar iyos, absurdulia is, rom aiZulo Raribebi, sasursaTo talonebSi fuli
gadaixadon. iyo Tu ara es marTlac absurduli? rogori iyo am politikis Sedegebi?
a) davuSvaT, ojaxi, romlis Tviuri Semosavali 600 dolars udris, iRebs gadawyvetile-
bas, 300 dolari daxarjos sacxovrebelze, 200 dolari – kvebaze da 100 dolari – sxva
momsaxurebebSi. amis Semdeg mas aZleven 200 dolaris sasursaTo talonebs. ratom ar
SegviZlia imis winaswarmetyveleba, ramdens daxarjavs es ojaxi sacxovrebelze, kve-
basa da sxva saqonelze? ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs ojaxs?
b) Tu mTavrobas surs, rom Raribma ojaxma aucileblad isargeblos sasursaTo
talonebiT, raTa gaaormagos kvebis xarjebi, rogor unda miaRwios sasurvel Sedegs,
Tu ojaxs arCevans SeuzRudavs (Tu ojaxi talonebs yidis, ukanonoa, Tumca xSirad
asec xdeba)?
g) icxovrebs Tu ara ojaxi ukeTesad, Tu kvebisTvis sasursaTo talonebs gamoiyenebs,
xolo kvebisTvis gankuTvnil Tanxas sxva saWiroebebze daxarjavs? Tu saWiroa iZule-
ba, rom ojaxi mTavrobis mier nakarnaxev wess daemorCilos (romelic, SesaZloa, kvebis
specialistebis rCevebs emyareba)?
d) Tu mTavroba did subsidiebs aZlevs ganaTlebaze im kolejebs, romlebic eklesiebs
ekuTvnis, magram ar aZlevs fondebs religiuri ganaTlebis gaumjobese­bisTvis, uw­
yobs Tu ara amiT xels mecnierebis da ara religiis ganviTarebas?
e) Tu donori mzadaa, daafinansos loTebis konsultirebis saerTo saqvelmoqmedo kam-
pania, gaizrdeba Tu ara amiT fondebi, romlebic mis qalaqSi aseTi konsultaciebis­
Tvisaa gamoyofili?

34. xSirad amboben, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi fulis Sovnis stimulebs amcirebs.
a) Tqven rom zafxulSi gamomuSavebuli Tanxis 50%-is mTavrobisTvis gadaxda mogTxo-
von, mets imuSavebdiT Tu naklebs? daiwyebdiT Tu ara Tqveni Semosavlis gazrdis
xer­xebis Ziebas, Tanac ise, rom ar gazardoT fuladi Semosavali, romelic ibegreba?

31
 b) rogor imoqmedebs 50%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi (anu damatebiTi ga-
dasaxadebis fardoba damatebiT SemosavlebTan) im danaxarjebze, romlebic unda gai-
Ros eqimma sakuTari ZalebiT saxlis agebisTvis mSeneblebis daqiravebis nacvlad?
g) martoxela samSviliani deda ar muSaobs da TveSi iRebs 400 dolars socialuri dacvis dax-
marebis saxiT, 200 dolaris sasursaTo talonebsa da 100 dolaris ufaso samedicino dax-
marebas. mas 1000 dolarian samsaxurs sTavazoben. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am winadadebas daTanxm-
deba, dakargavs fuladi an naturaluri daxmarebebis miRebis uflebas. rogori iqneba
gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi mis xelfasze? unda daTanxmdes Tu ara SeTavazebas?
35. samTavrobo programebis mniSvnelovani nawili miznad isaxavs dabali Semosavlebis mqone
jgufebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. garda amisa, mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika sxva
dargebSi ise yalibdeba, rom dabali Semosavlebis mqone adamianebis interesebs ar Seexos.
aseTi politikis gasamarTleblad moyvanili argumentis Tanaxmad, es xels uwyobs Semosav-
lebis ufro samarTlian ganawilebas.
a) SegiZliaT Tu ara imis damtkiceba, rom miwodebisa da moTxovnis urTierT­
damokidebulebiT gansazRvruli Semosavlis aseTi ganawileba samarTliania? SegiZ­
liaT Tu ara imis damtkiceba, rom usamarTloa?
b) rogor gansazRvravdiT Semosavlebis ganawilebis samarTlianobas an usamarTlobas?
g) Tu wina SekiTxva zedmetad rTulia, maSin, iqneb SeZloT imis gansazRvra, Tu rogoria
Semosavlebis samarTliani (an nakleb usamarTlo) ganawileba?
d) arsebobs samarTlianobis Sefasebis ori sayovelTaod miRebuli, magram gansxvavebu-
li xerxi: erTi emyareba wesebs, meore ki – Sedegebs. Cveulebriv, TamaSs samarTliano-
bis wesebis safuZvelze ganvsazRvravT: iyo Tu ara wesebi naTlad Camoyalibebuli,
cnobili da dakanonebuli TamaSis dawyebamde, Semdeg ki – miukerZoeblad Sesruleb-
uli? TamaSis saboloo Sedegi CvenTvis misi samarTlianobis kriteriums ar warmoad-
gens. meore mxriv, rogorc wesi, ojaxSi sakvebis, tansacmlisa da sxva saqonlis ga-
nawilebas bavSvebs Soris misi Sedegebis safuZvelze vafasebT: iRebs Tu ara TiToeuli
bavSvi misTvis gamoyofil wils, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac bavSvebs Soris gan-
sxaveba aSkarad araTanaswor wils moiTxovs? cota vinme Tu Seafasebs bavSvebs Soris
ganawilebis samarTlianobas saqonlisTvis konkurenciis wesebis samarTlianobis
TvalsazrisiT.
am ori kriteriumidan romeli gamodgeba SemosavlebSi ganawilebis samarTli­anobisa da usa-
marTlobis SefasebisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebaSi? Cvens sazogadoebaSi?
36. TiTqmis yvela Cvengans erTxel mainc gamouyenebia termini `samarTliani xelfasi~. ras niS­
navs es? SeafaseT samarTliani xelfasis qvemoT CamoTvlili ganmartebebi. ras iTvaliswi-
nebs da ras ver iTvaliswinebs es ganmartebebi?
a) xelfasi, romelic asaxavs samuSaos sazogadoebriv Rirebulebas;
b) xelfasi, romelic asaxavs samuSaos siZneles, saSiSroebas da saerTo sirTules;
g) xelfasi, romelic Sesabamisad akompensirebs mSromelis mier kvalifikaciis amaR-
lebaze daxarjul drosa da Zalisxmevas;
d) xelfasi, romelic akmayofilebs mSromelis saWiroebebs;
e) xelfasi, romelic sakmarisia ojaxis arsebobisTvis;
v) xelfasi, romelic asaxavs damqiraveblis saqmianobis momgebianobas;
z) tradiciuli xelfasi;
T) xelfasi, romelic koleqtiuri molaparakebebis Sedegia;
i) erTiani xelfasi yvelasaTvis;
k) xelfasi, romelic daqiravebul mSromels samarTlianad miaCnia;
l) xelfasi, romlisac ar rcxvenia damqiravebels;
m) xelfasi, romlis Sedegadac dargSi arsebuli yvela samuSao adgili dakavebulia;
n) daqiravebulsa da damqiravebels Soris SeTanxmebuli xelfasi, roca orive mxare ad-
ekvaturadaa informirebuli.

32
 garegani efeqtebi da
sakuTrebis uflebaTa
konfliqti

e konomikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisad, pirovnebebi moqmedebis gezs maTi gadawyvetilebebisa-

gan mosalodneli zRvruli sargeblisa da zRvruli danaxarje­bis urTierTSedarebiT iRe-
ben. am gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad sxva adamianebis mier miRebul sargebelsa da danaxarjebs mxo­
lod maSin eniWeba mniSvneloba, rodesac es sargeb­eli da danaxarjebi gadawyvetilebis mimRebzec
moqmedebs. sazogadoebrivi proble­mebis farTo speqtris asaxsnelad amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

uaryofiTi da dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi

hari Tavaziani mZRolis nimuSia, nawilobriv imitom, rom sakuTar usafrTxoebas didad
afasebs, metwilad ki imitom, rom misi guli sikeTiTa da TavazianobiTaa savse. yovel dilas, 7
saaTsa da 45 wuTze, rodesac hari trasaze moZraobas iwyebs, mis ukan mimaval mZRolebs moZrao-
bis tempi uneldebaT. isini ver axdenen zemoqmedebas mis gadawyvetilebaze, vinaidan hari maT in-
teress mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs. is, rogorc wesi, arasdros fiqrobs maTze. moZraobis speciali-
stebs SeuZliaT gamoTvalon damatebiTi dro, romelsac TiToeuli is mZRoli xarjavs, romelic
haris ukan aRmoCndeba. am drois mZRolebis raodenobaze gamravlebis Sedegad irkveva, rom hari
metad mniSvnelovani figuraa. hari, romelic sikeTisa da Tavazianobis gansaxierebaa, sxva mZRo­
lebis didi danaxarjebis mizezi xdeba. imis gamo, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebisas hari am danaxar-
jebs ar iTvaliswinebs, ekonomistebi maT haris qmedebebis gare danaxarjebs anu uaryofiT gare-
gan efeqtebs uwodeben.

1200 avtomobilis marTvis drois TiTo wuTiT gazrda jamSi

mgzavrobis drois 20 saaTiT gazrdas iwvevs.

hari Zalian Sewuxdeboda, Tu gaigebda, rom is uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebis mizezia, magram
sruliad bednieri iqneboda, rom gaego, rom xSirad dadebiT garegan efeqtebs warmoqmnis. arse-
bobs sargebloba, romelsac gadawyvetilebis mimRebni ar iTvaliswineben. gasul zafxuls harim,
mezoblis xaTriT, Tavisi garaJi myvirala wiTeli saRebaviT SeReba, romelic TviTon naklebad
moswonda, (albaT gaxsovT, rogori yuradRebiania hari). harim icis, ra sargeblobas miiRebs misi
mezobeli (swored amitom moiqca ase). magram harim ar icis, rom misi wiTlad SeRebili garaJis
xilvisas gamvlelebic did siamovnebas iReben. maT mier miRebuli sargebeli dadebiTi garegani
efeqtia, vinaidan haris is sruliadac ar hqonda mxedvelobaSi, rodesac Tavis garaJs Rebavda.

33
 romel garegan efeqtebs warmoqmnis mozardis xmamaRla
CarTuli radiomimRebi sanapiroze – dadebiTs Tu uaryofiTs?

samwuxarod, arian iseTebic, vinc Tvalebs xuWavs haris garaJTan gavlisas, vinaidan misi dana­
xva ar siamovnebs. ase rom, haris namuSevari iwvevs rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT garegan
efeqtebs.
me-13 TavSi uaryofiT garegan efeqtebs ganvixilavT. me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT ramdenime sain-
tereso problemas, romelTac dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi iwvevs.

srulyofileba miuRwevadia
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas, mTavaria kargad gaviazroT, rom uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebis
mTlianad gamoricxva SeuZlebelia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom xdeba ase, ganvixiloT
rodnis magaliTi, romelic qalaqis gareubanSi cxovrobs da yoveldRe qalaqSi samuSaod moto-
cikliT miemgzavreba. dilis 6 saaTsa da 30 wuTze, is, yovelgvari cudi ganzraxvis gareSe, moto-
cikls qoqavs da rva mezobels aRviZebs, romlebic jer ilanZRebian, Semdeg ki meore gverdze ga-
dabrunebasa da Zilis gagrZelebas cdiloben. TiToeuli maTgani mzad iqneboda gadaexada 5
dolari, raTa yovel dilas, 6 saaTsa da 30 wuTze ar esmodes motociklis autaneli xmauri. rod-
nic mzad iqneboda, uxmaurod gaegorebina motocikli kviraSi Tundac 15 dolaris sanacvlod.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mezoblebi mzad iqnebodnen, xmauris Tavidan asacileblad, saerTo jam-
Si, 40 dolari gadaexadaT, rodni ki mzad iqneboda maT 15 dolarad „momsaxureboda“. magram isini
SeTanxmebas albaT ver miaRweven, vinaidan transaqciuli danaxarjebi Zalian didia.
albaT me-4 Tavidan gaxsovT, rom transaqciuli danaxarjebi mimwodebelsa da momxmarebels
Soris molaparakebebis momzadebis an SeTanxmebebis saoperacio danaxarjebia. transaqciuli da-
naxarjebi zogjer gamoricxavs iseT gacvlebs, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi ganxorcieldeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc rodnis, ise mezoblebis mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba, Tu TiToeu-
li mezobeli rodnis kviraSi 3 dolars gadauxdis, raTa daqoqvamde motocikli moSorebiT
daagoros, aucilebeli informaciis Segrovebis, gadasaxadebis akrefis da SeTanxmebebis Ses-
rulebis mTliani danaxarjebi, SesaZloa, meti iyos, vidre potenciuri sargebeli. ase rom,
araferi ar Seicvleba da garegani efeqtic arsebobas ganagrZobs.

garegani efeqtebis gaTvaliswineba

garegani efeqtebis aRmofxvrisTvis aucilebeli ar aris fuladi gadasaxadis arseboba. rod-

nim SeiZleba yuri mokras Wors (Worebi xSirad transaqciul danaxarjebs cvlis), rom 6 saaTsa da
30 wuTze misi gamgzavreba mezoblebs aRizianebs da Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba, ar daqoqos
motocikli, sanam kvartlis bolomde ar gaagorebs. SeuZlia gadawyvitos, rom mezoblebis gabra-
zebas urCevnia, ar daqoqos motocikli. magram jer unda darwmundes, rom is garegan efeqtebs
warmoSobs. rodesac amas daadgens, is `garegan efeqtebs gaiTvaliswinebs~, rac imas niSnavs, rom
mxedvelobaSi miiRebs maT da Semdeg gadawyvets, Tu rogor moiqces.
sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom rodni aseTi kargi biWi iyos. mas SeuZlia motocikli kvart-
lis boloSi gadaagoros mxolod imitom, rom gabrazebulma mezoblebma mis motocikls ano­
nimuri gancxadeba miakra, sadac ewera, rom is daazianebs motocikls, Tu rodni mas 7 saaTsa da 30
wuTze adre daqoqavs. es aseve iwvevs garegani efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas.
SeiZleba vinmem daurekos policias, raTa rodnis Seaxsenon, rom samuSao dReebSi motociklis
daqoqva 7 saaTsa da 30 wuTze adre akrZalulia. am SemTxvevaSi policielis viziti rodnis mier
garegani efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebas gamoiwvevs.
urbanizebul, industriul sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamians yoveldRiurad aTasobiT sxva ada-
mianTan urTierTqmedeba uwevs, uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebi swrafad mravldeba. civilizebu-
li adamianebi cdiloben, ar miaqcion yuradReba mraval garegan efeqts, romlebic maTze moq-
medebs da gaiTvaliswinon is winaswar ganusazRvreli danaxarjebi, romelTac maTi qmedeba
sxvebisTvis iwvevs. uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebis problemis gadawyvetis pirveli nabiji is gax-

34
lavT, rom Camoyalibdes TanagrZnobis, Tavazianobisa da urTierTmitevebis moqalaqeobrivi
Tvisebebi. civilizacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda im adamianebs Soris, romlebsac es Tvisebebi ar
gaaCniaT. Tu adamianebi daiwyeben yvelafris moTxovnas, risi uflebac, maTi azriT, aqvT, civili-
zacia omis gzas daadgeba. is, Tu rogor unda moxdes am Tvisebebis Casaxva an aRdgena iq, sadac
isini dakargulia, am wignis kompetencias scildeba. sxvaTa Soris, unda gvaxsovdes, rom yvela
sxva procesi, romlis ganxilvasac vapirebT garegani efeqtebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadaw-
yvetis mizniT, am Tvisebebis arsebobas gulisxmobs.

molaparakeba
uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebis problemebis Semcirebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli xerxi mo-
laparakebaa. adamianebi erTmaneTTan garigebebs deben. isini mzad arian, gawion garkveuli saqon-
lis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi, vinaidan is adamianebi, romlebsac am saqonlis
SeZena surT, maT am danaxarjebs unazraureben. swored amitomaa, rom bargis mzidavebi ar uCivian
TviTmfrinavebis xmaurs, xolo avtomeqanikosebi – tansacmelze gaCenil laqebs. ZaRlebis gasa-
seirnebeli moednis mflobeli Tavazianad aZlevs sxva adamianebis ZaRlebs Tavis moedanze imis
gakeTebis uflebas, rac sxva moqalaqeebis udides aRSfoTebas iwvevs.

molaparakeba gacvlis ormxriv momgebianobas iwvevs.

`Tavad gadawyviteT~ – gvamcnobs brZnuli rCeva. imis gamo, rom adamianebis gemovneba, unari da
cxovrebis pirobebi ase gansxvavebulia, maT xSirad SeswevT Zala, moilaparakon danaxarjebis
urTierTgacvlis Sesaxeb, rac molaparakebis TiToeuli monawilis mdgomareobas gaaumjobe-
sebs. ufro metic, sakiTxis `Tavad gadawyvetis~ aucilebloba stimuls aZlevs im adamianebs So-
ris TanamSromlobas, romlebic kargad icnoben yvela alternatiul SesaZleblobas. rodesac
adamianebs molaparakebebis warmoeba ar moeTxovebaT, isini xSirad iseT pozicias ikaveben,
romelsac sxvebisTvis didi danaxarjebis motana SeuZlia. magaliTad, imis nacvlad, rom
restoranSi moiTxovon magida, romelTanac Tambaqos boli ar miaRwevs, isini moiTxoven resto­
ran­Si mowevis akrZalvas, aRSfoTebiT miuTiTeben haerSi Tambaqos bolis umcires kvalze da avi-
wydebaT is saSiSi gamonabolqvebi atmosferoSi, romlebic Tavad Seqmnes restornisken manqaniT
mgzavrobisas.
albaT gacilebiT meti pativiscemiT ganvimsWvalebodiT garegani efeqtebis Sesamcireblad
gamiznuli molaparakebebis, sazogadoebrivi procedu­ris mimarT, rom SegvZleboda gamogvecno
im uamravi SemTxvevis gaTvaliswineba, romelTac sinamdvileSi vxvdebiT. Tu qalaqis WuWysa da
xmaurs ver eguebian, adamianebi centridan moSorebul raionebSi gadadian. visac qalaqis gareub-
nebi ar uyvars, sacxovreblad patara qalaqSi miaSurebs. visac sofeli ar uyvars, qalaqSi cxov-
robs. smenadaqveiTebuli adamianebi sacxovrebels aeroportis maxloblad irCeven. serfingis
moyvarulebi Tanamoazreebs pouloben da sakuTari surviliT gamoeyofian mocuraveebs, rom-
lebTan Sejaxebasac Tavi unda aaridon. visac sadilis Semdeg waZineba uyvars, yuris tamponebs
yidulobs 1 dolarad da 59 centad, ris Semdegac mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs mezoblis biWTan,
romlis motociklsac mayuCi ara aqvs. srul kmayofilebas yvela maTgani rodi ganicdis. magram
nebayoflobiTi gacvla amcirebs mTlian danaxarjebs, romlebic garSemomyofT Tavs maTi nebis
gauTvaliswineblad moaxvies.
magram, molaparakebebi efeqtiani ver iqneba, Tu sakuTrebis uflebebi mkafiod ar aris Camo­
yalibebuli. nebismieri nebayoflobiTi gacvla kargad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi muSaobs, rodesac
masSi CarTuli yvela monawile eTanxmeba imas, Tu vis ra ekuTvnis. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sa-
kuTrebis uflebebis dazustebis aucilebloba erTaderTi winaaRmdegobaa yovelmxriv misaRebi
SeTanxmebis gzaze.
davuSvaT, smiti da brauni davoben maT samflobeloebs Soris arsebuli sazRvris orfuntiani
monakveTis gamo. am sakiTxs didi mniSvneloba ar eqneboda, vinaidan orives am adgilas yvavilebis
gaSeneba surs, magram saqme isaa, rom brauns petuniebi uyvars, smits ki kvirisTava urCevnia. vi-
dre ar gadawydeba, Tu vis ra ekuTvnis, arc erTi maTgani yvavilebs ar gaaxarebs da nakveTze
sarevela darCeba.

35
 cxadad gansazRvruli sakuTrebis uflebebi molaparakebis safuZvels qmnis.

Tu amis Semdeg, isini daiqiraveben miwismzomels, romelic daamtkicebs, rom sadavo zoli
smits ekuTvnis, maSin bolosdabolos iq yvavilebi gaixarebs. amasTan, sruliadac ar aris aucile-
beli, rom es kvirisTavebi iyos. Tu zustad iqneba gansazRvruli, rom es zoli smits ekuTvnis da
masve ekuTvnis ufleba, moiyvanos is, rac surs, brauns SeuZlia misgan es ufleba iyidos. braunis
siyvaruli petuniebis mimarT SesaZloa iseTi didi aRmoCndes, rom man smits weliwadSi 25 dola­
ri SesTavazos, raTa sadavo zolSi yvavilebis gaxarebis ufleba moipovos. Tu smiti amjobinebs
25 dolars da petuniebs, maSin am zolze petuniebi gaifurCqneba.

garegani efeqtebis Semcireba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze

miwismzomlis xsenebiT SevexeT garegani efeqtebis Semcirebisken mimarTul kidev erT
mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv proceduras – sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, anu im
gadawyvetilebis miRebis process, Tu sinamdvileSi vis risi ufleba aqvs. adamianebi ver moa­
xerxebdnen uflebebis gacemis saSualebiT sakuTari ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobese-
bas, Tu darwmunebulni ar arian, sakuTar uflebebSi. sakuTrebis naTlad gansazRvruli
uflebebi ar gaxlavT warmatebuli molaparakebebis sakmarisi piroba, magram, udavod,
aucilebeli pirobaa.
sakuTrebis uflebebi, romlebic Tavidan naTlad da gasagebad Camoayalibe­s, garemo piro-
bebis cvlilebis gamo, SeiZleba ganusazRvreli da bundovani Seiqnes. magaliTad, aslebis gadam-
Rebi iafi teqnikis ganviTarebam mravali gaugebroba warmoSva imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu risi gay-
idvis imedi unda hqondeT saavtoro uflebebis mepatroneebs, mxedvelobaSi miviRebT ra im
SesaZleblobebs, rac wignis TiToeuli mflobelis winaSe iSleba. rodesac garemoebebis cvli-
leba erT dros SeTavsebad uflebebs SeuTavsebeblad aqcevs, am konfliqtis gadawyvetis erTad-
erT gzad sasamarTlo ganxilva rCeba.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba naTlad gansazRvravs

sakuTrebis uflebebs.

termins – `sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotana~ – problemis swored imgvari gadawyve-

tisTvis gamoviyenebT, romelic miwismzomelma uzrunvelyo – gadawyvetilebisa, romelic
gansazRvravs, vis ra ufleba ekuTvnis. miwismzomelma sakuTrebis sakiTxi gamoZiebis gziT gadaW-
ra da ara arCevanis gziT. braunsa da smits rom moelaparakaT da sadavo sakiTxi monetis agdebiT
(gerbi da safasuri) gadaewyvitaT, isini daeyrdnobodnen im proceduras, romelic arafers
arkvevs da ubralod sakuTrebis uflebas qmnis. sakuTrebis uflebis Seqmnasa da garkvevas Soris
arsebuli gansxvaveba metad mniSvnelovania, vinaidan garkveva, anu sasamarTlo ganxilva, mimar-
Tulia molodinis uwyvetobis SenarCunebisaken.
me-12 Tavis bolos xazi gavusviT stabiluri molodinis mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis wevrebis
efeqtiani erToblivi saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad. rodesac molodini radikalurad icvleba,
radikalurad icvleba moTxovnasa da miwodebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebic. es, Tavis
mxriv, yvela saxis qmedebis fardobiTi danaxarjebisa da sargeblobis gauTvaliswinebel cvli-
lebebs iwvevs da, amgvarad, miwodebisa da moTxovnis damatebiTi cvlilebebis mizezi xdeba.
mokled rom vTqvaT, Tu aravin icis ra aris mosalodneli, maSin aravin icis, Tavad rogor moiqces
an ras gaakeTeben sxvebi. amis Sedegad iwyeba qaosi. stabiluri molodini kidev erTi movlenaa,
romlis mniSvnelobas ver vacnobierebT, radgan ver vamCnevT, rogor funqcionirebs sazogadoe-
ba, rodesac is kargad funqcionirebs.

momCivani binaTmflobelobis SemTxveva

SegviZlia kidev erTxel gamoviyenoT aeroportis magaliTi, raTa davadginoT sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebis mniSvneloba, anu sakuTrebis uflebis gamorkvevisa da ara Seqmnis sakiTxi.
msxvili aeroportidan aTi miliT daSorebuli, magram zustad mTavari asafreni zolis qveS mde-

36
bare saxlis mflobelma, pol saim, rodesac TviTmfrinavis xmauri Zils daufrTxobs, SesaZloa,
CaTvalos, rom kompensacias imsaxurebs. is gadawyvets, rom aeroportma an aviakompaniam garkveu-
li Tanxa unda gadauxados mas imaSi, rom SesaZleblobas arTmeven, gamoiyenos sakuTari saZine-
beli oTaxi Zilisa da Zalebis aRdgenisTvis. poli garegani efeqtebis, masze Tavsmoxveuli dan-
axarjebis msxverplia. amitom is aRZravs sarCels kompensaciis moTxovniT.
unda miiRos Tu ara polim kompensacia? davuSvaT, polim saxli iqamde SeiZina, sanam iq aero-
portis agebas ganizraxavdnen, ase rom, aravis SeuZlia imis Tqma, TiTqos is icnobda situacias,
rodesac saxli SeiZina da kompensacia miiRo dabali gasayidi fasis saxiT. unda gadauxadon Tu
ara polis kompensacia?

mgzavrobis fasi

moTxovna zRvruli danaxarjebi

xmauris gadasaxadis
CaTvliT

zRvruli danaxarjebi

mgzavrebis raodenoba

problema isaa, rom arsebobs saxlebis aTasobiT mflobeli aseve dasabuTebuli moTxovnebiT.
Tu erT-erTi maTgani kompensacias miiRebs, maSin sxvebmac unda miiRon. magram, Tu yvela miiRebs
kompensacias, maSin aeroportebs eqnebaT didi danaxarjebi, romelTac aviakompaniebi mgzavre-
bze gadaanawileben bileTebis gazrdili fasis saxiT.
erTi SexedviT, aseTi Sedegi TiTqos sakmaod samarTliani gveCveneba. gazrdili fasebi mgza-
vrebs aiZulebs, gawion danaxarjebi, rac maT mgzavrobasTan dakavSirebul xmaurs, rogorc
Tanamdev produqts, moaqvs. magram Cndeba axali problema. garegani efeqtebi yvelgan warmoiqm-
neba. saWiroa Tu ara maTi gamosworeba? unda miiRon Tu ara saxlis mflobelebma kompensacia av-
tomobilebis moZraobis gamo, romlebic maT saxlebs Cauqroleben, babuawverebis gamo, romle-
bic maTi mezoblis baRSi izrdeba, `suvenirebis~ gamo, romlebsac ZaRlebi toveben, mezoblis
bavSvebis xmauris gamo, gazonebis eleqtrosakreWebis xmauris gamo, wablis xis gamo, romelic
maxloblad izrdeba da xeds faravs, an, piriqiT, fanjrebs aRar Crdilavs, vinaidan misma mepa-
tronem totebi SeaWra, raTa mezoblisTvis xedi ar gaefuWebina? saxlebis mflobelebs rom movi-
madlierebT, mogviwevs kompensaciebis gacema qveiTad mosiaruleebisTvis, romelTa didi nawil-
ic iseTsave arakompensirebul danaxarjebs ganicdis, rogorc saxlis mepatroneebi. srulyofili
samyaros SeqmnisTvis Cveni Zalisxmevis damasrulebel etapze, albaT, mogviwevs jarimebis dawe-
seba uxasiaTo adamianebisTvis, raTa gadavuxadoT kompensacia imaT, visac isini aRizianeben.
amis gakeTeba, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. arsebobs uamravi garegani efeqti, romelTa Sesabamisi
kompensaciebis gansazRvra metad rTulia. xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneba im mimarTulebis
gansazRvrac ki, romliTac kompensacia unda gaices. magaliTad, gana kanonieri ar iqneba ja-
rimebis daweseba Tavneba adamianebisTvis, raTa kompensacia gadavuxadoT Wirveulebs, vis grZno-
bebsac isini Seuracxyofen? vin Tqva, rom Tavnebebi uaresebi arian, vidre Wirveulebi?

precedentebis mniSvneloba
ukve mzad varT, pasuxi gavceT kiTxvas: unda miiRos Tu ara aviamgzavrebisagan kompensacia
pol saim, romelic flobs saxls aeroportidan 10 milis daSorebiT im uxerxulobisTvis, rasac
is ganicdis imave frenebis Sedegad, romelsac mgzavrebisTvis sargebloba moaqvs? Cveni pasuxi
aseTia: Zalian Zneli da, albaT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda amis praqtikulad ganxorcielebadi da,
amave dros, samarTliani xerxis moZebna. magram dasawyisSi Cven ori kiTxva davsviT. meore kiTxva

37
aseTi iyo: miiReben Tu ara aseT garemoebebSi kompensacias saxlis mflobelebi? am kiTxvas TiTq-
mis yovelgvari eWvis gareSe SeiZleba gaeces pasuxi – ara. sasamarTloSi am problemis ganxilvi-
sas gamoikvlevdnen, ra uflebebiT sargebloben mxareebi da, sabolood, binaTmflobelebi Tavis
sasargeblod Zalian cota mtkicebulebas Tu moiSveliebdnen. TiTqmis darwmunebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba iseTi iqneboda, rom binaTmflobelebi da isini, vinc
saaviacio biznesiTaa dakavebuli, im molodinis safuZvelze moqmedebdnen, rom aseTi kompensa-
cia ar unda iqnas gadaxdili. aseTi molodini binaTmflobelebisa da aviakompaniebis Sesabamisi
sakuTrebis uflebebis niSania.
imis `damtkicebac~ ki SegveZlo, rom aeroportidan aTi miliT daSorebuli saxlebis mflobe-
lebs ara aqvT xmaurisTvis kompensaciis miRebis kanonieri ufleba, risTvisac mxolod imas
vaCvenebdiT, rom asafreni zolis qveS moqceuli saxlebis sabazro fasi mkveTrad gaizrdeboda,
Tuki sasamarTlo binaTmflobelebis sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas miiRebda. es iqneboda mou-
lodneli movlena, romelic binaTmflo­belebs mogebas, aviakompaniebis aqciebis mflobelebs ki
zarals moutanda. saxlebis fasebis aseTi moulodneli cvlileba imis naTeli dadastureba iqne-
boda, rom adamianebi, aseTi kompensaciis gadaxdas ar elodnen da amitom sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebam Seqmna sakuTrebis ufleba, romelic adre ar arsebobda.

10000 3000

futi futi

aqve unda aRvniSnoT erTi ram, rac kidev erTxel daadasturebs Cvens Tvalsazriss. Tu am Sem-
Txvevis ganxilvisas mosamarTle binaTmflobelebis mxares daiWerda, maSin am saxlebis fasi um-
niSvnelod gaizrdeboda, vinaidan maT momaval myidvelebs gaafrTxilebdnen, rom mosamarTle
Secda gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas da es gadawyvetileba, savaraudod, apelaciis Semdeg gauqm-
deba. Secdoma ar unda xdebodes, rodesac gadawyvetilebebi qmnis uflebebs. Secdoma SesaZlebe-
lia mxolod maSin, rodesac cdiloben gaarkvion, romeli uflebebi arsebobs sinamdvileSi da,
aqedan gamomdinare, romelma maTganma unda gadawyvitos saqmis bedi.
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamotana, an arsebuli uflebebis dadgenis mcdeloba da mow-
idaaRmdege mxareebs Soris konfliqtebis gadawyveta, yovelTvis moulodneli gadawyvetile-
bebisa da movlenebis Tavidan acilebis survilTanaa dakavSirebulia. is dakavSirebulia sa-
kuTrebis uflebebis mimarT uTanxmoebebis mowesrigebasTan yvelaze saimedo molodinis
gamyarebisa da xelSewyobis gziT. amgvarad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamotana aris cvla­
di garemoebebis pirobebSi molodinis uwyvetobis SenarCunebis mcdeloba. xolo stabiluri
molodini, kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT, nebismier did, rTul sazogadoebaSi efeqtiani erToblivi
qmedebebis safuZvelia.

radikaluri cvlilebebis problema

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamotana garegani efeqtebisadmi evoluciuri midgomaa. ma-
gram zogjer cvlilebebi araevoluciuri gziT xdeba. rodesac iseTi movlenebis winaSe aR-
movCndebiT, rom dadgenili principebi da meTodebi arasakmarisia, sasamarTlo garCeva saqmes
ver Svelis. teqnologiur progress xSirad mivyavarT swraf cvlilebebamde. Tovlmavlebi,
pestici­debi, radarebiT aRWurvili veSapmWeri gemebi, antinikotinebi, atomuri reaqtorebi – ai,
bolo xans warmoqmnili mravali magaliTidan mxolod zogierTi. rodesac teqnolo­ giuri
siaxleebi radikalurad zrdis uaryofiT garegan efeqtebs, am problemis gadasaWrelad xSirad
saWiro xdeba axali kanonebis miReba.
sakuTrebis uflebebis xelaxali gansazRvris saWiroeba Semosavlebis zrdiTacaa ganpirobe-
buli. arcTu ise didi xnis win amerikelebs Soris SeTanxmebac ki arsebobda imis Sesaxeb, rom
sazogadoebisTvis sawarmoo nagavsayreli ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre atmosferosTvis mis-
gan miRebuli zarali. Cveni kanonebisa da wes-Cveulebebis Tanaxmad, atmosfero yvelas sakuTre-
baa da amitom arc aravis ekuTvnis, ase rom, sawarmoebis mepatroneebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT

38
gamoiyenon is sawarmoo narCenebis Tavidan mosacileblad. adamianebs SeeZloT sawarmoebidan
Sors wasvla da iq dasaxleba, an saxlis yidva sawarmos maxloblad, Tuki sufTa haeris sunTqvis
xarjze ekonomiis gaweva surdaT. amasobaSi sawarmoebi atmosferos gamonabolqviT abinZurebdnen
da danaxarjebs dabal doneze inarCunebdnen, rac maTi produqciis moculobis zrdis saSuale-
bas iZleoda. magram viTareba Seicvala. saqoneli, romelsac sawarmoebi qmnian, dRes gacilebiT
didi raodenobiTaa xelmisawvdomi da mravali adamiani mas nakleb zRvrul Rirebulebas aniWebs.
rodesac sufTa haersa da lurj zecas ufro met zRvrul Rirebulebas vaniWebT, maT Cvens
uflebad aRviqvamT. garemos am produqtze sakuTar uflebebs warvadgenT da sxvebisgan viTxovT,
Sewyviton maTi im saxiT moxmareba, rac xels SegviSlis, visiamovnoT Cveni sakuTrebiT. Cndeba
axali wesebis saWiroeba, vinaidan axal viTarebaSi Zveli wesebi gamousadegari xdeba.

garegani efeqtebis Semcireba kanonmdeblobis meSveobiT

kanonmdebloba cxadad gansazRvravs sakuTrebis

uflebebs, risTvisac maT TviTonve qmnis.

axali kanonebis Seqmnas kanonmdeblobas vuwodebT. sasamarTlo gadawyveti­lebebis miRebasa

da kanonmdeblobas Soris sazRvari sinamdvileSi iseTi mkafio ar aris, rogorc aqaa warmodge-
nili, magram am gansxvavebas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan kanonmdeblobas cvlilebebi
Seaqvs sakuTrebis arsebul uflebebSi, xolo TamaSis wesebis Secvla yovelTvis samarTlianobis
problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli da xSirad qcevis seriozul koreqtirebas iwvevs. im sazogadoe-
bis winaSe, romelsac garegani efeqtebis Semcireba surs, dgas sakmaod rTuli amocana – kanonebi
imgvarad Camoayalibos, rom Tavidan aicilos usamarTloba da minimumamde Seamciros miznis miR-
wevis danaxarjebi. yuradRebas meore kriteriumze vamaxvilebT ara imitom, rom is ufro mniS-
vnelovania, aramed imitom, rom ekonomikur Teoriebs gacilebiT metis Tqma SeuZliaT danaxar-
jebis minimizaciis Sesaxeb, vidre samarTlianobis maqsimizaciis Sesaxeb.
rogorc ukve SeamCnieT, mravali socialuri problema, romelsac `dabinZure­bas~ vuwodebT,
SeiZleba uaryofiT garegan efeqtad CaiTvalos. adamianebi imitom ki ar abinZureben atmosferos
an wyals, rom aseT garemoSi cxovreba urCevniaT, aramed imitom, rom amas maTi sxva qmedebebis,
magaliTad, manqanis marTvis an gasayidi produqciis Seqmnis gardauval Sedegad Tvlian. isini ar
aqceven yuradRebas damatebiT danaxarjebs, vinaidan isini mniSvnelovnad ar miaCniaT. manqanis
mflobelebi ganagrZoben manqanebiT mgzavrobas da aWuWyianeben haers, vinaidan, maTi azriT, av-
tobusiT mgzavroba ufro mouxerxebelia. isini yuradRebas ar aqceven im faqts, rom aWuWyiane-
ben haers, romliTac aTasobiT adamiani sunTqavs. miuxedavad amisa, am problemis TiToeuli
monawile ise iqceva, TiTqos manqanis tarebisgan miRebuli sargebloba aWarbebs im mcire damate-
biT danaxarjebs, rac maT qmedebas moaqvs am regionis mcxovreblebisTvis. Sedegi SeiZleba sa-
bedisweroc aRmoCndes. gamosavali, rogorc Cans, axali kanonmdeblobis daxmarebiT am garegani
efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebaa.

garemos dabinZurebis Semcirebis mizniT `brZanebisa da kon-

trolis~ meTodis gamoyeneba arakoreqtuli midgomaa.

garegani efeqtebis problemisadmi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli midgomaa erTiani Sez-

Rudvebis dadgena – `ubrZane da akontrole~. konkretuli TariRis Semdeg aravis aqvs ufleba,
haerSi an wyalSi gauSvas konkretuli nivTierebis konkretul raodenobaze meti. es midgoma,
Cveulebriv, ar iwvevs dabinZurebis Semcirebis danaxarjebis minimizacias. is ugulebelyofs sx-
vadasxva meTodebs, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia mocemuli miznis miRweva da mwarmoeb-
lebs umcirebs stimuls, yvelaze iafi alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis mosaZebnad da dasaner-
gad. aq gamoviyenebT yvelaze martiv magaliTs, raTa vaCvenoT dabinZurebis kontrolis is
principi, romelic met Seswavlas imsaxurebs.

39
danaxarjebis minimizacia
davuSvaT, qalaq arkadias haeris dabinZurebis mizezs sami qarxana warmoadgens: A, B, B da C. 13-1
cxrilSi naCvenebia TiToeuli qarxnis mier yovelTviurad gamonabolqvi mavne nivTierebebis ra-
odenoba, agreTve gamonabolqvis Tavidan acilebis danaxarjebi TiToeuli qarxnisTvis.
axla davuSvaT, rom garemos dacvis saagentom gadawyvita, saSiSi gamonabolqvis raodenobis
TveSi 90000 erTeulidan 45000-mde Semcireba. ratom ar SeiZleba es nulamde Semcirdes? – ikiT­
xavT Tqven. imitom, rom garemos dacvis saagentos varaudiT, gamonabolqvis nulamde Semcirebis
danaxarjebi meti iqneba, vidre aqedan miRebuli sargebeli. aq ar SevudgebiT imis garCevas, Tu
rogor daadgina garemos dacvis saagentom es monacemebi da ubralod davuSvebT, rom gada­
wyvetileba miRebul iqna yvelaze sruli samecniero informaciisa da arkadiis macxovrebelTa
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cven ki gvsurs miznis miRwevis saukeTeso gzis Cveneba.

gamonabolqvi arkadiaSi
cxrili 13-1

yovelTviuri gamonabolqvebis Tavidan

gamonabolqvis acilebis danaxarjebi
raodenoba yovel erTeulze
A qarxana 15,000 erTeuli 1 dolari
B qarxana 30,000 erTeuli 2 dolari
C qarxana 45,000 erTeuli 3 dolari

miznis miRwevis mravali gza arsebobs. garemos dacvis saagentos SeeZlo aekrZala TiToeuli
qarxnisTvis TveSi 15,000 erTeulze meti gamonabolqvis gamoyofa. es B qarxanas aiZulebda, gamo­
nabolqvis raodenoba 15,000 erTeuliT Seemcirebina, rac am qarxnis xarjebs 30,000 dolariT gaz-
rdida. C qarxanas mouwevda gamonabolqvis 30,000 erTeuliT Semcireba, rac mis xarjebs 90,000
dolariT, xolo mTlian xarjebs 120,000 dolariT gazrdida.
A: $1X0=$0
B: $2X15,000=$30,000
C: $3X30,000=$90,000
alternatiulad, garemos dacvis saagentos SeeZlo, TiToeuli qarxnisTvis daevalebina gamo­
nabolqvis raodenobis ganaxevreba. A qarxanas gadaexada 7,500 dolari, raTa gamonabolqvi 7,500
erTeuliT Seemcirebina, B qarxanas unda gadaexada 30,000 dolari, raTa gamonabolqvi 15,000 er-
TeuliT Seemcirebina, xolo C qarxanas unda gadaexada 67,500 dolari, raTa gamonabolqvi 22,500
erTeuliT Seemcirebina. mTliani xarji 105,000 dolaris toli iqneboda, anu am gziT miznis miR-
wevas naklebi xarjebi dasWirdeboda.
A: $1X7,500=$7,500
B: $2X15,000=$30,000
C: $3X22,500=$67,500
kidev ufro naklebi xarjebi iqneboda saWiro, garemos dacvis saagentos TiToeuli qarxnisTvis
gamonabolqvis 15,000 erTeuliT Semcireba rom daevalebina. maSin A qarxanas unda gadaexada 15,000
dolari gamonabolqvis 15,000 erTeulisTvis. B qarxanas unda gadaexada 30,000 dolari, raTa Tavisi
gamonabolqvi gaenaxevrebina. C qarxanas unda gadaexada 45,000 dolari, raTa Tavisi gamonabolqvi
erTi mesamediT Seemcirebina. aseTi gadawyvetileba arkadias mxolod 90,000 dolari daujdeboda.
A: $1X15,000=$15,000
B: $2X15,000=$30,000
C: $3X15,000=$45,000
aq, rogorc xedavT, mTliani xarjebi TandaTan iklebs: A qarxnisaTvis, romelsac gamonabolq-
vis erTi erTeuliT Semcireba 1 dolari ujdeba, gamonabolqvis Semcirebis xarjebi izrdeba,
xolo C qarxnisaTvis, romlisTvisac es ricxvi 3 dolars udris, gamonabolqvis Semcirebis dan-
axarjebi mcirdeba. ase rom, Tu Cvens mizans gamonabolqvis saerTo donis minimalur xarjebamde

40
Semcireba warmoadgens, maSin mTeli pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros A da B qarxnebs? Tu gare-
mos dacvis saagento nebas darTavs C qarxanas, akeTos is, rasac akeTebs, A da B qarxnebs ki ga­
monabolqvis Semcirebas mosTxovs, miznis miRwevis mTliani xarjebi 75,000 dolaramde Semcird-
eba.
A: $1X15,000=$15,000
B: $2X30,000=$60,000
C: $3X0=$0
ratomac ara? aseTi midgomis usamarTloba albaT imis mizezi gaxdeba, rom xarjebs mxolod A A
da B qarxnebs ar daakisreben. ama Tu im miznis miRwevisas, xarjebis minimizacia ar gaxlavT mTav-
robis erTaderTi sazrunavi. mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebis Sesafaseblad samarTlianobac mniS-
vnelovani kriteriumia. efeqtianobisTvis, rogorc Cans, arkadiaSi ufro mcire dabinZurebis
gamomwvevi metad unda daisajos, vidre didi dabinZurebis gamomwvevi. airCevs Tu ara garemos
dacvis saagento aseT midgomas?

kidev erTi midgoma: garemos dabinZurebis dabegvra

modiT, cota xniT gadavdoT bolos dasmuli sakiTxi da problemis Seswavla ganvagrZoT. davuS-
vaT, garemos dacvis saagentom ar icis, rogoria dabinZurebis erTi erTeuliT Semcirebis xarjebi
dabinZurebis TiToeuli wyarosTvis. ramdenime mizezis gamo, es gacilebiT ufro axlosaa sinamd-
vilesTan, vidre Cveni wina daSveba. TviTon dambinZureblebma yvelaze ukeT uwyian sakuTari xar-
jebis Sesaxeb, magram maT aqvT imis stimulebi, rom, sazogadoebis da garemos dacvis saagentos
mier maT mimarT wayenebuli braldebebis sapasuxod, gaazviadon sakuTari danaxarjebi. ufro met-
ic, gazviadeba gansakuTrebul usindisobad ver CaiTvleba, vinaidan aravis SeuZlia, zustad Seafa-
sos xarjebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac adre ar gakeTebula. Cveulebrivi keTilgoniereba moiTxovs,
rom es xarjebi didad Sefasdes, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ufro gazrdili Sefaseba imas
niSnavs, rom xarjebis dakisrebis albaToba iklebs. dasasruls, imis miuxedavad, rom danaxarjebis
Semcireba, Cveulebriv, gamokvlevisa da eqsperimentis saSualebiT SeiZleba, aravis ZaluZs gamokv-
levisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis winaswarmetyveleba. romeli gadawyvetilebaa yvelaze iafi,
rodesac garemos dacvis saagento informaciis aseT naklebobas ganicdis?
garemos dacvis saagento mravali ekonomistis mowonebas daimsaxurebda, aseT situaciaSi
dabinZurebis erTeulze gadasaxadi rom SemoeRo da Semdeg TiToeuli dambinZureblisTvis neba
daerTo, moexdina imgvari reagireba, rogorsac TviTon CaTvlida saWirod. Tu mzad xarT
dagveTanxmoT, rom dabinZureba garegani efeqtia, romelsac misi mwarmoebeli ar ganicdis, maSin
im saqmianobis dabegvra, romelic dabinZurebis wyaros warmoadgens, savsebiT sworia. Tu Sesa-
Zlebelia raime gziT damabinZurebeli nivTierebis erTeulze iseTi gadasaxadis daweseba, ro-
melic garegani efeqtis erTeulis toli iqneba, maSin es xarjebi unda daawves imas, vinc am
dabinZurebas iwvevs da amiT sargeblobas iRebs.
Tu, amasTanave, dabinZurebis gamomwvevi saqmianobis gagrZeleba metad ZviradRirebuli saqme aR-
moCnda, is Sewydeba, rogorc yvela im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqmi­ano­bis xarjebi misgan miRebul sarge-
belze metia. Tu gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavali kvlav aWarbebs xarjebs, maSin dabinZurebis
gamomwvevi saqmianoba gagrZeldeba, Tumca Semcirebuli masStabiT, vinaidan is ufro did xarjebTan
iqneba dakavSirebuli. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebiT amoRebuli Tanxebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnas maTi kompensirebisaTvis, vis keTildReobazec garegani efeqtebi moqmedebs.
davuSvaT, garemos dacvis saagento Tavs ikavebs imisgan, rom TiToeul qarxanas dauwesos
gamo­nabolqvebis Semcirebis konkretuli raodenoba da ubralod avalebs, rom gamonabolqvis
TiToeul erTeulze yovelTviurad 2,01 dolari gadaixados. am SemTxvevaSi yvela qarxana Tana-
bar mdgomareobaSia, rac samarTliani gveCveneba. rogor moiqcevian qarxnebi? A qarxanas SeuZlia
gadawyvitos, rom misTvis ufro iafi iqneba, Tu gamonabolqvs mTlianad aRmofxvris da ga-
dasaxads ar gadaixdis. SesaZloa B qarxanamac igive gadawyvitos. C qarxanam ki SeiZleba CaTvalos,
rom misTvis gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze ukeTesi iqneba TveSi gamonabolqvis 45,000 erTeulis gamo-
frqveva. ase rom, gamonabolqvebis orjer Semcirebis mTliani xarjebi 75,000 dolars miaRwevda
da yvela qarxana Tanabar mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda.

41
 A: $2,01 > danaxarjebze (rac dakavSirebulia dabinZurebis 1 erTeuliT SemcirebasTan)
B: $2,01 > danaxarjebze
C: $2,01 < danaxarjebze
miaqcieT yuradReba imas, rom 90,450 dolaris toli gadasaxadi, romelic C qarxanam am SemTx-
vevaSi unda gadaixados, sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilisTvis fulis gadaxda ufro iqneba, vidre
wminda xarji. A da B qarxnebma unda gadaixadon dabinZurebis Semcirebis programis yvela xarji,
xolo C qarxanam raionis mcxovreblebs unda gadauxados im uflebisTvis, romelic mas yovel­
Tviurad gamonabolqvis 45,000 erTeulis gamoyofis saSualebas miscems.
garemos dacvis saagentos amocanaa mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis dabinZurebis Semcirebis
zRvruli danaxar­je­­bisa da zRvruli sargeblobis urTierTSedareba. gadasaxadebis gamoyeneba
garemos dacvis saagentos imis saSualebas aZlevs, rom miiRos informacia am danaxarjebisa da
sargeblobis Sesaxeb imaze dakvirvebis gziT, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac dambinZureblebs sxvadasxva
gadasaxadebi ekisrebaT. es midgoma eqsperimentebTanaa dakavSirebuli. xolo danaxarjebisa da
sargeblobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno informaciis miReba metad mniSvnelovania nebismieri programis­
Tvis, romelic garemos dacvis sakiTxebsa da adamianTa keTildReobas exeba.

garemos dabinZurebis licenziebi?

davubrundeT im kiTxvas, romelic davsviT, magram pasuxis gacema gadavdeT. haeris
dabinZurebis Semcirebis sxvadasxva meTodebis danaxarjebis Sedarebisas davsviT kiTxva: airCevs
Tu ara garemos dacvis saagento yvelaze naklebad xarjian midgomas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
gadavdeT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom fizikuri SezRudvebi, nebismieri saxis `brZanebisa da kontro-
lis~ meTodebi, Cveulebriv, Camouvardeba gadasaxadebs, rogorc dabinZurebis kontrolis
meTods. garemos dabinZurebis dabegvris gziT am problemis gadawyvetaSi xels gviwyobs fasebis
sistema. magram gadasaxadebi mosaxleobis mowonebiT ar sargeblobs imave mizeziT, romliTac
garemos dacvis saagentos uZneldeba, daawesos yvelaze naklebxarjiani fizikuri SezRudvebi.
Cndeba erTi mniSvnelovani kiTxva: SesaZloa zogierTi damabinZurebeli qmedeba imdenad
arasasurvelad CavTvaloT, rom yvela aikrZalos, magram aseTi midgomis arCeva namdvilad ar
gvsurs imis mimarT, rasac dRes zogadad garemos dabinZurebas vuwodebT. damabinZurebeli
qmedebebi, romelTac adamianebi axorcieleben, Cveulebriv, iseTi qmedebebia, romlebsac didi,
zogjer Zalian didi sargebloba moaqvs rogorc Tavad maTTvis, ise sxvebisTvisac. aseT qmede-
bebTan Segueba niSnavs dabinZurebasTan Seguebas, miuxedavad imisa, vaRiarebT Tu ara amas.
TviT termini `dabinZureba~ SeiZleba gaugebrobis mizezi gaxdes. istoriulad am termins
mkacri moraluri gansazRvreba aqvs, romelsac nebismier leqsikonSi amovikiTxavT. klasikur
literaturaSi damabinZurebeli qmedeba mTel mosaxleobas exeba. am TvalsazrisiT, `garemos
dabinZurebis licenziis~ gacema amoraluri da danaSaulebrivi qmedebaa, magram veravin ityvis,
rom im saxlis mflobeli, romlis buxridan kvamli amodis, anu romelic garemos `abinZurebs~,
amoraluri adamiani an damnaSavea. dabinZurebis formaTa umetesi nawili unda ganvixiloT, ro-
gorc xarjebi da ara danaSauli, amitom SesaZlebelia misi `licenzireba~, Tu xarjebi naklebia,
vidre am qmedebisgan miRebuli mosalodneli sargebloba.

efeqtianoba da samarTlianoba
zogierTi adamiani uaryofs garemos dabinZurebaze dawesebul gadasaxadebsac, vinaidan,
gavrcelebuli azriT, dabinZurebis Semcirebis tvirTs Raribebs akisreben, mdidrebs ki nebas rTaven,
gaagrZelon garemos dabinZureba. im adamianebis SerCeva, romlebmac unda Seamciron dabinZureba,
masTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis mixedviT, mraval adamians aseve usamarTlod miaCnia.
im adamianebisTvis pasuxis gasacemad, vinc samarTlianobis sakiTxs svams, unda vaCvenoT, rom
efeqtiani gadawyvetilebis miReba SeiZleba imisgan damouki­deblad, Tu rogori iqneba samar-
Tlianobis miRwevis gzebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac optimalur gadawyvetilebas viRebT,
yovelTvis ar vvaraudobT, rom xarjebs romelime konkretul jgufebs vakisrebT. amis dasa­
mtkiceblad isev, arkadiis magaliTi ganvixiloT.

dabinZurebis nebarTvebiT vaWroba.

42
 davuSvaT, garkveuli mizeziT, garemos dacvis saagentos surs, dabinZurebis Semcirebis mTe-
li xarjebi C qarxanas daakisros – SesaZloa imitom, rom C qarxana amas yvelaze ukeT gaakeTebs,
an imitom, rom is garemos yvelaze metad abinZurebs, an kidev imitom, rom is arkadiaSi aSenebuli
ukanaskneli qarxanaa. ra mizezic ar unda iyos, garemos dacvis saagento C qarxnis xelmZRvanelo-
bisgan moiTxovs gamonabolqvis raodenobis 45,000 erTeuliT Semcirebas, an gamonabolqvis er-
Teulze 2,01 dolaris gadaxdas. C qarxnis xelmZRvanelebi daiwyeben gamonabolqvis 45,000 er-
TeuliT Semcirebis yvelaze naklebxarjiani gzebis Ziebas. Tu 13-1 cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi
maTTvis cnobilia, maSin A A qarxanas 15,000 dolars da damatebiT ramdenime aseul dolars Ses-
Tavazeben, raTa am ukanasknelma sruliad Sewyvitos garemos dabinZureba, xolo B qarxanas amisT-
vis 60,000 dolarze cotaTi mets SesTavazeben. amrigad, C qarxana gamonabolqvs dasaSveb
zRvramde Seamcirebs. C qarxnis xelmZRvanelebs urCevniaT 75,000 dolari A da B qarxnebs
gadauxadon, vidre 135,000 dolari gadaixadon da cotaTi meti Tavisi gamonabolqvi Seamciron
(an Tundac 90,000$-ze cota meti gadauxadon saagentos)!
dabinZurebis Semcireba Zalian waagavs sxva nebismier sasargeblo saqmianobas imiT, rom misi
zogierTi nairsaxeoba bevrad ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvebi. Cven sargeblobas viRebT, rodesac
sakvebs, saTamaSoebsa da kosmetikas awarmoeben isini, visac maTi warmoebis SedarebiTi upirate-
soba aqvs. zustad aseve vigebT, rodesac damatebiT sufTa haers awarmoeben isini, visac misi war-
moebis SedarebiTi upiratesoba aqvT. magram SedarebiTi upiratesobis realizeba gacvlis saSu-
alebiT xdeba. ai, ratomaa dabinZurebis Semcirebisadmi sagadasaxado midgoma ufro misaRebi,
vidre is midgoma, romelic garkveul firmebs fizikur SezRudvebs uwesebs. sagadasaxado mid-
goma cdilobs fuladi xarjebi iseTnairad Secvlas, rom isini asaxavdnen axal gadawyvetilebebs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis ra uflebebi aqvs. magram, momavalSi igi yvela mxares gacvlebis Tavisuflebis
Sanss utovebs maTive sakuTari SedarebiTi upiratesobebis safuZvelze, raTa axali sazogadoe-
brivi miznebis miRweva uzrunvelyos yvelaze efeqtiani gziT.

buStis koncefcia
1979 wels aSS garemos dacvis saagentom didi nabijebi gadadga Cven mier zemoT SemoTavazebu­
li mimarTulebiT, rodesac axali kanonebis meSveobiT dabinZurebis sxvadasxva wyaroebs Soris
balansis Ziebis met Tavisuflebas misca gasaqani. imis nacvlad, rom gansazRvruli sawarmoo
procesebisTvis gamonabolqvebis mkacri SezRudvebi daewesebinaT, makontrolebelma saagen-
toebma firmebs ufleba misces, daerRviaT SezRudvebi erT romelime procesze, Tu SeZlebdnen
amis kompensirebas sxva procesis Sedegad gamoyofili gamonabolqvis Semcirebis gziT. maT See-
ZloT warmoedginaT, rom ZiriTadi qarxnis Tavze imyofeba uzarmazari buSti (aqedan gamomdi­
nareobs am koncefciis dasaxelebac), romelSic Tavmoyrilia mTeli gamonabolqvi. aseTi poli-
tikis dros firmebs unda SeemcirebinaT haeris sisufTavis winaswar dasaxuli xarisxis misaRwevi
xarjebi, risTvisac SeeZloT gamonabolqvis gazrda iq, sadac misi kontroli ufro Zviri jde-
boda da sanacvlod, Semcireba iq, sadac es nakleb xarjebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
am midgomas win aRudgnen garemos damcvelTa jgufebi, romlebic amtkicebdnen, rom es da­
matebiT dabinZurebas gamoiwvevs im adgilebSi, sadac haeris sisufTavis xarisxi ukve aRar Seesa-
bameba garemos dacvis saagentos mier dawesebul standartebs. firmebs ar unda hqondeT ufleba,
gamoafrqvion A qarxnis milidan uzarmazari raodenobis gamonabolqvi mxolod imitom, rom B qarx-
nis gamonabolqvis raodenoba Semcirebulia. Tu SesaZlebelia B qarxnis gamonabolqvis Semcireba
mcire xar­jebiT, amtkicebdnen garemos damcvelebi, maSin is unda Semcirdes, magram A qarxnis gamo­
nabolqvis raodenoba ar unda gaizardos. garemos damcvelTa argumentebi gulisx­mobs, rom
amqveynad mxolod erTi saqoneli arsebobs – sufTa haeri.
1984 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom es argumenti uaryo, riTac gza gauxsna qarxnebsa da fab-
rikebs im regionebSi damkvidrebisken, sadac arsebobda haeris sisufTavis xarisxis problemebi
(am xarisxis gauaresebis gareSe) da xeli Seuwyo garemos dacvis saagentos, gadaedga kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani nabiji. Tu efeqtianobis misaRwevad firmebsa da qarxnebs Sida gacvlebis ufleba
aqvT, ratom ar unda davuSvaT gacvla firmebs Soris? Tu eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebel kompa­
nias axali qarxnis aSeneba surs, raTa daakmayofilos momxmarebelTa moTxovna, mas unda hqondes
ufleba, es ise gaakeTos, rom ar gauaresdes haeris sisufTavis xarisxi, risTvisac sxva qarxnebi

43
unda daiTanxmos, Seamciron gamonabolqvi im raodeobiT, romliTac axali qarxana gazrdis gamo­
nabolqvis raodenobas. faqtobrivad, firmebs `garemos dabinZurebis uflebis~ yidvisa da gayid-
vis ufleba unda mieces.
amas ar eTanxmebian garemos mxurvale damcvelebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom aravinaa
`dabinZurebis uflebis~ mflobeli da, aqedan gamomdinare, am uflebis yidvac aravis SeuZlia. es
mosazreba sadavoa. aqvT Tu ara firmebs haerSi momwamlavi nivTierebebis gamoyofis ufleba,
faqtebiT dasturdeba, rom isini amas Riad da dausjelad sCadian. sinamdvileSi maT aqvT
`dabinZurebis~ rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise realuri ufleba. am uflebebis SerCevisa da Seswav-
lis gziT, garemos dacvis saagento bazars ganviTarebis uflebas aZlevs, rac imas niSnavs, rom
calkeul firmebs SeuZliaT dabinZurebis nebarTvis Sesyidva sxva firmebisgan, romlebsac
dabinZurebis kontrolis mxriv SedarebiTi upiratesoba gaaCniaT. Tu garemos dacvis saagento
nebas aZlevs Semsyidvel firmebs, gamoiyenon Sesyiduli uflebebis mxolod garkveuli procen-
ti (magaliTad, imisTvis, rom 100 gamoiyenon, 130 unda iyidon), aman SeiZleba gazardos haeris
buStis koncefciis momxreebis raodenoba. isic gaiTvaliswineT, rom mas, visac surs, rom haeri
iyos ufro sufTa, vidre amas garemos dacvis saagento moiTxovs, SeuZlia iyidos da Semdeg gamo-
yenebis gareSe Seinaxos `dabinZurebis ufleba~.
es sistema ar imuSavebs, Tu uflebebi zustad ar iqneba gansazRvruli. arc erTi adamiani Tu
adamianTa jgufi ar moisurvebs uflebebis yidvas an gamouyeneblad Senaxvas, Tu maregulirebel
organos SeuZlia axali kanonebis daweseba, romlebic Senaxul uflebebs Secvlis. firmebi ar ga-
daixdian fuls uflebebis SesaZenad, Tu CaTvlian, rom imave uflebebis miReba SesaZlebelia
maregulireblebis mcired lobirebisas. Tu firmebs ecodinebaT, rom SeuZliaT gamonabolqvis
Semcirebis Sedegebi sxvebs mihyidon, isini meti mondomebiT ganaxorcieleben investiciebs, raTa
gamonabolqvi kanoniT daSvebulze metad Seamciron.
haeris gasufTaveba garemos dacvis metad rTuli sakiTxia. dabinZurebis wyaroebi uamravia,
maTze dakvirveba ki rTulia. haeris gasufTavebis xarjebi bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre gvgonia,
rodesac viTvaliswinebT mxolod qarxnebs (sadac sxvebi muSaoben) da gvaviwydeba sakuTari bux-
rebi, avtomobilebi da aerozolebi. ufro sufTa haerisgan miRebuli didi sargebloba did xar-
jebTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac gvaiZulebs, SevafasoT nebismieri sistema, romelic sasurvel
Sedegs ufro dabali danaxarjebiT mogvitans.

uflebebi da garemos dabinZurebis socialuri problema

am Tavis dasruleba ar gvsurs efeqtianobis Sesaxeb msjelobiT, vinaidan araefeqtianoba
ZiriTadi problema ar gaxlavT. dabinZureba dRes erT-erTi udidesi socialuri da politikuri
problemaa, vinaidan adamianebi sakuTari uflebebis gamo davoben. sul ufro meti adamiani am-
bobs: rodesac me xarjebs makisrebT, Tqven sargeblobas iRebT, magram amis samarTlebrivi ufle-
ba ar unda gqondeT, radgan saTanado moraluri ufleba ar gagaCniaT.
aseTi uTanxmoebebis gadawyveta metad rTulia. ekonomikuri azrovnebis wesi gulisxmobs ram-
denime princips, romelTac didi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT dasmuli amocanis gadawyvetisas.
pirveli principi is gaxlavT, rom moTxovna romelime saqonelze arasdrosaa srulad ara-
elastiuri – iseTi saqonlis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric sufTa haeria. imis gadawyvetisas, Tu ram-
deni gvinda, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom metis miReba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia, Tu
uars vityviT CvenTvis sasurveli sxva saqonlis ufro did raodenobaze.
meore principis Tanaxmad, adamianebs imdeni Tavisufleba unda mivceT, rom maT piradi Se-
Tanxmebis gzebis arCeva gauadvildeT. Tu, magaliTad, Cvens mizans wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvis Sem-
cireba warmoadgens, adamianebs iseTi SesaZlebloba unda mivceT, rac Seamcirebs maT xarjebs.
unda gamovricxoT `brZaneba da kontroli~, rac, rogorc wesi, miznis miRwevis xarjebs zrdis,
da, aqedan gamomdinare, zrdis miznis miRwevisadmi gaweul winaaRmdegobasac. fasebis sistemis
gamoyeneba xarjebs amcirebs. adamianebisTvis gacvlis uflebis micema aseve amcirebs xarjebs.
dasasruls, yovelTvis unda viTvaliswinebdeT sakuTrebis uryev uflebebs. rodesac adamian-
ebma ician, Tu ra wesebi moqmedebs da SeuZliaT am wesebs daeyrdnon, transaqciuli xarjebi kle-
bulobs da efeqtiani TanamSromloba izrdeba.

44
gadatvirTuli gzebi, rogorc garegani efeqti
zogjer kanonebiT gataceba xels uSlis Cvens mier realuri samyaros danaxvas, rogorc es xdeba
Caxergili gzebis SemTxvevaSi. gadatvirTuli gzebi amerike­lebisTvis qalaqSi cxovrebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli udidesi problemaa. Tu davfiqrde­biT, es aris socialuri problemis erT-erTi Znelad
amosacnobi saxeoba, vinaidan adamianebi, romlebic zaraldebian, Tavadve qmnian am problemas. miuxe-
davad amisa, rodesac garegani efeqtebis koncefcias vecnobiT, Tavsatexi qreba. gadatvir­Tulobac
uaryofiTi garegani efeqtia da adamianebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas mas ar iTvaliswineben. isini
mxolod im xarjebs iTvaliswineben, rasac maT sxva mZRolebi uqmnian.
ra moxdeboda, Tu vaiZulebdiT mZRolebs, gaecnobierebinaT gzis Caxergvis garegani efeqte-
bi? ra moxdeboda, Tu movZebnidiT gadatvirTulobis xarjebis im adamianebisTvis dakisrebis sa-
Sualebas, vinc maT qmnis? es adamianebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen avtomobilebi mxolod maSin
emarTaT, rodesac am qmedebis zRvruli sargebloba xarjebze meti iqneboda. ra Tqma unda, nebis-
mieri adamiani ase iqceva, magram es xarjebi ar Seicavs sxva adamianebze dakisrebul xarjebs. Tu
mZRolebs mouwevdaT gadatvirTulobis im zRvruli xarjebis gadaxda, rasac sxvebs maT mier av-
tomobilis tarebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetileba akisrebs, sakuTari xarjebis gadaxdasTan
erTad, isini amjobinebdnen, naklebi emgzavraT. isini moisurvebdnen avtomobiliT mgzavrobas
mxolod maSin, rodesac maTi zRvruli sargebloba, saerTo jamSi, ufro didi iqneboda, vidre
zRvruli xarjebis jami sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis.
yvela mZRolis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeboda! gzebi aRar gadaitvirTeboda.
mZRo­lebi SeZlebdnen nebismier adgilamde misvlas Seyovnebis gareSe. maT eqnebodaT saSualeba,
aerCiaT mgzavrobis is Semcvlelebi, romelTac naklebi zRvruli Rirebuleba eqneboda. aqedan
gamomdinare, yvelasTvis Seemcire­binaT ufro didi zRvruli Rirebulebis mqone mgzavrobis
xarjebi. Semcvlelebis xarisxi aucileblad gaizrdeboda. samsaxurebrivi avtoparkis Seqmna
gaadvil­ deboda, avtobusebi ufro swrafad da intensiurad imoZravebdnen, raTa gazrdili
moTxovna daekmayofilebinaT. ra mSvenieri iqneboda es yvelaferi, rom arsebobdes garegani
efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis raime gza!

sagzao gadasaxadis gareSe mgzavroba, erTi SexedviT, kargia TiToeuli

CvenganisTvis, magram iwvevs did xarjebs yvelasTvis.

aseTi gza arsebobs. mas fasdadeba ewodeba. ekonomistebi mas gzis gadatvirTvis Rirebulebas
uwodeben. yvela danarCeni mas ubralod sagzao gadasaxads uwodebs da amis Sesaxeb gagonebac ar
surs. `sagzao gadasaxads benzinis SeZenisas vixdi da xelmeored gadaxda ar minda~. magram ga-
dasaxadi, romelic Cadebulia benzinis fasSi, Seicavs gzebis gayvanis xarjebs da ara maTi gamoye­
nebis xarjebs. swored sagzao gadasaxadis ugulebelyofaa gzebis im gadatvirTulobis mizezi,
ris Sesaxebac yvela sayvedurs gamoTqvams. Cven ganvicdiT gadatvirTulobas, vinaidan mTavroba,
romelic gzebis mflobelia, yvelas aZlevs maTi gamoyenebis uflebas saTanado fasis gadaxdis
gareSe. Tu TiToeul Cvengans mosTxovdnen iseTi fasis gadaxdas, rac dafuZnebuli iqneboda Cve-
ni mgzavrobis sxvebisTvis dakisrebuli xarjebis gaTvaliswinebaze gzebis gadatvirTuloba
male aRmoifxvreboda.
dRes arsebobs teqnologia, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia mZRolebisgan im fasis amoRe-
ba, romelic gzebis gadatvirTulobis (garegani efeqtis) dones Seesabameba. ufro metic,
yvelaferi SeiZleba avtomaturad gakeTdes ise, rom aravis dasWirdes gaCereba da gadasaxadis
gadaxda. SesaZlebelia isic, rom qviTrebi mZRolebs Tvis bolos gaugzavnon. am teqnologias ar
iyeneben, vinaidan adamianebi mtrulad arian ganwyobilni axali gadasaxadis ideis mimarT. maT mi-
aCniaT, rom ufleba aqvT, imgzavron gadasaxadebis gareSe im gzebze, romlebisTvisac maT ukve
gadaixades gadasaxadi. isini fiqroben, rom sagzao gadasaxadi mxolod maTi jibidan fulis
amoRebis xerxia da ar acnobiereben, rom gzebis gadatvirTulobis fasdadebis kargad organize-
bul marTvas SeuZlia ufro didi sargeblobis motana, vidre is Tanxaa, rac maT sagzao gadasaxa-
dis saxiT unda gadaixadon. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac iSviaTi saqonlis fass (am SemTxvevaSi, qa-
laqis quCebis sivrcis fass) SeuZlia dakarguli xarjebis Semcireba da, aqedan gamomdinare,
yvelas ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobeseba.

45
mokled gavimeoroT

xSirad adamianTa qmedebebiT gamowveuli xarjebi sxvebs ekisreba, rasac es adamianebi mxe­
dvelobaSi ar iReben. ekonomistebi am xarjebs uaryofiT garegan efeqtebs uwodeben.
uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebi metad damaxasiaTebelia industriuli sazogado­ebisTvis. iq,
sadac garkveuli qmedebebis gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi pirovne­bebisTvis ufro didia, vidre
sargebloba, transaqciuli xarjebi adamianebs xSirad xels uSlis damakmayofilebeli molapara-
kebebis gamarTvaSi.
molaparakebebi standartuli proceduraa, romelsac sazogadoebis wevrebi iyeneben, raTa
uzrunvelyon erToblivi qmedebebi da partniorebi daiTanxmon iseT qmedebaze, romelic arasa-
surveli danaxarjebis sxvebisTvis dakisrebas ar gamoiwvevs. naTlad gansazRvuli sakuTrebis
uflebebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, ufro advilad, naklebi transaqciuli danaxarjebiT
awarmoon molaparakebebi.
uflebebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebi xSirad SeiZleba mogvardes arsebuli wesebisa da
praqtikuli gamocdilebis Seswavlis gziT. amgvari sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamotana
adamianTa molodinis uwyvetobas uwyobs xels. sakuTrebis bundovani uflebebi da kanonebis
moulodneli cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv TanamSromlobas arTulebs da aZnelebs momavlis sai­
medo dagegmvas.
swraf da radikalur sazogadoebriv cvlilebebs SeuZliaT ise gaarTulon konfliqturi da­
vebis gadaWra sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gziT, rom amisTvis kanonmdeblobis gamoyeneba
gaxdes saWiro. kanonmdebloba niSnavs axali kanonebis Seqmnas, raTa zustad ganisazRvros, Tu
rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs SezRuduli resursebis moxmareba.
axali kanonebi SeZleben, ufro didi albaTobiT migviyvanon iseTi uaryofiTi garegani
efeqtebis mcirexarjian gadawyvetamde, rogoricaa, magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis problema,
Tu es kanonebi xalxs uflebebisa da movaleobebis urTierTgacvlas gauadvilebs. arasasurveli
garegani efeqtebis dabegvra da `dabinZurebis uflebebiT~ vaWroba uzrunvelyofs Sesabamis
stimulebs dambinZureblebisTvis da aadvilebs mcirexarjian SeTanxmebebs `dabinZurebis~ Sesa-
mcireblad. piriqiT, midgoma – `ubrZane da akontrole~ bevrad nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs infor-
matiul da stimulirebis problemebs, romlebic dabinZurebis Semcirebisken mimarTul nebismi-
er politikas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. niu-jersis Statis qalaq river-edjeris mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, riTac akrZala

RamRamobiT sacxovrebeli saxlebis maxloblad im avtomobilebis gaCereba, romlebsac ka-
rebze sareklamo afiSebi an gancxadebebi aqvT.
a) iwvevda Tu ara am avtomobilebis saxlebTan gaCereba garegan efeqtebs?
b) ratom urCevniaT maT, visac Tavis ubanSi ar surs ixilos aseTi manqanebi, aiZulos qa-
laqis mTavrobas axali dadgenilebis miReba, da ara piradad daelaparakon am avtomo-
bilebis mflobelebs?
g) dadgenileba zogierTebis ekonomikur mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebs, sxvebisas ki
gaauaresebs. rogor SeiZleba imis dadgena, aWarbebs Tu ara am dadgenilebisgan miRe-
buli sargebloba mis mier gamowveul danaxarjebs?
2. uaryofiT garegan efeqtebTan erTad, romeli iwvevs socialur problemebs Semdegi qmedebe-
bidan?
a) miwis Txilis naWuWebis trotuarze dayra;
b) miwis Txilis naWuWebis dayra kalaTburTis moednis iatakze mniSvnelovani TamaSis
dros;
g) Sokoladis qaRaldebis dayra trotuarze;
d) aRlumis dros fanjridan konfetis xveulebis gadmoyra;
e) feierverkis mowyoba damoukideblobis dResaswaulze.

46
3. ratom uSlian adamianebi sxvebs laparaks kinofilmis yurebisas? emTxveva Tu ara erTmaneTs
molaybeTa da maTi azri, visac isini xels uSlian, im uflebebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
maT kinos bileTis SeZenisas moipoves? rogor SeuZliaT kinoTeatrebis xelmZRvanelebs am
konfliqtis gadawyveta? ratom ar akeTeben isini amas?
4. sakuTrebis romeli uflebebis dapirispireba xdeba momdevno magaliTebSi? rogor gadawyve-
tas amjobinebdiT (Tu CavTvliT, rom miukerZoebeli damkvirvebeli xarT)?
a) motociklebis mflobelebs surT moxsnan mayuCebi, raTa ufro efeqtianad gamoiye-
non Zravebi, magram kanoni zRudavs xmauris dones, romelsac motocikli warmoqmnis.
b) adamianTa erT jgufs surs akrZalos sareklamo dafebi gzebis gaswvriv, magram fer-
merebi acxadeben, rom ufleba aqvT, sakuTar miwaze gamoakran nebismieri saxis
sareklamo farebi.
g) misuris Statis erT-erTma kanonmdebelma wamoayena kanonproeqti, romelic krZala-
vda restoranSi xmamaRla da gamaRizianeblad cxviris moxocvas.
d) koneqtikutis Statis kanonmdebelma wamoayena kanonproeqti, romelic krZalavda
qorwilis dros miwaze umi brinjis dayras, vinaidan umi brinji frinvelebisTvis
sakvebad uvargisia.
e) restornebis mflobelebs surT, restornebSi Sesvla aukrZalon im adamianebs, rom-
lebic Sesabamisi standartebis mixedviT ar arian Cacmulebi.
v) adamianebs, romlebic arasdros banaoben, avtobusiT mgzavroba surT. adamianebs,
romlebic arasdros ivarcxnian, sazogadoebriv baRebSi seirnoba da dasveneba surT.
(unda SevuSvaT Tu ara daubanlebi avtobusSi? dauvarcxnelebi – parkebSi?)
5. Tqveni mezoblis ezoSi mdgari didi TuTis xe mSvenier Crdils fens Tqvens ezos, magram mezo-
blis ezo savsea WuWyiani da dampali TuTiT. amitom mas am xis moWra surs.
a) aqvs Tu ara mas amis kanonieri ufleba?
b) Tqven eubnebiT: `me vici, rom Sen ar gsiamovnebs es dampali TuTa, magram me kidev
ufro ar mesiamovneba Crdilis gareSe darCena~. SegiZliaT Tu ara daasabuToT saku-
Tari mosazreba? Tu ar SegiZliaT daamtkicoT, rom ufro metad afasebT Crdils, vi-
dre is afasebs sufTa ezos, SegiZliaT Tu ara aiZuloT mezobeli, amjobinos xis da-
tovebisgan miRebuli sargebeli im sargebels, romelsac misi moWrisgan miiRebs
(daxmareba: rogor SegiZliaT daarwmunoT santeqnikosi, rom misTvis umjobesia kvira
saRamos fexburTis matCis translaciis cqeris nacvlad Tqveni sakanalizacio mili
gawmindos? )
g) TqvenTvis alternatiuli gza imaSi mdgomareobs, rom eWvqveS daayenoT xis moWris
kanonieri ufleba. SegeZloT gecadaT, migeRwiaT imisTvis, rom TuTis xe istoriul
Zeglad gamocxadebuliyo, an migemarTaT sasamarTlosTvis moTxovniT, rom Tqven
mezobels Seevso deklaracia garemoze am xis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb misi moWris ne-
barTvis miRebamde. riT gemuqrebaT aseTi taqtika? (daxmareba: Tu fiqrobT, rom moma-
valSi SeiZleba, wagarTvan is ufleba, rac amJamad gaqvT, moicdiT, Tu gamoiyenebT
mas, sanam is jer kidev Tqvenia?)
6. ori bavSvi erTmaneTs eCxubeba imis gamo, Tu vis aqvs ufleba, amoirCios satelevizio pro-
grama, romelsac unda uyuron ojaxis erTaderTi televizoriT. es aris sakuTrebis konfli-
qturi uflebebis magaliTi.
a) unda urCion Tu ara mSoblebma bavSvebs, rom saqme Tavad gaarkvion? ra garemoebebis
dros iqneba es konfliqtis gadawyvetis yvelaze misaRebi gza?
b) rogor SeuZlia am SemTxvevaSi arasworad gansazRvrul sakuTrebis ufle­bebs prob-
lemis damakmayofileblad gadawyvetis garTuleba?
g) aCveneT, rogor SeuZliaT mSoblebs, xeli Seuwyon konfliqtis gadawyvetas jer sa-
samarTlo ganxilvis, xolo Semdeg kanonmdeblobis gziT.
7. `Wall Street Journal~-isa da `NBC News~-is mier Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokvlebis Sede-
gebma aCvena: 10 amerikelidan 8 acxadebs, rom is bunebis damcvelia. amtkicebs Tu ara maTi
Sesyidvebi da moxmareba am mosazrebas?

47
 a) gamokiTxulTa 67 procentma ganacxada, rom mzad arian, 15-20 centiT meti gadaixadon
iseT benzinSi, romelic bevrad naklebad daabinZurebda garemos, vidre amJamad arse-
buli SenaerTi. navTobis erT-erTma udidesma gadamamuSavebelma ganacxada, rom man
amgvari sawvavi Seqmna, magram is ar gaiyida. SegiZliaT Tu ara imis Tqma, rom is 67 pro-
centi, romelmac ar SeiZina naklebad damabinZurebeli sawvavi, gulwrfelia, rode-
sac acxadebs, rom garemos damcvelebia?
b) rodesac hkiTxes, urCevniaT Tu ara gadaixadon benzinis damatebiTi gadasaxadi 25
centis odenobiT, raTa xeli Seuwyon avtomobiliT nakleb moZraobas da garemos
ukeT dacvas, gamokiTxulTa 59 procenti am gadasaxadebis winaaRmdeg wavida da amas
mxolod 27 procentma dauWira mxari. SegiZliaT Tu ara, SeaTavsoT es pozicia im
gancxadebasTan, rom gamokiTxulTa ori mesamedi garemos damcvelia?
g) gamokiTxulTa 85 procents surs, mTavrobam moiTxovos, rom yvela avtomobili saw-
vavs ufro ekonomiurad xarjavdes da garemosac naklebad abinZurebdes, Tundac amis
Sedegad misi fasi gaizardos. Tumca mxolod 51 procentia Tanaxma, rom avtomobili
iyos ufro `patara da nakleb usafrTxo~. SegiZliaT Tu ara, mogvceT am poziciaTa
kombinaciis misaRebi axsna?
8. sanapiroze gamokruli gancxadeba gvamcnobs: `jarima nagvis dayrisTvis – 25 dolari~. miuxe-
davad amisa, damsvenebels urCevnia nagavi sanapiroze datovos, vidre waiRos da moSorebiT
mdgar nagvis yuTSi Cayaros. man icis, rom napiris makontro­lebeli jgufi Tvalyurs adevnebs
da jarimis qviTars gaugzavnis, magram is Zalian mdidaria, Zalian mcire zRvrul Rirebule-
bas aniWebs fuls da Zalian did zRvrul Rirebulebas aniWebs dros. uwodebT Tu ara Tqven
mas damnagvianebels, Tu is mzadaa, gadaixados jarima? iyida Tu ara man ufleba, raTa qviSa
damatebiT nagavsayrelad gamoiyenos?
9. miCiganis sagzao sammarTvelos mier Catarebulma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom, rodesac Statis
xelisuflebam daawesa jarima ludisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis boTlebiT garemos da-
nagvianebisTvis, sasmelebis boTlebiT danagvianeba 82 procentiT, xolo saerTo danagviane-
ba – 32 procentiT Semcirda. fasebze axali kanonis zemoqmedebis erT-erTi Sefasebis mi-
xedviT, miCiganis momxmareblebma am kanonis miRebis Semdeg yovelwliurad damatebiT 300
mln. dolaris gadaxda daiwyes ludsa da ualkoholo sasmelebSi.
a) Tu es monacemebi zustia, efeqtiania Tu ara, Tqvenis azriT, es kanoni masTan dakav-
Sirebuli danaxarjebis TvalsazrisiT? rogor SegiZliaT amis Sefaseba?
b) davuSvaT, cnobilia, rom miCiganis mosaxleoba dabinZurebis Semcirebas weliwadSi
300 mln. dolarze metad afasebs. iqneboda Tu ara es am kanonis efeqtianobis damadas-
turebeli faqti?
g) ramdeni adamianis daqiraveba da dasaqmeba iqneboda SesaZlebeli weliwadSi 300 mln.
dolarad, raTa maT quCebSi dayrili nagavi aekrifaT? davuSvaT, nagvis amkrefni saa-
TSi 5 dolars iReben, rac 50 kviris ganmavlobaSi 40-saaTiani samuSaos SemTxvevaSi
weliwadSi 10,000 dolaris tolia. xom ar migaCniaT, rom nagvis amkrefTa aseT profe-
siul armias SeeZlo danagvianebis Semcireba, 32 procentze bevrad metad?
10. qalaq bombastSi SegiZliaT umayuCo avtomobiliT imoZraoT, Tu gaqvT `xmauris gamowvevis~
specialuri vadiani ufleba, romelic TveSi 20 dolari Rirs. qalaq Tranqvil-heiTsSi akrZa-
lulia umayuCo avtomobilebis moZraoba da jarima 100 dolars udris. is mZRolebi, romle-
bic am wess arRveven, jarimas xuT TveSi erTxel ixdian. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bombastSi
SeiZleba xmauriani avtomobilebiT mgzavroba, Tu Sesabamis Tanxas gadaixdi, xolo Tran-
kvilSi amis gakeTeba ikrZaleba da damrRvevebs jarimas axdevineben. gadasaxadi da jarima
fuladi saxiT toli aRmoCndeba, rodesac jarimis sidides gadavamravlebT yovelTviurad
misi gadaxdis albaTobaze – 0,2-ze.
a) am tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ra gansxvavebaa mayuCiani da xmauriani avtomobilebis
problemebisadmi midgomebs Soris bombastsa da TranqvilSi?
b) gasagebia, rom im adamianebs, romlebic bombastSi umayuCo avtomobilebiT mgzavro-
ben, amis ufleba aqvT. aqvT Tu ara aseTive ufleba Tranqvil-heiTsis mZRolebs, rom-

48
 lebic umayuCo avtomobilebiT moZraoben mas Semdeg, rac jarima gadaixades? daTan­
xmdebodnen Tu ara Tranqvil-heiTsis kanonmdeblebi imaze, rom jarimis gadaxda
umayuCod moZraobis uflebas iZleva?
g) mosazrebebi: `SegiZliaT ixmauroT, Tu gadaixdiT~ da `ara gaqvT xmauris ufleba da,
Tu ixmaurebT, jarimis gadaxda mogiwevT~, – erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
meore SemTxvevaSi is pirovneba, romelic xmauris mizezia, akeTebs iseT rames, rac
sazogadoebas arasworad miaCnia. axdens Tu ara es faqti gavlenas adamianTa qcevaze?
rogor reagirebs sazogadoeba, rodesac adamianebi jiutad Cadian imas, rac kanoniT
gansazRvrulia rogorc araswori qmedeba? aris Tu ara sasjeli iseTive, rogorc
dasaSvebi qcevis sazRauri?
d) gvexmareba Tu ara es gansxvaveba gavigoT, Tu ra dgas garemos dabinZurebis uflebis
gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis miRma? rodesac adamianebi ambo-
ben, rom haeris an wylis dabinZurebis gadasaxadi warmoadgens `dabinZurebis ufle-
bas~, gamodian Tu ara isini gamonabolqvis sanqcirebis winaaRmdeg? ratom surT ada-
mianebs, romlebic dainteresebulni arian ufro sufTa haerisa da wylis arsebobiT,
rom problemas moraluri xasiaTi hqondes?
e) rodis ajobebda, rom garemos dabinZureba gangvexila rogorc sxvebisTvis Tavs mox-
veuli danaxarjebi, romelTa sanqcirebac SesaZlebelia fulis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi
da rodis iqneboda ukeTesi, rom amas movkidebodiT rogorc kanonis darRvevas, ris­
Tvisac jarimis gadaxdaa saWiro?
11. istoriis wignebSi xSirad sinanuls gamoTqvamen imis gamo, rom amerikis kontinentze evrope-
lebis misvlis Semdeg ganadgurda bizonebis uzarmazari jogebi, romlebic dasavleTis pre-
riebSi cxovrobdnen.
a) ratom nadirobdnen TeTrkanianebi am cxovelebze Tu maT xorcsa da tyavs dasalpo-
bad iqve stovebdnen? gana es udidesi gamflangveloba ar iyo? ratom aniWebda amdeni
adamiani aseT did Rirebulebas am cxovelebze nadirobas – mxolod amasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mRelvarebisa da STabeWdilebebis gamo?
b) vis ekisreboda danaxarjebi, rodesac monadire moZravi matareblis fanjridan bi-
zons esroda?
g) Seuqcevadi iyo Tu ara bizonebis sruli ganadgureba? SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara bi-
zonebis am uzarmazari jogebis aRdgena ramdenime wlis ganamvlobaSi Sesabamisi stim-
ulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi?
d) romelma cxovelma Caanacvla bizoni dasavleTis preriebSi? ratom ar emuqreba
msxvil rqosan saqonels qveyanaSi amaJamad iseTive bedi, rac bizonebs ewia? rogor
fiqrobT, ra mouvidoda bizonebisa da msxvili rqosani saqonlis jogebs, Tu amerike-
lebs bizonis xorci SeuyvardebodaT da Zroxis xorcze uars ityodnen?
12. ras cvlis sakuTrebis ufleba?
a) rogori iqneboda, Tqveni azriT, `siera klubis~ reaqcia, Tu navTobis kompania bune-
brivi airis mopovebis uflebas moiTxovda dausaxlebel teritoriaze, romelic
fede­ralur mTavrobas ekuTvnis?
b) rogor Seicvleboda `siera klubis~ gadawyvetileba, Tu navTobis kompania mzad iqne-
boda federaluri mTavrobisTvis uzarmazari Tanxa gadaexada, raTa mieRo am ukac-
riel regionSi arsebuli bunebrivi airis udidesi maragis damuSavebis ufleba?
g) ra Seicvleboda, Tu navTobis kompania dapirebas miscemda, rom moipovebda bunebriv
airs bunebisTvis umniSvnelo zianis miyenebiT?
d) ra Seicvleboda ukacrieli regioni ara federaluri mTavrobis, aramed `siera
klubis~ sakuTreba rom iyos?
e) rogor fiqrobT, ratom rTavs nebas audobonis sazogadoeba navTobis sam kompanias,
moipovon bunebrivi airi luizianas StatSi ganTavsebul, sazogadoebis kuTvnil
26,800 akri farTobis mqone nakrZalSi?
v) am nakrZalSi navTobis mopovebis uflebisTvis kompaniebi yovelwliurad TiTqmis
milion dolars uxdidnen audobonis sazogadoebas. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom es xels

49
 uwyobs bunebrivi airis momxmareblebis keTildReobas (nakrZalis Sesaxeb Wkuis sa­
swavlebeli istoria moyvanili iyo ekonomistebis riCard stroupisa da jon badenis
mier Jurnal `Reason~-is 1981 wlis ivlisis nomerSi)?
z) logikuria Tu ara audobanis sazogadoebis mxridan sakuTar teritoriaze airis mop-
ovebis uflebis gacema im dros, rodesac is sxva yvela adgilas airis mopovebis wi-
naaRmdegia?
13. gvWirdeba Tu ara kanonebi, romlebic saxnav-saTes miwebs eroziisgan icavs? warmoSobs Tu
ara miwis erozia garegan efeqtebs?
a) rogor imoqmedebs fermerebis saqcieli, romelic miwis erozias iwvevs, fermerebis
miwis Rirebulebaze?
b) rogor wyvets miwis mepatrone, romelsac am miwis Rirebulebis maqsimizacia surs,
mimarTos Tu ar mimarTos garkveul zomebs niadagis dasacavad?
g) ratom iyenebs efeqtian damcav xerxebs ufro mcire raodenobiT da ufro iSviaTad
fermeri, romelsac miwa ijariT aqvs aRebuli?
d) ratom aZleven miwaTmflobelebi uflebas miwis moijareebs, gamofiton miwa im meTo-
debis gamoyenebiT, romlebic zrdis mimdinare Semosavlebs, magram aZlierebs miwis
eroziis SesaZleblobas?
e) miwis eroziis romeli danaxarjebi awveba ara mis mepatroneebs, aramed sxva adamian-
ebs? yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs Tu ara fermeri am danaxarjebs eroziiTa da qariT
gamofituli sakuTari miwebis damuSavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?
v) davuSvaT, adamianebi, romlebic sakuTar miwas amuSaveben, ar iReben sakmaris Semo-
savals, raTa gadaixadon sagiravno gadasaxadi da eSiniaT, rom maTi miwa kreditorebis
xelSi gadava. rogor imoqmedebs es saSiSroeba ufro did Semosavalsa da niadagis
erozias Soris arCevanze?
z) montanas StatSi fermeri yidulobs aTasobiT akr miwas, romelsac didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi ranCos mepatroneebi saZovrad iyenebdnen, am miwas xnavs da xorbals Tesavs.
ratom gayides ranCos mepatroneebma miwa? ratom gadaaqcia fermerma saZovari miwebi
xorblis yanebad? fermers rom scodnoda, rom mouwevda olqis mcxovreblebisTvis
didi kompensaciis gadaxda im mtvriani qariSxlebisTvis, romelTac gamoiwvevs
saZovrebis saxnav-saTes miwad gadakeTeba, gadawyvetda igi Tu ara, rom saqonlis
Senaxva ufro momgebiania, vidre xorblis moyvana?
T) unda moeTxovaT Tu ara fermerebs sxvebisTvis kompensaciis gadaxda im mtvris gamo,
romelic miwebis saxnav-saTesad gadakeTebis Sedegia? rogor SeiZleboda kompensa-
ciis aseTi sistemis organizeba?
14. gTavazobT ramdenime kiTxvas msjelobisTvis:
aivi kolejis Senobebi da miwa bevrad ufro dabinZurebulia, vidre aivilis savaWro centris
Senoba da miwa, vinadian: 1) studentebi bunebiT binZurebi arian; 2) aivi kolejis SenobebiT
gacilebiT meti xalxi sargeblobs, vidre savaWro centriT; 3) savaWro centris momxmare-
blebs dabinZurebis naklebi SesaZleblobebi aqvT, vinaidan isini ar ewevian sigarets da ar
yiduloben saWmels, romelic SeiZleba gzadagza miirTvan; 4) savaWro centris momxmare-
blebs naklebi stimulebi aqvT dabinZurebisTvis, vinaidan maT eamayebaT, rom savaWro cen-
tris myidvelebi arian da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavianT `saerTo sacxovrebels~ ufrTxilde-
bian; 5) savaWro centrSi arian adamianebi, romlebic moelian finasnur sargebels imisgan,
rom Senobebs da miwas sufTad Seinaxaven, aivi kolejSi ki aseTi xalxi ar aris.
15. rodesac saxls yidulobdiT, mis Tavze dReSi xuTi TviTmfrinavi Tu gadaifrenda. maTi
ricxvi nel-nela, TiTqmis SeumCnevlad izrdeboda da amJamad 150-s gautolda. aris Tu ara
5-dan 150-mde cvlileba radikaluri an mkveTri? giadvil­debodaT Tu ara Tqvens Tavze ga-
damfren 150 TviTmfrinavTan Segueba mxolod imitom, rom maTi ricxvi nela da SeumCnevlad
izrdeboda? iqneboda Tu ara kompensaciis imedi ufro realuri, Tu cvlilebebi drois mci-
re monakveTSi ganxorcieldeboda? Tu ar viciT, romelma fiCxma gadautexa aqlems kuzi, ni-
Snavs Tu ara es imas, rom kuzi imitom ar gadamtydara, rom masze sul ufro met fiCxs tvir-
Tavdnen?

50
16. bevri didi aeroporti axorcielebs im saxlebis mflobelTa sakuTrebis gamosyidvis pro-
gramebs, romlebzec aeroportis xmauri Zalian moqmedebs.
a) ekuTvniT Tu ara kompensaciebi TviTmfrinavis afrena-dafreniT gamowveuli xmauris
gamo im adamianebs, romelTa saxlebi asafreni zolidan 5000 futis moSorebiT mde-
bareobs? Tu TvliT, rom ekuTvniT, dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu sad gaatarebdiT sazRvars.
ras fiqrobT imaTze, visi saxlebic asafreni zolidan 15000 futis manZilzea, an imaT­
ze, vinc Zalian axlos cxovrobs, magram ara asafreni zolis gaswvriv?
b) Tu mflobeli saxls aqiravebs, vin unda miiRos kompensacia – mflobelma Tu damqi-
ravebelma? ratom?
g) arian Tu ara dRevandeli binaTmflobelebi is xalxi, visac kompensacia ekuTvnis? xom
ar Seicavda Sesyidvis fasi kompensacias dRevandeli mflobelisTvis, Tu saxli
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis win iqna SeZenili?
d) rogoraa wina kiTxvis pasuxi damokidebuli imaze, gaiTvaliswinebda Tu ara adamian-
ebis umravlesoba saxlebis yidvisas imas, rom aeroporti sakuTrebis gamosyidvas
SesTavazebda mflobelebs, romlebic yvelaze metad zaraldebian xmaurisgan?
17. Tu TviTmfrinavebis dajdomisTvis aviakompaniebs dauweses specialuri Tanxa, romelic da-
mokidebuli iqneba TviTmfrinavebis mier warmoqmnili xmauris doneze, maTi dafrenis droze
da aeroportis mimdebare teritoriaze mosaxleobis simWridroveze, ras moimoqmedeben
aviakompaniebi, raTa Seamciron TavianTi saqmianobis zemoqmedeba aeroportis maxloblad
mdebare saxlebis mflobelebze?
a) saxelmwifo saagentom TiToeuli aeroportisTvis gamoTvala, Tu ramdenad Semcirda
xmauris gamo aeroportebis maxloblad ganlagebuli sacxovreblebis wliuri saija-
ro Semosavali da es ricxvi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli afrenebisa da
dafrenebis ricxvze gayo. yvelaze didi saSualo mniSvneloba – 196,7 dolari – miRe-
bul iqna niu-iorkis la gardias aeroportisTvis, xolo yvelaze patara – 82 centi –
oregonis portlendis aeroportisTvis. es niSnavs, rom yoveli afrena an dafrena la-
gardias aeroportTan macxovrebelis xarjebs TiTqmis 200 dolariT zrdis, xolo
portlendis aeroportis gverdiT mcxovrebs es erT dolarze naklebi ujdeba. CaTv-
lian Tu ara aviakompaniebi momgebianad zogierTi aeroportis ufro intensiurad
gamoyenebas, xolo sxvebisas ki – nakleb intensiurad, Tu afrenis da dafrenisTvis
maT mier gadaxdili Tanxa am sididiT gaizrdeba?
b) ras gaakeTeben aviakompaniebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu meti Tanxebis gadaxda mouwevT ufro
xmauriani TviTmfrinavebisTvis? damatebiT aparaturas daayeneben xmauris Sesamci-
reblad, Tu axal da ufro uxmauro TviTmfrinavebs SeiZenen? SeafaseT mosazreba:
`arc erTi aviakompania ar Camowers ZviradRirebul models imisTvis, rom aeropor-
tisTvis damatebiTi 400 dolaris gadaxdis ekonomia gaswios~. Seesabameba Tu ara dam-
atebiTi gadasaxadis es kritika zRvruli kategoriebiT azrovnebas?
g) rogor aiZulebs damatebiTi gadasaxadis aseTi sistema aviakompaniebs, gamoiyenon
ufro xmauriani TviTmfrinavebi portlendSi safrenad, xolo naklebxmaurianebi –
niu-iorkSi safrenad, an vaSingtonSi frenisas isargeblon dalasis da ara nacional-
uri aeroportiT? (vaSingtonidan moSorebiT mdebare dalasis aeroportis xarjebi
erTi operaciaSi 5,64 dolars Seadgens).
18. ramdenad mkacrad unda iqnas kontrolirebuli ozonis done? federalurma kanonmdeblobam
ozonis standarti iseT doneze daawesa, romelmac misi nebismieri arasasurveli zemoqmede-
bisgan unda daicvas adamianebi, romlebic im adgilebSi varjiSoben, sadac ozonis maRali
koncentraciaa.
a) arsebobs Tu ara raime mecnieruli midgoma imis gadasawyvetad, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi
iZleva ozonis standartis mkacri dacva danaxarjebze met sargeblobas?
b) `New York Times~-Si dabeWdili statia gvamcnobs, rom im aqroladi organuli naerTebis
wliuri gamonabolqvis 51 procenti, romlebic dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad
ozons warmoqmnis, avtomobilebis gamonabolqvisgan Sedgeba. amgvarad, sakuTari
janmrTelobis dacvis mizniT, an amdeni avtomobiliT mgzavroba unda avkrZaloT an

51
 naklebi vivarjiSoT im adgilebSi, sadac wlis garkveul dReebSi ozonis done stand-
artulze metia. romeli gza iqneba ufro efeqtiani Cveni janmrTelobis dacvisTvis?
g) davuSvaT, samrewvelo gamxsnelebi garkveuli saSiSi gamonabolqvis 4 procents, sao-
jaxo meurneobebSi gamoyenebuli gamxsnelebi ki 5 procents warmoSobs. Tu mTavro-
bas movTxovT, Seamciros gamxsnelebis gamoyeneba, romeli gamxsnelebis moxmarebis
Semcirebas amjobinebs? iqneba Tu ara samrewvelo gamxsnelebis gamoyenebis Semcireba
imis maCvenebeli, rom adamiani ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mogeba?

wliuri danaxarjebi erT avtomobilze ($)

50% 100%

gamonabolqvis Semcireba procentebSi

nax. 13-1. saavtomobilo gamonabolqvis Semcirebis danaxarjebi

19. vaSingtonis Statis qalaq Taqomas eleqtrosaqonlis mwarmoebelma kompaniam erT-erTi

samrewvelo firmisgan 265,000 dolarad SeiZina weliwadSi damatebiTi 60 tona `fxvieri masa-
lis~ haerSi gamoyofis ufleba. samrewvelo firmam ramdenime wlis win Tavisi qarxnebis mo-
dernizaciis saSualebiT wliuri gamonabolqvis raodenoba 69 toniT Seamcira. garemos
dacvis organizaciis warmomadgenelma dagmo dabinZurebis uflebis gayidvis es praqtika da
ganacxada, rom `rogorc ki haeris erT damabinZurebels ringidan gaaZeveben, maSinve ringze
gamosasvlelad mzad iqneba misi Semcvleli~.
a) arsebuli sistemidan miRebul ra sargeblobas ugulebelyofs aseTi kritika?
b) eleqtrosaqonlis kompaniam gamoiyena kreditebi, raTa gadaekeTebina da aemuSavebina
eleqtrosadguri, romelSic sxva sawvavTan erTad nagavic unda gamoiyenos, rac nag-
vis problemas Seamcirebs. ra ajobebs garemosTvis, nagvis dawva Tu damarxva?
20. davuSvaT, garemos dacvis saxelmwifo saagentoebma zustad daadgines, Tu damabinZurebeli
nivTierebis ra raodenobis gamoyofas daarTaven nebas Sesabamis raionSi da am raodenobis
damabinZurebeli nivTierebis gamoyofis uflebas yidian imaTze, vinc yvelaze maRal fass
sTavazobs.
a) romeli firmebi SesTavazebdnen yvelaze maRal fass?
b) rogor SeuZliaT adamianebs, romlebic sufTa haeriT arian dainteresebulni, ukeT
gamoiyenon es sistema, raTa miiRon is, rac surT?
21. `dabinZurebis kontroli jarimis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia. jarimebi dargidan gamodevnis
mcire firmebs, xolo msxvil firmebs SeuZliaT Tavs ufleba miscen, gadaixadon jarima da
ganagrZon garemos dabinZureba~. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas?

52
22. qvemoT motanilia citata `Wall Street Journal~-Si dabeWdili werilidan, romelsac xels awers
aSS-is kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis janmrTelobisa da garemos dacvis qvekomitetis
Tavmjdomare:
`haeris gawmendis yvelaze iafi da kargi saSualeba is gaxlavT, rom uzrunvelvyoT axlad
aSenebuli sawarmoebis `sisufTave~. gacilebiT advilia axali, `sufTa~ koqsis Rumelis an
brZmedis ageba, vidrne Zveli simZlavreebis aRWurva gamwmendi mowyobilobebiT. rogorc
Zveli, haeris damabinZurebeli avtomobilebis axali sufTa avtomobilebiT Secvla amcirebs
dabinZurebas, iseve gaasufTavebs haers amerikuli sawarmoebis ganaxleba~.
kanoni, romelic moiTxovs, rom axali avtomobilebi da samrewvelo mowyobiloba `sufTa~
iyos, zrdis axali avtomobilebisa da mowyobilobebis warmoebis xarjebs da, Sesabamisad,
maT fass. rogor Seuwyobs es xels Zveli da WuWyiani avtomobilebisa da mowyobilobebis
ufro xangrZliv gamoyenebas? aCveneT, rogor SeeZlo kanons haeris dabinZurebis gamowveva,
Tu metad mkacr da didnaxarjian kontrols daawesebda axali avtomobilebisa da samrewvelo
mowyobilobebis warmoebaze.
23. davuSvaT, 13-1 naxazze warmodgenili grafiki gviCvenebs, ra wliur xarjebs iwvevs erTi
avtomobilis mavne gamonabolqvis ama Tu im procentiT Semcireba gamonabolqvis gamwmendi
mowyobilobis aucilebeli dayenebisas.
a) ratom izrdeba mrudi dasawyisSi nela, xolo SemdegSi ufro swrafad gamonabolqvSi
arasasurveli nivTierebebis raodenobis SemcirebasTan erTad? aris Tu ara es gamo­
nabolqvis kontrolis saavtomobilo sistemebis Tavisebureba, Tu ufro zogadi xa­
siaTis damokidebulebaa?
b) gviCvenebs Tu ara es mrudi, ramdenad unda iqnas Semcirebuli gamonabolqvebi? ex-
mareba Tu ara mrudi maT, vinc am raionSi Sesabamis politikas axorcielebs?
g) Tu migaCniaT, rom es mrudi warmoadgens ufro sufTa haeris miwodebasTan dakavSire-
bul zRvrul danaxarjebs, ra monacemebi dagWirdebodaT imisTvis, rom agegoT ufro
sufTa haerze moTxovnis mrudi? risi aRmniSvneli iqneba am ori mrudis gadakveTis
wertili?
d) davuSvaT, gsurT gaigoT am raionSi mcxovrebi ramdeni adamiani afasebs ufro sufTa
haers. atarebT gamokiTxvas, romlis drosac adamianebs ekiTxebiT, Tu ramdens ga-
daixdidnen avtomobilis mavne gamonabolqvis ama Tu im sididiT SemcirebisTvis. Sei-
Zleba Tu ara gvqondes imis imedi, rom isini simarTles ityvian? gaxsovdeT, maT ician,
rom ar mouwevT imdenis gadaxda, ris gadasaxdeladac TiTqos mzad arian. ra aris Sec-
domis ZiriTadi wyaro gamokiTxvis aseTi proceduris dros?
e) davuSvaT, gamokiTxvas mTavroba atarebs da adamianebma ician, rom maT mouwevT wli-
uri gadasaxadebis saxiT im Tanxis gadaxda, romelsac gamokiTxvisas daasaxeleben. ra
saxis cvlilebebs Seitans es mocemul raionSi sufTa haerze moTxovnis Tqveneul Se-
fasebaSi?
v) `gamonabolqvis Semcirebaze daxarjuli nebismieri Tanxa arcTu Zalian didia~ – ro-
gor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara imis daSveba, rom aseTi gancxadebis avtorebi sinamd-
vileSi Tavad faraven gamonabolqvis Semcirebis xarjebs?
24. romelia saukeTeso adgili narCenebis gansaTavseblad? yvelaze xSiri pasuxia – `oRond Cemi
saxlis ukana ezo ara~!
a) rogor axorcielebs qalaqi adamianTa diskriminacias, rodesac axal adgils irCevs
narCenebis gansaTavseblad?
b) ra ubiZgebs adamianebs imisken, rom neba darTon sxvebs, ganaTavson narCenebi `maT uka-
na ezoebSi~?
g) ra moxdeba, Tu qalaqi axal adgils CaTvlis iseT ubnad, romelic yvelaze ufro mza-
daa narCenebis misaRebad? rogor SeiZleba am mzadyofnis dadgena?
25. `Wall Street Journal~-Si moyvanil statiaSi, romelic SemzRudveli standartebis mimarT bizne-
smenTa damokidebulebas Seexeboda, korporaciaTa xelmZRvanelebma ganacxades, rom mrava-

53
 li maTgani kargad Seegua arsebul standartebs da ver xedavs maTi gauqmebis aucileblobas.
a) ratom ar unda awyobdes kanonis Semsubuqeba kompanias, romelsac kanonma daavala
damabinZurebeli nivTierebebis gamoyofis Semcireba?
b) ratomaa mniSvnelovani, rom haeris dabinZurebis SemzRudavi standartebi xSirad ar
icvlebodes?
26. problemis Semdegi, metad gamartivebuli dasma dagexmarebaT gadatvirTuli gzebis sakiT-
xis gasarkvevad, romelic me-13 TavSi ganvixileT: warmoidgineT 1000 adamiani, romlebmac
samsaxurSi misasvlelad yoveldRe erTaderTi magistraliT unda imgzavron. TiToeul maT-
gans ori arCevani aqvs: imgzavros manqaniT an avtobusiT. yovel maTgans mxolod is surs, rom
minimaluri dro daxarjos. avtomobiliT mgzavrobas 30 wuTi dasWirdeba, rasac emateba 0,12
wuTi gzaze gamosul yovel sxva manqanaze. Tu avtobusiT imgzavreben, maSin mgzavrobas avto-
mobiliT mgzavrobaze 15 wuTiT meti dasWirdeba. davuSvaT, avtobusebis kompania mzadaa, ga-
zardos avtobusebis raodenoba, raTa yvela msurveli gadaiyvanos. avtobusebi gzebis gada-
tvirTvas ar iwvevs, amasTan, avtobusiT mgzavroba ufasoa (es ararealisturi daSvebebi
analizis gasamartiveblad SemoviReT: isini SeiZleba amoRebul iqnas im logikis cvlilebis
gareSe, rac amas moyveba).
a) ra dro dasWirdeba TiToeuls, Tu yvela avtomobiliT imgzavrebs?
b) ra dro dasWirdeba TiToeuls, Tu yvela avtobusiT imgzavrebs?
g) romeli arCevania saukeTeso TiToeulisTvis – avtomobili Tu avtobusi?
d) Tu TiToeuli gaakeTebs iseT arCevans, romelic misi mgzavrobis dros minimumamde
Seamcirebs, ra dro dasWirdeba mgzavrobas?
e) davuSvaT, yvela mgzavri mgzavrobis erT saaTs 8 dolarad afasebs, xolo magistra-
lis mflobeli kerZo avtomobilebidan iTxovs gadasaxads – 2,25 dolaris odenobiT.
ramdeni mZRoli imgzavrebs am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari avtomobiliT? risi toli iqneba
im drois Rirebuleba dolarebSi, romelsac TiToeuli mgzavri dazogavs sagzao ga-
dasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg?
27. vinaidan aravin imgzavrebs im pirobebSi, romlebic 26-e kiTxvas e) nawilSia aRwerili, amitom
magistralis mflobels Semosavali ar eqneba. amasTanave, magistrali ar iqneba efeqtianad
gamoyenebuli, vinaidan zogierTi mgzavri mzad iqneba, misi gamoyenebisTvis gadaixados meti,
vidre sxva mgzavrobis zRvruli Rirebulebaa, magram didi gadasaxadi maT mgzavrobas gadaa-
fiqrebinebs. ufro metic, gadatvirTva ar gaxlavT gzaze moZravi avtomobilebis raodeno-
bis wrfivi funqcia. is ufro 23-e kiTxvis 12-1 grafikze warmodgenil damokidebulebas waa-
gavs. aseve sakmaod ararealisturia imis daSveba, rom yvela erTnairad uaryofiT
Rirebulebas aniWebs mgzavrobaze daxarjul dros. miiReT es faqtebi mxedvelobaSi da Camo-
ayalibeT jarimebis dawesebis misaRebi politika magistralis mflobelisaTvis.
28. qvemoT motanilia citata devid iumis traqtatidan `adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb~. es sityvebi
dawerili iyo 1740 wels. azviadebda Tu ara iumi sakuTrebis mkacrad gansazRvruli stabi-
luri uflebebis mniSvnelobas?
`Cven sakuTrebas warmoadgens mxolod is sagnebi, romelTa floba sazogadoebis kanonebiT,
anu iuridiuli kanonebiTaa gansazRvruli...
aravis unda Seeparos eWvi, rom sakuTrebis ganawilebis da misi flobis stabilurobis Sesa-
xeb SeTanxmeba adamianTa sazogadoebis mowyobis yvelaze aucilebeli pirobaa da am kanonis
dadgenisa da dacvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis miRwevis Semdeg, bevris gakeTeba aRaraa saWiro ab-
soluturi harmoniisa da Tanxmobis misaRwevad~.

54
 bazrebi da
mTavroba

r isi gakeTeba unda mivandoT bazrebs da ra amocanebi unda gadawyvitos mTavrobam? am kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gacema Znelia, vidre ar gangvisazRvravs, Tu ra igulisxmeba sityvebSi `mTav-
roba~ da `bazari~. swori arCevani rom gavakeToT, unda vicodeT, Tu ras virCevT. arCevani ba-
zarsa da mTavrobas Soris arc ise martivia, rogorc sazogadoebriv politikasTan
dakavSirebuli debatebidan Cans.

kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, sabazro sistemasa da mTavrobas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdego-
bebis umravlesoba gaqreba. pirvel rigSi, bazars axasiaTeben, rogorc kerZo seqtors, xolo samTav-
robo saagentoebsa da organoebs sazogadoebriv seqtors miakuTvneben. ras unda niSnavdes es? ra
Tqma unda, aq ar igulisxmeba is, rom bazarze momxdari movlenebi sazogadoebaze ar moqmedebs. arc is
igulisxmeba, rom komerciuli firmebis mmarTvelebi mxolod sakuTar interesebs icaven, xolo sam-
Tavrobo dawesebulebebis yvela moxele sazogadoebrivi interesebiT xelmZRvanelobs. senatori,
romelic acxadebs, rom yvela gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas is sazogadoebrivi interesebiT xelmZR-
vanelobs, sinamdvileSi emyareba sazogadoebrivi keTil­ dReobis Sesaxeb sakuTar Sexedulebebs,
romlebic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis sakuTar mravalgvar interesebTan – xelaxali arCeva, ko-
legebTan da presasTan urTierToba, sakuTar sazogadoebriv imijze zrunva, is adgili, romelsac
mas istoriul gamokvlevebSi miakuTvneben. SesaZloa, senatorebi kerZo firmebis xelmZRvanelebze
ufro naklebad arian dainteresebulni sakuTari kerZo Semosavlebis maqsimizaciiT, magram saSua-
lod, isini ufro metad arian dainteresebulni prestiJiTa da ZalauflebiT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas samTavrobo dawesebulebis nebismieri muSakis Sesaxeb – iqneba es maRali
rangis oficialuri piri Tu mosamsaxure, romelic Tavisi karieris dasawyisSi umdables ierar-
qiul safexurze imyofeba. rac ar unda amaRlebuli, keTilSobiluri da uangaro iyos samTavro-
bo dawesebulebis miznebi, misi yoveldRiuri saqmianoba ganisazRvreba gadawyvetilebebiT, rom-
lebsac ubralo mokvdavni iReben. amitom kerZo da samTavrobo interesebis dapirispirebis
Sesaxeb yvela ritorikul gancxadebas ar unda vendoT. ufro mniSvnelovania im stimulebis
gamovlena, romlebic sinamdvileSi moqmedeben adamianebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.

konkurencia da individualizmi
sabazro seqtors xSirad konkurentuls uwodeben, magram, rogorc yvela arCevnebi gvaCvenebs,
konkurencia saxelmwifo seqtorSic arsebobs. nebismier samTavrobo dawesebulebaSi Cndeba
mosamsaxureTa konkurencia dawinaurebis mizniT. konkurencia Cndeba samTavrobo dawesebule-

55
bebs Sorisac, romlebic ufro maRali dafinansebisTvis ibrZvian. ori mTavari politikuri par-
tia mudmivad uwevs erTmaneTs konkurencias. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba CarTulia konkuren-
tul brZolaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan, kongresis wevrebi komitetSi
Ta­na­mdebobebisTvis erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven, saolqo mosamarTleebic ki konkurireben
erTmaneTTan im imediT, rom momavalSi ufro maRali instanciis sasamarTloSi moipovon adgili.
dasasruls, gavixsenoT uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebi, romlebic mTeli sicocxlis manZilze in-
arCuneben TavianTi profesiis adamianebisTvis yvelaze maRal Tanamdebobebs – gana ar uweven
isini erTmaneTs konkurencias gazeTis mowinave statiebis avtorebisa da iuridiuli
fakultetebis profesorebis gulis mosagebad?
zogjer amtkiceben, rom sabazro seqtoris advili damaxasiaTebeli niSania individualizmi. ra
aris individualizmi? mravali maTgani, vinc sabazro seqtorSia dakavebuli, msxvil korporaciebSi
skolis damTavrebisTanave midis da pensiaze gasvlamde iq muSaobs. rodesac meore msoflio omis
Semdeg didi britaneTi atarebda eqsperiments metalurgiuli dargis nacionalizacias, denaciona-
lizaciasa da renacionalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT, dargis muSakTa umravlesoba (iseve, rogorc
mravali sxva) ver igebda gansxvavebis arss. mraval maTgans, vinc kongresis darbazebSi zis, SesaZloa,
ufro metad axasiaTebdes egoizmi (yovel SemTxvevaSi individualizmi), vidre komerciiT dakavebul
adamianebs.

ekonomikuri Teoria da mTavrobis qmedeba

ekonomikuri Teoria cdilobs, axsnas sazogadoebis funqcionireba im daSvebidan gamomdinare,
rom yvela monawiles sakuTari interesebi aqvs da, amave dros, cdilobs racionalurad imoqmedos.
zRvruli analizis kanoni, romelic adre ganvixileT da, faqtobrivad, mTel wignSi viyenebT, am daS-
vebis mxolod formaluri gamoxatulebaa: piradi interesebis Sesabamisi warmatebis miRwevis winapi-
robaa saqmianobis gafarToeba maSin, rodesac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjebze metia da
im saqmianobis Sewyveta, romlis drosac zRvruli danaxarjebi zRvrul Semosavalze metia. rogorc
aRvniSneT, ekonomistebs ar miaCniaT, rom momxmareblebisa da mwarmoeblebis mier gaTvaliswinebul
xarjebsa da Semosavlebs (an sargebels) miekuTvneba mxolod fuli da materialuri produqti, an
rom adamianebs viwro da egoisturi interesebi amoZravebT. ekonomikur Teorias SeuZlia naTeli mo-
hfinos socialur procesebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia nebismieri saxis interesebTan.
SeiZleba4 Tu ara yovelive amis gamoyeneba adamianTa miznebisa da socialuri procesebis
Sesas­wavlad, romlebic mTavrobis qmedebaTa mimarTulebas gansazRvravs?
xelaxali arCevis
perspeqtiva

zRvruli
sargebloba

zRvruli
დანაxarjebi

nakocni bavSvebis raodenoba

kandidatis mier nakocni

bavSvebis raodenoba

Cveni azriT, SeiZleba. sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebebis is principebi, romlebic warmar-

Tavs `Times~-isa da `Newsweek~-is saqmianobas, mniSvne­
lovnad ar gansxvavdeba federaluri
sarezervo bankis biuletenebis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul principebisagan. mTavroba, iseve

4 erTaderTi gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos qaosis survili. adamianebi sazogadoebaSi racionalobas rom ar afasebdnen
da upiratesobas SemTxveviTobas, ucnaurobebs an usargeblo qmedebebs aniWebdnen, ekonomikuri Teoria TiTqmis da-
kargavda Tavis winaswarmetyvelur Zalas. Sesabamisad, misi winaswar­metyveluri Zala ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis im dargebSi, romlebSic gadawyveti­lebebis miReba yvelaze gaazrebulad xdeba.

56
rogorc kerZo firmebi, awarmoebs saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. amisaTvis mTavrobas sWirdeba
sawarmoo resursebis SeZena, romelTa alternatiuli danaxarjebi imis RirebulebiT ganisaz-
Rvreba, ris warmoebasac SeZlebdnen mTavrobis wevrebi sxva yvelaze maRalanazRaurebad samuS-
ao adgilebze. amitom mTavrobam, iseve rogorc kerZo firmebma, monawileoba unda miiRos misT-
vis aucilebeli resursebisTvis gamarTul vaWrobaSi da am resursebis mflobelebs adekvaturi
stimulebi SesTavazos. unda aRiniSnos (amas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT), rom mTavrobas Seu-
Zlia rogorc negatiuri, ise pozitiuri stimulebis gamoyeneba: magaliTad cixeSi Casmis saSiS-
roeba zogierTi adamianisTvis SeiZleba ZiriTad stimulad iqces, rodesac yovel gazafxulze
isini Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu Semosavlis ra nawili gadascen sagadasaxado
samsaxurs. kompania `United Way~ aseT stimuls ver gamoiyenebs. mTavroba awydeba warmoebuli
produqciis realizaciisa da fasebis SerCevis problemas, Tumca fasebis fuladi gamoxatuleba
nakleb rols asrulebs mTavrobis produqciis ganawilebis dros. magram udavoa, rom arsebobs
moTxovnis mrudebi mTavrobis mier warmoebul produqtebzec da, vinaidan, Cveulebriv es
produqtebic iSviaT saqonelTa kategorias miekuTvnebian maTi ganawileba garkveuli kriteri-
umebiT unda moxdes. aqedan gamomdinare, adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT moTxovna mTavrobis mier
SeTavazebul saqonelze, erTmaneTTan konkurenciis pirobebSi Seecdebian am kriteriumebis da-
kmayofilebas da saqonlis dadgenil fasad SeZenas. mTavrobis moRvaweobis mimarT aseTi midgo-
mis mTavari upiratesoba isaa, rom arsebuli tendenciisgan gansxvavebiT, mTavroba aq ar warmo-
Cindeba, rogorc dues ex machina, anu RvTis mier boZebuli Zalaufleba, romelsac SeuZlia erTi
xelis mosmiT gadaWras nebismieri problema, rogorc amas nebismieri dramaturgi tragediis
bolo aqtSi akeTebs. Cveni meTodi gvibiZgebs, gamovikvlioT pirobebi, romlebic mTavrobas aiZu-
lebs, efeqtianad imuSaos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi da ar daijeros, rom igi yovelTvis
moaxerxebs miaRwios imas, rac surs. aseTi mosazreba arasworia Tundac mxolod imitom (da amas
Cvens mier arCeuli meTodi gvaxsenebs), rom mTavroba ar aris raRac abstraqtuli erTeuli:
mTavroba aris calkeuli adamianebis erToblioba, romlebic erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben sa-
kuTrebis arsebuli wesebis Sesabamisad.
visac aocebs, Tu ra saerToa sakuTrebis uflebasa da mTavrobis qmedebas Soris, maSin albaT
dagaviwydaT, rom ekonomistebi TamaSis wesebis aRwerisTvis sakuTrebis uflebis cnebas iyene-
ben. mTavrobis moqmedebebis yvela monawiles, amomrCevlebiTa da saxelmwifo moxeleebiT dawye-
buli da prezidentiT damTavrebuli, garkveuli warmodgena aqvs imaze, Tu ras unda akeTebdnen
amomrCevlebi, moxeleebi da prezidenti. es warmodgena sakuTrebis uflebebzea dafuZnebuli.
SeiZleba ukeTesi iyos, Tu sakuTrebis uflebas SevcvliT fraziT adamianTa warmodgena imis
Sesa­xeb, Tu `ra gauvaT~ TiToeul situaciaSi. samwuxarod, aseTi formulirebisas adamianebis
saqcieli SeiZleba egoisturad an araeTikurad mogveCvenos, Cven ki amas srulebiTac ar vamt-
kicebT.
samagierod, Cveni axsna kargad asaxavs sakuTrebis uflebebis koncefciis ZiriTad ideas:
qmedebebi, romlebsac adamianebi axorcieleben, damokidebulia am qmedebiTa Sedegebis
molodinze, maTive gadawyvetilebebi an dakavSirebuli SesaZlo zRvruli sargeblisa da zRvru-
li danaxarjebis Sefasebasa da urTierTSedarebaze. es xdeba rogorc senatis SenobaSi, ise niu-
iorkis safondo birJaze. imisaTvis, rom es ori samyaro SevicnoT, mniSvnelovania senatorebisa
da birJis brokerebis sakuTrebis uflebebs Soris gansxvavebebis arsSi garkveva.

iZulebis ufleba
arsebobs mTavrobis ganmasxvavebeli erTi niSani, romelic yuradRebiT dakvirvebis SemTx-
vevaSic ar qreba da arc naklebSesamCnevi xdeba: mTavrobas aqvs sayovelTaod cnobili da gansa-
kuTrebuli ufleba – zrdasruli moqalaqeebis iZulebis ufleba. es ufleba iTvleba sayovel-
Taod miRebulad, magram mas yvela ar cnobs; mas uaryofen radikal-anarqistebi da isini, vinc
zogadad mTavrobis aucileblobas principulad eTanxmeba, magram arakanonierad miiCnevs
konkretul mTavrobas. es gansakuTrebuli uflebaa, vinaidan, cnobili gamoTqmis mixedviT, `ada-
mianebs ara aqvT ufleba sakuTari xeliT aRasrulon kanoni~ da, Tu saWiroa iZuleba, unda mimar-
Ton saxelmwifo Zalauflebas (policias, mosamarTleebs, kanonmdeblebs). garkveul garemoebeb-

57
Si, mTavrobas mxolod zrdasruli moqalaqeebis iZulebis ufleba aqvs, vinaidan xSirad bavSvebis
iZulebis ufleba, mxolod mSoblebs aqvT.
ras gulisxmobs iZuleba? me-11 Tavis 30 kiTxvaSi farulad ukve moviyvaneT iZulebis gansaz-
Rvreba. iZuleba niSnavs, arCevanis SezRudvis muqariT adamianebs ubiZgo TanamSromlobisaken.
TanamSromlobis stimulirebis alternatiuli xerxia darwmuneba. darwmuneba ki niSnavs, rom
urTierTqmedebisaken ubiZgo adamianebs maTi uflebebis gafarToebiT.

darwmuneba

iZuleba
zog SemxTvevaSi rTulia imis Tqma, esa Tu is qmedeba iZulebaa Tu darwmuneba. xSirad ase xdeba
imgvar viTarebaSi, roca gansxvavebuli azri gvaqvs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor hqondaT
adamianebs warmodgenili TavianTi arCevani, rodesac maT erToblivi qmedebisken ubiZgebdnen.
SeiZleba gansxvave­buli Sexedulebebi gvqondes imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra uflebebi unda mieniWoT ada-
mianebs, magram sazogadod, es gansazRvreba gvexmareba, gavigoT, gamoyenebul iqna Tu ara iZule-
ba adamianTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis mcdelobisas. mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobis mizniT ar-
Cevanis SezRudvis ufleba, piradi Tavisuflebis SezRudvis ufleba, adamianebisTvis maTi
uflebebis nawilis warTmeva, mTavrobis prerogativaa.
iZulebas cudi reputacia aqvs, vinaidan TiTqmis yovel CvenTagans miaCnia (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
Tavad ase gveCveneba), rom zogadad adamianebs unda mieceT imis ufleba, rom akeTon, rac surT.
garda amisa, iZuleba Zalauflebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. mravali Cvengani uaryofiTad re-
agirebs Zalauflebis nebismier pretenziaze, magram moZraobis wesebi, romlebic gvaCvenebs, rom
saWiroa gzis marjvena nawilSi moZraoba da wiTel niSanze gaCereba, erTdroulad gvaiZuleben
kidec da Cvens Tavisuflebasac zrdian. Cveni Tavisufleba izrdeba, vinaidan iZulebas sxvebic
ganicdian da TiToeuli Cvengani ufro Tavisuflad da usafrTxod aRwevs daniSnulebis adgil-
amde, raki sagzao moZraobis wesebis mxridan `iZulebas~ vemorCilebiT. tradiciulad, swored
ase xdeba mTavrobis mier iZulebis gamoyenebis uflebis dacva: TiToeul Cvengans SeuZlia meti
Tavisuflebis (ufro farTo arCevanis) miRweva, Tu sakuTari Tavisuflebis (da arCevanis) Sez-
Rudvebs SeveguebiT.

saWiroa Tu ara mTavroba?

aucilebelia Tu ara iZulebis gamoyeneba? nuTu ar SeiZleba imave Sedegebis miRweva nebayo-
flobiTi TanamSromlobiT? rogorc am wignidan Cans, sazogadoebaSi SeTanxmebuli moqmedebebis
mTavar meqanizms nebayoflobiTi gacvla warmoadgens. maS, ratom ar SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi
gacvla iyos erTaderTi stimuli, romelic adamianebs TanamSromlobisaken ubiZgebs? am sakiTxze
seriozuli dafiqreba dagvexmareba im saSualebaTa SesaZleblobebsa da SezRudvebSi gas-
arkvevad, romelTa daxmarebiTac miznis miRwevas vcdilobT.
am sakiTxs SegviZlia asec mivudgeT: warmovidginoT, ra moxdeboda, Tu Cvens sazogadoebaSi
sulac ar iqneboda mTavroba. ra problemebi gaCndeboda? SeZlebdnen Tu ara adamianebi proble-
mebis gadaWras individualurad an nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis meSveobiT? imisaTvis, rom
yvelaferSi gaverkveT, ganvixiloT policiis magaliTi. moispoboda Tu ara policia, mTavroba
rom ar arsebobdes? albaT, es ar moxdeboda, vinaidan dRes arsebobs kerZo policiuri formire-
bebic. oRond, isini aZliereben usafrTxoebis ZiriTad sistemas, romelsac saxelmwifo policia
qmnis, uzrunvelyofen damatebiT usafrTxoebas maTTvis, vinc amaSi dainteresebulia da mzadaa,
safasuri gadaixados. SeiZleba Tu ara usafrTxoebis dacvis aucilebeli sistemis Seqmna mTav-
robis monawileobis gareSe?

58
gamovricxoT argadamxdelebi!
ratomac ara? mTavroba rom ar arsebobdes, adamianebs, romlebsac surT, rom isini policiam
daicvas, SeeZloT, es ufleba ubralod eyidaT kerZo policiis saagentoebisgan zustad iseve,
rogorc amas dRes akeTeben adamianebi, romelTac ar akmayofilebs mTavrobis mier SeTavazebu-
li momsaxureba. iqneboda Tu ara es sistema ufro samarTliani, vidre is, romelic amJamad arse-
bobs? adamianebi, romlebsac aqvT mniSvnelovani sakuTreba, da ara aqvT dro, SesaZlebloba da
survili, Tavad daicvan igi, iZulebulni iqnebodnen, gadaexadaT am momsaxurebisTvis. maT, visac
cota ram gaaCnia da Tavadve SeuZlia sakuTrebis dacva, ar mouwevdaT im gadasaxadebis gadaxda,
romlebic policiis Senaxvas xmardeba, magram piradad maTTvis sinamdvileSi araviTari sarge-
bloba ar moaqvs. Cven vaiZulebT adamianebs fulis gadaxdas sakvebSi imis nacvlad, rom maT uz-
runveleyoT sakuTari Tavis gamokveba gadasaxadebidan miRebuli TanxebiT, vinaidan viciT, rom
adamianebis moTxovna mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba rogorc xarisxobrivi, ise raodenobrivi
TvalsazrisiT. ratom ar gamoviyenoT aseTive sistema policiis organizebisTvis?
swori pasuxi ar gaxlavT, rom policia `sasicocxlo aucileblobaa~, radgan kvebas sasicocx-
lod meti mniSvneloba aqvs. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom sakvebi SeiZleba misce uSualod mas,
vinc fuls ixdis da ar misce mas, vinc uars acxadebs fulis gadaxdaze. policiis SemTxvevaSi es
ase araa. morige policielebi, romlebsac Cemi mezobeli qiraobs sakuTari saxlis dacvis mizniT,
garkveuli damatebiTi efeqtis saxiT, Cemi saxlis usafrTxoebasac zrdian. potenciurma
mZarcvelebma ar ician, rom me ar vuxdi fuls usafrTxoebis samsaxurs, romelic mezobelma dai-
qirava da amitom mainc unda SeeSindeT daWeris, Tuki Cems saxlSi SemoZvrebian. ase rom, sinamd-
vileSi, mZarcvelebi mTlad usafrTxod ver igrZnoben Tavs. morige policielebma SeiZleba
gadawyviton, rom SeZleben ukeT daicvan klientis sakuTreba, Tu daiWeren yvela mZarcvels,
romlebsac aRmoaCenen, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vis sakuTrebas emuqrebian. es uzrunvelyofs dac-
vas, romelSic me fuli ar gadamixdia.
analogiurad, mexanZreebma, romlebic Cemi mezoblis saxlis dasacavad arian daqiravebuli,
SeiZleba gadawyviton im cecxlis Caqroba, romelic Cems baRSi balaxs moedo, an Cemi saxlis sxve­
ni moicva mxolod im mizniT, rom is maTi klientis sakuTrebas ar gadaedos. amasTan, rodesac
isini klientebTan sakuTrebis momcvel xanZars aqroben, amiT amcireben mezobeli saxlebis daw-
vis albaTobas, Tumca am ukanasknelTa mflobelebs maTTvis fuli ar gadauxdiaT. orive SemTx-
vevaSi is, visac fuli ar gadauxdia, aranakleb sargebels iRebs warmoebuli saqonlidan. aq mTa-
vari mwarmoeblebis (mexanZreebis, an policielebis) mier argadamxdelebis gamoricxvis
uunarobaa.

ubileTo mgzavris problema

rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT saqonlis miReba imis miuxedavad, ixdian Tu ara mis safasurs,
maT gadaxdisTvis naklebi stimuli gaaCniaT, uCndebaT cduneba, gaxdnen „ubileTo mgzavrebi“ –
anu adamianebi, romlebic sargebels iReben ise, rom ar ixdian am sargeblis uzrunvelyofis saz-
Raurs. magram Tu aravis aqvs saTanado xarjebis gawevis stimuli, maSin aravis eqneba am sargeblis
uzrunvelyofis stimulic. amis Sedegad, saqonels aravin awarmoebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
TiToeuli warmoebis danaxarjebze metad afasebs.

vis eqneba saqonlis miwodebis stimuli, Tu xalxs am saqonlis miReba sazRauris

gadauxdeladac SeuZlia?!

cneba `ubileTo mgzavri~ sazogadoebis organizebis kvlevis erT-erT yvelaze Znelad gada-
sawyvet problemas aRwers. mas sasowarkveTilebaSi mohyavs is, visac ar esmis, ratom arsebobs es
problema da mis gadaWras moiTxovs.
`Cven davZlevT energetikul problemas, Tu yvela Cvengani...~
`Cveni gzebi ar iqneboda savse nagviT, Tu yvela Cvengani...~
`Tu yvela Cvengani gaerkveva problemis arsSi da arCevnebis dRes miva saarCevno ubanSi...~
`Tu yvela qveyana gadawyvets, uari Tqvas Zalis gamoyenebaze, rogorc saerTaSoriso prob-

59
lemebis gadawyvetis xerxze...~
yvelas, vinc am da aTeulobiT sxva SemTxvevaSi umorCilesad iTxovs amas, kargad esmis, rom yvela
moigebda, `Tuki TiToeuli Cvengani...~. maT sasowarkveTilebaSi agdebs is, rom adamianebs jiutad ar
surT imis gakeTeba, rac, saerTo azriT, aucileblad gaaumjobesebda maT keTildReobas.

Tu yvela fermeri 50%-iT nakleb xorbals daTesavs, maTi mogeba gaizrdeba

magram... nebis­mieri individualuri fermeri SeZlebs sakuTari mogebis gazr-

das, Tu 50%-iT met xorbals daTesavs, Tuki, imavdroulad, yvela sxva fermeri
50%-iT nakleb xorbals daTesavs,

rogoria Tqveni prognozi?

`ubileTo mgzavris~ problema ekonomistebsac awuxebT. isini medgar winaaRmdegobas awydebi-

an, rodesac cdiloben Cvens darwmunebas, rom `TiToeuli Cvengani~ arafers gaakeTebs saerTo
saqmisTvis, Tu es Cvens sakuTar interesebs ar daemTxveva. adamianebis qmedeba ganisazRvreba im
xarjebiT, romelTa gawevasac isini apireben, da im sargebliT, romelsac isini am qmedebebis Sede-
gad moelian. Tu jein marsetis mier miRebuli sargebeli sruliad ucvleli iqneba, jeinis im
qmedebebis miuxedavad, romlebic misgan garkveul xarjebs moiTxovs, maSin is arafers gaakeTebs.
Tu jeini keTilSobili da xelgaSlilia, is miiRebs mniSvnelovan sargebels imisgan, rom|sxvebs
daexmareba da TiTqmis ar dafiqrdeba im danaxarjebze, romelTac amisTvis gaiRebs. amitom, is
gaakeTebs imas, rasac naklebad keTilSobili da xelgaSlili adamianebi ar gaakeTeben. amis aRniS-
vna aucilebelia, vinaidan, ra Tqma unda, `ubileTo mgzavris~ cneba ar gulisxmobs, TiTqos ada-
mianebi egoistebi arian da altruizmi araviTar rols ar asrulebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
piriqiT, verc erTi sazogadoeba ver iarsebebda, adamianebi sruli egoistebi rom iyvnen. me-13
TavSi vTqviT da kvlav gvsurs gavimeoroT, rom garkveuli uangaro zrunva adamianebis keTil-
dReobaze aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi erToblivi qmedebebis arsebobisTvis. bazrebi da mTav-
robebi ver iarsebebdnen, adamianebs rom ar SeeZloT, nawilobriv mainc uTanagrZnon da gaizia­
ron is, rasac sxvebi ganicdian.

dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi da ubileTo mgzavrebi

rodesac ekonomisti `ubileTo mgzavris~ cnebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, amiT imis da­
mtkiceba surs, rom adamianebs sakuTari interesebis Sesaxeb SezRuduli warmodgena aqvT, rom
isini sxva adamianebis, gansakuT­rebiT, ucnobebis Sinagan grZnobebs iseTive yuradRebas ar aqcev-
en, rogorsac sakuTar xarjebsa da sargebels. ekonomisti, romelic Cvens yuradRebas `ubileTo
mgzav­ris problemas~ miapyrobs, amiT imas ambobs, rom uaryofiT garegan efeqtebTan erTad arse-
bobs dadebiTi garegani efeqtebic da es efeqtebi adamianebs ubileTo mgzavrobisken ubiZgebs.
dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi is sargebelia, romelsac gadawyvetilebis mimRebni ar iTvaliswi­
neben gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba aseTi problema: eqneba Tu
ara vinmes imis stimuli, rom Seqmnas es sargebeli, Tu yvela imis imedad iqneba, rom mas sxva ada-
mianebis qmedebaTa garegani efeqtebis saxiT miiRebs?
dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi, SesaZloa, ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli dRevandel sazogadoe-
baSi, vidre uaryofiTi garegani efeqtebi, romlebic garemos dabinZurebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
saxlis mflobelebi, romlebic lamaz baRebs da gazonebs uvlian, qmnian dadebiT garegan efeqts
mezoblebisa da gamvlelebisTvis. is, vinc keTili RimiliT xvdeba sxvebs, yvelas dadebiT gare-
gan efeqts uqmnis. moqalaqeebi, romlebic Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa Caswvdnen sazogadoebri-
vi problemebis arss, aumjobeseben koleqtiurad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis xarisxs da,
amgvarad, sargebeli moaqvT. ufro metic, Cveulebrivi mwarmoeblebi da gamyidvelebi regu-
larulad aZleven momxmareblebs gacilebiT met sargebels, vidre momxmareblis mier gadaxdili
Tanxebi iTvaliswinebs. yvela dadebiTi garegani efeqtis Tavidan acileba iseTive absurduli da
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rogorc yvela uaryofiTisa. miuxedavad amisa, dadebiTi garegani efeqte-

60
bidan raimes muqTad miRebis mcdeloba marTlac seriozul socialur problemebs qmnis. am prob-
lemebis gadawyvetis erT-erTi gzaa saxelmwifo organoebis mier ganxorcielebuli iZuleba.

sazogadoebaSi ganxorcielebuli ormxrivad momgebiani gacvlebis

raodenoba SezRudulia transaqciuri xarjebiT

gaxsovdeT, rom gacvlas yovelTvis Tan axlavs transaqciuri xarjebi. gamyidvelma da myid-
velma unda ipovon erTmaneTi, moilaparakon, Tu risi SeTavazeba da miReba surT, darwmundnen,
rom marTlac imas miiReben, rasac moelian. kerZod, gamyidvelebi iZulebulni arian, gawion
transaqciuri xarjebi, raTa imis garantia miiRon, rom argadamxdelebi ver miiReben maT mier mi-
wodebul saqonels. saqmiani operaciebis dadgenili standartebi transaqciur xarjebs amcirebs
da yvela monawiles gacvlidan ufro didi wminda sargeblis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. magram,
rodesac transaqciuri xarjebi metia gacvlis Sedegad miRebul mosalodnel sargebelze, gacv-
la ar Sedgeba da potenciuri sargebeli daikargeba. mTavroba SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc
iZulebis gziT transaqciuri xarjebis Semcirebis instrumenti.

kanoni da wesrigi
imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT, ra bevris axsna SeuZlia aseT midgomas, ganvixiloT mTavrobis
zogierTi tradiciuli funqcia. daviwyoT `kanonisa da wesrigis~ dacviT. SegviZlia mokled
CamovayaliboT is, razec zemoT visaubreT: maRali transaqciuri xarjebis gamo policiis qmede-
bebis dadebiT garegan efeqtebs argadamxdelebic iReben. imisTvis, rom xeli SeuSalon ubileTo
mgzavrebs im stimulebis SemcirebaSi, romlebic policiis momsaxurebis miwodebas uzrunve-
lyofs, mTavroba iZulebas iyenebs. is am momsaxurebas yvelas sTavazobs, mis safasurs ki ga-
dasaxadebis saxiT iRebs.
nebayoflobiTi ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba moqalaqeebs Soris davis gadaWris samarTlebrivi
sistemis policiaze ufro efeqturad amoqmedeba, razec metyvelebs mravalricxovani saarbi-
traJo sistemebis arseboba, romlebic nebayoflobiT finansdeba. magram yvela sargeblobs,
rodesac erT teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela adamiani erTian sakanonmdeblo sistemasa da iuri­
diul normebs emorCileba. erTiani da TanamimdevrobiT gatarebuli kanonebi, romlebic yvelas-
Tvis savaldebuloa, mniSvnelovnad umartivebs xalxs momavlis dagegmvas, xolo momavlis mtki­
ce dagegmvis unari isaa, rac erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs erTobliv qmedebaze dafuZnebul
sazogadoebas da uwesrigo brbos. sazogadoeba marTlmsajulebis sistemis Seqmnisa da marT-
visTvis iZulebas iyenebs, vinaidan kanonebisa da sasamarTloebis sistemas adamianebisTvis mniS-
vnelovani sargebloba moaqvs, miuxedavad imisa, Tanaxmani arian Tu ara isini saamisod raime ga-
daixadon, an am sistemas daemorCilon.

saxelmwifo Tavdacva
saxelmwifo Tavdacva mTavrobis tradiciul funqciebs miekuTvneba da im sargeblis klasi-
kuri magaliTia, romelic ar SeiZleba miiRon mxolod maT, vinc mzadaa, masSi fuli gadaixados.
vinaidan `ubileTo mgzavris problema~ praqtikulad SeuZlebels gaxdida nebayoflobiT Sena-
tanebze dayrdnobas da am gziT Tavdacvis sistemis dafinansebas, amitom sazogadoeba mimarTavs
iZulebas da Tanxebs gadasaxadebis saxiT agrovebs.

rogor unda miawodos saxelmwifo Tavdacvis mimwodebelma

momsaxureba mxolod imas, vinc amisTvis fuls ixdis?

miaqcieT yuradReba erT moments, romelic SeiZleba advilad gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan:

mTavrobas mxolod iZulebaze dayrdnoba ar uwevs imisTvis, rom awarmoos saqoneli, romelsac
`saxelmwifo Tavdacva~ ewodeba. arc erTi mTavroba ar iqceva amgvarad. gadasaxadebi, romlebic
armiis dafinansebisTvis gamoiyeneba, iZulebiTi gadasaxadebia. magram rodesac Tanxebi gamoi­

61
yeneba imisTvis, rom adamianebi samxedro samsaxurSi daiqiravon, an imisTvis, rom SeiZinon esa Tu
is SeiaraReba, mTavroba iyenebs rogorc darwmunebis meTods, ise nebayoflobiT TanamSromlo-
bas, msgavsad policielebisa da mosamarTleebis daqiravebis SemTxvevisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT
Cndeba saintereso kiTxva: ratom iyenebs zogjer mTavroba Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad iZulebas,
Tuki sulac araa Zneli imave miznebis miRweva darwmunebis gziT? ratom mimarTavs mTavroba
zogjer jarSi savaldebulo gawvevas imis nacvlad, rom moxaliseebs daeyrdnos? im adamianebis
umravlesobam, vinc mTavrobis samsaxurSia, iq muSaoba imitom daiwyo, rom isini daarwmunes, da
ara imitom, rom aiZules. ratom aiZuleben zogierTebs? is, rom samxedroebs saSiSroeba emuqre-
ba, amomwurav pasuxs ar iZleva, vinaidan adamianebi gacilebiT saSiS saqmeebsac sCadian, Tumca
maT amas aravin aiZulebs. amas mogvianebiT agixsniT.

gzebi da skolebi
ra SeiZleba iTqvas gzebis Sesaxeb? gveqneboda Tu ara quCebisa da gzebis sakmarisad mosa­
xerxebeli sistema, maTi mSeneblobis dasafinanseblad iZuleba rom ar gamoiyenebodes? yura­
dRebiT iyaviT: sakmarisad mosaxerxebeli sistema aucileblad ar gulisxmobs im raodenobasa da
xarisxs, romelic dRes gvaqvs. Tu axali gzis gayvaniT miRebuli sargebeli naklebia, vidre amas-
Tan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, maSin gvaqvs gzebis Warbi warmoeba. magram arsebobs Tu ara imis
safuZveli, rom velodoT quCebisa da gzebis sistematur deficits, Tu maTi uzrunvelyofa
mTlianad nebayoflobiT Zalisxmevaze iqneba damokidebuli? yvela quCa da gza im adamianebs rom
ekuTvnodes, visi Semosavalic mTlianad sagzao gadasaxadebze iqneba damokidebuli, maSin trans-
aqciuri xarjebi uzarmazari iqneboda. amas garda, sargebels mxolod avtomobilebis mflo-
belebi rodi iReben. adamianebi, romlebic mtvriani, qviSiT savse gzis gaswvriv cxovroben,
isargebleben asfaltis dagebiT, avtomobilis marTva sulac rom ar icodnen. maTi gamocdileba,
visac gzebi miuval adgilebsa da kerZo miwebze gahyavs, Tanac ise, rom ar iyenebs iZulebas,
gviCvenebs, rom es SesaZlebelia da, rom erToblivi qmedebebis mxolod nebayoflobiTi meTo-
debiT uzrunvelyofis xarjebi metad maRalia.

xarjebi da
sargebeli

zRvruli sargebeli
yvelasTvis

MC
zRvruli sargebeli
studentisTvis

ganaTlebis raodenoba

ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac iZuleba ganaTlebis dafinansebisTvis gamoiyeneba? aq SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom adamianebi ganagrZoben ganaTlebis miRebas mxolod manam, sanam maTi zRvruli xarjebi
ar gautoldeba zRvrul sargebels. magram ganaTleba, saerTo azriT, dadebiT garegan efeqtebs anu
im sargebels qmnis, romelsac iReben sxva adamianebic da ara mxolod ganaTlebulebi. magaliTad, Tu
demokratiuli sazogadoebis yvela wevrs wera-kiTxva da sworad azrovneba exerxeba, amiT yvela
isargeblebs. imis gamo, rom ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sxvis sargebels ar viT-
valiswinebT, es gadawyvetileba xSirad optimaluri ar gaxlavT. gadasaxadebis meSveobiT gana-
Tlebis subsidirebiT mTavroba amcirebs swavlis Rirebulebas potenciuri studentebisTvis da
ubiZgebs maT, iswavlon ufro didxans, vidre amas sxva SemTxvevaSi gaakeTebdnen. iseve, rogorc gze-
bis SemTxvevaSi, aqac ibadeba kiTxva – Warbwarmoebas xom ar iwvevs iZulebis gamoyeneba arasakmarisi
miwodebis aRkveTis mizniT? am sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.

62
Semosavlebis gadanawileba
mTavrobis saqmianobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia specialuri sargeblis – fuladi
dotaciebis, kvebis ufaso talonebis, ufaso samedicino momsaxurebisa da sxva socialuri momsa­
xurebis gacema Raribi da Sromisuunaro adamianebisTvis. ratom moiTxovs am saxis saqmianoba
iZulebis gamoyenebas? ratom ar davtovoT is nebayoflobiTi qvelmoqmedebis wyalobaze imis
nacvlad, rom gadasaxadebiT vaiZuloT adamianebi am saqmianobaSi monawileoba miiRon? pasuxi
nawilobriv isaa, rom qvelmoqmedeba ukavSirdeba `ubileTo mgzavris~ problemas. davuSvaT, yve-
la moqalaqe mzadaa, xeli mihyos qvelmoqmedebas da surs, rom yvelaze Rarib da uiRblo adamia­
nebs meti Semosavali hqondeT. imis miuxedavad, rom zogierT adamians siamovnebs fulis saqvel-
moqmedo miznebiT xarjva, umravlesobas urCevnia, rom es problemebi ise gadawydes, rom piradad
maT minimaluri xarjebi gaiRon. maT surT, rom Raribi adamianebi daxmarebas iRebdnen, oRond
sxvebisgan. amitom isini xSirad ise iqcevian, rogorc ubileTo mgzavrebi – Tavad Tavs ikaveben
qvelmoqmedebisgan im imediT, rom sxvebi sakmaris Semowirulobas gaiReben problemis gada-
sawyvetad. magram Tu TiToeuli icdis, sanam sxvebi ar gaiReben mowyalebas, maSin Semowiruloba
imaze gacilebiT naklebi aRmoCndeba, ris Segrovebasac TiToeuli isurvebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi
dabegvram SeiZleba adamianebs meti Tanxis Setanisken ubiZgos, vinaidan isini darwmunebulebi
iqnebian, rom sxvebsac TavianTi wili SeaqvT am saqmeSi.

nebayoflobiTi gacvlis regulireba

ra SeiZleba iTqvas mTavrobis im qmedebebis grZeli nusxis Sesaxeb, romlebic regulirebad
kategorias miekuTvnebian? ratom aregulireben moqalaqeTa saqmianobis mraval sferos fede­
raluri, adgilobrivi da Statebis mTavrobebi, ratom iyeneben iZulebas adamianebs Soris nebay-
oflobiTi gacvlis pirobebis kontrolis mizniT? problemisadmi aseTma midgomam – nebayoflo-
biTi gacvlis kontrolis mizniT iZulebis gamoyenebam – SeiZleba gvaiZulos, ufro seriozulad
da xangrZlivad davakvirdeT yovelive imas, rasac mTavroba regulirebis mizniT akeTebs.
pasuxi nawilobriv dakavSirebulia im rwmenasTan, rom, Tu mTavroba ar aregulirebs nebayo-
flobiTi gacvlebis zogierT saxeobas, maSin Zlieri da usindiso adamiani, sustsa da patiosan-
Tan SedarebiT, usamarTlod moipovebs upiratesobas. es aris mSoblis argumenti5 romelic,
udavod, pativsacemia, magram mSobeli xSirad TviTonve cdilobs sustisa da patiosnisaTvis usa­
marTlo upiratesobis mopovebas.
pasuxis meore nawili transaqciur xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. yovel Cvengans Zalian Zviri
daujdeba, Tu Tavad ivlis sasworiT xelSi, raTa Seamowmos yasbis mier awonili xorcis zusti
wona, an yovelTvis Tan eqneba garkveuli moculobis WurWeli, romelSic benzins Causxamen.
rodesac moiTxoven, rom eqimebma licenzia miiRon, xolo axali wamlebi gayidvamde farmacev-
tikisa da sakvebis sammarTvelom Seamowmos, myidvelebi zogaven im saqonlis Sefasebis xarjebs,
romelTa xarisxs isini damoukideblad (xarjebis gareSe) ver gansazRvravdnen. gamyidvelebisT-
vis savaldebulo licenziebis gacemiT, mTavroba maT SesaZleblobas aZlevs, awarmoon damakmayo­
filebeli gacvla naklebi xarjebiT. samTavrobo regulirebis didi nawili SegviZlia ganvixi-
loT, rogorc iZuleba informaciis miRebis xarjebis Semcirebis mizniT.
regulirebis dacvis am argumentebis seriozuli nakli is gaxlavT, rom isini ver xsnian im en-
Tuziazms, romliTac gamyidvelebi ase xSirad xels uwyoben regulirebas. vinc odesme am prob-
lemis SeswavliT yofila dakavebuli, kargad icis, rom samTavrobo regulirebis moTxovna xSir-
ad gamyidvelebisgan ufro mimdinareobs, vidre maTi momxmareblebisgan. me-10 TavSi vnaxeT, Tu
ratom xdeboda es – gamyidvelebs surT konkurenciis SezRudva, xolo momxmareblis dacvis
mizniT, samTavrobo regulireba aris xerxi, romelmac daamtkica Tavisi efeqtianoba konkuren-
ciis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. ratom TanamSromloben mTavrobasTan regulirebis `msxver-
plni~? ratom iyenebs mTavroba iZulebas, raTa xeli Seuwyos calkeuli jgufebis interesebs,
rodesac mTavrobis movaleoba sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacva unda iyos?

5 adamianebis umetesoba ityoda, `mamobrivi~ argumentio, magram `mSoblis~ – ufro zusti da nakleb diskriminatoruli terminia

63
mTavroba da sazogadoebrivi interesebi
ZiriTadi pasuxi, romelsac ekonomikuri Teoria gvTavazobs, rac unda gasakviri iyos, isev im
problemasTan gvabrunebs, romliTac es Tavi daviwyeT. is iZulebiTi zomebi, romlebiTac mTav-
roba nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis xarvezebis Sevsebas cdilobs, Tavad ar aris Tavisufali
xarvezebisgan. amis mizezi isaa, rom Tavad iZuleba damokidebulia nebayoflobiT TanamSrom­
lobaze. darwmuneba yovelTvis win uswrebs iZulebas, vinaidan mTavroba ver SeZlebs moqmedebis
dawyebas manam, sanam ver moaxerxebs adamianTa darwmunebas am moqmedebis aucileblobaSi. mTav-
roba ar gaxlavT jini aladinis lampridan. mTavroba im adamianebis jgufia, romlebic TavianTi
qmedebebisas iTvaliswineben mosalodnel xarjebsa da sargebels, romlebic dakavSi­rebulia al-
ternatiul SesaZleblobebTan. yovelive es rTuldeba imis gamo, rom transaqciur xarjebTan,
dadebiT garegan efeqtebTan da ubileTo mgzavrebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria demokratiuli sazogadoebis politikuri cxovrebisTvis.
saocaria, magram mraval adamians miaCnia, rom `mTavroba moqmedebs sazogadoebrivi interese-
bidan gamomdinare~. marTlac ase moqmedebs? yovelTvis ase moqmedebs? ratom vTvliT ase? nuTu
adamianebi ufro saTnoebi xdebian saarCevno ubanSi, vidre sasursaTo maRaziaSi? xom ar icvleba
adamianebis xasiaTi, rodesac isini warmoebidan an mecnierebidan midian da saxelmwifo samsaxurs
iwyeben? davuSvaT, sazogadoebrivi interesebi ganimarteba rogorc is, rac sasurveli iqneboda
TiToeulisTvis, Tuki TiToeuls sakmarisi informacia eqneboda da miukerZoebel msjelobasac
moaxerxebda. SeuZlia Tu ara ekonomikur Teorias gviTxras raime sasargeblo imis Sesaxeb, ram-
denad didia albaToba, rom mTavrobis qmedebebi sakmaris informacias da miukerZoebel msjelo-
bas daefuZneba?
is adamianebi, romelTa gadawyvetilebebzec damokidebulia mTavrobis yvela qmedeba, iTval-
iswineben informacias, romelic maTTvis xelmisawvdomia da stimulebs, romlebic maTTvis arse-
biTia. ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, es informacia da stimulebi SezRuduli da subieqturia.

informacia da demokratiuli mTavrobebi

Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT amomrCevlebi. arc erT CvenTagans ar gagvaCnia sakmarisi infor-
macia, raTa xma kompetenturad mivceT. imisaTvis, rom amaSi darwmundeT, patara gonebrivi eqs-
perimenti CaatareT. davuSvaT, saqme exeba kandidats an kanonproeqts, romelsac kenWi eyreba da
Tqven iciT, rom swored Tqveni xma gadawyvets kenWisyris Sedegs. Tqveni (da mxolod Tqveni) xma
iqneba gadamwyveti. ra moculobis informacias moagrovebdiT, sanam gadamwyvet xmas miscemdiT?
ra Tqma unda, bevri iqneboda damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba eqneba am konkretul posts
Tu sakiTxs, magram informaciis Segrovebas usaTuod bevrad met dros moaxmardiT, vidre im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu 50 aTasi an 50 milioni kacidan erT-erTi amomrCeveli iqnebodiT. sinamdvileSi, mra-
vali moqalaqe, maT Soris Wkviani, ganaTlebuli, nakiTxi da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisadmi
midrekili adamiani arCevnebis dRes ise midis saarCevno ubanSi, rom ar gaaCnia araferi, garda
garkveuli, arcTu mTlad sando informaciisa, uamravi crurwmenisa da winaTgrZnobisa. ase imi-
tom viqceviT, rom es racionaluria. Tu vifiqrebdiT, rom Cveni xma iqneba erTaderTi 50 aTasi-
dan an 50 milionidan, maSin Cvens mier sasargeblo informaciis Segroveba drois uazro xarjva
iqneboda. saqme aq mxolod egoizmi an sazogadoebis keTildReobaze arasakmarisi zrunva rodia.
amomrCevels, romelsac surs raRac gaiRos saerTo keTildReobisTvis, gacilebiT metis gakeTe-
bas SeZlebda drois erTeulSi dolarze an kaloriaze gaTvliT, Tu is nebayoflobiT miiRebda
monawileobas RaribebisTvis gaweul daxmarebaSi da im informaciis Segrovebas ar daiwyebda, ro-
melic sakmarisad kompetenturi xmis misacemadaa saWiro.

racionaluri uvicoba maSin arsebobs, rodesac swavlas

saTanado Sedegi ar moaqvs

`magram yvela rom ase msjelobdes~ – ismis Cveuli kontrargumenti – `maSin demokratia ver
SeZlebda funqcionirebas~. es kontrargumenti kidev erTi gamovlinebaa im mosazrebisa, rom
`ubileTo mgzavris~ fenomeni ar arsebobs, vinaidan samyaro ukeT iqneboda mowyobili, Tu is ar

64
iarsebebda. vinc demokratiis erTgulia, urCevnia, imaze ifiqros, Tu rogor SeiZleba misi funq-
cionirebis uzrunvelyofa maSin, roca amomrCevlebs xelT aqvT arasruli da araswori informa-
cia, da ara imaze, rom saqme ise warmoadginos, TiTqos amomrCevlebs aqvT informacia, romelic
sinamdvileSi ara aqvT.
demokratiis zogierT damcvels ar awuxebs amomrCevelebis arakompetenturoba. isini imis ime-
dad arian, rom sazogadoebis interesebis dacvisTvis saWiro informacias arCeuli warmomadgen-
lebisgan miiReben. am rwmenas garkveuli safuZveli aqvs. vinaidan TiToeuli kanonmdeblis arCevas
didi albaTobiT SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena nebismieri sakiTxis gadawyvetaze, kanonmdeblebs Seu-
ZliaT gamoiyenon maT mier miRebuli informacia, raTa mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinon sxva ada-
mianebze, kanonmdeblebs hyavT personali da gaaCniaT informaciis mopovebis sxva resursebi, xalxi
didadaa dainteresebuli imiT, rom kanonmdeblebi saTanado informacias iRebdnen, kanonmdeblebis
arCevnebs hyavs damkvirveblebi, arCevnebis Sedegebi daculi unda iyos – am da mravali sxva mizezis
gamoc – arCeuli warmomadgenlebi gacilebiT ufro swrafad iReben sakmaris informacias im
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac isini xmas aZleven, vidre rigiTi moqalaqeebi.

arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirTa interesebi

magram Tundac im daSvebisas, rom kanonmdeblebi xmis micemis dros sakmaris informacias
eyrdnobian, gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba vivaraudoT, rom isini xmas sazogadoebrivi interesebis Sesa-
bamisad miscemen? arian Tu ara arCeuli warmomadgenlebi miukerZoeblebi? SegviZlia es kiTxva
sxvagvarad Camovaya­liboT: miscemen Tu ara isini yovelTvis xmas ise, rogorc unda miscen im in-
formaciis Sesabamisad, rac maT xelTa aqvT? ekonomikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebs amoZ-
ravebs sakuTari, da ara sazogadoebrivi, interesebi. kanonmdebeli zogjer dainteresebuli
iqneba imiT, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebi daicvas. magram swored aseTi harmoniis Ziebis pro-
cesia politikuri institutebis Seqmnis ZiriTadi problema: Cven ar SegviZlia ubralod davuS-
vaT, rom Cvens winaSea aseTi sasurveli Tanxmoba, Tu ar gavarkvieT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia har-
moniis arseboba dRevandeli institutebis pirobebSi. imis gamo, rom xelaxali arCevis survilma
ubiZgos arCeviTi Tanamdebobis pirebs, xma miscen da imoqmedon sazogadoebrivi interesebidan
gamomdinare?
pirvel yovlisa, vnaxoT, rogor zRudavs es survili maTi dagegmvis horizonts. arCeviTi
Tanamdebobis pirebs ar SeuZliaT Soreuli momavlis ganWvreta. Sedegebi miRebuli unda iqnas
Semdegi arCevnebisTvis, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobas daikavebs is, vinc xalxs met dapir-
ebas miscems. am wignis daskvniT nawilSi gaCvenebT, Tu rogor urTuldeba mTavrobas recesias-
Tan da inflaciasTan brZola moklevadian perspeqtivaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas nebismieri poli-
tikis Sesaxeb, romelic moiTxovs dRevandel msxverpls momavali Sedegis misaRwevad. arCeviTi
Tanamdebobis pirebs axasiaTebT im samomavlo xarjebis mniSvnelovani diskontireba, romlebic
mxolod momavali arCevnebis Semdegaa mosalodneli da manamde maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebis
survili. amgvarad, xelaxali arCevis survili politikuri Sedegebis maTeuli Sefasebis srul
gamoyenebas zRudavs.

erTi wlis Semdeg 2,000 dolaris gadaxda dRes 1,000 dolaris Rirebulebis
sargeblis misaRebad gamarTlebulia imisTvis,
vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi, erTi wlis Semdeg aq aRar iqneba

zogierTi im mizezis CamoTvlisas, romelTa wyalobiTac kanonmdeblebs sruli informaciis

miReba SeuZliaT, vaxseneT ori maTgani, romelic gvixsnis, Tu zogjer ratom ar miscemen kanon-
mdeblebi xmas imgvarad, rogorc amas maT xelT arsebuli informacia moiTxovs. es Cvens mier
dasaxelebuli ori ukanaskneli mizezi Semdegia: pirveli isaa, rom mravali adamiani metad dain-
teresebulia kanonmdeblebisTvis aucilebeli informaciis miwodebiT, meore ki is gaxlavT, rom
kanonmdeblebis xmis micemis Sedegebi fiqsirdeba da dasabuTebuli unda iyos. problema isaa,
rom informaciis miwodebiT (anu lobisturi saqmianobiT) da kanonmdeblebis qmedebebze pasux-
ismgeblobis moTxovniT ZiriTadad dainteresebulni arian gansakuTrebuli interesebis mqone

65
jgufebi. politikur procesebTan dakavSirebuli dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi amas TiTqmis
gardauvals xdis.
am procesebis naTeli magaliTia is grantebi, romlebsac federaluri mTavroba aZlevs adgi-
lobriv mTavrobebs, raTa daafinanson adgilobrivi proeqtebi, romlebic am grantebis gareSe
ver ganxorcieldeba. isini ar ganxorcieldeba imitom, rom maTgan miRebuli sargebeli maTi ganx-
orcielebis xarjebze naklebi iqneba. ratom unda daafinansos federalurma mTavrobam aseTi
proeqtebi da amiT uzrunvelyos im proeqtebis dasruleba, romlebic akmayofileben saTanado
pirobebs?
davuSvaT, qalaq metropolis mTavroba ganixilavs msubuqi sarkinigzo xazis gayvanis SesaZle-
blobas. qiraoben sagzao inJinrebs, mSeneblebs, demografebs, qalaqis arqiteqtorebs, ekono-
mistebsa da sxva eqspertebs, raTa Seafason am sistemis mSeneblobis xarjebi da sargebeli qalaq-
sa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovrebTaTvis. davuSvaT, mTavroba askvnis, rom, xarjebisa da sargeblis
samomavlo diskontirebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mSeneblobis pirdapiri danaxarjebi orjer metia,
vidre momavali sargebeli (mniSvnelovani da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da SeuZlebeli, realuri da
naklebad realuri). es TiTqos proeqtis dasasruli unda iyos.
Tumca arsebobs imis didi SesaZlebloba, rom ase ar moxdes. msubuqi sarkinigzo xazis agebiT
mravali adgilobrivi mkvidria dainteresebuli. upirveles yovlisa, eseni arian samSeneblo
saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi. Semdeg modis yvela is moqalaqe, romelmac samudamod Seinar­
Cuna bavSvobisdroindeli siyvaruli rkinigzis mimarT. Semdeg modian adgilobrivi mxardam-
Werebi, romlebsac surT, rom metropoli niu-iorksa da Cikagos daemsgavsos da miaCniaT, rom
msoflio donis qalaqs rkinigza aucileblad sWirdeba. metropolis wamyvani gazeTebic mxars
uWeren am didebul proeqts, romelic did ganviTarebas moutans regions da mniSvnelovnad gaz-
rdis sagazeTo gancxadebebis raodenobas. gadamwyveti xma eqnebaT adgilobriv politikosebs –
ara marto qalaqisa da regionis oficialur pirebs, aramed kongresSi am mxaris warmomadgenleb-
sa da Statis or senators, romlebsac Zalian surT, rom saxeli gaiTqvan, rogorc warmatebulma
pirovnebebma.

kanonmdeblebi met yuradRebas uTmoben imaT, vinc maT

sapasuxo yuradRebas aqcevs

politikosebi wavlen vaSingtonSi, raTa moipovon federaluri granti, romelic dafaravs

mSeneblobis 60 procents da amiT xels Seuwyobs proeqtis Sesrulebas. ratom unda gadaixadon
aSS-is gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebma im proeqtis Rirebulebis 60 procenti, romelmac ver Caaba-
ra sargebeli-xarjebis analizis gamocda? imitom, rom maTi umravlesoba amas yuradRebasac ar
miaqcevs. is ramdenime dolari, romelic aSS-is TiToeulma moqalaqem unda gadaixados, raTa
daafinansos metropolis keTildReoba, ar iqneba imdenad arsebiTi, rom igi amiT dainteresdes.
amitom, metropolel kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT daarwmunon los-anjeleseli da kalifornieli
kanonmdeblebi, xma miscen metropolSi msubuqi rkinigzis gayvanas im varaudiT, rom metropolis
politikosebic mxars dauWeren los-anjelesis keTildReobas, rodesac am ukanasknelis jeri
dadgeba. sarkinigzo sistemas didi mogeba moaqvs adgilobrivi politikosebisTvis, romlebsac
xelmeored airCeven mSeneblebi, sarkinigzo romantikosebi, adgilobrivi mxardamWerebi da
gazeTebis mepatroneebi.
es procesi yovelTvis erTnairad viTardeba. ramdenime adamiani, vinc, SesaZloa, did mogebas
naxavs, uzarmazar resursebs xarjavs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT. mra­
valricxovani momxreebi, romlebic erTad met sargebels miiReben, cal-calke ki – gacilebiT
naklebs, arafers xarjaven. kanonmdeblebi aseTi saxis zemoqmedebas emorCilebian, vinaidan mra-
vali maTgani Tvlis, rom es pasuxobs maT miswrafebas xelaxali arCevisken. SeuZlebelia maTi
dadanaSauleba – SeubRalavi principebis mqone eqs kanonmdebeli ufro efeqtianad ver moemsa­
xureba sazogadoebriv interesebs, vidre is Wkviani kanonmdebeli, romelmac daTmo zogierTi
principi, raTa gadarCeniliyo da brZola momavalSic gaegrZelebina. amaSi damnaSavea dadebiTi
garegani efeqtebi, romlebic bevrs ubileTo mgzavrobisken ubiZgebs im imediT, rom viRac sxva

66
gaiRebs iseT lobistur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs, romelic yvela CvenganisTvis
momgebiani iqneba.

dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi da mTavrobis politika

Cvenma daskvnam gakvirveba ar unda gamoiwvios. mTavrobis mier ganxor­cielebuli politika
yvelaze xSirad ganicdis im jgufebis gavlenas, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli interesebi amoZ-
ravebT. mTavroba zogjer mzadaa mcire ziani miayenos bevr adamians, vidre didad Seaviwrovos
ramdenime. mTavrobis politikis gansazRvra imdenad sazogadoebrivi interesebiT ar xdeba, ram-
denadac kerZo interesebis usasrulo rigiT. swored amitomaa, rom momxmareblis interesebi si-
tyvier paeqrobebSi imarjvebs, xolo politikas mewarmeTa interesebi akontrolebs. mewarmeTa
interesebi ufro metad koncentrirebuli da mkafiod gamoxatulia. mewarmeebma ician, rom maT
qmedebaze an umoqmedobazea damokidebuli maTi keTildReoba da amitom qmedeba maT intereseb-
Sia. arc erTi individualuri momxmarebeli ar unda moelodes politikuri qmedebidan raimes,
garda mcire sargeblisa, amitom arc erT maTgans ar aqvs imis stimuli, rom sakuTar Tavze aiRos
xarjebi.
swored amitom, xom ar iwvevs xSirad Warbwarmoebas gzebis mouvlelobis aRkveTis mizniT
iZulebis gamoyeneba? gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa Tanxebis dazogviT saerTo daintereseba ara-
sakmarisia, rodesac is upirispirdeba mcire jgufis Zlier dainteresebas imiT, rom gza arsebob-
des an daigos.
aseTive analizi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT. maT, vinc ganaTlebas
awarmoebs (unda aRvniSnoT, rom es TviT avtoris angarebiTi interesia), SeuZliaT siZneleebi
Seuqmnan kanonmdeblebs, romlebic cdiloben dazogon gadamxdelTa Tanxebi, risTvisac amcire-
ben ganaTlebisa da samecniero kvlevebis xarjebs. amiT aixsneba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis
saqcieli (da igi nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSi ucnaurad mogveCveneboda), romelic amarTlebs sul
ufro mzard xarjebs maSinac ki, rodesac TiToeuli misi wevri mxars uWers xarjebis Semcirebas.
SeuZlebelia biujetis Semcireba ise, rom ar Semcirdes garkveuli proeqtebis dafinanseba. vi-
naidan raime interesebis garSemo gaerTianebuli jgufis formireba swored im mizniT xdeba, rom
Semcireba sxvis proeqts Seexos, amitom xarjebis Semcireba SeuZlebelia.
ratom arsebobda ase didxans savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri Cvens qveyanaSi da rogoria
imis albaToba, rom kongresi mas ganaaxlebs? rogorc adre aRvniSneT, samxedro valdebuleba
aris iZulebis gamoyeneba im sferoSi, romelSic sakmarisi erToblivi qmedebebis uzrunvelsayo-
fad (yovel SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobian periodSi) savsebiT sakmarisi unda iyos darwmuneba. savalde-
bulo samxedro samsaxuri, SesaZloa, ase didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imitom arsebobda, rom samxedro
uwyebas hqonda Zlieri da naTlad gamoxatuli daintereseba imiT, rom SeenarCunebina jarSi pi-
radi Semadgenlobis nakadi, rodesac mraval adamians, vinc amiT zaraldeboda, imis ufro didi
stimuli hqonda, rom Tavidan aecilebina gawveva, vidre imis stimuli, rom gamosuliyo mTeli am
sistemis winaaRmdeg. sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris momxre
ramdeni adamiani laparakobs dRes axalgazrdebis sayovelTao moklevadiani samxedro gawvevis
Sesaxeb. gamoiwvevs Tu ara aseTi taqtika (Tuki es taqtikaa) gawvevis mowinaaRmdegeTa raodeno-
bis zrdas, Tu TiToeuli wvevamdelis mosalodneli xarjebi im kritikul wertilze dabla aR-
moCndeba, rodesac is mzad iqneba monawileoba miiRos politikur brZolaSi, raTa xeli SeeSala
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris ganaxleba?
ra SeiZleba iTqvas mTavrobis mier siRaribesTan brZolis Sesaxeb? SeiZleba viwinaswarme-
tyveloT, rom kanonmdeblebi ar iCqareben naturaluri daxmarebis Secvlas fuladi transfere-
biT. fermerebi sargebloben kvebis talonebis programiT, samSeneblo firmebi – sabinao subsi-
diebiT, maswavleblebi – RaribTa ganaTlebis subsidiebiT. medicinis dargi izrdeba RaribTa
samedicino daxmarebis xarjze. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis yvela muSakma icis, rom
ufro momgebiania `damxmare profesiebis~ damatebiTi warmomadgenlebis daqiraveba, vidre Rari-
bebisTvis fulis gacema. am jgufebis politikuri gavlenis gamo kanonmdeblebs urCevniaT Rari-
bebs naturaluri daxmareba gauwion, vidre naRdi fuliT daexmaron. SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva
ufro damajerebeli mizezebi fuladi daxmarebebis uarsayofad, magram es alternativa kon-
gresSi ufro popularuli iqneba, fuls `fulis mrewveloba~ rom awarmoebdes da yiddes.

67
rogor adgenen adamianebi sazogadoebriv interesebs?
es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom fermerebi, saavadmyofos xelmZRvanelebi da socialuri sfer-
os muSakebi araviTan yuradRebas ar aqceven sazogadoebriv interesebs. es mxolod imas niSnavs,
rom isini garkveul yuradRebas aqceven sakuTar interesebs. isinic ki, vinc samTavrobo daweseb-
ulebebSi muSaobs da romelTa pirdapir movaleobasac sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacva war-
moadgens, am interesebis gansazRvrisas sakuTar gansakuTrebul interesebs iTvaliswineben.
aviRoT, magaliTad, sakvebisa da medikamentebis sammarTvelos TanamSro­meli, romelic pasu­
xismgebelia imaze, rom axali wamlebi ar gaiyidos specialuri eqspertizis gavlis gareSe. ro-
gori unda iyos es eqspertiza? man unda mogvces imis garantia, rom axali wamali ar gaiyideba,
vidre ar iqneba gamokvleuli misi yvela Tanamdevi efeqti. magram amaSi verasdros viqnebiT dar-
wmunebulebi. mxolod imis gakeTeba SegviZlia, rom miviRoT damatebiTi informacia da am gziT
SevamciroT imis riski, rom vinme daiRupeba an daavaddeba gauTvaliswinebeli Tanamdevi
efeqtebis gamo. SegviZlia Tu ara am riskis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba? ara, vinaidan damatebiT
eqspertizas moaqvs ara mxolod sargebloba, aramed xarjebic. ZiriTad danaxarjebs miekuTvneba
im adamianTa sicocxle, romelTa gadarCena ver moxerxdeba da tkivili, romelic ver Semsu­
buqdeba, vinaidan SeuZlebeli iqneba wamliT sargebloba, sanam mas ar Seamowmeben.
rogor unda Seafasos sammarTvelos warmomadgenelma es danaxarjebi – adamianTa im raodeno-
biT, romelic daiRupeba wamlis naadrevi danergvis gamo, Tu adamianTa im raodenobiT, romelic
daiRupeba wamlis danergvis dayovnebis gamo? adamianebi daadanaSauleben sammarTvelos, Tu aR-
moCndeba, rom mis mier mowonebul wamals mavne Tanamdevi efeqtebi aqvs da moiwoneben sammarT-
velos moqmedebas, Tu is uars ganacxadebs wamlis danergvaze, ris Semdegac sxva qveyanaSi aR-
moaCenen, rom am wamals damRupveli Tanamdevi efeqtebi aqvs. magram sammarTvelos TiTqmis aravin
daakisrebs pasuxismgeblobas im adamianTa gamo, romlebic eqspertizis dros daiRupebian da
aravin gadauxdis madlobas axali wamlis gayidvis dawyebis mizniT eqspertizis vadis Semcirebi-
sTvis. daskvna naTelia. sammarTvelos muSakebi CaTvlian, rom isini sazogadoebriv interesebs
icaven, rodesac axorcieleben eqspertizas im moculobiT, romelic aRemateba dros, romlis­
Tvisac pacientebis sargebeli maTive zRvruli danaxarjebis tolia.

xarjebi da
sargebeli damatebiTi
eqspertizis xarjebi
damatebiTi eqspertizis avadmyofebisTvis
sargebeli
avadmyofebisTvis

damatebiTi

eqspertizis
eqspertizisxarjebi sammarTvelos
xarjebi kvebisa
warmomadgenlisaTvis
da medikamentebis
eqspertizaze daxarjuli dro
sammarTvelosTvis

patimrebis dilema
erTi saintereso koncefcia, romelic Cvens mier ganxiluli bevri problemis mTavar arsebas
asaxavs, gaxlavT e.w. patimrebis dilema. es saxelwodeba asaxavs dilemis pirvandel saxes,
romelSic gamoyenebuli iyo ori patimrisa da Wkviani bralmdeblis magaliTi.
warmovidginoT, rom yvela moqalaqes surs hyavdes kargi mTavroba da moxaruli iqneba,
yovelkvireulad Tavisi Tavisufali drois ori saaTi mis dacvas moandomos. es ori saaTi Sei-
Zleba dauTmos, magaliTad, mimdinare sakiTxebis Seswavlas, politikur diskusias sxva moqa-
laqeebTan an sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaze dakvirvebas. Tu yvela moqalaqe an maTi umravlesoba
kviraSi or saaTs mainc gaiRebs, kargi mTavroba garantirebuli iqneba. marTlac miviRebT Tu ara

68
am gziT karg mTavrobas? vinaidan yvela moqalaqes gulwrfelad surs, hyavdes kargi mTavroba da
amisTvis mzadaa msxverpli gaiRos, amitom pasuxi TiTqos dadebiTi unda iyos. miuxedavad amisa,
es ase ar moxdeba.
swored esaa dilema. TiToeulma moqalaqem icis, rom misi gadawyvetileba ver imoqmedebs
Sedegze. Tu me or saaTs vimorigeveb, magram arc erTi Tanamoqalaqe amas ar gaakeTebs, Cemi Zal-
isxmeva fuWi aRmoCndeba. me viqnebi erTaderTi informirebuli xma an amomrCeveli milionobiT
arainformirebul xmasa da amomrCevels Soris. ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi me unda davTmo boul-
ingi (an is, rac CemTvis yvelaze Zvirfasi dakarguli SesaZleblobaa) da praqtikulad araferSi
gavcvalo. meore mxriv, Tu garTobas gadavwyvet, xolo sxva Tanamoqalaqeebi aRebul valdeb-
ulebas Seasruleben, karg mTavrobasac miviReb da orsaaTian dasvenebasac. ase rom, Cemi mTavari
strategia boulingze wasvlaa. Tu boulingze waval, viqnebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi, vidre maSin,
Tu vimorigeveb, vinaidan me arafris gadawyveta ar SemiZlia, garda imisa, rom Cemi dro politi-
kaze mosawyen saubrebze davxarjo.
saubedurod, morigeobis nacvlad dasvenebis arCeva aseve ZiriTadi strategia iqneba nebis­
mieri sxvisTvisac, ris Sedegadac kargi mTavroba ver gveyoleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelas
surs da yvela mzadaa, gaiRos Tavis wili mis misaRebad.
yovelive es SeiZleba SevajamoT 14-1 diagramaze. TiToeuli moqalaqe axorcielebs mTavar
strategias da irCevs morigeobas an dasvenebas. sazogadoeba aRmoCndeba qveda marjvena kvad-
ratSi, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TiToeul wevrs urCevnia zeda marcxenaSi yofna. swored es
aris dilema.

sxvebi irCeven
movaleoba dasveneba
movaleoba

kargi mTavroba cudi mTavroba

me
virCev
dasveneba

kargi mTavroba cudi mTavroba

da boulingi da boulingi

nax. 14-1 patimrebis dilema

nebismieri individisTvis, romelsac arCevanis SesaZlebloba aqvs, oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi arse-
bobs. is, vinc unda daTmos boulingi, raTa Tavisi valdebuleba Seasrulos, yovelTvis ukeT
iqneba, Tu airCevs dasvenebas da ara morigeobas, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi is boulingis TamaSiT
miniWebul siamovnebas miiRebs. am SemTxvevaSi sxvebis arCevani gansazRvravs, individi cuds mi-
iRebs Tu kargs. magram TiToeuli individi erTnair mdgomareobaSia. amitom yvela airCevs das-
venebas da miiRebs cud mTavrobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela mzadaa, gasces boulingis ekvi­
valenti, raTa kargi mTavroba hyavdes.
aseTi dilemebi sakmaod xSiria. yvelas surs, rom qalaqSi sufTa haeri iyos da amisTvis mzadaa
Seamciros avtomobiliT mgzavrobis dro. magram, yvela gadawyvets, ganagrZos avtomobiliT
mgzav­roba, ris Sedegadac qalaqis haeri autaneli gaxdeba. qalaqSi Caxergili gzebis sakiTxi, ro-
melic me-13 TavSi moviyvaneT da amave Tavis 26-e kiTxvaSi gavaanalizeT, patimrebis dilemis Sesa­
niSnavi magaliTia. yvelasTvis ukeTesi iqneba, Tu TiToeuli mZRoli airCevs avtomobiliT
mgzavrobis Semcvlels, rodesac am ukanasknelis miReba SesaZlebelia umniSvnelo damatebiTi

69
danaxarjiT. mcire damatebiTi danaxarjis gaReba yvelas did sargebels moutans gadautvirTavi
quCebis saxiT. magram is, rac yvela mZRolis interesSia, ar aris TiToeulis interesebSi, gada­
wyvetileba ki TiToeulma mZRolma TviTon unda miiRos.
axla warmogidgenT sxva saxis magaliTs. yvela gamyidvelma icis, rom dargis mdgomareoba
gaumjobesdeba, Tu TiToeuli gamyidveli warmoebas Seamcirebs da amiT fasebis zrdas gamoi-
wvevs, magram, vinaidan warmoebaSi mravali gamyidveli monawileobs, TiToeuli gamyidvelis in-
teresebSia, rom Tavad bevri awarmoos da imis imedi iqonios, rom sxvebi Seamcireben warmoebas.
yvela iqceva ise, rogorc ubileTo mgzavri, vinaidan yvelam icis, rom individualuri
gadawyvetileba met gavlenas axdens maT sakuTar keTildReobaze, vidre mTeli jgufis keTil-
dReobaze. ase rom, yvelas mdgomareoba gauaresdeba imasTan SedarebiT, ubileTo mgzavris prob-
lema rom gadaeWraT an patimrebis dilema gadaewyvitaT. es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom, Tumca
patimrebis dilema erT mxares azaralebs, mas zogjer sasurveli Sedegi moaqvs meorisTvis. sxva­
gvarad rom vTqvaT, patimrebis dilema yovelTvis igive ar aris, rac socialuri problema.
patimrebis dilemas adgili ara aqvs transaqciuri xarjebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. jgufe-
bi erTmaneTTan kontraqtebs deben, raTa darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom moxvdebian zeda marcxena
kvadratSi da ara qveda marjvenaSi. erTi kontraqti SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, rom zemoT naxseneb-
ma boulingis moyvarulma sam saaTze meti dakargos boulingis rigSi, Tu is ar imorigevebs or
saaTs kviraSi. SesaZloa, mis interesebSi iyos is, rom Seasru­los Tavisi valdebuleba. SeiZleba
yvelas interesebSi iyos, rom valdebu­lebebi Seasrulon, vinaidan yvela maTgans aseTive kon-
traqti aqvs dadebuli. ase rom, sazogadoebas SeuZlia datkbes zeda marjvena kvadratSi cxovre-
biT. gesmiT albaT, rom aseTi kontraqtebis Seqmna, dawera, molaparakeba, Sefaseba, dakvirveba da
Sesruleba did danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli (vis SeuZlia darwmunebiT imis Tqma, marTlac pa-
tiosnad irjeba boulingis moyvaruli orsaaTiani morigeobisas Tu ubralod seirnobs?). ase
rom, transaqciuri xarjebi xels gviSlis vakeToT is, rac yvela Cvengans surs.
Tumca, am problemis gadawyveta usasrulo raodenobis meTodebiT SeiZleba. saWiro iqneba
meore wigni, raTa aRvweroT Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli yvela formaluri da araformaluri
instituti, romlebic cdiloben marTon patimrebis dilemis uaryofiTi efeqtebi. Cven viyenebT
Rimils, ukmayofilo saxes, tradiciebs, SeTanxmebebs, formalur da araformalur kontraqtebs,
epozitebs da zogjer konstituciasac ki. aSS-is konstitucia SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc
patimrebis dilemis makontrolebeli instituti, romelic aiZulebs im adamianebs, romlebsac
kerZo interesebi amoZravebT, daemorCilon sazogadoebis interesebs.

politikuri institutebis SezRuduloba

Tu yovelive es ucnaurad JRers misTvis, visac swams, rom mTavroba sazogadoebriv interese-
bze zrunavs, albaT dadga dro, rom amgvari rwmena eWvqveS davayenoT. SesaZloa, es rwmena imas
efuZneba, rom xSirad `mTavrobas~ vaigivebT `qveyanasTan~ da pirvelze ganvavrcobT im mokrZa-
lebas, rasac meoris mimarT vgrZnobT. an, SesaZloa, esaa im rwmenis Sedegi, rom mTavroba umaR-
lesi avtoritetia da amitom, is efeqtiani unda iyos, vinaidan ar gvsurs SevurigdeT romelime
gadauWrel problemas. amas garda, arsebobs erTi popularuli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac amave
daskvnasTan mivyavarT. amtkiceben, rom yvela socialuri problema adamianebis qcevis Sedegia,
rom adamianebis qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos kanonmdeblobiT da rom kanonebs mTavroba qmnis,
saida­nac gamomdinareobs, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia gadaWras yvela socialuri problema.
aleqsis de tokvilma Tavis wignSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1 tomi, nawili 1, Tavi VIII) ufro re-
alisturi Tvalsazrisi gagvacno: `ar arsebobs qveyana, romelSic SeiZleba yvelaferi miRweul
iqnas kanonebis meSveobiT, xolo politikur institutebs SeuZliaT Secvalon saRi azri da
sazogadoebrivi morali~.

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mokled gavimeoroT

ekonomikuri Teoria varaudobs, rom mTavrobis qmedebebi im gadawyveti­ lebebis Sedegia,

romelTac moqalaqeebi da mTavrobis moxeleebi iReben, iTvaliswineben ra alternatiul qmede-
bebTan dakavSirebul sakuTar zRvrul danaxarjebsa da zRvrul sargebels.
mTavrobis ganmasxvavebeli niSania iZulebis gamoyenebis sayovelTaod cnobili da gansa-
kuTrebuli ufleba. iZuleba niSnavs, ubiZgo adamianebs TanamSromlobisken maTi arCevanis Sez-
Rudvis gziT. nebayoflobiTi erToblivi qmedeba emyareba darwmunebas, romelic damatebiT al-
ternativebs sTavazobs da amiT sasurvel qcevas uzrunvelyofs.
iZuleba sasargebloa sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis, vinaidan mas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos im saqon-
lis warmoeba, romelsac TiToeuli imaze metad afasebs, vidre misi warmoebis danaxarjebs, ma-
gram romelic warmoebuli ar iqneboda nebayoflobiTi erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad. miwo-
debis aseTi Cavardna SeiZleba moxdes maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs am saqonlis miwodebis
Semcirebis an momxmareblebis `ubileTo mgzavrobad~ gadaqcevis Tavidan acilebis mcirexarji-
ani gzebi.
iZulebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos aseTi saqonlis miwodeba transaqciuri danaxarjebis Semci-
rebiT. mTavroba, rogorc Cans, Semoifargleba im qmedebebiT, romlebic mimarTulia transaqci-
uri xarjebis Semcirebisa da `ubileTo mgzavris~ problemis daZlevisken.
mTavrobis mier iZulebis gamoyeneba nebayoflobiT erTobliv qmedebebs gulisxmobs. darw-
muneba win uswrebs iZulebas, vinaidan sabolood aucilebe­lia moqalaqeebisa da mTavrobis moR-
vaweebis darwmuneba, raTa iZuleba gamoiyenon garkveuli saxiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom er-
Toblivi nebayoflobiTi qmedebebis SezRuduli efeqtianoba, romelic amarTlebs mTavrobis
iZulebiT qmedebebs, gansazRvravs agreTve mTavrobis iZulebiTi qmedebebis SezRudul efeq-
tianobas.
dadebiTi garegani efeqtebi demokratiuli mTavrobis yvela politikur procesSi aRwevs.
isini amcirebs imis albaTobas, rom amomrCevelebi sakmarisad informirebulni iqnebian, xolo
arCeviTi Tanamdebobebis pirebi maT xelT arsebuli informaciis Sesabamisad moiqcevian.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. `uol sTriT jornelSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilis avtori sahaero gzebis marTvis sistemis
privatizaciis winadadebas akritikebda da aseT daskvnas akeTebda:
`biznesi arsebobs imisTvis, rom maqsimaluri ekonomikuri mogeba moita­nos. mTavroba arse-
bobs imisaTvis, rom maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sargebloba moitanos. efeqtianobis vera-
nairi savaraudo zrda ver aanazRaurebs danakar­gebs, rac qalaqis SuqniSnebze an sahaero
gzebis marTvis sistemaze sazogadoebrivi kontrolis dakargvas mohyveba~.
a) ras gulisxmobs avtori, rodesac ambobs: `biznesi arsebobs imisTvis, rom maqsimal-
uri ekonomikuri mogeba moitanos~, xolo mTavroba imisTvis, rom maqsimaluri
sazogadoebrivi sargebloba moitanos? es mizania Tu Sedegi?
b) SeuZlia Tu ara bizness, hqondes didi ekonomikuri mogeba, Tu is ar iZleva mniSvnelo-
van sazogadoebriv sargebels?
g) rogor unda gavzomoT sahaero gzebis kontrolis sistemidan miRebuli sazogadoe-
brivi sargebloba, Tu sistemis momxmareblebi valdebulni arian am sargeblis uz-
runvelyofis xarjebi dafaron? Tu, valdebulni ar arian da yvela danaxarji ga-
dasaxadebidan amoRebuli TanxebiT finansdeba?
d) werilis avtori TviTmfrinavebis mflobelebisa da pilotebis asociaciis preziden-
ti gaxldaT. ras fiqrobT im mizezebze, romelTa gamoc is sahaero gzebis kontrolis
sistemis privatizacias ewinaaRmdegeba?
2. 1934 wels, im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom sahaero talRebi sazogadoebis sakuTrebaa, kongre-
sma, kavSirgabmulobis kanonSi Seitana cvlileba, romlis Tanaxmad, radio da telearxebma,
romlebsac am talRebis Tavisufali gamoyenebis neba eZlevaT, xeli unda Seuwyos `sazoga-

71
 doebis interesebs, saWiroebebsa da moxerxebulobas~.
a) xom ar ubiZgebs msmenelTa da mayurebelTa maqsimaluri raodenobis miRwevis survi-
li radio da telearxebs imisken, rom xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebis interesebs, saWiroe-
bebsa da moxerxebulobas? Tu ara, ratom?
b) vis unda hqondes imis gansazRvris ufleba, Tu rodis asruleben arxebi am moTxovnebs
da ra kriteriumebi unda gamoiyenos amisTvis?
3. raSi mdgomareobs zogadi, sistematuri gansxvaveba im interesebs Soris, romelic aqvT sam-
Tavrobo seqtorisa da kerZo seqtoris muSakebs? ganixileT Semdegi magaliTebi:
a) saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebis prezidentebi;
b) aSS-is kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri, romelic ibrZvis senatSi adgilis
mosapoveblad da msxvili korporaciis krimivoiaJeri, romelsac firmis erT-erT
sawarmoSi vaWrobis menejeris Tanamdebobis dakaveba surs;
g) cnobili politikuri moRvawe, romelsac aSS-is prezidentoba surs da cnobili msa­
xiobi, romelsac oskaris premiis miReba unda;
d) qalaqis policieli da dacvis kerZo samsaxuris TanamSromeli;
e) mcire biznesis departamentSi subsidiebis gamanawilebeli moxele da bankis moxele,
romelic kreditebis gacemiTaa dakavebuli.
4. ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo sawar-
moebs Soris? ratom ekuTvnis, Tqveni azriT, es sawarmoebi saxelmwifos? rogoria saxelmwi-
fo sawarmoebis konkurenciis specifikuri formebi? rogoria maTi funqcionirebis is for-
mebi, rac maT saxelmwifo kuTvnilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli?
a) eleqtrosadgurebi, romlebic investorebs ekuTvnis da eleqtrosad­gurebi, romle-
bic Statebisa da municipalitetebis sakuTrebaSia;
b) saxelmwifo da kerZo kolejebi;
g) saavtomobilo kompaniebi, romlebic saxelmwifos kuTvnilebaa da iseTi kerZo saav-
tomobilo kompaniebi, rogoricaa `greihaundi~ an `Treiluei~;
d) kempingebi, romlebic ekuTvnis satyeo meurneobas da kempingebi, romlebic kerZo sa-
kuTrebaSia.
e) sajaro biblioTekebi da wignebis kerZo maRaziebi;
5. mTavrobis mier saqonlis warmoebas xSirad imiT amarTleben, rom am saqonels sazogadoebri-
vi keTildReobisTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs da amitom ar SeiZleba, rom am
saqonliT uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi `Wirveul~ bazars daekisros. iZleva Tu ara es imis
axsnas, Tu ratom ekuTvniT parkebi da biblioTekebi, rogorc wesi, municipalitetebs, xolo
sakvebiTa da samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa bazris saSualebiT xdeba? SegiZliaT
Tu ara am magaliTebs ukeTesi axsna mouZebnoT?
6. `Wall Street Journal~-Si gamoqveynebuli erT-erTi statiis saTauria: `vaSingtonis oficialuri
pirebi, romlebic presasTan urTierTobaze ageben pasuxs, igoneben saSualebebs, raTa dama-
lon is, rac samTavrobo saagentoebSi xdeba~.
a) riT gansxvavdeba samTavrobo saagentos sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis pasuxismge-
beli piri sapnis qarxnis sareklamo ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelis an pres-agentisgan?
b) ratom xarjaven milionobiT dolars Tavdacvis, transportis, soflis meurneobisa
da sxva saministroebi imisTvis, rom sazogadoebriv azrze gavlena moaxdinon? gana
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi azri ar unda akontrolebdes samTav-
robo organizaciebis qmedebas?
7. unda aiRon Tu ara sakuTar Tavze sazogadoebrivi movaleobebi korporaciebis menejerebma
oficialuri kompetenciis farglebSi, garda im valdebulebisa, rom gazardon im korpora-
ciis wminda Semosavali, romelsac marTaven?
a) aqvT Tu ara maT moraluri valdebuleba, imoqmedon imaze ufro farTo farglebSi,
vidre kanonidan momdinareobs, raTa daicvan moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianoba, da-
icvan garemo, ganaviTaron transporti, airCion kargi mTavroba da sxva? Tu ki, maSin
– ratom Tu ara, maSin – ratom?

72
 b) vin aanazRaurebs danaxarjebs, Tu korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebi TavianT Tavze
aiReben am valdebulebebs? vin gaakontrolebs maT gadawyvetilebebs, raTa darw-
mundes, rom maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi marTlac sazogadoebriv intere-
sebSia?
g) ratom unda gauCndes msxvili korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs survili TavianT Tavze
aiRon es valdebulebebi? vin gaakontrolebs maT gadawyvetilebebs, raTa darw-
mundes, rom maT mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi marTlac sazogadoebriv intere-
sebSia?
g) ratom unda gauCndes msxvili korporaciis prezidents survili korporaciis fon-
didan 1 milioni dolari gaiRos saavadmyofos asaSeneblad im qalaqSi, sadac gan-
Tavsebulia korporaciis Stabbina? prezidentis ra piradi xarjebi da sargeblobaa
dakavSirebuli aseT SewirulobebTan?
8. samTavrobo regulirebis momxreebi Tavis pozicias xSirad `SeuzRudavi~ da `TavaSvebuli~
konkurenciis dadanaSaulebiT amagreben. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom konkurencia iyos `SeuzRuda-
vi~? konkurenciis romeli arsebiTi SezRudvebi arsebobda mecxramete saukunis amerikis
ekonomikaSi, rodesac, zogierTi SefasebiT, konkufrencia SeuzRudavi iyo?
9. samTavrobo regulirebis kritikosebi xSirad cdiloben, Tavisufali bazris upiratesobis
damtkicebas. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom bazrebi absoluturad Tavisufali iyos? risgan Tavisu-
fali? aris Tu ara bazari `araTavisufali~, Tu masze moqmedebs kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs
yalbi sasworebisa da sazomebis gamoyenebas? kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs matyuara rekla-
mas? romlebic krZalavs fasebis zrdas, Tu is Sesabamisma samTavrobo dawesebulebam ar moi-
wona? sad gaavlebdiT sazRvars `Tavisufal~ da `araTavisufal~, anu regulirebad bazrebs
Soris? ratom gaavlebdiT sazRvars swored aq?
10. am TavSi moyvanilia gafrTxileba im saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic dakavSirebulia mTavro-
bis, rogorc iseTi erTeulis mimarT damokidebulebasTan, romelic Cveni miznis misaRwev
instrumentad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. xom ar SevyavarT SecdomaSi iseTi sityvis gamoyenebas,
rogoricaa sityva `Cveni~? vin aris `Cven~? vis surs, rom mTavroba erTsac akeTebdes da meo-
resac? TiToeul adamians? umravlesobas? sazogadoebrivi saqmiT dainteresebul da masSi
garkveul yvela adamians? maT, vinc iziarebs Cems interesebs da situaciis Cemeul gagebas?
ra aqvT adamianebs mxedvelobaSi, rodesac amboben: `Cven unda gamoviyenoT mTavroba, raTa
vakontroloT egoisturi da angarebiTi qmedebebis Sedegebi~? sazogadoebis Sesaxeb aseTi
Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, vin unda iyos makontrolebeli?
11. gai veieri yofili fermeria, romelmac qalaqgareT saxlebis mSenebloba daiwyo da Tavisi
fermis 40 karze 50 saxli aaSena. axla is am saxlebs aqiravebs.
a) Tu gais mdgmurebi moawyoben Sekrebas, romelzedac 50 mdgmuridan 26 xmas miscems
TveSi binis qiris 100 dolariT Semcirebas, valdebulia Tu ara gai, moraluri
normebisa da kanonis mixedviT daemorCilos maT gadawyvetilebas?
b) Tu 26 mdgmuri yovelTviuri gadasaxadidan 100 dolars ar gadaixdis, aqvs Tu ara gais
moraluri an kanonieri ufleba gaasaxlos isini?
g) Tu mdgmurebi uars ityvian gamosaxlebaze, romel moralur an sakanonmdeblo zomebs
SeuZlia mimarTos gaim, raTa gamoasaxlos isini?
d) davuSvaT, 26 mdgmuri jer adgilobriv mTavrobas Camoayalibebs, Semdeg xmaTa umrav-
lesobiT daamtkicebs nakleb qiras, bolo ki miiRebs gamosaxlebis amkrZalav dekrets.
Secvlida Tu ara es im pasuxebs, romlebic wina kiTxvebze gaeciT?
e) raSi mdgomareobs gansxvaveba samarTlebriv da arasamarTlebriv saxelmwifos an
samarTlebriv da arasamarTlebriv saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebs Soris? demokra-
tiulia Tu ara saxelmwifo, romelsac umravlesoba marTavs? SezRudulia Tu ara
raimeTi umravlesobis moqmedeba demokratiul saxelmwifoSi?
v) umravlesobis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis principi moiTxovs ganmartebas: visi um-
ravlesoba? vis unda mieniWos xmis ufleba zemoT aRwerili situaciebis analogiur
SemTxvevebSi? mxolod mesakuTreebs? 18 wlis asakze meti asakis yvela moqalaqes?

73
 mdgmurebs, romelTac TiTo mravalbinian saxlze mxolod erTi xmis ufleba aqvT?
qveynis yvela zrdasrul moqalaqes, Tuki gai veiris mdgmurebi amomrCevelTa didi
gundis mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen? ra Sedegebi mohyveba xmis uflebis ga-
nawilebis sxvadasxva xerxebis gamoyenebas?
z) Tu ver warmogidgeniaT xmebis ganawilebis sxva kanonieri xerxi, garda wesisa – `erTi
adamiani – erTi xma~, maSin dafiqrdiT binaTmflobelTa asociaciaSi xmis uflebebis
ganawilebis Sesaxeb. ras ityodiT korporaciis aqciebis mflobelTa Soris xmis
uflebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb? ratom arsebobs xmis uflebis ganawilebis aseTi gansx-
vavebuli xerxebi?
12. amerikelebis sul ufro mzardi raodenoba cxovrobs mkacrad kontrolirebad kondomini-
mumebSi, korporatiul da individualur saxlebSi. am gaerTianebebis marTva xdeba bi-
naTmflobelTa asociaciebis mier, romlebic adgenen da axorcieleben sakuTrebis dacvis
xelSemwyob wesebs. aseT saxlebSi mobinadre studentebi amtkiceben, rom, vinaidan es asocia-
ciebi warmoadgens kerZo mTavrobas, romelsac SeuZlia daawesos gadasaxadebi, uzrunvelyos
momsaxureba da daareguliros qcevis normebi, amitom isini unda daemorCilon mTavrobis
qmedebebze dawesebul konstituciur SezRudvebs.
a) ra unda gamoiyenon aseTi asociaciebis mmarTvelebma, iZuleba Tu darwmuneba, raTa
macxovreblebma ar gamoakran gancxadebebi, ar aRmarTon satelituri antenebi,
quCebSi ar gaaCeron satvirTo avtomobilebi da ar daabinZuron gazonebi da baRebi?
b) aseTi asociaciebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom kanonebis damorCileba nebayoflobi-
Tia, vinaidan macxovreblebi jer kidev binebis Sesyidvamde daTanxmdnen am kanonebis
damorCilebaze. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? ra SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTvevaSi,
Tu mmarTveli asociaciebi daaweseben axal kanonebs, romelTa winaaRmdegi iqneba
erTi binaTmflobeli? iqneba Tu ara am binaTmflobelis morCileba kvlav nebayo-
flobiTi?
g) aseTi asociaciebis erT-erTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom kanonmorCileba nebayoflo-
biTi ar aris, vinaidan aseTi saerTo sakuTreba xSirad yvelaze ufro xelmisawvdomi
SesaZleblobaa maTTvis, visac mcire arCevani aqvT. is migviTiTebs, rom amgvari gana­
Senianeba warmoadgens aSS-Si axali mSeneblobebis swrafad zrdad formas, da rom
isini kerZo sakuTrebis formaa da SeiZleba saWiroebdes konstituciur dacvas, im-
isaTvis, rom SeizRudos maTi saqmianoba. eTanxmebiT Tu ara amas?
13. gamoiyeneT am TavSi moyvanili iZulebisa da nebayoflobis gansazRvrebebi da SeafaseT qve-
moT CamoTvlili qmedebebi, raTa gadavwyvitoT, SeizRuda Tu gafarTovda arCevanis SesaZle-
bloba, unda vicodeT, ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCndaT adamianebs Tavdapirvelad an rogori iyo
maTi sakuTrebis ufleba.
a) mSromels, romelsac religiuri mosazrebebis gamo, kvira dRes muSaoba ar surs, amc-
noben, rom is unda daTanxmdes kvira dReebSi muSaobas, Tuki am adgilis miReba surs.
Tu mas Zalian surs muSaobis dawyeba da daTanxmda am winadadebas, rogor fiqrobT,
aiZules Tu daarwmunes igi?
b) damqiravebeli daTxovniT gemuqrebaT, Tu samuSao saaTebSi sigarets moswevT. gai-
Zuleben Tu garwmuneben?
g) Tqven Tavazianad sTxovT students, romelic Tqvens qvemoT cxovrobs, rom dauwios
magnitofonis xmas saRamos 7 saaTidan 10 saaTamde, rodesac Tqven mecadineobT. is
gpasuxobT, rom magnitofonis xma araa ise Zlieri, rom mecadineobaSi xeli SegiSa-
loT. maSin Tqven iatakze abraxunebT RamiT, rodesac studenti daZinebas cdilobs.
ori kviris Semdeg studenti Tanaxmaa, magnitofons xma Cauwios. studenti daarwmu-
neT Tu aiZuleT?
d) rodesac adgilobrivi eleqtrosadguri iRebs gadawyvetilebas gazardos ele-
qtroenergiis gadasaxadi, is momxmarebels metis gadaxdas aiZulebs Tu amis aucile-
blobaSi arwmunebs?
e) Tqven fiqrobT, gaaCeroT Tu ara manqana akrZalul adgilas, magram sabolood amaze
uars ambobT, vinaidan jarimis geSiniaT. Tqven gaiZules Tu gadagarwmunes, mogeZeb-
naT manqanis gasaCerebeli axali adgili?

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 v) saxlis mepatrone uflebas gaZlevT, daayenoT manqana misi farexis SesasvlelTan,
Tuki amisTvis erT dolars gadauxdiT. Tqven fuls ixdiT da manqanas aCerebT. dagar-
wmunes Tu gaiZules?
z) gaiZules Tu dagarwmunes, rom Sewiruloba gageRoT `United Way~-s ganviTarebisTvis,
Tu iciT, rom Tqvens mier Setanili Tanxis sidide gamokruli iqneba informaciul da-
faze?
T) rogor uzrunvelyofs beisbolis matCis dros msaji moTamaSeebis erTobliv moq-
medebas – iZulebiT Tu darwmunebiT?
14. aqvs Tu ara raime upiratesoba erTimeoresTan mimarTebaSi darwmunebasa da iZule­bas, ro-
gorc erToblivi qmedebebis stimulirebis saSualebebs?
a) adamianebi, romlebic rwmenis gamo TanamSromloben, Cveulebriv, urTierTo­bebs in-
arCuneben. isini, vinc aiZules, rogorc wesi, cdiloben, moZebnon saSualeba, raTa
gawyviton urTierTobebi. ra daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba TiToeul SemTxvevaSi erTo-
blivi qmedebebis uzrunvelyofis transaqciuli xarjebis sididis sesaxeb?
b) iZuleba SeiZleba gamoiyenon adamianebisTvis nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis Sesa-
Zleblobis warTmevis mizniT. xdeba Tu ara ase? ratom unda gamoiyenos vinmem iZule-
ba, raTa xeli SeuSalos nebayoflobiT TanamSromlobas?
15. adam smits miaCnda, rom mTavrobis an uzenaesi xelisuflebis movaleobaa `im sazogadoebrivi in-
stitutebisa da sazogadoebrivi funqciebis Seqmna da xel­Sewyoba, romlebic sazogadoebisTvis
uaRresad momgebiania da amave dros, iseTi buneba aqvT, rom arasdros ar anazraureben TiToeu-
li adamianis an adamianTa jgufis danaxarjebs da amitom maT ver Seqmnian da mxars ver dauWeren
calkeuli pirovnebebi an adamianTa jgufebi~ (`xalxebis simdidre~, V wigni, Tavi I).
a) riTi gansxvavdeba im saqonlis ganmarteba, romelic mTavrobam unda awar­moos ubi-
leTo mgzavris problemasTan dakavSirebuli saqonlis ganmartebisgan?
b) smiti ganixilavs sazogadoebrivi institutebis an funqciebis oTx saxeobas, romle-
bic nawilobriv mainc akmayofilebs mis kriteriumebs: `sazogadoebis dacvis, mar-
Tlmsajulebis, sazogadoebaSi vaWrobis ganviTarebisa da adamianTa ganaTlebis in-
stitutebi~. rogor miesadageba smitis rekomendaciebi im movaleobebs, romlebic
Cveulebriv akisria dRevandel mTavrobebs? arsebobs Tu ara mTavrobis romelime
mniSvnelovani funqcia, romelsac smiti ugulvebelyofs?
16. am TavSi ganxilulia iseTi policiuri samsaxurebis Seqmnis problema, romlebic mxolod ne-
bayoflobiT TanamSromlobaze iqneba agebuli. magram gana policiis saWiroeba imiT araa ga-
mowveuli, rom zogierTebs ar surT, absoluturad nebayoflobiT iTanamSromlon? xom ar
iqcevian banditebi da sxva kanondamrRvevebi iseve, rogorc `ubileTo mgzavrebi~?
17. uari unda ganacxadon Tu ara nebayoflobiTi saxanZro razmis wevrebma xanZris Caqrobaze im
pirovnebis saxlSi, romelmac uari ganacxada saxanZro samsaxuris Senaxvis gadasaxadis gada-
xdaze (davuSvaT, rom saxanZro sazogadoebis wevrTa qonebas xanZari ar emuqreba)? ra zians
moitandnen isini xanZris CaqrobiT?
18. aris Tu ara `ubileTo mgzavris~ movlena yovelTvis problema? xom ar uSlis xels `ubileTo
mgzavris~ problema sxvis xarjze upiratesobis miRebis mizniT garigebebis dadebis mcdelo-
bas? ratom iSleba kartelebi, romlebsac SesaZlebloba aqvT gamoiyenon iZuleba, Tu maT
xels ar uwyobs mTavroba? SegiZliaT daubrundeT me-10 Tavs da gadaxedoT me-9 kiTxvas.
19. kooperativis 34,937 wevridan, romlebsac xmis ufleba hqondaT, mmarTvelobis arCevnebSi
mxolod 737-ma miiRo monawileoba da maTgan 483 adamianma sufTa biuleteni Caagdo. metyve-
lebs Tu ara es faqti imaze, rom kooperativis wevrebi ar uWeren mxars mmarTvelobis saqmia-
nobas? migaCniaT Tu ara, rom Tu arCevnebSi wevrebis meti raodenoba miiRebda monawileobas,
ukeTesi mmarTveloba iqneboda arCeuli?
20. mZRolebis umetesoba dawesebulze meti siCqariT moZraobs, Tu darwmunebulia, rom ver ga-
moiWeren. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom isini xmas mis­cemdnen siCqaris SezRudvis Sesustebas, Tu
amis SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT?

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21. ratom uWers alkoholis zogierTi momxmarebeli mxars alkoholis akrZalvas? mTvral md-
gomareobaSi ratom marTavs saWes zogierTi maTgani, vinc momxrea nasvami mZRolebis mimarT
kanonebis gamkacrebisa?
22. qvemoT moyvanilia pirveli winadadeba sagazeTo statiisa, romlis avtori SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams
imis gamo, Tu ra cota adamiani mivida sazogadoebriv ganxil­vaze, romelic erT-erT msxvil ame-
rikul qalaqSi saskolo ganaTlebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebs exeboda. `rodesac viciT, ramdeni ada-
miani gamoTqvams sayvedurs saxelmwi­fo ganaTlebis sistemis gamo, gasakviria, ra cota adamiani mo-
dis Sekrebaze, raTa miuTiTos skolebs, Tu rogor unda gaaumjobeson muSaoba~. marTlac gasakviria
Tu ara is, rom mravali gamoTqvams sayvedurs, magram cotani eswrebian ganxilvebs?
a) rogoria saCivrebTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi? rogoria krebaze daswre­basTan dakav-
Sirebuli xarjebi?
b) rogoria imis albaToba, rom ganaTlebis mdgomareobiT Sewuxebuli adamiani, ro-
melic saRamos sazogadoebriv ganxilvaze gaatarebs, SeZlebs gavlena moaxdino
msxvil qalaqSi skolebis ganviTarebis politikaze?
g) im xarjebisa da sargeblis fardobas, romlebic dakavSirebulia Civilebsa da Sekre-
bebze daswrebasTan, SeiZleba naTlad aexsna faqti, romelis Sesaxebac aseTi sinanu-
liT iuwyeboda sagazeTo statiis avtori. magram riT SeiZleba aixsnas im aqtivistebis
saqcieli, romlebic, rogorc yovelTvis, mzad arian monawileoba miiRon krebebSi,
rac unda umniSvnelo iyos am krebebze gansaxil­veli sakiTxebi? SeuZliaT Tu ara ada-
mianebs politikur RonisZiebebSi monawile­obiT raime siamovnebis miReba, garda im
SesaZleblobisa, rom realuri zemoqmedeba moaxdinon mTavrobis politikaze?
23. mSoblebisa da maswavleblebis asociaciebis umravlesoba sirTuleebs ganicdis asociacie-
bis saqmianobaSi adamianebis mizidvisa da krebebze daswrebis mxriv.
a) ratom ar niSnavs es arc imas, rom mSoblebi ar zrunaven Svilebis ganaTlebaze da arc
imas, rom maT maswavleblebisa da mSoblebis aseTi asociaciebi usargeblo orga-
nizaciebad miaCniaT?
b) ratomaa krebebze maswavlebelTa daswrebis done ufro maRali, vidre mSoblebisa?
g) ratom monawileobs zogierTi mSobeli aqtiurad am asociaciebis muSaobaSi?
24. saavadmyofoebs xSirad miaCndaT, rom ar Rirs Zalisxmevis daxarjva sakuTari danaxarjebis
Sesamcireblad, vinaidan xarjebis Semcireba mTavrobis dotaciebis Semcirebas da paciente-
bis momsaxurebis xarisxis gauaresebas iwvevs. `uol sTriT jonrelSi~ gamoqveynebul sta-
tiaSi gamoTqmulia sayvedurebi saavadmyofoebis xelmZRvanelebis amgvari saqcielis gamo:
`arc erT samedicino muSaks ar aRelvebs rame, garda sakuTari salaros wignakisa. Tu yvela
medikosi yuradRebas mTlianad xes miaqcevda da ara mis erT nayofs, romelsac is amjerad
wyvets, TiToeuli maTgani ufro met nayofs miiRebda~.
rogor asaxavs es `ubileTo mgzavris~ problemas da imdagvar mcdar msjelo­bebs, rogoricaa
`yvela Cvenganma rom...?
25. qalaqis gareubnebSi mcxovreb yovel meaTe ojaxs gazonis sakreWi manqana aqvs. ratom ar iye-
neben ojaxebi sakreW manqanebs erToblivad? SeecadeT CamoTvaloT is ZiriTadi transaqciu-
ri xarjebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba aseT erTobliv mflobelobas?
26. satelevizio momsaxurebis firmebs uWirT momsaxurebis miwodeba mxolod maTTvis, vinc mza-
daa programebSi fuli gadaixados.
a) rogor uzrunvelyofen isini miuxedavad amisa, miwodebuli momsaxurebis anazraurebas
telemayurebelTa mier? dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu rogor gadaiWreba `ubi­le­To mgzavrebis~
problema kabeluri televiziis SemTxvevaSi. vis mihyidian firmebi TavianT momsaxure-
bas? molaparakebaTa ra Tanmimdevrobis Sedegad miiReben telemayu­reblebi telearxebs?
rogor xdeba TiToeul stadiaze `ubileTo mgzavris~ problemis gadawyveta?
b) mravali adamiani amJamad cdilobs ufasod miiRos sakabelo televiziis programebi
sakuTari satelituri antenebis saSualebiT. ra kavSiri aqvs `ubileTo mgzavrebTan~
brZolis transaqciur danaxarjebs fasiani satelevizio kompaniebis mier Sifra-
torebis da dekoderebis gamoyenebasTan?

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27. Tu moednis garSemo sirbili aumjobesebs aTletebis fizikur momzadebas da xels uwyobs
ukeTes TamaSs, ratom cdilobs bevri moTamaSe gairbinos wreebis imaze naklebi raodenoba,
vidre amas mwvrTneli moiTxovs? vin iRebs sargebels da vin gaiRebs danaxarjebs aseTi fizi-
kuri momzadebis dros? iTxoven Tu ara mwvrTnelebi moTamaSeebisgan wreebis optimalurze
meti raodenobis garbenas?
28. rodesac samTavrobo dawesebuleba moiTxovs, rom saxlebis mepatroneebma an mewarmeebma
warmoadginon maTi saqmianobis sruli angariSi, danaxarjebs isini ganicdian, vinc aseT anga-
riSebs amzadebs, xolo mTel sargebels (damatebiTi informaciis saxiT) dawesebuleba iRebs.
a) rogor xsnis es `qaRaldebTan muSaobis~ gazrdis aucileblobas, romelsac mTavroba
iTxovs, miuxedavad sayovelTao azrisa, rom qaRaldebTan muSaobis aseTi moculoba
ukve gadaWarbebulia.
b) xom ar fiqrobT, rom moTxovna Semcirdeboda, Tu dawesebulebebs mouwev­daT saku-
Tari biujetebidan Tanxebis gaReba, raTa aenazraurebinaT maTi xarjebi, vinc saan-
gariSo formebs avsebs?
g) unda daevaloT Tu ara maswavleblebs, waikiTxon da komentarebi gaukeTon yvela na-
muSevars, romelsac maTi moTxovniT weren studentebi?
29. Tu `ubileTo mgzavrebis~ problema, romelic dadebiTi garegani efeqte­biTaa Seqmnili, im-
denad seriozulia, rogorc amas am wignSi, saqvelmoqmedo programebTan dakavSirebul ana-
lizSi amtkiceben, ratomaa ase warmatebuli `United Way~-s kompaniebi mraval amerikul qa-
laqSi? Seicavs Tu ara iZulebis elementebs `United Way~-s qmedeba, rodesac mas imis miRweva
surs, rom adamianebma misi kompaniis sasargeblod imuSaon an fuli Seitanon? ra upirateso-
bebTan an danakar­gebTan migviyvanda adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gadawyvetileba Tavis
Tavze aeRo sazogadoebrivi funqciebi, romelsac amJamad `United Way~ axorcielebs?
30. ratom aiZuleben amerikuli sasamarTloebi mosamarTleebad arCeul moqa­la­qeebs, Seasru-
lon maTze dakisrebuli movaleobebi miuxedavad imisa, surT Tu ara maT es ? gana ar SeeZloT
sasamarTloebs, nebayoflobiT safuZvelze aeyvanaT imdeni mosamarTle, ramdenic saWiroa,
da maTTvis sasamarTlo valdebulebebis Sesru­lebis gasamrjelo gaezardaT? ratom ar unda
gavzardoT gasamrjelo, ar aviyvanoT mosamarTleebi moxaliseebidan da ar SevwyvitoT mo-
samarTleobis Sesrulebis mZime xarjebis dakisreba mravali adamianisTvis, romlebsac
uxdebaT uaris Tqma sxva Rirebul saqmianobaze, raTa aRasrulon `sasamarTlo valdebu­
lebebi~? Tqveni azriT, rogor imoqmedebs nebayoflobiTi mosamarTleebis SerCevis aseTi
sistema mosamarTleebis Semadgenlobaze? gamarTlebulia Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi iZulebis
gamoyeneba, Tu sasamarTloSi valdebulebebis Sesruleba yvela moqalaqis valdebulebaa?
Tu es asea, ratom ar vajarimebT im adamianebs, romlebic ar iReben monawileobas xmis micema-
Si? gana xmis micema yvela moqalaqis valdebuleba araa? an ufro metic, ratom ar unda dava-
jarimoT is adamianebi, romlebic ar abareben mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb mkacr gamocdas
an monawileobas ar iReben arCevnebSi? aseTi gziT moqalaqeebs vaiZulebT informirebulni
yofiliyvnen xmis micemisas. eTanxmebiT Tu ara amas?
31. unda davakisroT Tu ara binaTmflobelebs sakanon­mdeblo pasuxismgebloba saxlebis gaTbo-
bisTvis, raTa mivaRwioT energiis ekonomias?
a) ra sargebels miiReben binaTmflobelebi saxlebis gaTbobsgan? unda gaaTbon Tu ara
binaTmflobelebma saxlebi, Tu maTi xarjebi meti iqneba, vidre sargebeli?
b) ra sargebels miiReben sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi, Tu zogierTi maTgani sakuTari bi-
nis Tboizolacias da, am gziT, eleqtroenergiis moxmarebis Semcirebas gadawyvets?
gaamarTlebs Tu ara es garegani efeqtebi subsidiebs, romlebmac binaTmflobelebs
imis stimuli unda misces, rom saxlebs gaaTboben? vin dauWers aqtiurad mxars aseT
subsidiebs?
32. eTanxmebiT Tu ara imas, rom aSS-is konstitucia aRwers prezidentis, kongresisa da uzenaesi
sasamarTlos wevrebis sakuTrebis uflebebs?
a) ratom ukrZalavs konstitucia kongress prezidentisa da federaluri mosamarTlee-
bis xelfasis Semcirebas Tanamdebobaze maTi yofnis vadis gasvlamde?

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 b) unda movelodeT Tu ara, rom prezidenti ukeTesad (an uaresad) marTavs qveyanas sa-
prezidento postis xelmeored dakavebis SemTxvevaSi (konstitucia krZalavs mesame
vadiT arCevas)?
g) migaCniaT Tu ara, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas warmomadgenelTa palatis ori
wlis vadiT arCe­uli wevrebisgan, mosalod­nelia meti sibrZne, vidre uzenaesi sa-
samarTlos wevrebisgan, romlebic sococxlis mTeli vadiT iniSnebian?
d) moeliT Tu ara met sibrZnes kongresis wevrebisgan, Tu yvela wevri unda daemorCi-
los gansazRvrul vadebs?
33. iTvaliswineben Tu ara adamianebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas momavali Taobebis moTxovnas
bunebriv resursebze? saTanadod aris Tu ara gaTvaliswinebuli momavali Taobebis
moTxovnebi am gadawyvetilebebSi? mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom mTav­ro­ba ukeT gaiTvaliswi-
nebs momavali Taobis moTxovnebs? SeafaseT mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac mTavrobam unda
uzrunvelyos momavali TaobebisTvis bunebrivi resursebis dacva?
34. Statis X warmomadgeneli didi xnis manZilze damajereblad da ulmoblad akritikebda Seia-
raRebis xarjebs.
a) gjeraT Tu ara, rom Tavdacvis mdivnis gadawyve­tileba mis olqSi sahaero bazis dax-
urvis Sesaxeb amiT iyo gamowveuli?
b) Tu kongresis wevrTa 95 procents da qveynis prezidents miaCnia, rom qveyanaSi baze-
bis naxevari SeiZleba daixuros ise, rom es danakargebs ar moutans samxedro poten-
cials da mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs samTavrobo xarjebs, marTlac daixureba Tu ara
bazebis naxevari?
g) rogor warmogidgeniaT patimrebis am gansakuTrebuli dilemis gadawyvetis proce-
dura?
35. `Tu Tqven gadaixdiT, me sukis mwvads SevukveTav~. aseTia `Wall Street Journal~-Si ekonomist ra-
sel robertsis mier gamoqveynebuli statiis saTauri. robertsma gamoiyena cnobili magali-
Ti, raTa kongresis danaxarjebze msjelobisas yuradReba miepyro ubileTo mgzavrTa arse-
bobaze.
a) davuSvaT, rom Tqven, rogorc wesi, uars acxadebT desertze da sasmelze, rodesac
marto sadilobT, vinaidan es ori produqti 4 dolariT zrdis Tqvens xarjs, romelic
6 dolars Seadgens da xarjebis aseT zrdad ar giRirT. magram warmoidgineT, rom
Tqven sadilobT sam amxanagTan erTad da SeTanxmdiT xarjis Tanabrad gayofaze. ra
dagijdebaT am SemTxvevaSi deserti da sasmeli? ratom SeiZleba aseT SemTxvevaSi de-
sertiTa da sasmeliT datkboba gadawyvitoT?
b) davuSvaT, SekveTis micemisas Tavs izRudavT, Tumca iciT, rom xarji Tanabrad unda
ganawildes, Tqven ki ar gsurT Tqveni amxanagebis xarjze siamovnebis miReba. ramde-
nad efeqtiani iqneba Tqvens mier Tavis SezRudva im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tanabrad gain-
awilebT gadasaxads im as adamianTan erTad, romlebic restoranSi sadiloben? ras
udris am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mier mirTmeuli desertisa da sasmelis Rirebuleba?
g) Tu giyvarT xorci da kiborCxala, (ori yvelaze ufro ZviradRirebuli saWmeli me-
niuSi), rodis dazaraldebiT naklebad, rodesac Tavad gadaixdiT safasurs Tu rode-
sac gadasaxads restoranSi myof 100 adamianTan erTad Tanabrad gainawilebT?
d) gamoiyeneT rasel robertsis analogia, raTa axsnaT, Tu ratom gamoyofs kongresi ase
xSirad fuls adgilobriv proeqtebze, romlebisganac fulad erTeulebSi gamoxatuli
mosalodneli sargebloba , mosalodnel danaxar­jebTan SedarebiT bevrad naklebia.
36. rogor SegviZlia SevinarCunoT demokratiuli mTavrobis upiratesobani, magram Sevamci-
roT patimrebis dilemidan warmoqmnili problemebi? gansaxilvelad gTavazobT radikalur
winadadebas:
gauqmdes kongresis mTeli Stati. Seiqmnas erTi sakanonmdeblo dawesebuleba 600 wevriT,
romlebic imuSaveben 6 wlis manZilze da ar eqnebaT Secvlis ufleba. airCes 100 axali kanonm-
debeli yovelwliurad. arCevis ufleba mieniWos 25 welze meti asakis uklebliv yvela piro-
vnebas, romelsac minimum oTxi wlis samuSao staJi an umaRlesi skolis diplomi aqvs. TiTo-

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 eul kanonmdebels hqondes maRali xelfasi da sakmarisad kargi samudamo pensia, romelic
daeniSnebaT samsaxuris eqvswliani vadis amowurvisas, ris Semdegac maT SeeZlebaT emsaxu-
ron samSoblos lototronis saSualebiT.
a) iqneba Tu ara es sistema demokratiuli?
b) rogori informacia da stimulebi SeiZleba warmoqmnas sakanonmdeblo procesebma am
sistemis pirobebSi?
g) am sistemis Sedegad dRevandelze ukeTesi mTavroba gveyoleba Tu uaresi?
37. aSS-s konstituciis mixedviT kongresis valdebulebaa safosto samsaxuris organizeba.
a) SegiZliaT Tu ara raime mizezis moyvana, romliTac mTavrobam sakuTar Tavze unda
aiRos safosto momsaxurebis sistemis muSaobis uzrunvelyofis valdebu­leba? arse-
bobda Tu ara amisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani mizezebi 1789 wels?
b) kongresma miiRo `specialuri safosto kanoni~, romelmac safosto samsa­xurs mianiWa
werilebis mitanis monopoliuri ufleba. ratom uSlian xels saxelmwi­fo firmebs, am
mxriv konkurireba gauwion aSS-is safosto samsaxurs?
g) Tqveni azriT, vin moaxdens gavlenas kongresze, raTa man ar miiRos arc erTi aqti,
romelic `specialuri safosto kanonis gauqmebisken iqneba mimarTuli?
38. Tu sazogadoebrivi parkebis TiToeul damsvenebels ar moswons miwaze dayrili nagvis yureba,
parkebi amis gamo ver gasufTavdeba. aq warmodgenil dilemaSi igulisxmeba, rom TiToeul damsve-
nebels aqvs arCevani – dayaros nagavi miwaze an Cayaros nagvis yuTSi. magram damsveneblebis rao-
denoba didia, ase rom, Tu erTi maTgani nagavs miwaze ar dayris, es mniSvnelovan cvlilebas ar
gamoiwvevs parkis sisufTavis TvalsazrisiT. Tu gvinda, rom parki sufTa da lamazi iyos, yvelam
an TiTqmis yvelam nagavi yuTSi unda Cayaros. 14-2 naxazze mocemuli cxrili warmogvidgens par-
kis TiToeuli damsveneblis SesaZlo arCevanis kombinaciaTa Sedegebs.

sxva damsveneblebis arCevani

aradanagvianeba danagvianeba
TiToeuli damsveneblis arCevani

danagvianeba aradanagvianeba

Zalisxmeva,
Zalisxeva,
sisufTave
usufTaoba

aranairi Zalisxmeva, aranairi Zalisxmeva,

sisufTave usufTaoba

nax. 14-2. parkis damsvenebelTa dilema

a) TiToeulma adamianma, romelic nagavs yuTSi yris, aucileblad unda gaiRos danax-
arji, romelsac Zalisxmeva ewodeba. magram miiRebs Tu ara is sargebels parkis sisuf-
Tavis saxiT damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu rogor moiqcevian sxva damsveneblebi. Tu
TiToeuli damsvenebeli ise moiqceva, rom Tavad miiRos maqsimaluri wminda sarge-
bloba (sargebels minus xarjebi), es SesaZloa imiT damTavrdes, rom `sazogadoeba~
qveda marjvena kvadratSi aRmoCndes. ratom?
b) Tu TiToeuli damsvenebeli qveda marjvena kvadratTan SedarebiT upiratesobas
zeda marcxena kvadrats aniWebs, sakmarisi iqneboda Tu ara es imisTvis, rom `sazoga-
doebam~ zeda marcxena kvadratSi gadainacvlos? ris gakeTebas moisur­veb­da TiToeu-
li damsvenebeli, Cveni daSvebebis Sesabamisad, rodesac aRmoaCenda, rom `sazogadoe-

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 ba~ im mdgomareobaSia, romelic zeda marcxena kvadratSia aRwerili? davuSvaT,
`dabinZurebis~ TiToeuli aqti ar gamoiwvevs mniSvnelovan cvlilebas. rogor gamoi-
wvevda es naklebad sasurvel viTarebas, romelic qveda marjvena kvad­rat­Sia aRweri-
li?
g) rogor SeuZlia `urTierTiZulebas~, romelzedac miRweulia SeTanxmeba, migviyvanos
zeda marcxena kvadratSi aRweril ufro sasurvel viTarebamde?
d) ratom ar iqcevian sinamdvileSi adamianebi ise, rogorc wina kiTxvaSi vivaraudeT?
ratom daxarjaven zogjer garkveul Zalisxmevas is adamianebi, romlebsac jarima ar
emuqrebaT, imisTvis, rom Tavidan aicilon dabinZureba, maSinac ki, Tu parkSi sul
sisufTaves ar moelian?
e) ramdeni aseTi situaciis gaxseneba SegiZliaT? mivyavarT Tu ara maT im mdgomareo-
bamde, romelic qveda marjvena kvadratSia aRwerili?
39. `bunebis SenarCuneba~ – aseTi saxelwodeba aqvs erovnul organizacias, romelic cdilobs
gansazRvros da Semdeg SeiZinos is adgilebi, sadac cxovelebsa da mcenareebs safrTxe emuq-
rebaT.
a) organizacia miwebs im adamianebis Semowirulobebis xarjze yidulobs, romlebic
cxovelebisa da mcenareebis mdgomareobaze zrunaven. rogor uSlis `ubileTo mgza-
vris~ problema organizaciis fondSi fulis mizidvas?
b) ratom abrkolebs `ubileTo mgzavris~ problema Semowirulobebis miRebas ufro nak-
lebad korporaciebisgan, vidre calkeuli adamianebisgan?
40. SegiZliaT Tu ara am TavSi moyvanili cnebebiT axsnaT Zaladobis gamoyeneba (omi), rogorc
adamianTa Soris konfliqtebis gadawyvetis saSualeba?
41. yvela amerikels rom rasobrivad integrirebul raionebSi cxovreba erCivnos, gaxdeba Tu
ara sacxovrebeli raionebi integrirebuli? gaxdeba, Tu es iqneba amerikelebis erTaderTi
preferencia. magram, Tu rasobrivad integrirebuli raionebi maTi preferenciebis mxolod
nawilia, maSin SeiZleba gaCndes patimris dilema.
a) warmoidgineT qalaqi, romlis mosaxleobis 50% Savkaniania, xolo darCenili 50% – TeTrka-
niani. davuSvaT, aravinaa winaaRmdegi, rom mis erT mxares sxva rasis adamiani cxovrobdes,
magram TiToeuli moqalaqe winaaRmdegia, rom mis orive mxares sxva rasis warmomadgeneli
cxovrobdes, da Tu ase moxdeba, is sacxovrebel adgils Seicvlis. amis Sedegad, dasaxlebas
segregirebuli saxe eqneba Tu integrirebuli? Tu iTvleba, rom integracia kargia, rogor
SeiZleba mivaRwioT amas aseT dros?
b) Tu TiToeuli mosaxle Tavs Seikavebs gadasvlisagan, sanam oTxive mxridan sxva rasis mezobe-
li ar eyoleba, maSin mosaxleoba ganicdis segregacias (es praqtikulad gardauvalia, Tumca
amgvari daskvna arcTu ise cxadia). rogor imoqmedebda aseTi viTareba rasobrivad integri-
rebul sazogadoebaSi cxovrebis survilze?
g) unda hqondeT Tu ara ubnis mcxovreblebs ufleba, xeli SeuSalon (an Seuwyon), sacxovreblis
SeZenas, raTa ubanSi integrirebuli mosaxleoba SeinarCunon? arRveven Tu ara isini amiT po-
tenciuri myidvelis an gamyidvelis uflebas, romlebsac xels uSlian ganaxorcielon ur-
TierTmomgebiani gacvla imis gamo, rom myidvels `saWiro~ feris kani ara aqvs?
d) kerZo mSenebels, romelic bruklinSi axal sacxovrebel raions aSenebs, surs, rom es raso-
brivad integrirebuli ubani iyos. am miznis misaRwevad raionma daawesa rasobrivi kvotebi,
romlebic raionis mcxovreblebis rasobriv Semadgen­lobas asaxavda. 1988 wels uzenaesma sa-
samarTlom uari Tqva saapelacio sasamarT­los gadawyvetilebis gadaxedvaze, romelic 1968
wels miRebuli rasobrivi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi `samarTliani dasaxlebis aqtiT~ gan-
sazRvruli kvotebis darRvevaze miuTiTebda. unda CaiTvalos Tu ara arakanonierad kerZo
pirebis mier ganxorcielebuli rasobrivi diskriminacia, romelic miznad isaxavs sacxovre-
beli raionebis integracias?

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42. ratom awvdian adamianebi zogjer sxvebs Rirebul momsaxurebas ise, rom arc ki fiqroben ga-
samrjelos miRebaze, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki moiTxoven anazRaurebas iseTi momsaxurebisTvis,
romelic araferi uRirT?
a) ratom iTxoven qalaqis caTambjenebis mepatroneebi gadasaxads maTi Senobebis zeda
sarTulebis fanjrebidan gaxedvis uflebisTvis?
b) ratom ar axdevineben maRaziebis xelmZRvanelebi fuls im adamianebs, romlebic So-
bis win maT maRaziaSi mxolod imisTvis midian, rom lamazad morTuli vitrinebi daaT-
valieron?
g) ratom ar axdevineben fuls lamazad morTuli saxlebisa da gazonebis mflobelebi im
gamvlelebs, romlebic sanaxaobiT tkbebian? SeiZleba Tu ara raime saxiT sargeblis
miReba gamvlelebisgan ise, rom daTvalierebis gadasaxadi ar gamoarTvan?
d) ratom ar iTxoven garkveul anazRaurebas qalaqebis macxovreblebi, rodesac tur-
istebi quCaSi aCereben da gzas ekiTxebian? akisreben Tu ara aseTi turistebi danaxar-
jebs im adamianebs, romelTac quCaSi aCereben?
e) daexmarebodiT Tu ara adamians, romelsac quCaSi manqana gaufuWda da Tqveni dom-
kratiT sargebloba gTxovaT? mosTxovdiT Tu ara Tanxas daxmarebisTvis? gamoarT-
mevdiT Tu ara 10 dolars, Tu is daJinebiT SemogTavazebdaT? Tu kategoriul uars
ityodiT fulis aRebaze, maSin daTanxmdebodiT Tu ara ramdenime milis daSorebiT
restoranSi mipatiJebaze? davuSvaT, gsiamovnebT masTan yofna, gindaT erTad isadi-
loT da iciT, rom sadili 10 dolarze gacilebiT Zviri dajdeba.
e) davuSvaT, Tqvenma mezobelma zurgi itkina da gazonis gakreWa ar SeuZlia. Tqven iciT
amis Sesaxeb da amitom sakuTar gazonTan erTad mis gazonsac kreWT. ras ityodiT,
madlierma mezobelma 20 dolari rom SemogTavazoT? aseve Seuracxyofili da gak-
virvebuli iqnebodiT Tu ara, mas rom madlobis mas rom niSnad 30-dolariani wigni
eCuqebina? ratom?

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 ekonomikuri sistemebis
zogadi daxasiaTeba

g amoviyeneT ra ekonomikuri Teoria imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor aris mowyobili komerciuli

sazogadoeba, Cven TiTqmis ar mivaqcieT yuradReba ekonomikuri sistemebis saerTo funq-
cionirebas. amjerad Cven SevudgebiT am naklovanebis gamosworebas.
Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemebSi yvelaze gasakviri aris is, rom erTni muSaoben kargad,
xolo meoreni – cudad. msoflioSi ar arsebobs universaluri, yvelasaTvis misaRebi sazomi,
romlis meSveobiTac Cven SegviZlia sakmaod mkafiod da calsaxad SevadaroT erTmaneTs
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemebis efeqtianoba imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT romeli sistema muSaobs
ufro kargad – kanadis Tu aSS-is, norvegiis Tu SvedeTis, Sveicariis Tu kidev sxva romelime
qveynis. Cven ar gvWirdeba efeqtianobis rTuli da daxvewili sazomebi im daskvnis gasakeTeblad,
rom zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebis ekonomika ukeTesad muSaobs vidre eTiopiis, albaneTis,
bangladeSis da kidev mravali sxva Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri sistemebi.
ekonomikuri sistema im socialur sistemas warmoadgens, romlis daxmarebiTac da romlis
SigniTac adamianebi urTierToben da koordinireben erTmaneTSi resursebis Seqmnisa da
gamoyenebisaTvis, raTa daakmayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi. ratom iZleva zogierTi
sistema am miznis ukeTesad miRwevis saSualebas, xolo sxvebi – ara? cxadia, rom zogierT
qveyanas, sxvebTan SedarebiT, Zalian mwiri bunebrivi resursebi gaaCnia, magram gansxvavebebi
bunebriv resursebSi ver axsnis materialuri simdidris donesa da keTildReobaSi im did
gansxvavebebs, romlebic arseboben mdidar singapursa da Rarib bangladeSs Soris, mdidar
Sveicariasa da Rarib nigerias Soris. verc mosaxleobis simWidrove axsnis yvela an zogierT
ukve gamokvleul gansxvavebebs erTi qveynis simdidresa da meore qveynis siRaribes Soris.
niderlendebSi, romlis teritoria 37,000 kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens, 16 milioni adamiani
gacilebiT ufro mdidaria, vidre estoneTSi mcxovrebi 1.6 milioni adamiani, romelic 45,000
kvadratul kilometrze cxovrobs; Tan aRsaniSnavia, rom holandielebma TviTon Seqmnes Tavisi
teritoriis udidesi nawili – gamostaces zRvas.

vin aris mdidari, da vin – Raribi?

rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (cnobili, rogorc msoflio banki)
regularulad aqveynebs angariSebs msoflios ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, sadac is cdilobs
ganazogados yvela qveynis ekonomikuri maCveneblebis efeqtianoba. msoflio banki qveynebs
hyofs rogorc maRalSemosavlian, saSualoSemosavlian, dabalSemosavlian ekonomikebs.
maRalSemosavlian ekonomikebs ekuTvnis: aSS, kanada, dasavleT evropis qveynebi, israeli,
iaponia, samxreT korea, avstralia, axali zelandia, singapuri da ramdenime patara qveyana,
romlebmac daagroves simdidre navTobis gayidviT: brunei, quveiTi, katari, da arabTa

83
gaerTianebuli emiratebi. aseve, ramdenime Zalian patara qveyana, romlebic damokidebuli
iyvnen ufro mdidar qveynebze: magaliTad, safrangeTis gvinea, niderlandebis antalia, da guami.
msoflio bankis klasifikaciaSi gacilebiT metia dabalSemosavliani ekonomikebi. aseTebad
iTvlebian is qveynebi, romelTa ekonomika aTas aSS dolarze nakleb Semosavals gamoimuSavebs
erT sul mosaxleze weliwadSi. qveynebis es jgufi moicavs CineTs da indoeTs, sadac cxovrobs
msoflio mosaxleobis sami mervedi, xolo ori mesamedi cxovrobs iseT dabalSemosavlian
qveynebSi, rogoricaa: pakistani, bangladeSi, birma, kamboja, laosi, vietnami, yofili sabWoTa
respublikebi, albaneTi, da TiTqmis mTeli centraluri afrika.
saSualoSemosavliani ekonomikebia laTinuri amerikis qveynebi – meqsikidan dawyebuli
ukidures samxreTiT damTavrebuli (garda dabal-Semosavaliani qveyebisa, rogorebicaa
nikaragua, hondurasi, haiti, guana) – samxreT afrikis da Crdilo afrikis qveynebi, axlo
aRmosavleTis qveynebi, romlebic ganlagebulebi arian saberZneTis, TurqeTis, iransa da
saudis arabeTs Soris, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, aseve, tailandi, malaizia,
indonezia, da filipinebi.
kriteriums, romelic gamoiyena msoflio bankma am qveynebis klasificirebisTvis, warmoadgens
mTliani erovnuli produqti erT sul mosaxleze. imis gamo, rom saerTo Semosavlis da saerTo
gamoSvebis daTvlisas iyeneben mTlian Sida produqts (mSp), xolo mTliani erovnuli produqti
umravles SemTxvevaSi igivea rac mTliani Sida produqti, amitom Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
mTlian Sida produqtze, imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT am kriteriumis mixedviT simdidris an siRaribis
Sefasebis mniSvneloba da SezRuduloba.

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

mTliani Sida produqti warmoadgens mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis SigniT warmoebuli
yvela saboloo produqtis sabazro RirebulebaTa jams. mxolod saboloo produqciis
Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT ormagi angariSi. Tu mSp-s daTvlisas
mocemul wels warmoebuli avtomobilis Rirebulebas daemateba saburavis Rirebuleba, maSin am
ukanaskvnelis Rirebuleba orjer iqneba asaxuli mSp-Si. pirvelad maSin, rodesac igi gaiyida
saburavebis mwarmoeblis mier avtomobilebis mwarmebelze, da meored – rogorc avtomobilis
sacalo fasis Semadgeneli nawili.
SeiZleba mTliani Sida produqti gavzomoT sxvagvarad – rogorc yvela im RirebulebaTa
jami, romelic iqmneba warmoebis procesis yovel etapze. magaliTad, puris gamocxobis
SemTxvevaSi, es is Rirebulebebia, romlebsac TanmimdevrobiT qmnian: xorblis mwarmoebeli
fermeri, mewisqvile, xabazi, biTumad movaWre da bolos sacalo vaWari. saboloo produqtis
fasi warmoadgens gamoSvebaSi yoveli momdevno kontribuciis Sejamebul Rirebulebas.
mSp-s SesaZloa SevxedoT, rogorc mTlian erovnul Semosavals. erovnuli Semosavali
warmoadgens im Semosavlebis jams, romlebsac iReben warmoebis procesis monawileebi:
samuSao Zalis, kapitalis da sxva resursebis mflobelebi. saerTo gamoSvebis Rirebuleba
aucileblad unda utoldebodes erovnul Semosavals imitom, rom yoveli dolari daxarjuli
gamoSvebisTvis sxvebisTvis Semosavals warmoadgens. gamonakliss warmoadgens damatebiTi
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (an gayidvebis gadasaxadi aSS-s SemTxvevaSi). magram isic Semosavalia
– saxelmwifos Semosavali, romelsac saxelmwifo iyenebs produqciis sawarmoeblad saWiro
resursebis SesaZenad.

mTliani Sida produqti=yvela mwarmoeblis mier Seqmnili damatebiTi

Rirebuleba=yvela mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli Semosavali=axlad
warmoebuli saboloo produqciis saerTo Sesyidvebi

kidev erTi problema SeiZleba gaCndes gauyidav saqonelTan dakavSirebiT. gauyidavi

saqoneli mocemul wels warmoebuli produqciis nawils warmoadgens, magram man ver moitana
Semosavali imis gamo, rom ar gaiyida. amitom, iTvleba, rom am produqciis myidvelebi TviT
maTi mwarmoebeli firmebia da isini firmis maragebs emateba.

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 maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, rom mTliani Sida produqti sami meTodiT gaizomis, da yoveli
meTodi erTi da igive Sedegs gvaZlevs, Tu gamoTvlebSi Secdoma ar iqna daSvebuli: (1) Rirebuleba,
damatebuli yoveli mwarmoeblis mier saboloo produqtis saerTo gamoSvebaSi monawilebis
procesSi; (2) saerTo Semosavali, miRebuli xelfasis, procentis, rentis da mogebis saxiT,
maT mier vinc sakuTari resursis gamoyenebiT monawileobda saerTo gamoSvebaSi; (3) saboloo
produqciis saerTo Sesyidvebi ganxorcielebuli saojaxo meurneobebis, saxelmwifos, firmebis
mier, plus ucxoelebis mier qveynis SigniT warmoebuli produqciis Sesyidvebs daklebuli
ucxoelebis mier qyveyanis SigniT warmoebuli gayidvebi. Tu gauyidavi saqoneli aRiricxeba
rogorc damatebiTi maragebi da emateba firmebis saerTo Sesyidvebs, saojaxo meurneobebis,
saxelmwifos, biznesis da ucxoelebis mier gaweuli (wminda) xarjebi saboloo produqtze unda
emTxveodes warmoebuli produqciis saerTo Rirebulebas.

erovnuli Semosavlebis angariSebis SezRudvebi

mTliani Sida produqti ar unda gavaigiveoT qveynis saerTo keTildReobasTan. mTliani Sida
produqtis cneba imdenad pirobiTia da masSi imdeni pirobiTi daSvebebi da SeTanxmebebia, rom igi
Zalian frTxilad unda gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva qveynebis keTildReobis doneebis Sesadareblad
– rasac Cven, zustad SeiZleba iTqvas, gauazreblad vakeTebdiT kidec. (nobelis lauriati, f.
haieki gvafrTxilebda ekonomikuri maCvenebelebis zedmetad ganzogadebis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb,
ekonomikur analizSi).
pirvel rigSi, mTliani Sida produqti umravles SemTxvevaSi mxolod im saqonlis Rirebulebas
gansazRvravs, romelic iyideba bazarze. aqedan gamomdinare, is samsaxuri (magaliTad,
ekonomikuri analizis sammarTvelo aSS-Si), romelic iTvlis mSp-s, masSi ar CarTavs diasaxlisi-
qalebis samuSaos. aseTi samuSaos Sefaseba Zalian rTulia. miuxedavad misi mniSvnelobisa, is ar
gaiTvaliswineba erovnuli Semosavlebis angariSebSi. amasTan, daqiravebuli diasaxlisis Sroma
SesaZlebelia Sefasebul iqnas am samuSaoSi gadaxdili Tanxis meSveobiT; amitom, igi CarTulia
am angariSebSi. Sedegad, mSp-s eqneba tendencia Semcirdes qorwinebaTa zrdis Sedegad, da
gaizardos ganqorwinebebis zrdasTan erTad. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom sazogadeobis realuri
keTildReoba am mimarTulebiT icvleba. amasTanave, rogorc ki qalebi erTvebian samuSao Zalis
rigebSi, mSp izrdeba saerTo gamoSvebaSi maTi monawileobis miRebis sididiT, rac Tavis mxriv,
izomeba maT mier miRebuli SemosavlebiT. magram diasaxlisis samuSao, romelsac es qalebi
ukve aRar asruleben, ar akldeba mSp-s da amitom mSp-s aseTi zrda zedmetad afasebs saerTo
gamoSvebis cvlilebas.
dabalSemosavlian qveynebSi kidev ufro naklebi Sesrulebuli samuSao gaivlis bazars.
Sedegad, dabalSemosavliani qveynebis mSp Zalian dabal donezea Sefasebuli. Tu Cven
SevxedavT bankis mier gamoqveynebul monacemebs erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s Sesaxeb yvelaze
dabalSemosavliani qveynebisTvis, vnaxavT, rom es cifrebi Zalian dabalia. magaliTad, 1999
wels es cifri mozambikisTvis Seadgenda $198-s, eTiopiisTvis – $112-s, xolo tanzaniisTvis
– $188-s. imis gamo, rom veravin ver icxovrebs aseTi dabali Semosavlis pirobebSi – Tanac es
cifrebi gasaSualebulia, da zogierT adamians ufro dabali Semosavali aqvs – Cven SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom dauzustebeli monacemebi seriozulad zrdis mosaxleobis siRaribis dones
am uRaribes qveynebSi.
es monacemebi, aseve, gadametebiT afaseben simdidris dones mdidar qveynebSi imiT, rom
iTvaliswineben im Semosavalebs, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva Semosavlebis misaRebad. magaliTad,
qvenaxSirze momuSave Tbosadguris mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtro energia Sedis mSp-Si. magram
rodesac Tbosadguri qiraobs muSebs muSaobis procesSi dagrovili Wyvartlis gasawmendaT
da kedlebis SesaRebad, mSp kidev erTxel izrdeba. azri aqvs, Tu Cven dainteresebulebi varT
keTildReobiT, ar SeviyvanoT gawmendis da SeRebvis Rirebuleba mTlian Sida produqtSi. magram
problema imaSia, rom Tuki ase moviqceviT, maSin ver gavCerdebiT. Cven mogviwevs SevamciroT
samedicino momsaxurebis umetesi nawilis Rirebuleba, samsaxurSi wasvla-wamosvlis xarjebi,
aseve, yvela im saqonlis Rirebuleba, romlis warmoeba da SeZeneba xdeba Sromis organizebisa
da uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

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 qveynebis Sedareba erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis SedarebiT seriozul
xarvezebTan aris dakavSirebuli, am maCvenebelSi gamoyenebuli saerTo mniSvnelis gamo.
angariSebSi msoflio ganviTarebis maCveneblebis Sesaxeb mocemulia qveynebis sia, yvelaze
Raribi qveynidan – yvelaze mdidar qveynamde, sadac SefasebisTvis gamoyenebulia maCvenebeli
mSp erT sul mosaxleze, aSS dolarebSi. magram es qveynebi, aSS-is garda, Tavis mSp-s ar iTvlian
aSS dolarebSi. ase rom, yoveli qveynis mSp, romelic daTvlilia am qveynis erovnul valutaSi
unda gaiyos am qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobaze da Semdeg miRebuli Sedegi gadayvanil iqnas
aSS dolarebSi mimdinare gadacvlis kursis mixedviT.
or valutas Soris gadacvlis kursi, romlis Sesaxebac mogvianebiT iqneba saubari, adgens
erTi valutis im raodenobas, romelic saWiroa meore valutis erTeulis SesaZenad. magaliTad,
aSS dolarisa da ungruli forintis gadacvlis kursia erT dolarSi 220 forinti, an erT
forintSi 0.004545 dolari. gadacvlis aseTi kursi niSnavs, rom amerikeli, romelic ewveva
budapeSts 220 forints gadaixdis im saqonlis da momsaxurebis SeZeneSi, raSic is erT dolars
gadaixdida aSS-Si. Tu aseT Tanafardobas aqvs adgili, maSin dolar-forintis gadacvlis
kursi aRwers msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritets. magram mTeli 1990-iani wlebis manZilze, im
mizezebis gamo, romlebsac Cven, aseve, mogvianebiT SevexebiT, amerikelebi budapeStSi ufro mets
yidulobdnen restornis Tu sastumros momsaxurebas erTi dolarSi gadacvlili forintebiT,
vidre am TanxiT iyididnen aSS-Si. dolar-forintis gadaclis kursi ver asaxavda msyidvelobiT
unars 1990-ian wlebSi. Tu gadacvlis kursebi ar asaxaven msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritets,
maSin qveynebis Sedarebis Sedegebi SesaZloa Zalian damaxinjebuli iyos.
magaliTad, angariSSi msoflio ganviTarebis maCveneblebi mocemulia, rom 1990 wles ungreTSi
mSp erT sul mosaxleze iyo $5,515 (SedarebisTvis, aSS-Si – $30,845). magram Tu ungreTis mSp-s
davakoreqtirebT msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT, maSin igi gaizrdeboda
$11,430-mde. es maCvenebeli ki 120 procentiT aRemateba faqtobriv dones. am koreqtirebebis
gareSe sxvadasxva qveynebis maCveneblebis Sedarebebs ara aqvs azri. aseTi koreqtirebebis
Semdeg uRaribesi qveynebis Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. cxrilSi
15-1. moyvanilia 1999 wlisTvis 10 dabalSemosavliani qveynis erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s
dakoreqtirebuli monacemebi.

mSp erT sul dakoreqtirebuli mup-is

mosaxleze mixedivT
eTiopia 112 628
sierra leone 138 448
bBurundi 143 578
malavi 156 586
eretria 173 881
guinea-bisau 183 678
tanzania 188 501
mozambiki 198 861
nigeri 209 753
Cadi 218 850

axsna-ganmartebebis ZiebaSi
sinamdvileSi, siRaribe imdenad ar saWiroebs axsnas, ramdenadac – simdidre. Tu ar
gaviTvaliswinebT Zalian mcirericxovani privilegirebuli klasis warmomadgenlebs,
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze siRaribe ufro Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, vidre
gamonaklisi. amitom kiTxva imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs ratom arian adamianebi Raribebi, aramed

86
imaSi, Tu ra aZlevs zogierTebs gamdidrebis saSualebas. ratom hqonda – daaxleobiT 300 wlis
winaT, Crdilo-dasavleT evropul teritoriebze ganlagebul qveynebSi – adgili im process,
romelsac Cven dRes ekonomikuri zrdas vuwodebT? ratom moxda es? ratom moxda es pirvelad
evropaSi da Semdeg im araevropul qveynebSi, romlebmac evropuli memkvidreoba miiRes?
ra moxda sinamdvileSi? adam smitma, mimoixilavda ra situacias meTvramete saukunis
dasasruls, Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxebis simdidre~ daaskvna:

Sromis danawilebis xarjze nebismieri saxis sagnebis warmoebis mniSvnelovani

zrda, kargad organizebul sazogadoebaSi (well-governed), migviyvans sayovelTao
keTildReobamde, romelic mosaxleobis dabal fenebzec gavrceldeba.

sxva sityvebiT, simdidre warmoebis masStaburi gafarToebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,

romelic Tavis mxriv Sromis danawilebiT aris gamowveuli. ekonomikuri zrda iyo komerciuli
sazogadoebis evoluciis Sedegi, im sazogadoebisa, sadac yoveli wevri daspecializirebulia
da cxovrobs misi gacvlis xarjze.
mecxramete saukunis yvelaze cnobilma studentma, marTalia sxva terminologiis gamoyenebiT,
magram mainc analogiuri ganaCeni gamoitana. karl marqsma warmoebis arnaxuli zrda, rasac
adgili hqonda imave qveynebSi mecxramete-meTvramete saukuneebSi, miawera samomxmareblo
saqonlis warmoebis ganviTarebas. samomxmareblo saqonelis qveS marqsi gulismobda iseT
saqonels, romelic iwarmoeboda kapitalis kerZo mflobelis mier, mogebis miRebis mizniT, da
ara Sida moxmarebisTvis. cxadia, aseTi warmoebis SesaZlebloba mas Semdeg gaCnda rac Sromis
danawilebis principi gavrcelda da damkvidrda mTels sazogadebaSi. imas, rasac smiti uwodebda
komerciul sazogadoebas, marqsma daarqva burJuaziuli sazogadoeba. marqsis da engelsis
damokidebuleba burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mimarT moyvanilia komunistur manifestSi:

burJuaziam, Tavisi aswliani arsebobis manZilze, Seqmna ufro mravalricxovani

da kolosaluri masStabis sawarmoo Zalebi, vidre wina Taobebma erTad aRebulma.
bunebis Zalebis damorCileba, manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiis gamoyeneba warmoebasa da
miwaTmoqmedebaSi, naosnoba, rkinigza, eleqtruli telegrafi, miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebis aTviseba, mdinareebis gamoyeneba naosnobisTvis,
TiTqos miwidan amoiyvana mosaxleobis farTo masebi, romelsac wina aswleulebSi
SeeZlo mxolod eWvi hqonoda, rom aseT sawarmoo Zalebs sZinavs sazogadoebrivi
Sromis wiaRSi.

marqss miaCnda, rom man Rrma bzari aRmoaCina im sazogadoebaSi, romelic xasiaTdeboda
kapitalze kerZo sakuTrebiT da warmoebiT mogebis miRebis mizniT, bzari romelic sabolood
daangrevda am sazogadoebas. magram, miuxedavad amisa, mas eWvi ar epareboda, rom am sazogadoebas
gaaCnda simdidris Seqmnis unari.

axsna-ganmartebebis ZiebaSi
imis Tqma, rom qveyana mdidrdeba specializaciis gamoyenebiT Zalian amartivebs simdidris
Seqmnis sakiTxs. Tu specializacia am problemis gadawyvetas warmoadgens maSin, ratom ar
iyeneben mas qveynebi gasamdidreblad. pasuxi nawilobriv is aris, rom es qveynebi sinamdvileSi
`ar iyeneben~ iseTi rTul sistemebs, rogorcaa komerciuli sazogadoeba. amis Sesaxeb adam
smitma misi cnobili naSromis meore TavSi dawera:

Sromis ganawileba, romelic aseT sargeblianobebs iZleva, ar warmoadgens romelime

adamianis sibrZnis Sedegs, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela da gaiazra is saerTo
keTildReoba, romelic misive gamoisobiT gaCndeba.

Sromis ganawileba evolucias ganicdis, sakmaod mdored da meTodurad, evoluciuri

procesis meSveobiT, aravin SeimuSavebs mas da arc cdilobs dagegmos is. calkeuli adamianebi

87
moelian garkveuli upiratesobebis miiRebas specializaciisagan, da isini cdiloben TviTonac
daspecializirdnen. maTi gadawyvetilebebi gaaCenen alternativebs sxvebisTvis, romelTa
Sorisac maT unda gaakeTon arCevani. am dros, sxva adamianebi jer kidev win wamoweven TavianT
interesebs sazogadoebrivi institutebis mSeneblobaSi Setanili wvliliT, rac amartivebs
aReb-micemobas transaqciuli xarjebis Semcirebis xarjze.
fuli – erT-erTi aseTi institutia da amasTan erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani. miuxedavad
misi mniSvnelovnebisa, fulis instituti aravis aRmouCenia. man iseTive evolucia ganicada,
rogorc Sromis ganawilebam, im adamianebis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romlebic axorcielebdnen
maTTvis saintereso proeqtebs; es adamianebi sxvebsac ubiZgebdnen dakavebuliyvnen am proeqtiT,
xolo maT Soris urTierTobebis Sedegad gaCnda monetaruli sistema. adam smitis erT-
erTi maswavlebeli, adam fergusoni, Tavis naSromSi, ese samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis
Sesaxeb (1767), werda rom `xalxebi awydebian iseT organizaciebs, romlebic sinamdvileSi
adamianTa moqmedebebis Sedegs warmoadgenen, da ara adamianis mizanmimarTuli Canafiqris
ganxorcielebas~, da rom sazogadoebaSi xSirad xdeba `didi revoluciebi, romlebic ar aris
mimarTuli cvlilebebisken~; da saxelmwifo Cinovnikebma `zogjer arc ician, Tu saiTken mihyavT
saxelwifo TavianTi proeqtebiT~.
Cven ar vambobT, rom prognozebs ara aqvs mniSvneloba, da imas, rom mTavroba veranairad ver
moqmedebs warmatebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebaze. eWvs gareSea, rom adam smitsac
ar sjeroda amis. is amtkicebda, rom mxolod `kargad marTul~ sazogadoebaSi SegviZlia
vnaxoT gafarToebuli specializaciis evolucia, warmoebis zrda da `sayovelTao simdidre~.
saxelmwifom is pirobebi unda SeinarCunos, romlebic komerciuli sazogadoebis evoluciis
saSualebas iZlevian.
Cven kidev erTxel vubrundebiT mniSvnelovan cnebas, Semotanils pirvel TavSi – TamaSis
wesebs, da am wesebis ekonomikurad yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels, mkafiod da naTlad
Camoyalibebul sakuTrebis uflebebs. adamianebi ar gaakeTeben investirebas momavalSi, ar
moaxdenen sargeblianobis momtani proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, an zogadad ar gaweven xarjebs,
Tu ar arsebobs gonivrulad daculi da uzrunvelyofili sakuTrebis uflebebi. praqtikaSi es
niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom, rogorc minimum, unda daicvas sazogadoebis wevrebi sxvebis mxridan
gaqurdvisa da dayaCaRebisagan, unda SeinarCunos samarTliani da prognozirebadi sasamarTlo
sistema warmoSobili davebis gadasawyvetad, da rogorRac unda daarwmunos moqalaqeebi,
rom saxelmwifo TviTon ar iqurdebs. yovel Cvengans, visac ucxovria im sazogadoebaSi,
sadac damkvidrebulia `kanonis uzenaesoba~ Cveulebriv ver warmoudgenia, rogor SeuZlia
saxelmwifos gadauxvios am standartebs.
gonivrulad Camoyalibebuli sakuTrebis uflebebi da misi mniSvnelovani Sedegi – am
uflebebis Tavisuflad gacvla-gamocvla – aucilebeli pirobaa komerciuli sazogadoebis
evoluciisaTvis, sadac adamianebi efeqtianad kooperireben imisaTvis, rom Seqmnan da gamoiyenon
resursebi TavianTi da sxvaTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad ise, rom adgili hqondes
ekonomikur zrdas. am pirobebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTreba garantirebulia, mxolod
mcire adamianebis mcire jgufisaTvis, rac maT saSualebas aZlevs isargeblon darCenili
umravlesobis samuSao Zalis gamoyenebiT.
sxva faqtorebsac, aseve, aqvT mniSvneloba. klimaturi pirobebi SesaZlebelia iyos
mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi an xelisSemSleli faqtori adamianis mcdelobisa gaiumjobesos
cxovrebis pirobebi. bunebrivi resursebi qmnian gansxvavebebs. omebma gamoiwvia didi
gansxvavebebi qveynebs Soris imiT, rom mospo qveynebis simdidre, da aseve imiT, rom zogierTi
adamiani moeqca tiraniisa da sxvebis mxridan eqsploataciis qveS. magram Tu Cven mivubrundebiT
warsulis gamocdilebas imisaTvis, rom pasuxi gavceT ra gavakeToT dRes, nawilobriv pasuxi
cxadia. mTavrobam unda daamkvidros kanonis uzenaesoba, ise rom adamianebma TavianTi
kontrolis farglebSi SesZlon miiRon sargeblianoba maT mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebis
Sedegad. komerciuli sazogadoeba ver ganviTardeba warmatebulad Tu ar damkvidrda kanonis
uzenaesoba.

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erToblivi ryevebi
qveynis ekonomikuri sistemis saerTo daxasiaTebisTvis saWiroa sxva faqtorebsac mivaqcioT
yuradReba, garda erT sul mosaxleze mTlian Sida produqtisa. erToblivi gamoSveba da
Sesabamisad erToblivi Semosavali, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi, mniSvnelovan
ryevebs ganicdis. magaliTad, aSS-is mSp 1929 wlidan 1933 wlamde, dakoreqtirebuli fasebis
donis gaTvaliswinebiT, Semcirda 30%-iT. imis gamo, rom aSS-Si mSp-s grZelvadiani tendencia
iyo 3%-iani zrda yovel wels, 1933 wels mSp 40%-iT naklebi iyo, vidre misi prognozirebadi
done 1929 wels. es ufro meti iyo, vidre ubralo daTvlis Sedegi.
ufro metic, mSp-s dacemis Sedegad Semcirebuli personaluri Semosavlebi arc ki iyo
Tanabrad gadanawilebuli mosaxleobaze. mSp-s Semcireba niSnavs warmoebis Semcirebas da
samuSao Zalis samsaxurebidan daTxovnas. zogierTi adamianis da ojaxis Semosavlebi 30%-ze
metad Semcirda, am oTxi wlis manZilze. 1929 wels samuSao Zalis 3.2% aRiricxeboda rogorc
umuSevari; magram 1933 wels igi gaizarda 29.4%-mde. 1933 wels daaxloebiT erTi muSa yovel oTx
muSaze umuSevari iyo, xolo isini vinc muSaobdnen, ufro naklebs muSaobdnen, vidre surdaT.
imis saCveneblad, rom ryevebi saerTo gamoSvebaSi da SemosavalSi mniSvnelovania, Cven
Segnebulad avirCieT ekonomikurad yvelaze depresiuli situacia aSS-is istoriaSi. amasTan
daaxloebuli mdgomareoba iyo 1974 wels, rodesac mSp (dakoreqtirebuli fasebis donis
gaTvaliswinebiT) daeca 6.6%-iT, xolo mosaxleobis Semosavlebi Semcirda TiTqmis 6-7%-
iT. imis gamo, rom aseTi Semcireba ar xdeba Tanabrad, zogierTi adamianis Semosavali ufro
meti procentiT Semcirda, vidre saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli. 1974-1975 wlebis recesiam
umuSevroba gazarda 8.9%-mde. recesiasTan dakavSirebul problemebs Soris mosaxleobisTvis
yvelaze mtkivneulia umuSevrobis zrda.

inflacia
komerciuli sazogadoebebis ekonomikuri sistemebi mSp-s ryevebis garda, kidev sxva
saxis ryevebs ganicdian. isini, aseve, ganicdian cvlilebas sazomi erTeulis RirebulebaSi,
im fuladi erTeulisa, romliTac gamoisaxeba saqonlis SedarebiTi fasi. amitom, rodesac
vsaubrobdiT mSp cvlilebebze, Cven orjer aRvniSneT, rom aucilebelia mSp-s dakoreqtireba
fasebis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. faqtobrivad, is rac Cven vTqviT niSnavda, rom mSp
dakoreqtirda fulis RirebulebaSi cvlilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
Cven ar SegviZlia gamoviyeniT daukoreqtirebeli cvlilebebi mSp-Si imisaTvis, rom
gavzomoT produqciis saerTo gamoSvebaSi cvlilebebi imitom, rom mSp warmoadgens fasebis
da raodenobebis namravls. 1970 wels ekonomistebi gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavdnen, rom amerikis
ekonomikam miaRwia `trilion dolars~ imitom, rom 1970 wels aSS-is mSp-m pirvelad gadaaWarba
trilion dolars. Semdeg kidev rva weli iyo saWiro, rom aSS-is mSp acdenoda 2 trilionian
dones, da kidev sami weli, rom mieRwia 3 trilioniani donisaTvis. es iyo ara STambeWdavi
ekonomikuri zrdis Sedegi, aramed fulis Rirebulebis gauTvaliswinebeli dacemis Sedegi
mSvidobian periodSi.
ekonomikuri analizis samsaxuri `deflirebas~ ukeTebs monacemebs mSp-Si imisaTvis, rom
gamoTvalos rogori iyo mSp wlidan wlamde fasebis ucvlelobisas. samsaxuri irCevs bolo
wels, rogorc sabaziso wels da iTvlis ra iqneboda saerTo gamoSvebis mimdinare Rirebuleba
arCeuli wlis fasebSi. am monacemebs igi arqmevs realur mSp-s, imisaTvis, rom ganasxvavos is
nominaluri mSp-gan. realuri mSp warmoadgens wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis SigniT warmoebuli
saboloo produqtis Rirebulebas sabaziso wlis fasebSi. es aris warmoebis moculobis
cvlilebis yvelaze Tanamedrove sazomi.

mSp-s deflatori = (nominaluri mSp/realuri mSp)×100

realuri mSp-s daTvlis procesi gaaCens fasebis saerTo, an saSualo, donis cvlilebis
maCvenebels, rasac mSp-s deflatori hqvia. igi ubralod aris nominaluri mSp-s da realuri mSp-s
ganayofi gamravlebuli 100-ze. dReisaTvis, mSp-s deflatori fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris

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cvlilebis yvelaze Tanamedrove sazomia, magram igi naklebad cnobilia, vidre samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsi (sfi), romelic warmoadgens tipuri momxmareblis samomxmarebo kalaTaSi
Setanili produqtebis fasebis cvlilebis sazoms. ekonomikuri analizis samsaxuri ganixilavs
samomxmareblo fasebs yovel Tve da aqveynebs Sedegebs momavali Tvis bolos. piriqiT, mSp-s
deflatori, ufro rTulia gamosaTvlelad da SesaZlebelia gamoqveyndes kvartalSi erTxel
an ufro xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. ase rom mSp-s deflatori ufro Tanamedrove
maCvenebelia, magram sfi ufro popularulia. es is indeqsia, romelic TveSi erTxel gazeTebis
pirveli gverdebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs da inflaciis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis
yvelaze did interess warmoadgens.
magram, ratom iCens sazogadoeba aseT did interess inflaciis mimarT? SesaZlebelia
zogierTs moeCvenos, rom es kiTxva uadgiloa. aZvirebs Tu ara inflacia cxovrebas? cxadia, rom
nebismieri ram, ramac SeiZleba gaaZviros cxovreba adamianebis interesis sagans warmoadgens.
magram inflacia ar aZvirebs cxovrebas da Cven frTxilad unda viyoT misi bunebis sworad
gagebaSi. inflacia, ZiriTadad, warmoadgens fulis Rirebulebis an msyidvelobiTi unaris
dacemas. meore mxriv, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom inflacia warmoadgens saqonlis fuladi
fasebis zrdas. Tqven SegiZliaT isic ki TqvaT, rom inflacia warmoadgens fulad gamoxatulebaSi
cxovrebis gaZvirebas. am logikaSi ZiriTadi sityvaa – fuli. ordolariani hamburgeris realuri
Rirebuleba mocemul wels ar aRemateba erTdolariani hamburgeris gasuli wlis Rirebulebas,
Tu dolaris `SovnasTan~ dakavSirebuli Zalisxmeva orjer Semcirda wina welTan SedarebiT.
Tu inflacia sinamdvileSi ar aZvirebs cxovrebas, maSin ratomaa is problema? problema,
romelsac inflacia warmoSobs, TiTqmis mTlianad ganusazRvrelobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
problemas is faqti ki ar warmoqmnis, rom fulis Rirebuleba orjer Semcirda, aramed is, rom
SeuZlebelia fulis momavali Rirebulebis prognozireba. inflaciis maRali, magram stabiluri,
tempi ufro nakleb problemebs qmnis, vidre dabali, magram araprognozirebadi tempi.
deflacia, romelic fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris zrdas warmoadgens, iseTive problamaa
sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc inflacia, imis gamo, rom masac ganusazRvreloba Semoaqvs dagegmvis
procesSi.
yoveli zemoTqmulis mniSvneloba naTeli gaxdeba maSin, rodesac daviwyebT erToblivi
ryevebis warmoqmnis mizezebis Seswavlas, da am mizezebs Soris gamovavlenT im samkurnalo
saSualebebs, romlebic am ryevebis Sesamcireblad iqna SemoTavazebuli.

inflacia da recesia
inflaciauri da recesiuli movlenebis gasaanalizeblad, pirvel rigSi, saWiro iqneba
statistikuri monacemebis moSvelieba, rac mogvcems maTi garkveuli dinamikis danaxvis
saSualebas. sailustraciod ganvixiloT aSS-is magaliTi. cxrilSi 15-1 mocemulia, 1960-2000
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, aSS-is nominaluri mSp, realuri mSp, mSp-s deflatori, da am bolo ori
maCveneblis procentuli cvlilebebi wina wlebTan SedarebiT.
recesiuli mdgomareoba, romelsac adgili hqonda am periodis ganmavalobaSi amerikis
ekonomikaSi, sakmaod naTlad sCans am cxrilis meoTxe svetSi, rogorc realuri mSp-s cvlilebis
uaryofiTi sidideebi. magram es monacemebi ar warmoadgenen sruliad mkafio monacemebs imitom,
rom ekonomikuri kvlevebis samsaxurs, rogorc kerZo organizacias, romelic oficialurad
askvnis rodis aris ekonomikuri vardna – recesia, ar gaaCnia myari kriteriumi ganasxvavos
recesia, naklebad seriozuli problemisagan. marTalia oficialurad gamocxadda, rom
resecias adgili hqonda 1970, 1974-75, 1980, 1982 da 1991 wlebSi – magram ekonomikuri kvlevebis
samsaxurma, aseve, gadawyvita, rom recesias adgili hqonda 1960 wels, da 1991 wlis resecia
daiwyo 1990 wels.
cxrilis 15-1 bolo sveti gviCvenebs, rom inflacia ufro seriozuli problema gaxda
1970 wels da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, wina aTwleulebTan SedarebiT. grafikis 15-1
gaanalizebisas, frTxilad unda viyoT da ar unda ganvixiloT mrudis kleba rogorc deflacia.
is mrudi, romelic gamoxatavs mSp-s deflators unda daeces nulis qveviT, rom asaxos realuri
deflacia, an fasebis donis vardna. fasebis donis vardna 1981 da 1986 wlebs Soris warmoadgenda
dezinflacias, da ara deflacias.

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 inflaciis done 1960-ian wlebSi saSualod 2.5%-s Seadgenda. magram 1970 wlidan 1981 wlamde
inflaciis saSualo done wliuri 7.5% iyo. 1974 da 1975 wlebi specialuri ganxilvis sagania.
am wlebSi garkveulma recesiam mkveTrad gazarda umuSevroba, amave dros fasebis donis zrdam
arnaxuli tempi SeiZina amerikis istoriaSi, Tu ar CavTvliT omianobis wlebs. yvela sainformacio
saSualeba acxadebda, rom aqamde arnaxuli daavadeba Seeyara ekonomikas, romelsac ver xsnidnen
ekonomistebi – recesia inflaciasTan kombinaciaSi. mas daerqva stagflacia: stagnirebuli
ekonomika inflaciasTan erTad.
es gancxadeba ar iyo koreqtuli. inflacias winaTac hqonda adgili recesiis dros; 1958
da 1960 wlebis recesiis dros inflacias dabali tempi hqonda. da ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
ekonomistebs ar SeuZliaT axsnan es fenomeni. meore mxriv, zogierTi Zalian gamartivebuli
gansazRvrebi inflaciis da recesiis mizezebis Sesaxeb, is ganmartebebi, romlebic TviT
ekonomistebma Seqmnes, eWvis qveS dadga 1970 wlebis gamocdilebis fonze. 1974-75 wlebis
recesias adgili hqonda iseT pirobebSi, rodesac fasebi izrdeboda daaxloebiT 10%-iT
weliwadSi, ramac naTeli gaxada, rom recesia da inflacia ar SeiZleba ganvixileT rogorc
urTierTgamomricxavi movlenebi.

ra iwvevs erTobliv ryevebs?

ra iwvevs saerTo warmoebis mkveTr zrdas, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 15-1? ratom
gaizarda realuri mSp 9%-iT 1978 wlis meore kvartalSi, xolo Semcirda 9.5%-iT 1980 wlis
pirvel kvartalSi, da kidev erTxel gaizarda 9%-iT, 1981 wlis pirvel kvartalSi? ratom
izrdeboda mSp-s deflatori yovel wels 1960 wlidan moyolebuli? ratom izrdeboda is aseTi
gansxvavebuli tempebiT?

cxrili 15.1. mTliani Sida produqti da fasebis done 1960-2000 wlebi

nominaluri procenti M Sp-s

m procentuli
realuri MmSp
mSp cvlilebebi deflatori cvlilebebi

1960 527 2263 2.4 23.3 1.40%

1961 545 2314 2.3 23.6 1.1
1962 585 2455 6.1 23.8 1.2
1963 617 2560 4.3 24.1 1.1
1964 663 2708 5.8 24.5 1.6
1965 719 2881 6.4 25.0 1.9
1966 788 3069 6.5 25.7 2.9
1967 834 3147 2.5 26.5 3.2
1968 911 3294 4.7 27.7 4.4
1969 982 3394 3.0 28.9 4.6
1970 1036 3398 0.1 30.5 5.4
1971 1125 3510 3.3 32.1 5.1
1972 1237 3702 5.5 33.4 4.3
1973 1383 3916 5.8 35.3 5.7
1974 1497 3891 (0.6) 38.5 8.9
1975 1631 3847 (1.1) 42.4 10.2
1976 1819 4083 6.1 44.6 5.1
1977 2027 4274 4.7 47.4 6.5
1978 2291 4503 5.4 50.9 7.3

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 1979 2558 4631 2.8 55.2 8.6
1980 2784 4615 (0.3) 60.3 9.2
1981 3116 4721 2.3 66.0 9.4
1982 3242 4620 (2.1) 70.2 6.3
1983 3515 4804 4.0 73.2 4.3
1984 3902 5140 7.0 75.9 3.8
1985 4181 5324 3.6 78.5 3.4
1986 4422 5488 3.1 80.6 2.6
1987 4682 5650 3.0 82.9 2.8
1988 5050 5865 3.8 86.1 3.9
1989 5439 6062 3.4 89.7 4.2
1990 5744 6136 1.2 93.6 4.3
1991 5917 6074 (1.0) 97.4 4.1
1992 6244 6244 2.8 100.0 2.7
1993 6558 6390 2.3 102.6 2.6
1994 6945 6611 3.5 105.1 2.4
1995 7270 6762 2.3 107.5 2.3
1996 7662 6995 3.4 109.5 1.9
1997 8111 7270 3.9 111.6 1.9
1998 8511 7552 3.9 112.7 1.0
1999 9269 8857 17.3 104.7 (7.1)
2000 9873 9224 4.1 107.0 2.3

erT-erTi savaraudo pasuxia: ratomac ara? Cveni sociumi xasiaTdeba cvlilebebiT da

SemTxveviTobebiT. warmoebasa da fasebze zemoqmedeben omebi, axali aRmoCenebi, revoluciebi,
an bunebrivi kataklizmebi. stabiluroba ufro moiTxovs axsna-ganmartebas, da ara ryevebi.
Tu Cven vnaxavT monacemebs praqtikulad nebismieri samomxmareblo saqonlis Sesaxeb, Cven ver
aRmovaCenT stabilurobas rogorc gamoSvebis donis, aseve – fasebis mimarT. amitom, ratom
moveliT, rom stabiluri iqneba erToblivi gamoSveba, an fasebis saSualo done?
es argumenti logikuria, magram aradamakmayofilebelia. calke aRebuli produqciis
– sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia, avtomobilebi, personaluri kompiuterebi da sxva –
warmoebasa da fasebSi mkveTri cvlilebebi ufro gasagebia, vidre mkveTri cvlilebebi saerTo
gamoSvebaSi da fuladi fasebis saSualo doneSi. did ricxvTa kanonis Sesabamisad, cvlilebebis
da Sansebis didma raodenobam, romlebic zemoqmedeben calkeul moTxovnasa an miwodebaze,
unda gaawonasworon erTmaneTi. ratom ar uzrunvelyofs es kanoni realuri mSp-s zrdis ufro
stabilur temps da fasebis ufro stabilur dones?
nawilobriv es imiT aixseneba, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi aviruseben erTmaneTs. regresi an
moulodnelad gaCenili perspeqtiva ekonomikis erT romelime seqtorSi warmoqmnis analogiur
movlenebs sxva seqtorebSic. magaliTad, Tu romelime Tves Cavarda avtomobilebis gayidvebi,
romelic gamoiwvia uCveulod civma da Tovlianma amindebma, maSin am movlenam SesaZloa
gamoiwvios warmoebis Semcireba da samuSoa Zalis droebiT daTxovna avtomobilebis amwyob
qarxnebSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, nakleb SekveTas miscemen avtomobilis detalebis mwarmoebel
qarxnebs. es, aseve, Sekvecavs im maRaziebis saqmianobis masStabebs, romlebic emsaxurebodnen
avtomobilebis amwyobi qarxnis muSebs, ris gamoc avtomobilis detalebis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi
Seamcireben warmoebas da droebiT daiTxoven muSebs. aseTive situacia iqneba sacalo vaWrobaSi.

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 saerTo Semosavali yovelTvis saerTo gamoSvebis tolia.

ekonomistebma sxvadasxva modelebi da metaforebi SemoiRes imis aRsawerad, rodesac

SedarebiT umniSvnelo ryevebi vrceldeba mTel ekonomikur sistemaze da iwvevs masStabur
cvlilebebs. zogierTi maTgani efuZneba garkveuli saxis ciklur meqanizms imis saCveneblad
Tu rogor SeuZlia ekonomikur sistemas mcire masStabis movlena gadaaqcios did problemad,
rac cnobili iyo, rom axasiaTebda bazarze orientirebul ekonomikur sistemebs bolo 200 wlis
manZilze. imis gamo, rom yoveli daxarjuli Tanxa viRacisTvis Semosavalia, xolo Semosavali,
Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs ramdens daxarjaven adamianebi, amitom gadawyvetilebam daxarjo meti
an naklebi, romelic savaraudod nakarnaxevia mosaxleobis momavlisadmi Seryeuli rwmeniT,
SesaZlebelia gamoiwvios spiraliseburi efeqti.
ganmartebiT erovnuli produqti da Semosavali gveubneba, rom saerTo Semosavali,
romelic SeiZleba daixarjos axali saqonlis SesaZenad yovelTvis da aucileblad im fasis
tolia, romelic am saqonelSi unda gadavixadoT. es mniSvnelovani faqtia – yovel SemTxvevaSi,
dasawyisTvis. is iwvevs sakmaod ucnaur, magram farTod gavcelebul da myarad damkvidrebul
SiSs, rom saerTo gamoSveba SesaZlebelia ise swrafad gaizardos, rom erToblivi moTxovna
ver ahyveba mas da Warbwarmoeba gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri sistemis kolafss. saerTo Semosavali
yovelTvis zustad im doniT izrdeba, ra doniTac izrdeba saerTo gamoSveba im mizeziT, rom
isini erTi da igive fenomens warmoadgenen, oRond danaxuls sxvadaxva mxridan. yovelgvari
ganxilvis gareSe SegviZlia miviRoT, rom saerTo moTxovna aucileblad saerTo gamoSvebis
toli iqneba. magram ra moxdeba Tu mosaxleoba gadawyvets ar daxarjos nawili Tavisi
Semosavlebisa? Semosavlis nawilis dazogvis Taobaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar gamoiwvevs
erToblivi moTxovnis saerTo gamoSvebis doneze ufro dabal donemde dawevas? SesaZlebelia
rom aman ar gamoiwvios Warbwarmoeba da ekonomikuri kolafsi?
pasuxi am kiTxvaze damokidebulia imaze, ras upirebs mosaxleoba dazogil Tanxebs.
umniSvnelo SemTxvevebs Tu ar ganvixilavT, rogorc wesi, mosaxleoba axdens dazogili Tanxebis
investirebas. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase fiqrobdnen ekonomistebi 1930 wlamde. mosaxleoba ar inaxavs
dazogil Tanxebs baliSis qveS. is abandebs dazogil Tanxebs. marTalia, adamianebi uSualod ar
yiduloben kapitals am dazogili TanxebiT, magram isini yiduloben sxvadasxva saxis finansur
aqtivebs (obligaciebs, aqciebs, sadepozito anabrebs) da amiT TavianT danazogebs sTavazoben
maT, vinc apirebs kapitalis SeZenas. adam smitma Zalian lakonurad Camoayaliba es doqtrina:
`mTeli wlis ganmalobaSi dazogili Tanxebi Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba yovelwliuri xarjebiTvis
da praqtikulad imave dros: magram mas xarjaven sxva adamianebi~.
adam smiti fiqrobda, rom adamianebi `sruliad aranormalurebi~ unda iyvnen, rom ar moaxdinon
dazogili Tanxebis investireba, yovel SemTxvevaSi iseT saqmianobaSi, sadac maTi investireba
`met-naklebad usafrTxo~ iqneba. amitom, Warbwarmoebisa an daukmayofilebeli moxmarebis
SiSi usafuZvlo iyo. smitis poziciaSi cxadi iyo, rom vinc SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda, rom
erToblivi moTxovna SesaZlebelia arasakmarisi yofiliyo, ar esmoda ekonomikuri sistemebis
muSaobis ZiriTadi principebi. Warwarmoeba ar iyo problema; ufro rTuli iyo warmoebis
gazrda ise, rom adamianebs miewodos ufro meti `aucilebeli~ saqonli cxovrebis misaRebi
donis uzrunvelsayofad. mTavrobis ZiriTadi samuSao ekonomikur sistemaSi iyo ara moTxovnis
stimulireba, aramed iniciativebis dacva, ZiriTadad, kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis meSveobiT. Tu
es asea, adamianebis bunebrivi survili gaaumjobeson TavianTi ekonomikuri pirobebi ubiZgebs
maT warmoebis, dazogvis da investirebisaken, da aqedan gamomdinare, waaxalisebs gamoSvebas
mudmivi zrdisken. moxmareba – moTxovnis mxare – TviTon izrunebs Tavis Tavze.
didma depresiam es optimisturi warmodgenebi gverdze gadado. mravali politikosis da
inteleqtualisTvis 1930 wels naTeli gaxda, rom erToblivi moTxovna yovelTvis TviTon
ver `izrunebs Tavis Tavze~. amis Sedegad Seiqmna axali ekonimikuri Teoriebi da politikebi,
romlebic dakavSirebulia moTxovnis SeswavlasTan. es Teoriebi gavrcelebulebi iyo mravali
wlis manZilze, sanam 1970 da 1980 wlebis ekonomikurma mdgomareobam ar gamoavlina maTi
gamoyenebis sazRvrebi. zogadi wesis sapirispirod, romelic ambobs, rom mecnieruli codna

93
progresirebs, ekonomistebi dRes, maTi wina Taobis ekonomistebTan SedarebiT, ufro naklebad
arian darwmunebulebi imaSi, rom maT bolomde esmiT ra iwvevs erTobliv ryevebs da rogor
unda ebrZolo mas.
am adgilidan Cven daviwyebT saubars yvelaze saintereso socialuri fenomenis – fulis
Sesaxeb.

mokle Sinaarsi
ekonomikuri sistemis maCveneblis SefasebisTvis ori mniSvnelovani kriteriumia: gamoSveba
erT sul mosaxleze, an erT sul mosaxleze realuri Semosavali, da maTi stabiluroba
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis da saSualo fasebis mimarT.
sxvadasxva qveynebSi erT sul mosaxleze gamoSvebis donis an Semosavlis Sedarebis dros
yvela procedura unda iqnas maqsimalurad frTxilad gamoyenebuli. magram Cven SegviZlia
sakmao damajereblobiT vamtkicoT, rom mdidari qveynebi TavianTi moqalaqeebisTvis imden
Semosavals gamoimuSaveben, rom igi saSualod ocjer aRemeteba Raribi qveynebis mier
gamomuSavebul Semosavals.
mdidari qveynebi is qveynebia, sadac dasaqmebuli samuSao Zalis didi armia qmnis grZelvadian
ekonomikur zrdas. specializaciis koordinirebuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebisTvis
da mudmivi ekonomikuri zrdis arsebiT pirobebs warmoadgens `kanonis wesi~, TamaSis wesebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen sazogadoebis wevrebis sakuTrebis uflebebs nebismier saxis
konfiskaciis safrTxisagan, rogorc individebis, aseve – saxelmwifos mxidan.
erovnuli warmoebis an Semosavlis yvelaze zogadi sazomia mTliani erovnuli Semosavali
ucvleli msyidvelobiTi unaris mqone dolarebSi. nominaluri mTliani Sida produqti, an mSp
mimdinare dolarebSi, gayofili realur mTlian Sida produqtze warmoadgens mSp-s deflators,
romlis funqciac aris inflaciis an fulis RirebulebaSi cvlilebebis gazomva.
nebismier komerciul sazogadoebaSi, realuri mSp-s zrdis tempi (ekonomikuri zrdis
tempi) yovelTvis icvleba, rac warmoqmnis `ekonomikur bums da vardnas~, romlis mizezebi da
mkurnalobis meTodebi bolomde gasagebi mainc ar aris, an yovel SemTxvevaSi imdenad gasagebi
ar aris, rom saxlemwifos politikas miscemoda misi srulad gakontrolebis saSualeba.

sadiskusio kiTxvebi

1. rogor Sevafasod sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikuri sistemebis efeqtianoba?

a) ra aris ekonomikuri sistemis SezRudvebi? davuSvaT, viRacam Tqva, rom `ekonomikuri sistema
kargad muSaobs, magram socialuri sistema iseTia, rom me masSi ar movindomebdi cxovrebas~. ra
SegiZliaT TqvaT, zustad, ra hqonda mxedvelobaSi am adamians?
b) davuSvaT, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi qalebs ekrZalebaT saxlis gareT muSaoba.
warmoadgens es faqti ekonomikuri an socialuri sistemis nawils?
g) Cven viciT, rom ekonomikurma sistemam unda `awarmoos produqcia da momsaxureba~.
ra Sedis amaSi da ra – ara? zogierT adamians moswons Tavisi samsaxuri imitom, rom moswons
is socialuri urTierTobebi, romelic mas aqvs samsaxurSi sxva TanamSromlebTan. aris es
im momsaxuriT miRebuli sargeblianoba, romelsac gamoimuSavebs ekonomikuri sistema? Tu
adamianebma daiwyes ufro meti urTierToba erTmaneTSi da naklebi muSaoba TavianT maRaziebSi
da ofisebSi, maSin mTliani Sida produqti Semcirdeba. niSnavs es ekonomikuri sistemis dabal
efeqtianobas?
d) `erT-erT qveyanaSi yvelaze maRali erToblivi Semosavalia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,
magram meore qveyanaSi Semosavali gacilebiT ufro Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli mosaxleobaze,
amitom, Cemi azriT, am qveyanaSi cxovreba ufro kargia~. rogor gansazRvravT gansxvavebas karg
cxovrebasa da maRali Semosavlis miRebas Soris.
e) kargad funqcionirebadi ekonomikuri sistema qmnis ara mxolod nivTebs, aramed –
sikeTeebs. magram ra aris `sikeTe~? moicavs es mxolod ekonomikur sikeTeebs, Tu sxva ramesac
iTvaliswinebs?

94
 2. qvemoT cxrilSi moyvanilia, xuTi yvelaze mdidari qveynis 1999 wlis monacemebi erT sul
mosaxleze mSp-s Sesaxeb, romelic dakoreqtirebulia msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis mixedviT.

aSS $ 30,845
norvegia 28,433
Sveicaria 27,171
kanada 26,251
iaponia 24,898

romel qveyanaSia simdidris saSualo done yvelaze maRali? ratom fiqrobT ase? unda
gqondeT Tu ara damatebiT raime informacia sanam am kiTxvebze upasuxebdiT?
3. `fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT qveynis mosaxleobis simdidris donis an keTildReobis
gansazRvra ufro gonivruli da logikuria, vidre mis kritikosebs hgoniaT. keTildReobas rac
ar unda qmnides, fuli gvexmareba mis mopovebaSi. fuli ver iyidis bednierebas; magram is mainc
yvelaze ukeTesia~. eTanxmebiT am mosazrebas?
4. SegiZliaT moifiqroT iseTi situacia, sadac romelime adamiani ver iRebs sargeblianobas
ekonomikuri zrdisgan? Tu mosaxleobis umetesobas sakmarisi Semosavali aqvs avtomobilis
SesaZenad, maSin is, vinc ver yidulobs avtomobils, an is, visac ar moswons rom qalaqebi
gadatvirTulia avtotransportiT wamgebian mdgomareobaSia?
5. Tu SesaZlebelia vaCvenoT, rom mSp-s zrda dakavSirebulia mosaxleobaSi ukmayofilebebis,
daZabulobis da konfliqtebis zrdasTan, maSin am fsiqologiur danaxarjebs gamoaklebdiT
mSp-s zusti mniSvnelobis misaRebad? rogor gaakeTebdiT amas? rogor SeafasebdiT gazrdil
ukmayofilebas dolarebSi?
6. moiyvaneT magaliTebi, sadac efeqtianobis dacemas SeuZlia gamoiwvios mSp-s zrda.
aris mSp-Si CarTuli iseTi sikeTeebi, romelTa gamoSvebis zrda naTlad asaxavs Semcirebul
keTildReobas?
7. CarTavdiT diasaxlisebis samuSaos mSp-Si? ra argumenetebs moiSveliebT amisaTvis?
arseboben raime safuZvliani mizezebi maTi mSp-Si ar CarTvisa? xom ar fiqrobT, rom maTi ar CarTva
mSp-Si rogorRac dakavSirebulia sqesTan, da Tu mamakacebis umetesoba saxlSi muSaobiT iqneboda
dakavebuli, maSin mouwevda ekonomikuri kvlevebis samsaxurs daTvlis meTodebis Secvla? ratom
ar iTvliswinebs es samsaxuri mamakacis mier megobruli piknikis dros Sesrulebuli samuSaos
Rirebulebas, rodesac is dakavebulia mwvadis SewviT, xolo iTvaliswinebs mas analogiuri
samuSaos SesrulebisTvis nebismier restoranSi?
8. 1991 wlis bolos, aSS-is ekonomikuri kvlevebis samsaxurma gaiTvaliswina sxva qveynebis
gamocdileba da erovnuli Semosavlis da saerTo gamoSvebis gasazomad mTliani erovnuli
produqtis (mep) nacvlad gadavida mTlian Sida produqtis gamoyenebaze. imisaTvis, rom mep-dan
miiRoT mSp, mep-s unda daakloT Semosavali miRebuli qveynis garedan da daumatoT Semosavali
gadaxdili qveynidan. magaliTad, amerikeli flobs britanuli kompaniis aqcias da iRebs
dividendebs. marTalia, es amerikelis Semosavlis nawilia, magram is ar aris Seqmnili amerikaSi da
ar unda Sevides amerikis Sida produqtSi. amitom, igi akldeba aSS-s saerTo Semosavals mTliani
Sida produqtis misaRebad. amave dros, ucxoelebis mier miRebuli Semosavlebi amerikaSi
gakeTebuli investiciebidan, romlebic ar aris CarTuli mTlian erovnul SemosavlSi, unda
iqnas CarTuli mTlian Sida produqtSi imitom, rom is aris aSS-Si Seqmnili produqtis nawili.
yovel wels, 1960 wlidan 1998 wlemde, aSS-s mep aRemateboda mSp-s. yovel wels 1983 wlidan
1998 wlamde mSp aRemateboda mep-s. ras niSnavs es? warmoadgens es SeSfoTebis sagans?

95
 9. mSp-sa da mep-s Soris gansxvavebebis kidev ufro kargad gasagebad SeavseT qvemoTmoyvanili
cxrili.

weli nominaluri mSp realuri mSp mSp-s deflatori

1 $ 4,400 mlrd. $ 4,000 mlrd. _____
2 $ 5,600 mlrd. _____ 140
3 _____ $ 4,400 mlrd. 160

10. arc aravis Seuqmnia da arc aravis daugegmavs Sromis ganawileba. ukeTesad imuSavebda
sistema, Tu vinme specialurad SeimuSavebda mas? fuladi sistema ukeT imuSavebda vinmes rom
Seeqmna igi? ramdeni sxva rTuli socialuri institutebi SegiZliaT moifiqroT, romlebic,
aseve, aravis Seuqmnia, magram miuxedavad amisa funqcionireben Zalian efeqturad?
11. Tu Tqven eWvis TvaliT uyurebT saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom inflacia
ar aris cxovrebis gaZvireba, da is ubralod fulis Rirebulebis Semcirebaa, maSin ikiTxeT rogor
SeiZleba inflacia gaCndes im sazogadoebaSi, romelic ar iyenebs fuls da mTlianad efuZneba
barterul gacvlas. ra formas miiRebs inflacia aseT sazogadoebaSi? rogor gamoavlendiT
mas?
12. mosaxleobis mravalgzisma gamokiTxvebma aCvena, rom amerikelebis umetesoba inflacias
ufro seriozul problemad miiCnevs, vidre – umuSevrobas.
a) niSnavs es, rom amerikelebis umetesobas urCevnia umuSevari iyos da hqondes stabiluri
fasebi, vidre muSaobdes mzardi fasebis dros?
b) Tu firmis menejmenti saSualebas aZlevs TanamSromlebs kenWi uyaron or alternativas
– firmam daiTxovos TanamSromlebis 10%, an Seamciros xelfasi 5%-iT – rogor fiqrobT, ras
uyrian isini keWs? Tu TanamSromlebma winaswar ician vin iqneba daTxovnili samsaxuridan,
imoqmdebs es kenWisyris Sedegebze?
13. zogierTi Tvlis, rom resecias iwvevs zedmeti ekonomiuroba mosaxleobis im nawilisa,
romelic ar xarjavs Tavis danazogebs. rodesac adamianebi gadawyveten meti dazogon es niSnavs,
rom maT gadawyvites naklebi daxarjon. xom ar datovebs es zogierT saqonels gauyidavs? xom
ar aiZulebs es mwarmoeblebs Seamciron gamoSvebuli produqciis moculoba, xolo mosaxleobas
– naklebi iyidos da a.S. qvemoT daRmaval spiralze? rogor SeafasebdiT im mosazrebas, rom
mflangvelebi xels uwyoben keTildReobis zrdas, xolo damzogvelebi iwveven recesias?
14. teqstSi xazgasmulia kanonis uzenaesobis mniSvneloba im qveynisTvis, romelic
miiswrafvis ekonomkuri zrdisken. kanonis uzenaesoba Tavis safuZvelSi moiTxovs, rom
maregulirebeli kanonebi winasawar iqnas formulirebuli, Tanabrad gamoyenebuli yvelas
mimarT da uzrunvelyofili iyos maTi Sesruleba. SesaZloa, am mniSvnlovani cnebis gasagebad
saukeTeso saSualebaa warmovidginoT iseTi situaciebi, sadac kanonis uzenaesoba darRveulia.
SegiZliaT moifiqroT kargi magaliTebi?

96
 fulis
miwodeba 16
b ritanelma ekonomistma r.a. redfordma, romelic meore msoflio omis dros tyveTa banakSi
imyofeboda, mogvianebiT gamoaqveyna statia `tyveTa banakis ekonomika~.6 aRniSnul statiaSi
avtoris mier banakSi nanaxi movlenebia gadmocemuli. redfordi aRwers, Tu rogor ganaviTares
tyveebma jansaRi savaWro ekonomika. isini im produqtebiT vaWrobdnen, romlebiTac maT banakSi
amaragebdnen da romelsac wiTeli jvrisa Tu sakuTari axloblebisagan gamogzavnili amanaTebiT
iRebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom banakSi arsebobda germanuli valuta, misi mimoqceva mxolod az-
artul TamaSebSi dagrovili valebis gadaxdiT amoiwureboda. amis mizezi ki mxolod is gaxldaT,
rom zemoTxsenebuli valutis saSualebiT banakis sasadiloSi bevrs verafers SeiZendi. banakSi
gacvlis ZiriTadi saSualebis, anu fulis rols, sigareti asrulebda.

sigareti, rogorc fuli

aravis dauwesebia, rom banakSi gacvlis saSualeba fuli yofiliyo. miT umetes, aravis dauwe-
sebia, rom fulis funqcia sigarets Seesrulebina. magram movlenebi swored ase ganviTarda.
tyveebma gaacnobieres, rom vaWroba maTTvis bevrad ufro xelsayreli Seiqneboda, Tu ar Semoi-
farglebodnen barteriT, Tu ar iyiddnen mxolod imaTgan, visac maTTvis saWiro nivTebi hqonda
da ar mihyiddnen mxolod imaT, vinc maTi kuTvnili nivTebis dapatronebas isurvebda. magram bar-
terisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklis daZleva SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs iseTi saqoneli, ro-
melic yvelasTvis misaRebia. sayovelTao ndobis safuZvels Seadgens TiToeuli adamianis mt-
kice rwmena, rom aRniSnuli saqoneli nebismieri sxva pirovnebisTvisac misaRebia. sigareti
swored rom zedgamoWrili iyo amisTvis. mas erTgvarovnebac axasiaTebda da sakmaod didi xnis
manZilzec vargisi iyo. garda amisa, misi gamoyeneba naklebad momgebiani iqneboda, meoreSi ki –
ufro sarfiani. wiTeli jvari uzrunvelyofda sigaretis regularul miwodebas, amitom misi ra-
odenoba sruliad sakmarisi iyo. tyveTa Soris uamravi mwevelis arseboba imis garantias iZleo-
da, rom sigareti arasodes dakargavda Rirebulebas. ase rom, konsensusis gziT, gacvlis saSu-
alebad swored sigareti iqca.
magram sigarets, romelic fulis funqcias asrulebs, bevri seriozuli nakli aqvs. jer erTi, is
ver inarCunebs erTgvarovnebas, mas Semdeg, rac gacvlis saSualebad iqceva, erTi sigareti ar Sei-
Zleba didi xnis manZilze iyos zustad iseTi, rogorc meore. wiTelma jvarma sigaretis nacvlad ga-
mouSva Cibuxis Tambaqo, romlis erTi uncia ocdaxuT sigarets udrida. roca tyveebma gaacnobieres,
rom SeeZloT Cibuxis Tambaqos erTi uncia moeTavsebinaT sakuTari xeliT damzadebul ocdaaT siga-
retSi, ar daayovnes da maSinve ase moiqcnen. Sedegad, xeliT damzadebuli sigaretis raodenoba sak-
maod swrafad gaizarda, aRniSnuli sigaretiT ki faqtobrivad fulis miwodeba xdeboda. tyveebma
romlebsac hqondaT qarxanaSi damzadebuli sigaretebi, daiwyes maTgan Tambaqos amoReba. amas im

6 Tavdapirvelad gamoqveynda 1945 wlis noemberSi JurnalSi `ekonomika~. arsebobs misi mravali semdgomi gamocemac.

97
mizniT akeTebdnen, rom Semdeg xelaxla moeTavsebinaT sigaretSi. im pirebs, vinc saqonels yidda da
mis safasurad sigarets iRebda, uxdebodaT fulis funqciis mqone sigaretis saguldagulo Semow-
meba, raTa darwmunebuliyvnen, rom is standartebis Sesaferisi iyo. fuli, romlis Rirebuleba
gaurkvevelia, transaqciul xarjebs zrdis da, amdenad, vaWrobas aferxebs.

greSemis kanoni: dabali xarisxis fuli mimoqcevaSi

iqneba, maRali xarisxisa ki – Seinaxeba

meTeqvsmete saukuneSi ingliselma finansistma Tomas greSemma Camoayaliba mosazreba, romelic

dRemde greSemis kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili. aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, cudi fuli karg fulsac
ki gamodevnis mimoqcevidan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fulis or erTeuls erTi da igive nominaluri Rireb-
uleba aqvs, magram sinamdvileSi erTi ufro Rirebulia, vidre meore, maSin swored naklebi Rireb-
ulebis mqone rCeba mimoqcevaSi, maRali Rirebulebis mqone ki inaxeba. gana Tqvenc ase ar iqceviT?
gana gastronomis gamyidvels daxeul an gacrecil erTdolarians ar miscemT SedarebiT axlis nacv-
lad, romelic safuleSi gaqvT? gana ar amjobinebT, rom jibidan kanaduri moneta moiciloT da
amerikuli dautovoT? tyveTa banakSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, romlebic Semdeg redfordma aR-
wera, daadastures greSemis kanonis utyuaroba. radgan xeliT damzadebulma sigaretma mimoqcevi-
dan gamodevna qarxanaSi damzadebuli sigareti. yvela cdilobda, jer cudi fuli daexarja, kargi
fuli ki saguldagulod Seenaxa. Sedegad, Zalian male mimoqcevaSi mxolod saeWvo Rirebulebis
mqone xeliT damzadebuli sigareti darCa, xolo amis gamo vaWroba ufro ZviradRirebuli gaxda.
fulis nacvlad sigaretis gamoyenebas meore cudi Tvisebac aqvs, romelic gamoixateba deflaci-
isadmi qronikul midrekilebaSi. roca wiTelma jvarma garkveuli periodiT sigaretis miwodeba Sew-
yvita, sagrZnoblad Semcirda sigaretis raodenoba, romelic mimoqcevaSi fulis rols asrulebda.
amis mizezi is iyo, rom mowevis Semdeg sigaretisgan ferflis garda araferi rCeboda, ris gamoc
TiToeuli darCenili sigaretis fasi izrdeboda. swored fulis Rirebulebis gazrdas vgulisx-
mobT, rodesac vambobT `deflacia~. aseve moulodnel, mwvave deflacias iwvevda sahaero Tavdasx-
mebi, romlebic banakis maxloblad xorcielde­boda, radgan am dros aqtiuri mwevelebi ufro mets
eweodnen, riTac amcirebdnen mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis raodenobas. SeuZlebelia, rom fuli, ro-
melic iwveba am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, gacvlis saukeTeso saSualeba iyos.

fulis evolucia
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze calkeuli pirebi gamudmebiT cdilobdnen, moenaxaT
iseTi saSualeba, romlis daxmarebiT SeZlebdnen vaWrobidan meti sargeblis miRebas. movlenebis
ganviTareba ki gamudmebiT arwmunebda maT, rom gacvlis saukeTeso saSualeba iSviaTi da mim-
zidveli liTonebi iqneboda. spilenZs, brinjaos, vercxls da oqros dro verafers aklebs. isini
maradiuli arsebobiT gamoirCeva, SesaZlebelia maTi danawevreba da SeerTeba, maTi maragi Sez-
Rudulia, xolo silamazisa da maradiulobis gamo isini sxva miznebisTvisac gamoiyeneba. maTi
mTavari nakli isaa, rom liTonis fuliT gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi ver moxerxda am liTonis WeSmari-
ti wonisa da xarisxis dadgena. magram gavlenianma politikosebma nawilobriv gadaWres es prob-
lema, rodesac aRmoaCines, rom SeeZloT mogebis miReba, Tu Zvirfas liTonebs monetebad aqcev-
dnen. isini navaWri liTonis filebidan gansazRvruli wonisa da xarisxis mqone monetebs Wridnen,
xolo liTonis garkveul raodeobas TavisTvisac itovebdnen. maTi momxmareblebi mzad iyvnen,
gadaexadaT e.w. baJi fulis moWris uflebaze. monetad moWrili liToni, romlis Rirebulebac
zustad iyo gansazRvruli, ufro fasobda rogorc gacvlis saSualeba, vidre mTliani liTonis
naWrebi. gavlenian politikur pirs, romelic monetebs Wrida, SeeZlo metad sasargeblo ufaso
reklamac gaekeTebina sakuTari TavisTvis, Tu monetaze Tavis portrets gamosaxavda. kideebis
damuSavebam monetebi ufro misaRebi da, amasTanave, ufro Rirebuli gaxada, radgan damuSavebis
Sedegad moneta didi xnis manZilze inarCunebda Rirebulebas. amis mizezi is iyo, rom xalxi veRar
axerxebda monetidan liTonis CamoWras, sanam sxvas gadascemda mas.

monetebidan...

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 vaWrebma da mdidrebma, romlebsac oqros da vercxlis filebis garkveuli raodenoba hqondaT,
daiwyes iseTi adgilebis Zebna, sadac maT usafrTxod Seinaxavd­nen. isini didi raodenobiT abarabdnen
filebs oqromWedlebs, romlebsac SeeZloT am Zvirfaseulobis saimedod Senaxva, qviTrebi, romleb-
sac oqromWedlebi gascemdnen, SeiZleba miviCnioT qaRaldis fulis pirvel formad. myidvelisTvis
riskis tolfasi iqneboda, Tu is, mxolod imitom, rom gamyidvelisaTvis gadaexada, oqromWedlis
sawyobidan Tavis oqros fuls gamoitanda. ratom unda Caegdo Tavi safrTxeSi aseTi moqmedebiT?
gamyidvelsac xom Semdeg imave sawyobSi mouxdebda misi dabruneba da amisTvis garkveuli safasuris
gadaxdac mouwevda. gana umjobesi ar iqneboda, Tu myidveli gamyidvels qviTars miscemda?
rodesac gaCnda komerciuli bankebi, romlebmac daiwyes monetebad moWrili fulis anabrebze
miReba, bankirebi Zalian male mixvdnen, rom SeeZloT im fulis garkveuli nawili, romelic ana-
brebze hqondaT, sargebliT gaesesxebinaT, radgan Zalian mcire iyo imis albaToba, rom am depozi­
tebis mflobelTa didi raodenoba erTdroulad mividoda fulis gasatanad. ufro metic, ratom
unda miecaT sesxis amRebTaTvis namdvili oqros an vercxlis monetebi, roca qviTrebic aseve
kargad da, SesaZloa, ukeTesadac Seasrulebdnen TavianT movaleobas? ase gaCnda banknotebi,
romlebic dRevandeli qaRaldis fulis uSualo winaparia. banknoti iyo mxolod da mxolod qa-
Raldis nagleji, romelsac lamazad gaformebuls beWdavdnen, raTa yalbi fulis moWris Sesa-
Zlebloba SeemcirebinaT. amave dros masze miTiTebuli iyo liTonis fulis is raodenoba,
romelsac mflobeli mis sanacvlod miiRebda.

... banknotebamde.

Tu Tqvens xelT arsebul qaRaldis fuls daxedavT, naxavT, rom is aSS-is Tormeti sarezervo
bankidan erT-erTis mieraa dabeWdili. sanam am banknotebis dizains Secvlidnen, rac 1990-iani
wlebis bolos moxda, portretis marcxniv moTavsebul mrgval beWedze yovelTvis miTiTebuli
iyo erT-erTi bankis saxeli. es is banki iyo, romelic am banknotebs beWdavda. ZiriTadi gansxva­
veba zemoaRniSnul banknotebsa da im qaRaldis fulis umetesobas Soris, romelic aSS-Si (da
msoflios sxva qveynebSic) daaxloebiT 150 wlis win Seiqmna isaa, rom axla ukve gaCnda tendencia,
fuli eqskluziurad saxelmwifos mier regulirebadi bankebis mier ibeWdebodes da isini ar
pirdebian raimes sanacvlod mis mflobels.

miTi dekretuli qaRaldis fulis Sesaxeb

dResdReobiT cotaa iseTi adamianebi, romlebic did aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamen imis gamo, rom
qveynis mTavrobam Cveni fuli ubralo dekretul fulad aqcia. Cvens xelT arsebuli qaRaldis
fuli sinamdvileSi ar warmoadgens realur fuls. is mxolod da mxolod qaRaldia, romelsac
mTavrobam TviTneburi moqmedebis safuZvelze fulis funqcia mianiWa. Zveli banknoti, romelsac
kerZo pirebi beWdavdnen, ar iyo ubralod qaRaldis fuli, radgan vercxlis an oqros misaRebad
gankuTvnil qviTars warmo­adgenda da misi Rirebulebis safuZvels swored oqro an vercxli
gansazRvravda. adamianebi, romlebic protests gamoTqvamdnen axali banknotebis dekretul qa-
Raldis fulad qcevis gamo, mTavrobis am saqciels afasebdnen, rogorc Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebas da Tvlidnen, rom es iyo TaRliToba, romelmac mTavrobas gamdidrebis saSualeba
misca, miuxedavad imisa, rom rac ufro meti banknoti ibeWdeba, miT ufro naklebia moqalaqeTa
xelT arsebuli fulis Rirebuleba.

fulis umniSvnelovanesi Tviseba aRiarebaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es argumenti nawilobriv simarTles Seesabameba, is, amave dros gauge-
bars xdis fulis umTavres bunebas. aravis, maT Soris Zlier mTavrobasac ki, ar ZaluZs, fulad
gardaqmnas raime ubralo dekretis saSualebiT. fulad SeiZleba gardaiqmnas mxolod iseTi ram,
rasac adamianebi misaRebad miiCneven da rasac isini gacvlis saSualebad iyeneben. federaluri
sarezervo bankis mier dabeWdili banknotebi imitom ki araa aSS-is fuli, rom mas aseTad mTav-
roba acxadebs, aramed imitom, rom aSS-is mosaxleoba SesaZleblad Tvlis, miiCnios is gadaxdis

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saSualebad rogorc sxvadasxva saqonlis gayidvis, ise valebis gastumrebis procesSi. mTeli
msoflios xelisufalni mividnen im daskvnamde, rom, Tu qaRaldis fulis metismetad did raode-
nobas dabeWdavdnen, moqalaqeebi aRar endobian mas da raRac sxvas, umetes SemTxvevaSi, aSS-is
federaluri sarezervo bankis mier dabeWdil banknotebs mianiWeben upiratesobas. Sedegad mox-
deba is, rom maT qveyanaSi gacvlis saSualebad swored aSS dolari iqceva.
mTavrobas aqvs garkveuli Zalaufleba saimisod, rom qaRaldis fuli misaRebi gaxados da ga-
moayenebinos kidec mosaxleobas. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia Sehpirdes mosaxloebas, rom gadasax-
debis asakrefad miiRebs sakuTar banknotebs. nebismieri ram, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
rogorc sagadasaxado angariSsworebis saSualeba, avtomaturad misaRebi xdeba yvelasaTvis.
aseve mTavrobas SeuZlia (da zogierT qveyanaSi akeTebs kidec amas) ukanonod gamoacxados saku-
Tari banknotebis garda nebismieri sxva fulis gamoyeneba da kanonis damrRvevTa mimarT mniS-
vnelovani jarimebic daawesos. magram arsebiTi mainc isaa, rom is, rac gacvlis saSualebad unda
iqces, misaRebi unda iyos mosaxleobisTvis. swored esaa uaRresad aucilebeli da sruliad sak-
marisi piroba. Seuxedavi, gacrecili, melniT moTxvrili mwvane qaRaldis patara nagleji,
romelzec gamosaxulia endriu jeqsonis portreti, misaRebi iqneba aSS-is mTel teritoriaze,
radgan yvelam danamdvilebiT icis, rom mas aSS-is nebismier kuTxeSi miiReben.
nuTu marTla ase martivia yvelaferi? CavataroT patara eqsperimenti. davuSvaT, `makdon-
aldsis~ mflobelebma gasces gankarguleba, rom maTi saqonliT movaWre yvela pirma xurdis
dasa­bruneblad regularuli monetisa da valutis garda `makdonaldsis~ saqonlis SesaZeni qvi-
Taric gamoiyenos. ra Tqma unda, arCevani, Tu romel maTgans miiRebs xurdaSi, momxmarebelma
unda gaakeTos. aRniSnuli qviTris Rirebuleba erT dolars unda udrides. es iqneba saguldagu-
lod dabeWdili qaRaldis furceli, romlis ganaRdeba makdonaldsis safirmo kerZiT moxdeba.
bevri momxmarebeli swored aRniSnuli qviTris aRebas amjobinebs, radgan icis, rom sanacvlod
SeZlebs im safirmo kerZis SeZenas, romlis Rirebulebac erT dolars aRemateba. zemoaRniSnuli
qviTris mimoqceva, SesaZloa, SemdgomSi aRar Semoifarglos mxolod `makdonaldsis~ qseliT.
warmoidgineT, rom xSirad sadilobT `makdonaldsSi~, me ki Tqveni xuTi dolari mmarTebs. Tu am
xuTi dolaris nacvlad `makdonaldsis~ xuT qviTars SemogTavazebT, Tqven, SesaZloa, daTanxm-
deT, magram ra moxdebobda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxlisken mimavali benzingasamarTi sadguris mepa-
trone ar isurvebda, xuTi dolaris nacvlad `makdonaldsis~ xuTi qviTris aRebas? gana Semdgom-
Si ver SeZlebda am qviTrebiT fostalionis Sromis anazRaurebas? aseT viTarebaSi `makdonaldsis~
qviTari gacvlis saSualebis funqcias Seasrulebda.
isini, vinc sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian qaRaldis fulis moWras, maSinve im arguments moiSvelieben,
rom `makdonaldsis~ qviTari ar aris dekretuli fuli, radgan misi ganaRdeba `realuri~ Rirebu­
lebis mqone saqonliT SeiZleba. magram, modiT, sul erTi wuTiT Tqveni warmosaxva cota metad ga-
vaaqtiuroT. warmoidgineT, rom `makdonaldsis~ qviTrebis beWdva wlobiT grZeldeboda da maTi ra-
odenobac sakmaod izrdeboda, warmoidgineT, rom `makdonaldss~ arasodes uTqvams uari Tavis
valdebulebaze da moTxovnisTanave qviTris sanacvlod safirmo kerZs gascemda. amitom aRniSnulma
qviTrebma sayovelTao ndoba moipoves. warmoidgineT isic, rom mTeli am xnis manZilze aSS dolaris
msyidvelobiTi unari mcirdeboda. zogierTni dolars `makdonaldsis~ qviTars amjobinebdnen,
radgan fiqrobdnen, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi es qviTari ukeT SeinarCunebda Rirebulebas. maTi
garkveuli nawili SeiZleba vegetarianelebic yofiliyvnen, romelTac arasodes gauCndebodaT
`makdonaldsis~ safirmo kerZis SeZenis survili. miuxedavad amisa, maT ecodinebodaT, rom is misa­
Rebi iyo sxvebisTvis, amitom `makdonaldsis~ qviTari maTTvisac misaRebi iqneboda. gana ar SeiZleba
warmovidginoT, rom sakmaod didi xnis manZilze `makdonaldsis~ qviTari mimoqcevaSi ibrunebda da
gacvlis saSualebad iqceoda? xalxi mas gacvlis saSualebad aRiarebda da aRarc ki daakavSirebda im
safirmo kerZTan, romelic Tavdapirvelad mis `safuZvels~ warmoadgenda.

rogor gadaiqceva Tamasuqi fulad.

Tu movlenebis aseTi ganviTareba sruliad daujereblad migaCniaT – da unda vaRiaroT, rom is

marTlac metad uCveuloa – maSin SeamowmeT, ramdenad sarwmuno SeiZleba aRmoCndes igi. isev warmo-
saxvas mouxmeT. warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars sesxad oc dolars sTxovT imisaTvis, rom iyi­

100
doT axali romani, romelic es-esaa gamoqveynda. is mzadaa gasesxoT fuli, magram aRmoCndeba, rom im
dros Tan ar aqvs saWiro Tanxa. amitom is gamogiwerT Tamasuqs da xels moawers. Tqven midixarT uni-
versitetis wignis maRaziaSi, irCevT wigns, romlis SeZenac gsurdaT da awvdiT molares Tqveni mego-
bris mier gamoweril Tamasuqs. molare daxedavs mas, icnobs Tqveni megobris xelmoweras, rekavs vaW-
robis ganyofilebaSi, Tamasuqs salaroSi debs da xurdas gawvdiT. sxva momxmarebeli awvdis mas
ormocdaaTi dolaris banknots aTdolariani saqonlis SesaZenad. molare eubneba: `me mxolod erTi
dolari da oci centi maqvs, xom ar miiRebT amas? da uCvenebs Tqveni megobris Tamasuqs. momxmare-
belic, molaris msgavsad, icnobs xelmoweras, icis, rom Tqveni megobari mdidari da, amave dros Rir-
seuli adamiania da pasuxobs: `ra Tqma unda, miviReb~. Tamasuqis mimoqcevaSi yofna SeiZleba gagrZel-
des ganusazRvreli vadiT, sanam is adamianebi, romlebsac mas warudgenen, Seicnoben Tqveni megobris
xelmoweras, misi pirovnebis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgena eqnebaT da mis mimarT ndobiT iqnebian
gamsWvalulni. Tu es Tamasuqi dros gauZlebs da sazogadoeba mas mimoqcevaSi datovebs wlebis man-
Zilze sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom is sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi gaxdes. amis mizezi ubralo ram
iqneba, kerZod, – yvelas codna, rom is nebismieri adamianisTvisaa misaRebi. es SeiZleba Tqveni mego-
bris gardacvalebis Semdeg didi xnis manZilzec ki gagrZeldes. sakiTxavia, xom ar Seqmna Tqvenma me-
gobarma garkveuli saxis qaRaldis fuli? man moaxerxa fulis Seqmna, magram ara TviTne­burad. aq
gadamwyveti roli ndobis faqtorma Seasrula da amiT misaRebi gaxada is qaRaldis fuli, romlis
arsebobasac swored man misca dasabami.

fuli dRes
yovelive es Cafiqrebulia, rogorc preludia WeSmariti da metad mniSvne­lovani mosazrebis
damtkicebisTvis: is, rac dRes CvenTvis gacvlis saSualebaa, TiTqmis mTlianad Sedgeba im dawe-
sebulebaTa Tamasuqebisgan, romlebsac xalxis ndoba aqvT mopovebuli.
ra aris dRes gacvlis saSualeba aSS-Si? fulze fiqrisas adamianebis umetesoba umal feder-
aluri sarezervo bankis banknotebad wodebul mwvane qaRaldis furclebs da sxvadasxva zomisa
Tu feris monetebs warmoidgens. ekonomistebi aerTianeben yovelive amas da fulis miwodebis
naRdi fulis komponents uwodeben. federaluri sarezervo bankis mier gamoSvebuli banknotebi
amave bankis Tamasuqebi an, Tu sabuRaltro termins vixmarT, misi valdebulebebia. Tavdapirve-
lad, roca federaluri sarezervo bankebi daarsda, maTi banknotebi miiRes, radgan iq miTiTebu-
li iyo, rom mflobeli moTxovnisTanave miiRebda `kanonier fuls~. magram arc aravis SeumCnevia
da arc aravin SeSfoTebula, roca aRniSnuli banknotebidan gaqra es sityvebi. amis mizezi ki is
iyo, rom im droisTvis Tavad banknotebi iqcnen `kanonier fulad~.

ras viyenebT: banknotebs Tu uvado angariSebs.

sxva ra gamoiyeneba Cvens mier gacvlis saSualebad? gacvlis yvelaze gavrce­lebuli saSuale-
baa ara naRdi fuli, aramed uvado anabrebi – safinanso dawesebule­bebSi moTavsebuli anabrebi,
romelTa sxvebisTvis gadacema SesaZlebelia qviTris gamoweris gziT. uvado anabrebis yvelaze
cnobili saxeobaa komerciul an saxelmwi­fo bankSi Cveulebriv mimdinare angariSze moTavsebu-
li fuli. bankirebi mas moTxovnamde anabrebs uwodeben, radgan misi gamotana SesaZlebelia
moTxovnisTanave. es anabrebi aseve im bankebis safinanso aqtivebs an valdebulebebs warmoadgens,
romlebSic inaxeba zemoxsenebuli anabrebi. Tqveni mimdinare angariSis safuZvelze banks Tqveni
fuli marTebs. amerikaSi, rogorc biznesmenebi, ise ojaxebic gadasaxade­bis umetes nawils QqviT-
ris saSualebiT ixdian, e.i. amcnoben TavianT bankebs, rom gaauqmon fulis garkveul raodenobaze
maT mimarT aRebuli valdebuleba da es valdebuleba ikisros imaT mimarT, vis saxelzecaa Ceki
gamowerili.
Zalian xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac studentebs Tavdapirvelad uWirT imis gacnobiereba,
rom uvado anabrebi namdvili fulia, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelo­biT. isini naRdi fuliTac
iolad gadian fons. roca isini qviTars iReben, mas anaRdeben, e.i. qviTris sanacvlod naRd fuls
iReben da Semdeg swored mas xarjaven. magram is, rac damaxasiaTebelia studentebisaTvis, aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi araa tipuri komerciuli firmebis, saxelmwifo organizaciebisa da saojaxo

101
meurneobebisaTvis. im gacvlebis umetesoba, romelTa safuZvelic dolaria, xorcieldeba uva-
do anabrebis saSualebiT. myidvelebi miTiTebas aZleven TavianT bankebs, rom maT anabrebze arse-
buli Tanxis garkveuli nawili gadauricxon gamyidvels. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini gamoweren
qviTars, gamyidvelebi, rogorc wesi, qviTars ki ar anaRdeben, aramed mis deponirebas axdenen.
isini gankargulebas aZleven TavianT bankebs, rom maT sakuTrebaSi gaaformon is, risi transfer-
ic qviTris gamomweris mier iyo nabrZanebi. valuta xelidan xelSi ar gadadis. banki, romelSic
deponirebulia qviTari, akeTebs Canawers Tavis wignebSi, xolo is banki, romlisTvisac gamower-
ilia Ceki, akeTebs imave Zalis, magram sapirispiro niSnis mqone Canawers Tavis wignebSi.
federaluri sarezervo bankis banknotebsa da uvado anabrebs, garda imisa, rom gacvla TiTq-
mis mTlianad maTi saSualebiT xorceldeba, isic aqvT saerTo, rom ZiriTadad sando dawese­
bulebaTa valdebulebebs warmoadgenen. ratomaa es ase mniSvne­lo­vani? imitom, rom amgvarad iw-
yeba iseTi rTuli procesi, rogoricaa sazogadoebaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis kontroli.
fulis raodenoba SeiZleba gaizardos im dawesebulebis mier, romelic SeZlebs mosaxleobis
darwmunebas, rom misi valdebulebebi sandoa da masTan fulis Senaxvac sarfiani iqneba. rogorc
kerZo, ise sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT amis gakeTeba, fulis Seqmnis
SesaZleblobac gaaCniaT.

fulis Seqmna
modiT vnaxoT, rogor xdeba es. warmoidgineT, rom pirvelma bankma daakmayofila Tqveni
gancxadeba xuTasi dolaris kreditis aRebis Sesaxeb. bankis moxele, romelic sesxis gacemaze
agebs pasuxs, Seadgens saanabro dokuments Tqvens saxelze, romelSic miuTiTebs Tanxas xuTasi
dolaris odenobiT, dawers Tavis inicialebs da aRniSnul dokuments gadascems molares, ro-
melic Semdeg damatebiTi xuTasi dolaris kredits Tqvens mimdinare angariSze gadaitans.
moTxovnamde anabris saerTo raodenoba maSinve xuTasi dolariT gaizrdeba. garda amisa, aseve
gaizrdeba fulis masac.
im xuTas dolars, romelsac sesxad gaZlevT, banki ar xsnis sxvisi angari­Sidan, rogorc fiqro-
ben. eWvi nu SegeparebaT, rom Tu ase moxdeba, pirovneba, visi angariSidanac fuls xsnidnen,
aucileblad iCivlebs. bankma Seqmna is xuTasi dolari, romelic Tqven gasesxaT.
magram axla vcadoT imis dadgena, namdvilad fulia Tu ara es xuTasi dolari. davuSvaT, es
fuli kompiuteris sayidlad isesxeT. Tu waxvalT maRaziaSi da gamowerT xuTasi dolaris qvi-
Tars, maRaziis TanamSromlebi siamovnebiT gagatanen im kompiuters, romlis SeZenac gsurdaT. es
ki amtkicebs, rom Tqveni anabari namdvilad fulia. Semdeg maRaziis safinanso ganyofilebis war-
momadgeneli waiRebs Tqvens qviTars im bankSi, romelSic am maRazias angariSi aqvs gaxsnili da mis
deponirebas moaxdens, samagierod ki Tavis uvado anabarze miiRebs damatebiTi xuTasi dolaris
kredits. banki, romelSic am maRazias angariSi aqvs gaxsnili gadagzavnis qviTars federaluri
sarezervo bankis im ganyofilebaSi, romelSic CekiT angariSsworeba warmoebs. banks, romelic
maRazias emsaxureba da romelsac garkveuli Tanxa aqvs anabarze olqis federalur sarezervo
bankSi, iq daemateba xuTasi dolaris krediti. Tqvens banks ki saanabro angariSidan xuTasi dol-
aris moxsna mouxdeba. Semdeg federaluri sarezervo banki gadagzavnis qviTars Tqvens bankSi, es
ukanaskneli ki gaauqmebs Tqvens mimarT Tavis valdebulebas – im xuTas dolars, romelic cota
xniT adre kreditiT Tqvens angariSze moaTavsa. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom roca msgavsi ram xdeba,
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis saerTo raodenoba ar mcirdeba, radgan is xuTasi dolari, romelic
Tqvenma bankma Seqmna, isev arsebobs – amJamad kompiuterebis maRaziis mimdinare angariSze.
ratom isurva bankma TqvenTvis xuTasi dolaris Seqmna? imitom, rom Tqven mas mieciT Tqveni
Tamasuqi, rac sruliad sarwmuno pirobaa imisa, rom momavlis garkveul periodSi Tqven, xuTasi
dolaris garda, procentsac gadauxdiT banks. rogor moxda, rom bankma SeZlo TqvenTvis xuTasi
dolaris Seqmna? mizezi isaa, rom mosaxleoba mzadaa, irwmunos moTxovnamde misi anabris valde-
buleba da is gacvlis saSualebad gamoiyenos. komerciuli banki im kerZo dawesebulebis saukeTe-
so magaliTia, romelsac Seswevs unari daarwmunos xalxi, rom misi valdebulebebi sandoa da dai-
yolios masTan aqtiur TanamSromlobaze. esaa is, rac keTdeba fulis Sesaqmnelad.

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 komerciul banks SeuZlia Seqmnas fuli, vinaidan sazogadoeba
mzadaa, aRiaros bankis valdebulebebi .

ra Tqma unda, yovelve es arcTu ise martivia, rogor STabeWdilebasac Cveni msjeloba tovebs.
STabeWdileba ki iseTi iqmneba, TiTqos sawyobSi fulis saWreli manqana iyos moTavsebuli. yvela
visurvebdiT, rom gvqonoda fulis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. es bevrad ufro ioli iqneboda, vidre
muSaoba mis saSovnelad. rogor xdeba, rom bankebi warmatebiT arTmeven Tavs im problemas, ro-
melic CvenTvis SeuZlebelia? Tu yovelive es simarTles Seesabameba, gana mimoqcevaSi myofi fu-
lis raodenoba gamudmebiT ar unda izrdebodes, sanam sruliad dakargavs Tavis Rirebulebas?
Tu bankebs aseTi kargi saqmis keTeba SeuZliaT, gana maT odesme unda SeaCeron es saqmianoba?
iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac bankis mier sesxis gacemas saguldagulod ar aregulirebs kanoni,
erTaderTi, rac zRudavs fulis ganusazRvreli raodenobiT Seqmnis process, aris bankis mier
sazogadoebis ndobis mopovebis unari. banks SeuZlia mxolod im xnis manZilze Seqmnas fuli valdeb-
ulebaTa gziT, vidre xalxs am valdebulebaTa rwmena eqneba, anu manam, sanam xalxs sjera, rom banks
SeuZlia da mzadaa, gadaixados valebi, roca ki mas amas mosTxoven. Tu xalxs, romelsac mimdinare
angariSebi calkeul bankebSi aqvs gaxsnili, eWvi gauCndeba, rom banki valebs moTxovnisTanave ver
gadaixdis, is aucileblad gadawyvets kuTvnili Tanxis dabrunebas (daimaxsov­reT: Tqveni sabanko
anabari warmoadgens bankis davalianebas, anu vals, romelic banks Tqveni marTebs). meanabreebi miaw-
ydebian bankebs da moiTxoven maTTvis fulis dabrunebas. ra formiT? es iqneba romelime sxva, oRond
iseTi dawesebulebis valdebuleba, romlisac jer kidev sjeraT. magaliTad, aseTia federaluri
sarezervo bankebi. warmoidgineT, rom mimdinare angariSze gaqvT zustad 237,28 dolari. Tu erT-
erTi maTgani xarT, vinc eWvobs, rom banki vals ver gadaixdis, 237,28 dolars gardaqmniT federal-
uri sarezervo bankis banknotebad, 25-centianad da sam TiTo centianad.
Tqveni moqmedeba ar Secvlis mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobas, radgan fulis miwode-
baSi ar igulisxmeba is qaRaldis fuli da monetebi, romlebic sabanko sistemaSi inaxeba. roca
Tqvens mimdinare angariSs daxuravT, im fulis raodenoba, romelic inaxeba moTxovnamde anabar-
ze, 237,28 dolariT Semcirdeba, xolo mimoqce­vaSi myofi fulis raodenoba amave TanxiT gaiz-
rdeba. magram Tqveni da sxva meanabreTa moqmedeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yvela maTgani eWvs Seitans
bankis mzadyofnasa da SesaZleblobaSi, rom moTxovnisTanave gadaixados valebi, daclis banks im
naRdi fulisgan, romelic mas seifebSi aqvs da aiZulebs, mimarTos olqis federaluri sarezer-
vo banks damatebiTi maragis misaRebad. federaluri sarezervo banki zustad imave proceduras
gaimeorebs, romelsac mimarTa Tqvenma bankma Tqveni survilis dakmayofilebis mizniT. miawo-
debs mas federaluri sarezervo bankis banknotebs, romlebsac Tqveni banki iTxovs da ekvivalen-
turi TanxiT Seamcirebs im anabrebis raodenobas, romelic Tqvens banks federalur sarezervo
bankSi aqvs. Tu Tqveni bankis anabari federalur sarezervo bankSi sakmaod didi aRmoCndeba, is
miiRebs mTel im banknotebs, romlebic sWirdeba daeWvebul meanabreTa moTxovnebis dasakmayo-
fileblad – am SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom meanabreebi Secdnen da Tqveni banki, faqtobrivad,
saimedoa. `Seteva~ Tqvens bankze dasruldeba. magram SeiZleba moxdes sxvagvaradac. Tu banki Ta-
vis angariSs federalur sarezervo bankSi manam amowuravs, sanam yvela meanabres daakmayofi-
lebs, meanabreTa eWvebi gamarTldeba da banki gakotrdeba.
gamodis, rom is, rac zRvars udebs bankis mier fulis ganusazRvreli raodenobiT Seqmnis
process, aris bankis mier meanabreebis ndobis mopovebis unari. bankma unda SeZlos klientebis
darwmuneba, rom Seswevs unari pirveli moTxovnisTanave gardaqmnas saanabro davalianeba iseTi
formis fulad, romelsac sazogadoeba ufro endoba – am SemTxvevaSi, federaluri sarezervo
bankis banknotebad. rac ufro met fuls qmnis banki, miT naklebia Sansi, rom is SeZlebs daakmayo-
filos meanabreTa moTxovnebi. amas sruliad ubralo mizezi ganapirobebs. fulis Seqmnis pro-
cesSi imatebs bankis davalianeba, magram es xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi meanabreebi ar gadaux-
dian am fuls im xalxs, visac anabrebi sxva bankebSi aqvT ganTavsebuli (Tqven ase moiqeciT,
rodesac kompiuteri SeiZineT). magram es ar gaxlavT saukeTeso gamosavali bankisTvis, radgan
Tqven auqmebT, xolo federaluri sarezervo banki anaRdebs Tqvens qviTars, rodesac fuls
Tqveni sabanko angariSidan xsnis da mas im bankis angariSze aTavsebs, romelTanac TanamSromlobs

103
kompiuteris maRazia. es iwvevs imas, rom Tqveni banki kargavs rezervebs, romelTa gamoyenebasac
SeZlebda, Tu meanabreebi TavianT kuTvnil Tanxebs moiTxovdnen. banki, romelsac surs, rom mi-
iRos sargebeli kreditis gasacemi fulis Seqmnis gziT, imdenad ar unda gaitacos damatebiTi
Semosavlis miRebis survilma, rom yuradReba moadunos iseTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqto-
ris mimarT, rogoricaa meanabreTa ndobis SenarCuneba.

bankebis muSaobis regulireba

imisaTvis, rom naTlad dagvenaxa, Tu rogor muSaobs araregulirebadi sabanko sistema, Cven
aRvwereT is SezRudvebi, romlebic bankis mier fulis Seqmnis process ukavSirdeba. magram dRes,
faqtobrivad, mTeli msoflios sabanko sistemebis regulireba xorcieldeba. aRniSnuli regu-
lirebis ganxorcieleba da is ZiriTadi SezRudvebi, romlebic moqmedebs bankebis mier fulis
Seqmnis procesze, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kanonier sarezervo moTxovnasTan. bankebis saa-
nabro valdebulebebi ar unda aRematebodes maT gankargulebaSi myof rezervebs.
Cven ramdenime gverdi davuTmeT federaluri sarezervo bankebis Sesaxeb saubars, magram maTi sa-
Tanadod ganxilvisgan mainc Tavi SevikaveT. axla am naklis gamosworebis saSualebac gveZleva. fed-
eraluri sarezervo banki aris SeerTebuli Statebis centraluri banki, romelic Seiqmna 1913 wels
kongresis dadgenilebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnikurad am bankis mflobelebi is ko-
merciuli bankebi arian, romlebic mis wevrebad iTvlebian, federaluri banki, faqtobrivad, mainc
saxelmwifo organizaciaa. mis xelmZRvanelobas, romelic vaSingtonSi imyofeba, senatis rekomenda-
ciisa da Tanxmobis safuZvelze niSnavs aSS-is prezidenti. centraluri bankis xelmZRvaneloba akon-
trolebs im Tormeti bankis saqmianobas, romlebic zemoxsenebul sabanko sistemas qmnian. iqmneba
STabeWdileba, rom arsebobs Tormeti centraluri banki, magram sinamdvileSi es ase araa. esaa memkvi-
dreoba, romelic im droidan miviReT, roca qveynis mosaxleoba eWvis TvaliT uyurebda aSS-is aR-
mosavleT nawilisa da uol stritis binadarT da saerTod yvelas, vinc zolebian Sarvalsa da pijaks
atarebda. am eWvebis gaqarwylebis mizniT bankebi gaixsna qveynis sxvadasxva teritoriaze, magram,
faqtobrivad, federaluri sarezervo banki erTiani bankia (filialebiT), yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1930-
iani wlebis Semdeg mainc, roca kongresma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi ganaxorciela. am Tormeti
saolqo sabanko filialis SesaZleblobebi didia da damokidebulia im gavlenaze, romelic mas Seu-
Zlia moaxdinos federaluri sarezervo sistemis poltikis Camoyalibebaze Tavisi aRmasrulebeli
moxeleebisa da eqspertebis saSualebiT.

komerciuli bankebis mier fulis Seqmnis unari

SezRudulia maTi rezervebis sididiT.

sakuTari Zalauflebis wyalobiT, f.s.s. SeuZlia daakanonos bankebisaTvis rezervebis aucile-

bloba (kongresis mier dadgenil farglebSi). garda amisa, sayo­vel­Taodaa cnobili, rom im Za-
lauflebis SemweobiT, romliTac is uflebamosilia gazardos an Semaciros dolaris raodenoba
rezervebSi, federaluri sarezervo sistema zRudavs sesxebis gacemas komerciul sabanko siste-
maSi da, amdenad, zRudavs fulis Seqmnis processac. federaluri sarezervo sistemis gadasaw-
yvetia isic, Tu ra SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli kanonier rezervebad. 1960 wlidan esaa bankebis seif-
ebSi moTavsebuli naRdi fuli da is anabrebi, romlebic komerciul bankebs Tavad aqvT TavianTi
olqebis federalur sarezervo bankebSi.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom savsebiT marTali iyaviT, rodesac eWvi SeitaneT kerZo bankebis
mier fulis ganusazRvreli raodenobiT Seqmnis SesaZleblobebSi. bankebis aseT saqmianobas,
pirvel yovlisa, xels uSlis is, rom bankirebi iZulebulni arian moZebnon adamianebi, romlebic
daTanxmdebian isesxon im pirobiT, romelsac banki sTavazobs maT. garda amisa, maT unda SeZlon
bankis xelmZRvanelebis dawrmunebac, rom sesxs aRniSnuli pirobis mixedviT gadaixdian. meore
mizezi, romelic xels uSlis fulis usazRvro raodenobiT Seqmnas, aris is, rom banki valdebu-
lia daemorCilos sarezervo SezRudvebs. igulisxmeba is SezRudvebi, romlebsac mTavroba iy-
enebs bankebis mier kreditebis gacemisa da, amdenad, fulis Seqmnis procesis gasakontrolebla-
dac. yoveli banki valdebulia, hqondes kanoniT gansazRvruli rezervebi. banks mxolod im

104
SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia gasces axali krediti da amgvarad Seqmnas fuli, Tu flobs Tavisufal
rezervebs – igulisxmeba im minimalur raodenobaze meti rezervi, romlis flobasac mas kanoni
avalebs. federalur sarezervo banks SeuZlia gazardos an Seamciros sabanko sistemis rezerve-
bi. mas aseve SeuZlia alternatiulad gazardos an Seamciros sabanko sistemis rezervebi. mas
aseve SeuZlia alternatiulad gazadros an Seamciros im saerTo saanabro davalianebaTa pro-
centi, romlebic bankebs unda hqondeT rezervebis saxiT.
sabanko rezervebi erTgvarad zRudavs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobis gazrdis
process. magram amas bevri araferi an sruliad araferi aqvs saerTo im sayovelTao warmodgenas-
Tan, romelic xalxs Seqmnili aqvs sarezervo fondis Sesaxeb. igulisxmeba Sexeduleba, rom
sarezervo fondi aris is, rasac unda mimarTon sagangebo SemTxvevaSi. dResdReobiT rezervebi
faqtobrivad ar asrulebs mniSvnelovan sarezervo funqcias zemoxsenebuli mniSvnelobiT. amJa-
mad rezervebis aucilebloba ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom kanonierad SeizRudos ko-
merciuli sabanko sistemis mier fulis maragis gazrdis SesaZleblobebi.
DSeiZleba ikiTxoT, xom araa aucilebeli, rom banks hqondes rezervebi im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu
meanabreebi `miawydebian~ mas fulis gasatanad. aseT viTarebaSi, Tu meanabre moulodnelad, da-
kargavs bankisadmi rwmenas da angariSis daxurvasa da fulis gatanas Seecdeba, banki ver SeZlebs
valebis droulad gadaxdas, is daixureba, xolo klientebis anabrebi gaufasurdeba. Tu es moxde­
ba, rwmenis dakargva SeiZleba sxva bankebzec gavrceldes. es ki sabanko sistemis did nawils
daazaralebs.
msgavsi finansuri panika aSS-Si, faqtobrivad, 1930-iani wlebis Semdeg ar yofila. amis mizezs
ki bevri araferi aqvs saerTo sabanko rezervebis raodenobasTan. bankebis finansuri proble-
mebis Sesaxeb Worebi dResac vrceldeba, magram miuxedavad amisa, klientebi mainc ar garbian
bankebSi anabrebis gamosatanad, radgan dRes maTi anabrebi dazRveulia anabrebis dazRvevis
fede­raluri korporaciis (adfk) mier. Tu raime mizezebis gamo banki daixureba, meanabreebma
ician, rom anabrebis dazRvevis federaluri saxelmwifo sistema ramdenime dReSi aunazRaur-
debs maT fuls, roca 1933 wels adfk Seiqmna, zogierTi kritikosi acxadebda, rom aJio (premiuli
danamati), romelic man bankebs daakisra anabrebis dasazRvevad, imdenad dabali iyo, rom adfk
aucileblad gakotrdeboda, Tu bankebis daxurvis SemTxvevaSi meanabre­ebisTvis fulis anazRau-
rebas Seecdeboda. magram, swored adfk-is arsebobam dausva wertili bankebze xalxis Setevis Sem-
Txvevebs. xolo mas Semdeg, rac zemoaRniSnuli movlenebi Sewyda, bankebi ukve aRar gakotrebu-
la, yovel SemTxvevaSi ise, rogorc es adre xdeboda. amgvarad, adfk-is aJioebi sakmarisze metic ki
aRmoCnda7 da adfk-is daarseba SeiZleba CaiTvalos im erTaderT umniSvnelovanes mastabilizebel
fulad reformad, romelic 1930-ian wlebSi gatarda.
1930-ian wlebSi federaluri sarezervo sistemis muSaobaSi ganxorcielebulma gardaqmnam
gavlena iqonia realur kreditebzec. federaluri sarezervo sistema axla ukve naTlad ac-
nobierebs imas, rom misi movaleobaa uzrunvelyos sabanko sistema naRdi fuliT, im Tanxisgan
damoukideblad, romelic banks rezervis saxiT moepoveba. amdenad, dResdReobiT banks ukve Seu-
Zlia daakmayofilos nebismieri moTxovna naRd fulze, (raoden did Tanxazec ar unda iyos
laparaki), federaluri sarezervo sistemidan damatebiTi valutis miRebis gziT. Tu banks moux-
deba mTeli Tavisi rezervis daxarjva, federaluri sarezervo banki ubralod asesxebs mas dama­
tebiT rezervebs, paralelurad ki miiRebs fasiani qaRaldebis garkveul raodenobas kreditis
amRebi bankis aqtivebidan. bankebs eZlevaT privilegia, rom miiRon fuli, roca damatebiT
rezervebs kanonierad iTxoven. yovelive amis Sedegad sakredito-fuladi sistema cvalebadi pi-
robebis mimarT ufro moqnili, xolo krizisebisa da droebiTi warumateblobis mimarT ufro
gamZle gaxda.

7 Tu sasikeToa is, rom mTavrobam komerciuli bankebis meanabreebi daazRvios danakargis winaaRmdeg, arc sakredito-Semnaxvel
organizaciaTa meanabreebis dazRveva unda iyos urigo. magram aRniSnuli dazRveva erT sayuradRebo problemas warmoSobs. kerZod,
dazRveva ar aZlevs stimuls meanabreebs, rom maT Tvalyuri adevnon im dawesebulebis saqmianobas, romelSic anabrebi aqvT. meana-
breTa gulgril damokidebulebas emateba maregulirebeli sabWos daudevari zedamxedvelobac, romelsac xSirad kongresmenebi
aZleven biZgs, roca cdiloben, asiamovnon amomrCevlebs. yovelive es sakredito-Semnaxvel organizaciaTa didi danakargebis mizezi
xdeba. am organizaciebSi ki ZiriTadad amerikel gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa mier Setanili Tanxebi inaxeba. `Cven~ amis Taobaze
ukve SevTanxmdiT, rodesac `Cven~ davpirdiT mosaxleobas, rom sakredito-Semnaxveli organizaciebis dazRvevis federaluri
korporacia dafaravs nebismier danakargs, romelsac meanabreebi am organizaciebSi ganicdian.

105
ra SegviZlia vTqvaT oqros Sesaxeb?
xom ar dagvCa iseTi ram, rasac saTanado yuradReba ar davuTmeT? Tu rezervebi sinamdvileSi
sulac ar warmoadgens rezervebs, maSin ra aris is, rac fulis Rirebulebas gansazRvravs? gana
fulis Rirebulebas araferi unda uzrunvelyofdes? ra rols asrulebs am konteqstSi oqro?
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom fulis Rirebulebas `uzrunvelyofa~ sWirdeba, metad saintereso
kiTxvebs badebs. ra gansazRvravs fulis Rirebulebas? ra gansazRvravs am Rirebulebis ganmsa­
zRvrels? magram kiTxvebis mTeli es wyeba arasworadaa dasmuli. ekonomikaSi Rirebuleba defi-
citis Sedegia, deficits ki moTxovna da SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba qmnis. sruliad naTelia,
rodis da ratom arsebobs moTxovna garkveuli saxis fulze. igi maSin Cndeba, rodesac SesaZlebe-
lia am fulis gamoyeneba im nivTebis SesaZenad, romlebic xalxs sWirdeba, anu roca mas, ase|vTqvaT,
gacvlis saSualebad miiCneven. medlis meore mxare ki, romelsac SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba
warmoadgens, federaluri sarezervo sistemis kompetenciis sferoa da mas, avad Tu kargad, is
xalxi ganagebs, vinc fulis met-naklebad efeqtian mimoqcevas aregulirebs. amdenad, araviTari
`uzrunvelyofa~ araa saWiro. Tu mainc eWvi an SeSfoTeba SegipyrobT Tqveni naRdi fulisa Tu
mimdinare angariSis Rirebulebis Taobaze, SegiZliaT `gayidoT~ Tqveni fuli da eWvebic maSinve
gaqarwyldeba. Tqven dainaxavT, rom sxvebi siamovnebiT miiReben mas da samagierod sxva, garkveu-
li Rirebulebis mqone saqonels SemogTavazeben.
fulis Rirebulebis SesanarCuneblad umTavres faqtors warmoadgens SezRu­duli xelmisawvdo-
moba da rwmena, rom misi miwodeba momavalSic SezRuduli iqneba. bunebam oqro iSviaTobad aqcia.
federalurma sarezervo sistemam ki analogiur iSviaTobad federaluri sarezervo bankis banknote-
bi da uvado anabrebi unda aqcios. magram sakmaod didia im xalxis raodenoba, vinc bunebas ufro en-
doba, vidre centralur banksa da mTavrobas. amitom zogierTebisaTvis sasurveli iqneboda, T Y u da-
vubrundebodiT oqros standarts, roca fulis erTeulebi, garkveuli fiqsire­ buli kursis
mixedviT, oqroze gadaicvleboda. Tumca xalxis am survils ar ganapirobebs mosazreba, rom fulis
Rirebulebas uzrunvelyofa sWirdeba. amas ganapirobebs is, rom xalxi ar endoba saxelmwifo samsax-
urebs, romlebsac fulis regulireba evalebaT. Tu mTavrobas mosTxoven, xeli Seuwyos uvado
anabrebis konvertirebas federaluri sarezervo bankis banknotebad, xolo federaluri sarezervo
bankis banknotebisas ki – dadgenili kursis mixedviT – oqrod, maSin oqros raodenoba sakmaod Sez-
Rudavs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masis gazrdis SesaZleblobebs.
faqtobrivad, xSiria viTareba, (gansakuTrebiT omis periodis), roca mTavroba ganicdis
cdunebas Seqmnas damatebiTi fuli sakuTari xarjebis dasafinanseblad da ar mimarTos iseT
mtkiv­neul saSualebas, rogoricaa gadasaxadebis daufaravi zrda. mTavroba yovelTvis ver uZ-
lebs cdunebas. amas ki, Cveulebriv, mohyveba inflacia. es mTavrobis mxriv ufro faruli, magram
bevrad ufro usamarTlo xerxia, romelsac sakuTari xarjebis dasafinanseblad iyenebs. magram
oqros standartTan dabrunebis moTxovna SeiZleba mxolod sasowarkveTilebiT iyos ganpirobe-
buli. Tu mTavroba imdenad upasuxismgebloa, rom misTvis aRviris amodeba mxolod oqros saSu-
alebiTaa SesaZlebeli, is albaT arc daeTanxmeba oqros standarts da, SesaZloa, aRvirmac ki ver
SeZlos misi SeCereba. is ubralod gamoacxadebs sagangebo mdgomareobas da roca moisurvebs ma-
Sinve gaauqmebs oqros standartebsac. upasuxismgeblo mTavrobis problema Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom am problemas oqros standartTan dabruneba gadaWris. asea
Tu ise, raki metad mcirea imis albaToba, rom uaxloes momavalSi aSS oqros standarts daubrunde-
ba, unda davkmayofildeT arsebuli sistemiT da vecadoT, rom saTanadod warvmarToT misi muSa­
oba.

is, rac SeiZleba Seiqmnas, SeiZleba gaqres kidec

sakiTxi jer kidev saWiroebs Seswavlas. gaixseneT is xuTasi dolari, romelic kompiuteris
sayidlad bankisgan isesxeT. rodesac bankma gasca krediti, mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raode-
noba xuTasi dolariT gaizarda. magram ra xdeba, rodesac Tqven sesxs abrunebT?
warmoidgineT, rom agrovebT fuls da amas akeTebT an Tqvens mimdinare angariSze moTxov-
namde anabris saSualebiT, an naRdi fuliT, romelsac yulabaSi inaxavT. ase imitom iqceviT, rom
gsurT, daTqmul vadaSi gadaixadoT ara marto ZiriTadi Tanxa, aramed saanabro procentic. roca
es dRe dgeba, midixarT bankSi im xuTas samocdaTxuTmeti dolariT, romelic gmarTebT da ro-

106
melic federaluri sarezervo bankis banknotebiT unda gadaixadoT. roca am Tanxas banks gadas-
cemT, mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis raodenobas akldeba 575 dolari. daimaxsovreT, rom valuta iT-
vleba fulad mxolod da mxolod maSin, roca is sabanko sistemis gareTaa.

1 (miliardi dolari)
(dekembris Tvis yoveldRiuri saSualo monacemebi)
weli M1% cvlileba weli M1% cvlileba
cxrili 16-1

weli M1 % cvlileba weli M1 % cvlileba

1960 141 0,5 1980 409 6,8
1961 145 3,2 1981 437 6,8
1962 148 1,8 1982 475 8,7
1963 153 3,7 1983 521 9,8
1964 160 4,6 1984 552 5,9
1965 168 4,7 1985 620 12,3
1966 172 2,5 1986 724 16,9
1967 183 6,6 1987 750 3,5
1968 197 7,7 1988 787 5,0
1969 204 3,3 1989 794 0,9
1970 214 5,1 1990 826 4,0
1971 228 6,5 1991 897 8,7
1972 249 9,2 1992 1.025 14,2
1973 263 5,5 1993 1.130 10,2
1974 274 4,3 1994 1.151 1,8
1975 287 4,8 1995 1.129 -1,9
1976 306 6,6 1996 1.083 -4,1
1977 331 8,1 1997 1.076 -0,6
1978 358 8,2 1998 1.092 1,5
1979 383 6,8

Tu, rac ufro mosalodnelia, 575 dolari gaqvT mimdinare angariSze, Tqven gamowerT am Tan­
xis Ceks bankis saxelze. banki gamoaklebs 575 dolars Tqveni anabris balanss da fulis masa 575
dolariT Semcirdeba. ase iqmneba fuli, roca bankebi gascemen sesxebs, da ase xdeba misi gaqroba,
roca klientebi valebs abruneben. amgvarad, mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis saerTo raodenoba iz-
rdeba nebismier SemTxvevaSi, roca bankebi axal kreditebs imaze ufro swrafi tempiT gascemen,
vidre abruneben Zvel sabanko valebs. fulis raodenoba ki mcirdeba, roca Zveli sabanko valebis
gadaxda ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre axali sesxebis gacema.

rogoria mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis raodenoba?

federaluri sarezervo banki axdens mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis, moTxovnamde anabrebis,
uvado anabrebisa da samgzavro Cekebis daangariSebas. esaa fulis masa viwro gagebiT, da mas M1-s
vuwodebT. 16-1 cxrili warmodgenas SegiqmniT am Tanxis mniSvnelobaze da TvalnaTliv daga-
naxebT, Tu rogor icvleboda is wlebis ganmavlobaSi. ekonomikaSi fulis raodenobis meryeoba
SesaZlebelia da is mniSvnelovnad meryeobs kidec. aRniSnul meryeobas yoveldRiuri xasiaTi
aqvs. amitom cifrebi, Cveulebriv gamoxatavs saSualo sidideebs drois garkveul periodSi. ci-
frebi, romlebic am cxrilSia moyvanili, ganasaxierebs miliardobiT dolars da yoveli wlis
dekembris Tvis saSualo dRiur maCveneblad gvevlineba. aseve naCvenebia is procenti, romliTac
fulis saerTo raodenoba gaizarda an Semcirda wina welTan SedarebiT.
Tu fulis masas viwro gagebiT oficialurad M1 ewodeba, SeiZleba gaCndes eWvi, rom arsebobs
fulis masis ufro farTo gageba, romelic SesaZloa cnobili iyos M2-is saxelwodebiT. es marT-
lac asea. M2 aris M1-s plus bankebSi 100,000 dolarze naklebi TanxiT ganTavsebuli arasaCeko

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anabrebi da Ria tipis sainvesticio fondebis aqciebi8, romlebic dafinansebulia 50,000 dol-
arze naklebi sawyisi investiciebiT. M2 aris mcdeloba, dolarebSi gaizomos im aqtivebis Rireb-
uleba, romlebic sazogadoebas advilad SeuZlia aqcios gacvlis saSualebad, magaliTad, tele-
foniT bankTan dakavSirebis gziT.
cvlilebebi M2-isa da M1-is zomaSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra formiT surs xalxs sakuTari
fulisa Tu fuladi aqtivebis Senaxva. Tu im 500 dolars, romelic isesxeT, Tqveni mimdinare anga-
riSidan im bankis moklevadian angariSze gadaitanT, saidanac isesxeT, M1 Semcirdeba 500 dol-
ariT, M2 ki ucvleli darCeba, radgan is Seicavs yvelafers, rac M1-s Seadgens. xuTasi dolari,
romelic mimdinare angariSzea zustad iseve Sedis mTlian M2-Si, rogorc Semnaxvel angariSze
ganTavsebuli 500 dolari. ase rom, bankis mier sesxebis gacema zrdis M1-s. xalxis survili, rom
Tavisi fuladi aqtivebis didi Tu mcire nawili Seinaxos moTxovnamde anabrebze an Semnaxvel
anabrebze, gansazRvravs sxvaobas M1-isa da M2-is zrdis tempebs Soris.

M2

M1

arsebobs Tu ara MM3? ra Tqma unda, arsebobs. MM3 aris M2, romelsac emateba 100,000 dolarze
meti Tanxis vadiani anabrebi, aqciebi fulis bazris saerTo fondebSi, romlebic sawyis investi-
ciad 50,000 an met dolars iTxoven, dolaris anabrebi, romlebsac amerikelebi aSS-is bankebis
ucxour filialebSi an kanadisa da didi britaneTis bankebSi inaxaven da SeTanxmebebi xelaxali
Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac saanabro dawesebulebebi gamoscemen. Tu ara gaqvT is, rac zemoT
CamovTvaleT, amas ar eqneba didi mniSvneloba Tqveni miznebisaTvis.
magram zemoCamoTvlils didi mniSvneloba eqneba maTTvis, vinc federalur sarezervo sistemaSia
da yvelaferi amis daangariSebas axdens im mizniT, rom zustad gamoTvalos, ra mniSvneloba eqneba
maT momavalSi. Tu is fulis raodenoba, romelsac sazogadoeba iTxovs, mimoqcevaSi myofi fulis
raodenobaze metia, an Tu mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenoba masze moTxovnas aRemateba, aseTi
araTanafardoba gamoiwvevs did cvlilebebs, romlebsac SeiZleba inflacia an recesia mohyves. raki
M2 da MM 3 SeiZleba sakmaod swrafad da mcire xarjebiT gardavqmnaT M1-ad, amitom federaluri
sarezervo sistemis oficialuri pirebi dainteresebulni arian, rom Tvalyuri adevnon yvela am
maCvenebels da mudam mzad iyvnen imisaTvis, rom stimuli miscen sabanko kreditis gacemas da fulis
Seqmnas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es xelsayreli aRmoCndeba. aseve maT SeuZliaT Seanelon bankis mier sesxis
gacemisa da fulis Seqmnis procesi, Tu monacemebis safuZvelze amis saWiroebas dainaxaven.

federaluri sarezervo sistemis instrumentebi

ras akeTebs fss, roca iqmneba imis saWiroeba, rom gaizardos an Semcirdes fulis maragi? um-
niSvnelovanes saSualebas, romelic amave dros yvela pirobas qmnis imisaTvis, rom gamoyenebul
iqnas nebismieri sxva instrumenti, warmoadgens uflebamosileba, romelic uzrunvelyofs
kanonieri sarezervo moTxovnebis dadgenas. sarezervo moTxovnebSi cvlilebebs fss-s xelmZR-
vaneloba Cveulebriv ganixilavs, rogorc uxeS xerxs, romelic araa gamosadegi iseTi faqizi
qirurgiuli saqmianobisaTvis, rogorsac fuladi sistemis regulireba moiTxovs.

8 fondebi, romlebic TavianT saxsrebs abandeben fulis bazarze mxolod moklevadian valdebulebebSi.

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 rogor keTdeba es? Zalian mokled es procesi SeiZleba ase aixsnas: fss qmnis da aqrobs
rezervebs iseve, rogorc komerciuli bankebi qmnian da aqroben fuls sesxebis gacemis, gazrdisa
da Semcirebis saSualebiT.
fss-s SeuZlia sesxi misces uSualod komerciul banks. is amas akeTebs bankis sarezervo an-
gariSze fulis gazrdiT. samagierod ki, iRebs sabanko an nebismier sxva sasesxo valdebulebebs
(mag. saxelmwifo obligaciebs). romlebic bankis fasiani qaRaldebis portfelSi aRmoCndeba – es
xdeba komerciuli bankis moqmedebis analogiurad, roca es ukanaskneli aZlevs sesxs Tavis kli-
entebs da sasesxo valdebulebebis sanacvlod uzrdis maT Tanxas mimdinare angariSze. saprocen-
to ganakveTs, romliTac gaicema aseTi sesxebi, sadiskonto ganakveTi ewodeba. mis Sesaxeb xSirad
ibeWdeba informacia gazeTebSi da xalxic interesiT adevnebs mas Tvalyurs, radgan amiT
garkveuli warmodgena eqmneba fss-s mimdinare politikis Sesaxeb. SesaZloa, is ufro simboloa,
vidre realuri saSualeba kreditebis gasanawileblad, radgan fss awarmoebs im bankebis SerCev-
as, romlebsac kredits aZlevs. fss-s oficialuri politika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gaiTval-
iswinos gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi da ar misces sesxi nebismier banks, romelic moisurvebs sa-
diskonto ganakveTis gadaxdas, is ufro `mkacr Zias~ unda hgavdes, vidre mogebiT dainteresebul
kreditors. aRsaniSnavia, rom xalxis umetesobasac swored is surs, rom centraluri banki `mkac-
ri Zias~ rolSi ixilos.
mTavari saSualeba, romelsac fss mimarTavs, aris aSS-is mTavrobis fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-
gayidva e.w. Ria sabazro operaciebi. amJamad fss-s aqvs saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis portfe-
li, romelic daaxloebiT naxevari trilioni dolaris Rirebulebisaa. roca is zrdis Tavis qone-
bas imiT, rom yidulobs fasian qaRaldebs dilerebisagan saxelmwifo obligaciebis operaciebis
meSveobiT, is gamowers sakuTari angariSidan qviTrebs, romlebzec miTiTebulia Sesyiduli fa-
siani qaRaldebis Tanxa da qmnis axal valdebulebebs. es ukanaskneli ki Seesabameba im fasian qa-
Raldebs, romlebic mis qonebas emateba. am qviTrebis deponireba xdeba komerciul bankebSi.
roca bankebi gzavnian qviTrebs federalur sarezervo bankSi, maT sarezervo angariSze xdeba
damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva.

fulis miwodebas federaluri sarezervo sistema sabanko

rezervebis zrdiT an SemcirebiT marTavs.

mokled rom vTqvaT, federaluri sarezervo bankebis mier axali, Semosavliani aqtivebis SeZe-
na, rac mTavrobis an bankisaTvis kreditebis gadacemis analogiuria, zrdis komerciul sabanko
rezervebs imave Tanxis odenobiT. es komerciul bankebs saSualebas aZlevs, gazardon sakuTari
kreditebi da, Sesabamisad, gazardon fulis masa.
mTeli es procesi SeiZleba sapirispiro mimarTulebiTac ganviTardes. fss-s SeuZlia moiTxo-
vos rezervebi bankebidan, Tu gayidis saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis nawils, romelic ukve aqvs
portfelSi. magaliTad, roca fss yidis milioni dolaris Rirebulebis saxelmwifo obliga-
ciebs, es obligaciebi, aRmoCndeba viRacasTan, vinc dilers qviTriT gadauxdis. dileri, Tavis
mxriv, qviTriT gadauxdis fss-s da es Tanxa moixsneba im bankis sarezervo angariSidan, romlisT-
visacaa gamowerili qviTari. es gaaqrobs sabanko sistemis rezervebis garkveul nawils da aiZu-
lebs bankebs, Seamciron TavianTi valdebulebebi kreditebis Semcirebis gziT. yovelive es me-
tad logikuri da sakmaod martivicaa.

vin iRebs sinamdvileSi gadawyvetilebebs?

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Ria sabazro operaciebi fulis mimoqcevis reguli­rebis ZiriTadi sa-
Sualebaa. specialuri komiteti, romelic Sedgeba mmarTvelTa sabWos Svidi wevrisa da Tormeti
sarezervo bankis xuTi prezidentisagan, warmoadgens Ria sabazro operaciebis warmmarTvel
komitets da mudmivad gansazRvravs sakredito fuladi politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.
politikosebi da ekonomistebi, romelTa Soris arian fss-s rogorc momxreebi, ise mowinaaRmde-
geebi didi xania, kamaToben imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad efeqtianad arTmevs Tavs Ria sabazro ope­
raciebis komiteti Tavis movaleobebs.

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 mimdinareobs ori mTavari sakiTxis ganxilva. erTi maTgani exeba politikis gansazRvras –
isaxavs Tu ara fss saTanado miznebs? cdilobs Tu ara, gaakeTos is, rac saWiroa? meore sakiTxia
politikis ganxorcieleba – efeqtiania Tu ara misi muSaoba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad? es kiTx-
vebi, ra Tqma unda, urTierT­dakavSirebulia, radgan gonieri politikis CamoyalibebaSi igulisx-
meba teqnikur SesaZleblobaTa realisturi Sefaseba. magaliTad gamodgeba ragbis gundis mwvrT-
nelis saqcieli. is araswor gadawyvetilebas iRebs, rodesac TamaSis kombinaciur gegmas irCevs,
radgan im moTamaSes, romelmac gadacemebi unda ganaxorcielos, xeli aqvs dazianebuli, xolo
imaT, vinc burTi unda miiRon – TiTebi. erideT im saxelmZRvaneloebs, romelTa avtorebi, am
mwvrTnelis msgavsad, saTanadod ver erkvevian miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebasTan
dakavSi­rebul problemebSi da varaudoben, rom mowinaaRmdeges araviTari gegma ar gaaCnia.
yovelive Zalian gamartivdeba, Tu vivaraudebT, rom fss-s sakredito-fuladi muxruWTan er-
Tad sakredito-fuladi aqseleratoric aqvs da SeuZlia fulis masis raodenobis iseve swrafad
da saimedod Secvla, rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT aaCqaroT an SeaneloT Tqveni avtomobilis svla.
fulis mimoqcevis regulireba ufro im urmis marTvas hgavs, romelSic jiuti joria Sebmuli da
zogjer metad mkacr brZanebasac ar emorCileba da ar Cerdeba. saqmes isic arTulebs, rom meur-
mis TanaSemweebi, garda imisa, rom ayal-mayali aqvT atexili, meurmes uyvirian, miTiTebebs aZle­
ven da imasac ki cdiloben, rom xelidan sadaveebi gamostacon. momdevno TavebSi vnaxavT, rom
sakredito-fuladi politikis warmoeba rTuli da delikaturi saqmea, magram imasac davinaxavT,
rom is umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs mTlianad ekonomikur sistemaSi.

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mokled gavimeoroT

fuli warmoadgens sazogadoebriv instituts, romelic zrdis simdidres gacvlis xarjebis

Semcirebis gziT da uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis specializa­ciis maRal dones SedarebiTi upi-
ratesobebis Sesabamisad.
nebismieri sagani moqmedebs, rogorc fuli, roca xalxi mzadaa igi gacvlis saSualebad aRiaros
im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom es sagani gacvlis sxvebisTvis misaReb saSualebas warmoadgendes.
sando finansur dawesebulebaTa valdebulebebs Seadgens im fulis umetesi nawili, romelic
gamoiyeneba komerciul sazogadoebaSi – ZiriTadad esaa qaRaldis fuli, romelsac beWdavdnen
cnetraluri bankebi da uvado anabrebi komerciul bankebsa Tu sxva finansur dawesebulebebSi.
aSS-Si fulis masis viwro gageba ganisazRvreboda naRdi fuliT, romelic sabanko sistemis ga-
reTaa da finansur dawesebulebebSi ganTavsebuli uvado anabrebiT, xolo fulis masis ufro
farTo gageba ganisazRvreba sxva saxis qonebiT, romlis naRd fulad an uvado anabrebad gardaqm-
na umniSvnelo danaxarjebs moiTxovs.
komerciuli bankebi zrdian fulis masas sesxis amRebTaTvis anabrebis Seqmnis gziT. bankebs
damatebiTi fulis Seqmnis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT. bankis anabrebi ar unda aRemate-
bodes kanoniT gansazRvruli rezervebis raodenobas.
federaluri sarezervo sistemis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulni arian areguliron fulis ma-
sis raodenoba. fss aRniSnul regulirebas axorcielebs kontrolis saSualebiT, romelsac
bankis mier sesxis gacemis saqmianobaze awesebs. is uflebamosilia, daadginos aucilebeli Tana-
fardoba komerciuli bankebis valdebu­lebebsa da rezervebs Soris. fss-s SeuZlia gazardos an
Seamciros rezervebi komerciuli bankebisaTvis kreditebis gacemisa da saxelmwifo obliga-
ciebis yidva-gayidvis gziT. am ukanasknelis ganxorcielebis mizniT ki Ria sabazro operaciebs
mimarTavs.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom fulis Rirebulebas `uzrunvelyofa~ sWirdeba, arasworia. imisa­
Tvis, rom Rirebuli iyos, sakmarisia fuli sayovelTaod miRebuli gacvlis saSualebad aRiqme-
bodes. SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba rogorc awmyoSi, ise momavalSic, aucilebeli pirobaa
imisa­Tvis, rom gacvlis saSualeba sayovelTaod misaRebi gaxdes.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. saxelmZRvaneloSi motanilia mosazreba, rom raime sagani fulad iqceva maSin, roca sazoga-
doebis wevrebi mzad arian, igi misaRebad CaTvalon ara misi Tvisebebis gamo, aramed imitom,
rom adamians SeuZlia misi gacvla sasurvel nivTze. rogor SeiZleba, rom raRac sagani misa-
Rebi gaxdes swored am gagebiT da, Sesabamisad, rogor iqceva is fulad?
a) ram gamoiwvia is, rom tyveTa banakSi aramwevelebmac ki sigareti umokles vadaSi miiC-
nies gacvlis saSualebad? xom ar SegiZliaT daasaxeloT sxva sagani, romelic SeZleb-
da fulis funqciis Sesrulebas tyveTa banakSi, Tu sigareti xelmisawvdomi ar iqne-
boda?
b) warmoidgineT, rom banakis erT-erT binadars, romelsac daumTavrda sigare­tis mara-
gi, undoda erTi qila murabis yidva sxva mobinadrisagan, am ukanasknelma ki sanacv-
lod aiRo baraTi, romlis mixedviT, myidvels misi rva cali sigareti marTebda. Sesa-
Zlebeli iyo Tu ara, rom baraTs tyveTa banakSi fulis funqcia Seesrulebina?
2. am wignSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos Rirebuleba da warmoad-
gendes gacvlis saSualebas, qaRaldis fuls ar sWirdeba `gamyareba~ romelime sagniT, radac
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba misi gardaqmna. sruliad sakmarisia, rom xalxma
is gacvlis erTaderT saSualebad miiCnios.
a) warmoidgineT, rom im dros, roca federalurma sarezervo bankma bankno­tebis beWdva
daiwyo, SesaZlebeli ar yofiliyo maTi gacvla oqrosa da vercxlze. rogor fiqrobT,
iqneboda Tu ara aseTi banknoti misaRebi xalxisTvis?
b) ra SeiZleba gaakeTos mTavrobam imisaTvis, rom qaRaldis fuli, romlis gamoSvebac

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 mas surs, misaRebi gaxdes sazogadoebisaTvis? ra variantia SesaZlebeli garda dapir-
ebisa, rom moTxovnisTanave es fuli gadaicvleba sxva, garkveuli Rirebulebis mqone
aqtivebze?
g) ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios is, rom sazogadoebam uari Tqvas gacvlis saSualebad mTav-
robis mier moWrili qaRaldis fulis miRebaze da, amdenad, arsebulma banknotebma
dakargon fulis funqcia?
3. `xalxTa simdidreSi~ adam smiti ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom sakmaod bevri
adamiani fuls simdidresTan aigivebda. aris Tu ara es Secdoma?
a) gana meti fulis mopovebiT adamiani ufro mdidari ar xdeba?
b) Tu fulis Sovnis Sedegad izrdeba calkeuli adamianebis simdidre, gana logikuri ar
iqneba vifiqroT, rom rac ufro met fuls iSovis TiToeuli maTgani, miT ufro mdi-
dari iqneba yvela?
g) ra moxdeboda, Tu indoeTis mTavroba siRaribis problemas meti rupiebis beWdviT
SeebrZoleboda da maT sulgrZelad gaunawilebda qveynis uRaribes mosaxleobas?
4. Cveulebriv, xalxi ver daxarjavs im anabrebs, romlebsac komerciuli bankebis Semnaxvel an-
gariSsa an sakredito-Semnaxvel dawesebulebaSi inaxavs, Tu ar gamoitans maT, anu Tu ar gar-
daqmnis naRd fulad an uvado anabrebad. magram raki amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia yovelgvari
xarjebis gareSe, amitom es anabrebi warmoadgens aqtivebs, romlebic TiTqmis fulis fun-
qcias asrulebs.
a) mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom drois garkveul periodSi aSS-Si xarjvis saerTo raode-
noba M1-s ufro mWidrod daukavSirdes, vidre M2-s?
b) Seicvleba Tu ara Tqveni pasuxi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakredito-Semnaxveli dawesebu­
lebebi klientebs nebas darTaven, angariSidan fulis sxvisTvis gadayvana telefonis
saSualebiT ganaxorcielon?
5. federaluri sarezervo bankis mier dabeWdili banknotebis garkveuli raodenoba nebismier
dros ganawilebulia: a) mosaxleobis safuleSi; b) komerciuli bankebis seifebsa da salaro-
ebSi da g) federaluri sarezervo bankis seifebSi. ra gavlenas axdens TiToeuli maTgani fu-
lis saerTo masaze da Seadgens Tu ara isini aRniSnuli fulis masis nawils?
6. ra gavlenas axdens fulis masaze naRdi fulis moxsna mimdinare angariSidan? ra gavlenas
axdens is bankis unarze, gazardos sesxis raodenoba? ra gavlena SeiZleba iqonios angariSi-
dan fulis moxsnam fulis masaze momavalSi?
7. ratomaa, rom federaluri sarezervo sistemisaTvis gacilebiT iolia fulis masis gazrda
ekonomikuri zrdis da ara recesiis periodSi? ra unda moimoqmedos federalurma sarezer-
vo sistemam, Tu surs, rom gazardos mosaxleobaSi arsebuli fulis raodenoba?
8. komerciuli bankebi qmnian fuls sesxebis gacemis gziT. uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom zu-
stad gaarkvioT, ratom SeuZliaT maT amis gakeTeba da, Cveulebriv, ratom ar iqmneba fuli
sxva dawesebulebaTa sakredito saqmianobis Sedegad?
a) raSi mdgomareobs komerciuli bankebis upiratesoba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
maT, fuli Seqmnan sesxis gacemis gziT? sakredito kavSirebsa da samomxmareblo
sakredito kompaniebs ara aqvT aseTi upiratesoba da, Sesabamisad, ver qmnian fuls,
roca TavianT klientebs sesxs aZleven. ris naklebobas ganicdian isini komerciuli
bankebisagan gansxvavebiT?
b) isurvebdiT Tu ara, gqonodaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom sakuTari survilisamebr mige-
caT sesxi Tqveni megobrebisaTvis da am sesxis sanacvlod fuli SegeqmnaT? Tqven dae-
xmarebodiT megobrebs, popularobasac moixveWdiT da cotas isargeblebdiT kidec,
Tu Tavs kargad gaarTmevdiT saqmianobas. rogor aixsneba es saidumlo?
g) davuSvaT, qalaqSi yvela gicnobT, cnoben Tqvens xelmoweras da sruliad gendobian.
roca megobari sesxad aT dolars gTxovT, Tqven ubralod dauwerT mas baraTs,
romelSic naTqvamia – `am baraTis mepatrones me gadavuxdi aT dolars~, xels awerT
da Tqvens megobars aZlevT. SeZlebs Tu ara Tqveni megobari am baraTis `daxarjvas~,
e.i. mis gamoyenebas fulis nacvlad? SeZlebs Tu ara gamyidveli, romelic am baraTs

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 miiRebs, Tavis mxriv, `daxarjos~ is, magaliTad, ocdolariani banknotis dasaxurdav-
eblad? SeZlebT Tu ara Tqven am gziT fulis Seqmnas? gansxvavdeba Tu ara zemoaR-
werili situacia im SemTxvevisagan, roca qviTari, romelsac Tqven gamowerT da ro-
melic unda ganaRdes, xelidan xelSi gadadis deponirebis gareSe?
d) fulis masa, viwro gagebiT, anu M1 Sedgeba federaluri sarezervo bankis banknotebis,
uvado anabrebisa da samgzavro Cekebisagan. yvelaferi es sando sakredito daweseb-
ulebaTa valdebulebebia. ra unda moimoqmedos calkeulma pirma an organizaciam im-
isaTvis, rom fulis Seqmna SeZlos?
9. mikroneziaSi, TiTqmis 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi iapis kunZulis mosaxleobisaTvis fulis
rols didi mrgvali qvebi asrulebdnen. sxvadasxva adamianebi qvebis sxvadasxva nawilebs
flobdnen.
a) radgan gatexili qva kargavs Rirebulebas da amasTanave, igi mZimecaa, xalxi did qvebs
Tavis adgilze tovebs da ubralod akeTebs Canawers, rom misi mflobeli Seicvala. ra
msgavsebaa zemoaRniSnulsa da CekiT gadaxdas Soris?
b) zogierT qvas sabrjens ukeTeben da rigebad dgamen soflis `bankebSi~. warmoidgineT,
rom adamians, romelic `bankis~ gverdiT cxovrobs, dakisrebuli aqvs, Tvalyuri ad-
evnos imas, Tu TiToeuli qvis ra nawils floben sxvadasxva adamianebi. rogor SeZleb-
da es adamiani Tavisi mdgomareobis gamoyenebas imisaTvis, rom kreditebi gaeca da,
amgvarad, iapSi fulis raodenoba gaezarda?
10. termini – dekretuli fuli zogjer gamoiyeneba im qaRaldis fulis aRsaniSnavad, romlis
Rirebulebas ar gansazRvravs oqro an sxva msgavsi ram. aqedan gamomdinare, iqmneba STabeWdi-
leba, rom mas Rirebuleba aqvs mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom viRac gavlenianma pirma ga-
nacxada – `dae is iqces fulad~.
a) aqvs Tu ara dekretul fuls oqros monetebze naklebi Rirebuleba ? ra saxis `gavle-
niani piria~ is, visac SeuZlia, rom `qaRaldi, romelsac araviTari Rirebuleba ar
gaaCnia~, fulad aqcios?
b) aqvs Tu ara aSS dolars fulis funqcia kanadaSi? asrulebs Tu ara kana­du­ri dolari
fulis funqcias aSS-Si? ratomaa aSS dolarisadmi esoden gulTbili damokidebule-
ba msoflios bevr qveyanaSi? SegiZliaT Tu ara warmoidginoT iseTi SemTxveva, roca
qveynis mosaxleoba uars ambobs sakuTari erovnuli valutis miRebaze, magram sia-
movnebiT iRebs aSS dolars? ras fiqrobT im mTavrobis `avtoritetze~, romelic
cdilobs Seqmnas dekretuli fuli?
11. Tu araviTari arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, rom fulis Rirebulebas raime `uzrun-
velyofdes~, maSin ratom fiqrobs sakmaod bevri adamiani sxvagvarad?
12. `bunebam oqros sakmaod mcire raodenoba Seqmna, xalxma ki is iSviaTobad aqcia~. rogor axsni-
diT am gamonaTqvams?
13. fulze bevrs laparakoben, magram mas kargad iSviaTad moixsenieben. gansxvavdeba Tu ara qve-
moT moyvanili mosazrebebis avtorTa Sexedulebebi im mosazrebisagan, romelic Cven fulis
Sesaxeb CamovayalibeT? xom ar iyeneben isini fuls romelime sxva cnebis sinonimad an simbo-
lod? ras gulisxmoben isini im `sxva cnebaSi~, roca geqmnebaT STabeWdileba, rom sinamdvi-
leSi saubris Tema sulac araa fuli?
a) `fulis siyvaruli yovelgvari borotebis saTavea~ (xSirad arasworadaa citirebuli
da amboben `fuli yoelgvari borotebis saTavea~).
b) `janmrTelobas fuliT ver iyidi~.
g) `mis mimarT gulgriloba mxolod sigiJiT SeiZleba aixsnas da, amdenad, mitevebac Se­
saZlebelia. ai, aRniSnulis yvelaze utyuari magaliTi – me gaZlev Cems fuls~.
d) `Rvino xaliss gvmatebs, fuli ki gvaZlevs yvelafers, risi miRebac amqveynad SeiZleba~.
e) `sityva pativmoyvareoba iseTive sayovelTaod miRebuli simboloa, rogorc fuli –
faseulobis simbolo~.
v) `fulis ena yvelas esmis~.
z) `amerikelebi fuls metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWeben~.
T) `garemos dacva gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre fulis keTeba~.

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 monetaruli da
fiskaluri politika 17
r a mniSvneloba aqvs imas, swrafia Tu neli sazogadoebis xelSi arsebuli fulis zrdis tempi?
miuxedavad im kamaTisa da gaurkvevlobisa, romelic Tan axlavs warmoebisa da fasebis
Sesaxeb arsebul Tanamedrove kvlevebs, erTi ram mainc aris iseTi, rasac yvela eTanxmeba –
sazogadoebaSi fulis masis gadaWarbebuli zrda inflacias iwvevs. samwuxarod, es mtkiceba ar
gvaZlevs amomwurav informacias imis Sesaxeb, ris gagebasac realurad visurvebdiT: ra iwvevs
fulis masis gadaWarbebul zrdas? arsebobs Tu ara fulis masis arasakmarisi zrda? Tu fulis
masis gadaWarebuli zrda inflacias iwvevs, xom ar gamoiwvevs misi zrdis minimaluri done de-
flacias? an, xom ar iwvevs is rames iseTs, rac kidev ufro saSiSia, saxeldobr, recesias, romelsac
Tan axlavs umuSevrobis zrda? SevZlebdiT Tu ara arasasurveli Sedegebis Tavidan acilebas,
Tu zustad gvecodineboda, ra tempiT unda izrdebodes fulis miwodeba. ufro metic, aris Tu
ara fulis miwodebis zrdis tempis kontroli erTaderTi, saukeTeso, an, Tundac, efeqtiani gza
ekonomikuri saqmianobis erToblivi donis arasasurveli meryeobis Tavidan asacileblad?

didi depresia
zemoxsenebuli SekiTxvebi 1930-iani wlebis didma depresiam wamoWra da ekonomistebis yur-
adRebis centrSi moaqcia. 1929 wlidan dawyebuli, momdevno oTxi wlis manZilze aSS-Si mcirde-
boda realuri warmoeba da Semosavali. es Semcireba sakmaod didi masStabisa iyo – 1930 wels man
Seadgina 9%, 1931w. – 8%, 1932w. – 14% da kidev 2% 1933w. SeadareT es monacemebi aSS-is ekonomikis
monacemebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. am xnis ganmavlobaSi aRiniSna mxolod erTi SemTxveva,
roca warmoebis mTliani moculoba zedized ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mcirdeboda. es moxda 1974
da 1975 wlebSi, magram es Semcireba TiToeul wels 1%-ze naklebs Seadgebda, rac TiTqmis
SeumCneveli procentia didi depresiis standartebTan SedarebiT.
ufro metic, 1930-ian wlebSi ar momxdara ekonomikis sruli gajansaReba. 1974-1975 wlebis
recesiis Semdeg yoveli momdevno sami wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoeba weliwadSi daaxloebiT 5%-iT
izrdeboda da male gadaaWarba im dones, romelic recesiamde aRiniSneboda, magram 1939 wels,
didi depresiis yvelaze dabali maCveneblidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg, produqciis mTliani moculoba
da Semosavali mxolod 1,5%-iT aRemateboda 1929 wlis dones. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 1929-
1939 wlebSi mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda, naTeli gaxdeba, rom warmoebisa da Semosavlis
umniSvnelo zrda, romelic am aTwleulis manZilze SeiniSneboda, ver miaRwevda depresiamde ar-
sebuli keTildReobis dones. da marTlac, aSS-Si 1929-1939 wlebSi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semd-
gomi Semosavali (gankargvadi Semosavali) erT sul mosaxleze 7%-iT (1929-1933 wlebSi – TiTqmis
30%-iT) Semcirda. didma depresiam iseTi movlenac ki warmoSva, rogoric iyo depresiis Sua peri-
odSi momxdari recesia, roca realuri warmoeba da Semosavali 4%-iT Semcirda 1937-dan 1938
wlamde.

115
 xalxs, romelic 1930-ian wlebSi cxovrobda, yvelaze metad daamaxsovrda sayovelTao masiuri
umuSevroba. Tu ar CavTvliT 1930 wels, roca umuSevrobis done jer kidev izrdeboda, 30-ian
wlebSi umuSevarTa saSualo raodenobam 19 procentze meti Seadgina. es ki niSnavs, rom TiTqmis
yoveli mexuTe Sromisunariani adamiani, romelsac muSaoba surda, umuSevari iyo. 1933 wels,
roca aRiniSna recesiis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli, mosaxleobis 25% oficialurad umuSevrad
iTvleboda.
ratom? ra moxda? 1930-iani wlebis bolos politikur speqtrSi sakmaod bevri moazrovne ada-
miani iyo iseTi, romelic Tvlida, rom kapitalizmma saboloo kraxi ganicada. zogierTi maTgani
amas samwuxaro, zogierTi ki sasixarulo faqtad miiCnevda. rogorc marqsi da engelsi werdnen,
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnul sistemas SeeZlo saswaulebi moexdina warmoebis TvalsazrisiT,
is uZluri iyo `Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis~ Tavidan asacileblad. isini werdnen, rom kapital-
izmi hgavda jadoqris Segirds, romelsac ar ZaluZda im Zalis gakontroleba, romelic jojox-
eTidan gamoixmo. `komunistur manifestSi~ isini aRniSnavdnen:
`sakmarisia aRvniSnoT komerciuli krizisebi, romelTa perioduli gamoCena miwasTan as-
worebs mTeli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis arsebobis faqts da yoveli axali krizisis dros ufro
SemaSfoTebel saxes iRebs. am krizisebis dros nadgurdeba ara marto arsebuli, aramed adre Se-
qmnili produqciis didi nawili da Tavs iCens epidemia, romelic nebismier adreul epoqaSi yve-
las absurduli moeCveneboda – esaa Warbi produqciis warmoebis epidemia~.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sistema imitom daingra, rom metismetad bevri produqcia awarmoa.
Warbi warmoebis gamo dangreuli ekonomikis idea absurdulia.

absurdi: nuTu adamianebi Raribebi imitom arian,

rom zedmets awarmoeben?

warmoudgeneli iaponuri ekonomika

yvela prognozi imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi sistema axlo momavalSi daingreoda, mcdari
aRmoCnda. piriqiT, sazogadoeba, burJuaziuls vuwodebT mas Tu komerciuls, arnaxulad aRorZ-
inda meore msoflio omis Semdeg da msoflios ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi didi eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobis periodi dadga. magram arc erT qveyanaSi ar yofila ekonomikuri aRmav-
loba iseTi STambeWdavi, rogorc iaponiaSi.
movlenebSi kargad garkvevis mizniT gaixseneT, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi didi xnis
manZilze realuri mTliani Sida produqti, bumisa da kraxis periodebisa da Cveulebrivi wlebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saSualod weliwadSi 3%-iT izrdeboda. zrdis aRniSnuli tempi sakmaod maRa-
lia. msgavsi tempis SemTxvevaSi saukunis meoTxedze odnav naklebia saWiro warmoebisa da Semo-
savlis gasaormageblad. 1950-ian wlebSi, iaponiaSi warmoebis zrdam, rac realuri Sida produqtis
zrdiT ganisazRvra, weliwadSi 7% Seadgina. aseTi zrda metad STambeWdavia, roca is erT calke
aRebul wels exeba, magram aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi misi gagrZeleba TiTqmis sruliad uprece-
dentoa. iaponuri ekonomika meore msoflio omma daangria da bevri damkvirvebeli miuTiTebda,
rom zrdis tempi Zalian maRali unda iyos xangrZliv periodSic ki im qveyanaSi, romelic gajan-
saRebas iwyebs mTliani Sida produqtis Zalian dabali donidan.
1960-ianma wlebma mTlianad gaabaTila zemoxsenebuli mosazreba iaponuri ekonomikis Sesaxeb.
am aTwleulSi realuri mTliani Sida produqtis zrdam weliwadSi saSualod 11% Seadgina.
daufiqrdiT, ras niSnavs es. Tu Tqveni piradi Semosavali weliwadSi 11%-iT gaizrdeba, maSin
Svid welze nakleb periodSi is gaormagdeba. daimaxsovreT isic, rom vsaubrobT realur Semo-
savalze anu mTlian Sida produqtze, romelic fulis Rirebulebis cvlilebis mixedviTaa da-
koreqtirebuli.
aseTi astronomiuli aRmavlobis Semdeg 1970-1980 wlebSi iaponiis ekonomika daRmavlobis
gzas daadga da 1974 wels uaryofiTi realuri zrdac ki ganicada, roca sxva industriuli qvey-
nebis msgavsad, iaponiac dazaralda navTobis fasebis mkveTri zrdis Sedegad. miuxedavad amisa,
am ori aTwleulis manZilze produqciis moculobis saSualo wliuri zrda iaponiaSi sakmaod
STambeWdav 4,5%-s Seadgenda. am `mokrZalebuli~ procentiTac ki, romelic mokrZalebulia, ra

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Tqma unda, mxolod iaponiis mier ganvlili ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi damyarebuli rekordis
fonze, realuri warmoeba da Semosavali, Cveulebriv, Teqvsmet weliwadSi unda gaormagdes. 1980-
iani wlebis bolos, roca 50 welze naklebi iyo gasuli meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg,
iaponiis ekonomika sididiT meore gaxda. is CamorCeboda mxolod aSS-s, xolo iaponiis mosaxleo-
bis Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze utoldeboda dasavleT evropis umdidresi qveynebis mo-
saxleobis Semosavals.
ras akeTebdnen iaponelebi Seumcdarad? am kiTxvas svamdnen 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, 1990-
iani wlebis bolos ki zemoxsenebulma kiTxvam sruliad sapirispiro xasiaTi miiRo – ra gaakeTes
iaponelebma arasworad? 1992 wels iaponurma ekonomikam recesia ganicada da iseTi STabeWdile-
ba Seiqmna, rom welSi veRarasodes gaimarTeboda. warmoebis zrdis tempi yovelwliurad ecemo-
da. 1992 wels is Semcirda 1%-mde, 1993 wels – 0,3%-mde, 1994 wels – 0,7%-mde, 1995 wels gaizarda
1,4%-mde, 1996 wels 4,1%-mde gaizarda, 1997 wels isev 0,8%-mde Semcirda, xolo 1998 wels nulo-
van niSnuls Cascda. aTwleulis bolos ekonomistebma 1990-iani wlebis iaponuri ekonomika ameri-
kis 1930-iani wlebis ekonomikas Seadares da daiwyes msjeloba imaze, SeiZleboda Tu ara adreuli
periodis gamocdilebis safuZvelze moenaxaT iseTi gza, romelic iaponiis urTulesi proble-
mebis mogvarebas SeZlebda.
ra gvaswavla 1930-iani wlebis gamocdilebam? samwuxarod, ekonomistebs saukunis bolos
ufro uWirT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, vidre saukunis Sua wlebSi. Cven ar vapirebT imis ganxil-
vas, Tu ram ganapiroba iaponuri ekonomikis aseTi brwyinvale warmatebebi didi xnis ganmavloba-
Si, radgan ekonomikaSi meryeobis periodebi ufro gvainteresebs, vidre aRmavlobis. am etapze
SevexoT recesiis mizezebs da ganvixiloT misi daZlevis saSualebebi.

ra xdeba recesiis dros

termini `recesia~ dakavSirebulia inglisur sityvasTan `recede~, rac `ukusvlas~ an `ukan
daxevas~ niSnavs. am terminiT vgulisxmobT im adreuli zrdis tempebidan CamorCenas, romelic
warmoebis saerTo dones axasiaTebda. magram xom ar SeiZleba, rom ekonomikuri aRmavlobis pro-
cesidan nebismieri arsebiTi CamorCena recesiad CavTvaloT? gana mudmivi aRmavloba erTaderTi
SesaZlo normaa?
es azri kargavs mniSvnelobas, roca vxvdebiT, rom recesiis danaxarjebi ZiriTadad, gacrue-
buli molodinis danaxarjebia. recesia rom ekonomikuri aRmasvlis ubralo Seneleba iyos, is
popularobas moixveWda imaT Soris, vinc mxars uWers ekonomikis nulovan zrdas da agreTve imaT
Sorisac, vinc fiqrobs, rom sabazro saqonlis warmoebas naklebi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos. ma-
gram arc zemoxsenebul da arc sxva jgufebSi recesia araa popularuli, radgan is iwvevs warmoe-
bis zrdis tempis moulodnel da amasTanave gamanadgurebel Senelebas. saerTo produqciis Ses-
axeb arsebuli mSrali statistika ver asaxavs imedgacruebas. aRniSnuli saerTo monacemebi
recesiis WeSmarit sazomad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT, Tu ase Tu ise SevZlebT
davadginoT, ra produqciis warmoeba Seaferxa movlenebis moulodnelma ganviTarebam. ra Tqma
unda, vgulisxmobT, rom movlenebis ganviTareba mewarmeebisTvis aRmoCnda moulodneli. rece-
sia CaSlil gegmebsa da gacruebul imedebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
mewarmeTa imedgacrueba, ra Tqma unda, yoveldRiurad xdeba, magram amave dros adgili aqvs
sxva mewarmeTa yoveldRiur aRfrTovanebasac, roca isini xedaven, rom movlenebi ukeT ganvi-
Tarda, vidre moelodnen. recesia Tavs iCens maSin, roca, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, matulobs
gulgatexiloba da misi kompensacia ar xdeba sasiamovno siurprizebis raodenobiTa da xarisxiT.

gaurkvevloba komerciul sazogadoebaSi

komerciul sazogadoebaSi warmoebis dawyeba ukavSirdeba ara viRacis moTxovnas, aramed ama
Tu im produqtze moTxovnis winaswar ganWvretas. maSinac ki, roca saqoneli iwarmoeba SekveTiT,
warmoeba TiTqmis yovelTvis iwyeba manam, sanam sarwmuno SekveTas miiReben. SekveTebi iSviaTadaa
garantirebuli, radgan SeiZleba moxdes maTi gauqmeba. magaliTad, tansacmlis mwarmoebelTa
umetesobis mdgomareoba gansxvavdeba piradi mkeravis mdgomareobisagan, romelic arc qsovils

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yidulobs da arc muSaobas iwyebs klientisgan SekveTisa da `bes~ miRebamde. es imis garantiaa,
rom ar moxdeba garigebis pirobebis darRveva.rogorc ingliselebi amboben, mTeli warmoeba rom
`SekveTiT~ muSaobdes, recesia bevrad ufro iSviaTi da naklebad mtkivneuli iqneboda. magram
isic cxadia, rom Cvenc bevrad ufro Raribebi viqnebodiT, radgan didi gaurkvevloba da xSiri
Secdomebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sabazro warmoebasTan, aseve dakavSirebulia warmoebis
ufro maRal donesTan.
amgvarad, recesia daSvebuli Secdomebis Sedegia. investiciebisa da saqonlis warmoebis xar-
jebis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos Semdgomi moTxovniT. Secdomebis aRmoCeni-
sTanave saWiroa warmoebis Semcireba, muSebis daTxovna da kapitalis (sawarmoo danadgarebi
iqneba es, Tu maragebi) likvidireba, naRd fulad gardaqmna. magram ra ganapirobebs Secdomebs
ekonomikur sistemaSi? ratom ar abaTilebs metismetad pesimisturi gadawyvetilebebi metisme-
tad optimistur gadawyvetilebebs? ratom SeimCneva garkveul periodebSi warmoebis Semcirebis,
muSebis daTxovnisa da kapitalis likvidirebis tendencia, romelic sazogado da farTod
gavrcelebul saxes iRebs? pasuxi ar Semoifargleba mxolod monetaruli sistemisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli saqmianobiT, magram faqtia, rom TavsatexSi masac didi adgili ukavia.

monetaruli sistemis kraxi

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1930-iani wlebis didi depresia msoflio masStabis movlena iyo, rece-
sia, romelsac is mohyva, bevrad ufro mZime da xangrZlivi aRmoCnda SeerTebul StatebSi, vidre
sxva qveynebis umetesobaSi. ra emarTeboda sabanko da monetarul sistemebs warmoebis am metad
mZime da xangrZlivi Semcirebis dros? ekonomikuri saqmianobis cikluri pikis Semdeg, 1929 wlis
agvistodan 1933 wlis martis bolomde, mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenoba erT mesamedze
metiT Semcirda. qveynis komerciuli bankebis oc procentze metma, romelsac adre arsebuli ana-
brebis TiTqmis aTi procenti hqonda, SeaCera operaciebi. es gapirobebuli iyo imiT, rom bankebs
ar SeeZloT SeesrulebinaT TavianTi finansuri valdebulebebi. bevrma Statma, romelic cdi-
lobda, gadaerCina sabanko sistema da klientTa anabrebi, `sabanko ardadegebi~ gamoacxada.
droebiT yvela banks daxurva hqonda nabrZanebi, raTa panikaSi myof meanabreebs ar gaekotrebi-
naT, roca anabrebis gatanas moindomebdnen. 1933 wlis martSi qveynis mTavrobam erTkviriani sa-
banko ardadegebi gamoacxada, rasac mohyva ara mxolod yvela komerciuli bankis, aramed feder-
aluri sarezervo bankebis daxurvac.
yovelive amas saTanadod SeafasebT, Tu sakuTar Tavs warmoidgenT msgavs mdgomareobaSi. da-
vuSvaT, uvado angariSze sakmaod didi Tanxa gaqvT da SegiZliaT saswavlo semestris manZilze
gadaixadoT Tqveni swavlis, sacxovreblisa da pedagogebis safasuri, magram moulodnelad
gaigebT, rom Tqvenma bankma saqmianoba Sewyvita. Tqven ver waxvalT fulis gamosatanad – banki
daxurulia – da verc Ceks gadauricxavT vinmes. Cekebi ukan dagibrundebaT, radgan isini Tqveni
anabris nawilis gadaricxvas im banks daavaleben, romlis saqmianobac ukve Sewyvetilia. sab-
olood, Tqven daibrunebT anabris nawils an, Tu Zalian iRbliani aRmoCndebiT, srul Tanxas. ma-
gram es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, roca is, vinc miiRebs gakotrebuli bankis qonebas,
moaxerxebs valebis gastumrebas. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi es moxdeba ramdenime Tvisa da, SesaZloa,
ramdenime wlis Semdegac ki. amdenad, araviTari garantia ar arsebobs.
ras gaakeTebdiT aseT viTarebaSi? pirveli, rasac dRes nebismieri adamiani moimoqmedebda,
iqneboda is, rom garkveuli pirovnebis mimarT sasamarTloSi aRZravda saqmes. is ityoda: `maT ara
aqvT ufleba, ase momeqcnen~. magram 1933 wels aseTi ram xdeboda. maSin ar arsebobda anabrebis
dazRvevis federaluri korporacia, romelic mzad iqneboda, dauyovnebliv aenazRaurebina ana-
brebi. uiRblo meanabreebi uceb da moulodnelad aRmoaCendnen, rom maTi fulis masa minimu-
mamde Semcirda. bevr maTgans imis garda araferi darCenoda, rom Seemcirebina xarjebi. amgvar
viTarebaSi Tqven skolis datoveba mogixdeboda. skola albaT ver SeZlebda gadaevadebina Tqve-
ni swavlis safasuris gadaxdis vada, radgan angariSis gadasaxdelad saWiroa fuli da mas bankis
gakotrebis gamo, SesaZloa, Tavadac ganecada zarali. Zneli araa imis danaxva, Tu rogor gamoi-
wvia 1929-1933 wlebis sabanko sistemis kraxma da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis Semcirebam sxva­
dasxva saqonlis Sesyidvebis erToblivi Semcireba rogorc ojaxebis, ise firmebis mxridan.

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moTxovna fulze
federaluri sarezervo banki, romelic qveynis monetaruli sistemis regulirebas axorcie-
lebs, miznad isaxavs fulis masis raodenobisa da fulze moTxovnis raodenobis gaTanabrebas.
mosaxleobis umetesobisaTvis cneba `fulze moTxovna~, erTi SexedviT, cota ucnauria. roca
laparakia garkveuli saqonlis, magaliTad, Jolos murabis moTxovnaze, igulisxmeba, rom drois
garkveul periodSi SesaZlebelia saqonlis garkveuli raodenobis garkveul fasad yidva. ufro
maRali fasebis SemTxvevaSi Jolos murabis nacvlad momxmarebeli sxva saqonels iyidis, xolo
ufro dabali fasebis SemTxvevaSi xsenebul sxva saqonels Jolos murabas amjobinebs. magram,
modiT davfiqrdeT, ra mniSvnelobas SeiZens zemoxsenebuli winadadebebi, Tu `Jolos murabis~
nacvlad vixmarT sityvas `fuli~? is metad mniSvnelovan azrs SeiZens, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT or
garemoebas: (1) fuli ar aris igive, rac Semosavali da (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom Jolos murabaze
moTxovnaSi igulisxmeba SeZena da moxmareba, fulis moTxovnaSi igulisxmeba moTxovna qonebis
flobaze da ara mis `moxmarebaze~.
cneba `moTxovna fulze~ Znelad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu fuls gavaigivebT fulad SemosavalTan. fu-
ladi Semosavali aris fulis nakadi, romlis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia mxolod drois garkveul pe-
riodSi, magaliTad, rva dolari saaTSi, 1600 dolari TveSi, 24000 dolari weliwadSi. magram Tavad
fuli maragia. esaa Tanxis garkveuli raodenoba, romelic arsebobs garkveul momentSi . raki am mar-
agis raodenoba yovelwliurad icvleba, amitom misi odenobis dadgena SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mxolod
drois garkveul momentSi. magram drois garkveul momentSi SesaZlebelia dadgindes fulis maragis
odenoba, fulis nakadis odenoba ki drois garkveul periodSi dgindeba.

Semosavali aris fulis nakadi drois erTeulSi

fuli aris fulis maragi drois erTeulSi

amgvarad, Tu dasaqmebuli pirovneba ambobs: `SuadRisas waval ufrosTan da movTxov, rom

fuli momimatos~, is gulisxmobs fulad Semosavals – fulis nakadis met raodenobas TveSi. ma-
gram amJamad es araa Cveni saubris Tema. ra Tqma unda, fulis is raodenoba, romelsac xalxi
flobs (maragis saxiT), mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli fuladi Semosavlis im raodenobasTan,
romelsac regularulad iRebs (fuladi nakadis saxiT). magram, cxadia, SesaZlebelia sxva varian-
tic – roca erTi maTganis raodenoba gaizrdeba, meorisa ki – Semcirdeba.
modic, kargad davfiqrdeT, ra raodenobis Tanxa gaqvT axla. igulisxmeba fuli, romelic gan-
vsazRvreT, rogorc M1. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ra Tanxa gaqvT mimdinare angariSze da ra raode-
nobiT fulis banknotebi da monetebi gaqvT jibeSi, qisaSi, safulesa Tu saweri magidis ujraSi.
ra xerxs SeiZleba mivmarToT, rom arsebuli Tanxa, misi raodenobis miuxedavad, gavzardoT an
SevamciroT? SesaZlebelia, rom fuli gaicvalos sxva aqtivze (vvaraudobT, rom Tqven ar dakar-
gavT an ar gadayriT mas). aseTi aqtivi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram, dawyebuli kvebis produqte-
biT, romlis moxmarebac xdeba dauyovnebliv da kompaniis `ameriqen telegraf end telefon~
aqciebiT damTavrebuli. imisaTvis, rom gazardoT M1 raodenoba, romelsac amJamad flobT,
unda gacvaloT aqtivebi naRd fulze an gazardoT Tanxa Tqvens mimdinare angariSze (gamovricx-
avT fulis povnis an moparvis SemTxvevebs).
nakadi

maragi

n
a
k
a d i

119
 axla warmovidginoT, rom kviraSi oc saaTs muSaobT da saaTSi rva dolars gixdian. Tqven Tqve-
ni drois oc saaTs yovel kviras cvliT 160 dolarze da iRebT fulad Semosavals kviraSi 160
dolaris odenobiT. Semdeg gadawyvetT garkveuli dro swavlas moaxmaroT da amcirebT samuSao
saaTebs TxuTmet saaTamde, Tqvens Semosavals ki – kviraSi 120 dolaramde. Tu amave dros kviraSi
40 dolariT an metiT amcirebT xarjebs (mag., uars ambobT bevr gasarTobze, imisaTvis, rom meti
dro gqondeT swavlisTvis), maSin Tqvens xelT arsebuli fulis masa imatebs Tqveni Semosavlis
Semcirebis miuxedavad. xalxs SeuZlia gazardos sakuTari fulis maragi, Tu Seamcirebs xarjebs
ise, rom es xarjebi Semosavalze naklebi iqneba, an Tu fulad aqtivebs fulze gadacvlis da
piriqiT, mas SeuZlia Seamciros fulis maragi, Tu gazrdis xarjebs ise, rom es xarjebi Semo-
savals gadaaWarbebs, an Tu fuls sxva aqtivebze gacvlis.

ratom aqvs xalxs fulis maragi

rogorc aRvniSneT, fulze moTxovnaSi igulisxmeba fulis floba da ara misi xarjva. am az-
riT, fuli sulac ar aris gansakuTrebuli. sakmaod bevri saqonlis dasaxeleba SegviZlia, rom-
lebic sasargebloa mxolod da mxolod imiT, rom maT floben, maT Soris, ferweris nimuSebi,
aqciebi, saxlebi. moTxovna TiToeul maTganze unda gavigoT, rogorc moTxovna garkveuli saqon-
lis flobaze da ara `mis gamoyenebaze~. sruliad gasagebia, Tu rogor xdeba ferweris nimuSebiT,
korporaciis aqciebiTa da saxlebiT sargebloba maTi flobis xarjze. magram, gana simarTles ar
Seesabameba is faqti, rom fuli mxolod maSinaa sasargeblo, roca mas xarjaven?

fulze moTxovna fulis flobis moTxovnaa.

es araa simarTle. fuli marTlac maSinaa sasargeblo, roca mas xarjaven da swored amitomaa, rom
xalxi, uwinares yovlisa, misi flobiTaa dainteresebuli. adamiani Tvlis, rom fuliT bevr siamovnebas
iyidis, magram Tavad fulis flobac aranakleb sasargebloa. ase rom ar iyos, aravin isurvebda, rom
hqonoda fuli, radgan es sakmaod ZviradRirebuli siamovnebaa. roca fuls vflobT, amiT uars vambobT
bevr ZviradRirebul siamovnebaze, romelsac sxva saqoneli mogvaniWebda, Tu mas fuliT viyiddiT – mag-
aliTad, saxelmwifo obligaciebis sargebeli, kargi filmis naxviT gamowveuli siamovneba, moxerxebuli
savarZeli, romelSic Tavisuflad vgrZnobT Tavs. Tu dRevandeli keTildReoba imaze ufro ZviradRi-
rebulia, vidre momavali, maSin ratom ar xarjavs xalxi fulad marags nulamde? cxadia, adamianebi amas
ar akeTeben, rac sruliad marTebulad migviniSnebs imaze, rom fulis floba bevrad ufro met sargeb-
els aZlevs maT, vidre mis flobasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi.
zemoaRniSnuli upiratesoba, martivad Tu vityviT, moqnilobaSi gamoixateba. Tu adamiani sxva aq-
tivebis nacvlad flobs fuls, izrdeba manevrirebis Tavisufleba. misTvis ufro advilia, iyidos rac
unda da roca unda. garda amisa, meti Sansi aqvs isargeblos moulodneli SesaZleblobiT, an Tavi daaR-
wios moulodnel sirTules. ufro metic, yovelive es misTvis SesaZlebeli xdeba Tavis Sewuxebis, bank-
Si gamgzavrebis, birJis agentTan vizitis, araxelsayrel fasad qonebis gayidvis gareSe. moqnilobis
sinonimia likviduroba. aqtivi, romelic SeiZleba nebismier dros gaicvalos Tavisi realuri Rireb-
ulebis Sesatyvis nebismier sxva aqtivze, mTlianad likvidur aqtivs warmoadgens. fuli sazogadoebis
yvelaze likvidur aqtivadaa miCneuli. fulze moTxovna warmoadgens moTxovnas likvidurobaze.

realuri da sasurveli fulis maragi

fulis miwodebis raodenoba yovelTvis fulis flobis raodenobis tolia,

magram yovelTvis ar aris im raodenobis toli, romlis

flobac adamianebs surT.

sazogadoebis survilisgan damoukideblad, fulis is raodenoba, romelsac is flobs, mimo-

qcevaSi myofi fulis raodenobas utoldeba. es martivi, magram metad mniSvnelovani faqtia da,

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vfiqrob, misi daviwyeba ar gvmarTebs. fulis masis raodenoba, ra xerxebic ar unda gamoviyenoT
mis gasazomad, yovelTvis im fuladi maragis tolia, romelsac xalxi garkveul momentSi flobs.
magram faqtobrivi fulis maragi ar SeiZleba yovelTvis utoldebodes sasurveli fulis marags.
Tu fulis masa gaizarda im dros, roca mosaxleoba kmayofildeboda im TanxiT, romelsac flob-
da, droTa ganmavlobaSi zogierTebi aRmoaCenen, rom fulis sasurvelze met marags floben. Se-
sabamisad, isini Seecdebian mis sasurvel donemde Semcirebas. xolo Tu fulis masam daiklo ma-
Sin, roca xalxi fulis sasurvel marags flobda, is Seecdeba sasurvel donemde gazardos misi
maragi. fulis maragis Secvla ki SesaZlebelia Cvens mier ukve aRwerili saSualebebiT: Semosav-
lisa da xarjebis Tanafardobis SecvliT an aqtivebis struqturis SecvliT – korporaciis
aqciebis gayidvisa Tu saxelmwifo obligaciebis yidvis saSualebiT.
fulze moTxovnis cnebaSi vgulisxmobT, rom, roca mosaxloebas, romelsac ukve aqvs fulis
sasurveli raodenoba, damatebiTi fuli miewodeba, is Seecdeba am damatebiTi fulis sxva saqo­
nelze gacvlas. Sedegad, erToblivi moTxovna sxva saqonelze ufro metad gaizrdeba, vidre
fulze, im kvlavwarmoebuli saqonlis CaTvliT, romelic mTlian Sida produqts qmnis. gazrdi-
li moTxovna ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevs fasebisa da warmoebis gazrdas. amdenad, mosalodnelia,
rom mTliani Sida produqti SesaZlebelia gaizardos imitom, rom gaizarda moTxovna axal saqo­
nelze, romelic Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia fulis miwodebis zrdam im xalxisaTvis, romelic ukve
flobs fuladi maragis sasurvel dones. mTliani Sida produqtis zrda grZeldeba manam, sanam
xdeba axali saqonlis didi raodenobiT Sesyidva. fulis didi raodenobiT xarjva ki gagrZel-
deba manam, sanam xalxs is sasurvelze meti raodenobiT eqneba.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom calkeul pirTa mcdeloba, Seamciron sakuTari fulis maragi xar-
jebis gazrdis gziT, zrdis sxvebis fulis marags da ar amcirebs fulis saerTo masas. mosaxleobis
mcdeloba, Seamciros fulis maragi ar SeiZleba warmatebiT dagvirgvindes, radgan fuls, romelic
xalxs miewodeba, viRac unda flobdes. amis nacvlad xdeba is, rom fulis realuri maragis sa-
survel donemde Semcirebis mcdeloba mTliani Semosavlis zrdas iwvevs. es grZeldeba manam, sanam
mosaxloeba ar moisurvebs, rom misi fulis maragi miwodebuli fulis raodenobas utoldebodes.
sakiTxis amgvarad dayeneba SecdomaSi Segviyvans, radgan SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom xalxi iZule-
bulia flobdes fulis im raodenobas, romelsac sabanko sistemis saSualebiT mTavroba mimo-
qcevaSi uSvebs. ra Tqma unda, es ase araa. daimaxsovreT, rom fulis miwodeba maSin izrdeba, roca
komerciuli bankebi zrdian gasacemi sesxebis raodenobas. es ki imas niSnavs, rom xalxs, visac
surda sesxis aReba, ukve aqvs fuli, romlis Sovnasac cdilobda. cxadia, adamiani imisTvis ar
iRebs sesxs da imisTvis ar ixdis sargebels, rom fuli uqmad dados sabanko angariSze. xalxi xar-
javs mas im mizniT, ra mizniTac isesxa.
warmovidginoT, rom col-qmarma axali avejis sayidlad sesxi aiRo. isini gadauricxaven ave-
jis maRaziis patrons im Tanxas, romelic bankma asesxa da maT mimdinare angariSze moaTavsa. ras
akeTeben am SemTxvevaSi avejiT movaWreebi? isini sulac ar ityvian – `RmerTma daswyevlos! Cven
gvqonda fulis sasurveli raodenoba. im CerCetma wyvilma ki damatebiTi fuli SemogvaCeCa. axla
iZulebulebi varT movifiqroT, rogor moviSoroT is Tavidan. xom ar vicnobT vinmes, visac am
fuls mivuyridiT?~ amis nacvlad isini amboben: `SesaniSnavia! Cven gavyideT taxti da ori skami,
saqme kargad midis. Cveni gasayidi saqoneli Semcirda, amitom kargi iqneba, Tu fuls mis Sesavsebad
davxarjavT~. kmayofili vaWrebi am fuls uxdian mimwodeblebs, romlebic iReben mas da imeo-
reben zustad imaves, rac avejiT movaWreebisgan movismineT.

ramdenad stabiluria fulze moTxovna?

fulze moTxovna icvleba iseTi finansuri siaxleebis Sedegad, rogoricaa sakredito ba-
raTebis ufro intensiuri gamoyeneba an fulis gadaricxvis satelefono sistemis Seqmna, rac am-
artivebs fuladi saxsrebis erTi sabanko angariSidan meoreze gadayvanas. magram finansuri praq-
tikis danergva, Cveulebriv, nela mimdinareobs da aseve nela icvleba fulis maragis sasurveli
donec. Sesabamisad, fulze moTxovna SeiZleba stabilur moTxovnad CaiTvalos.
Tumca zogierT movlenas SeuZlia daarRvios aRniSnuli stabiluroba. davuSvaT, safinanso
politikis mesveurebma ganacxades, rom ganzraxuli aqvT swrafad, didi masStabiT da mtkiced
gazardon fulis masa. sazogadoeba maSinve daaskvnis, rom mosalodnelia fulis msyidvelobiTi

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unaris dacema da Seecdeba gadacvalos fuli sxva aqtivebze. cxadia, sxva aqtivebis fasebi ga­i­
zrdeba, fulis Rirebuleba ki Semcirdeba. es ganapirobebs xalxis SeSfoTebas da fulis flo-
bisadmi SiSs. fulze moTxovna daiklebs safinanso politikis mesveurTa gadaWarbebuli da
upasuxis­mgeblo moqmedebis an msgavsi moqmedebis winaswarganWvretis Sedegadac ki.

ratom icvleba fulze moTxovna?

axla warmoidgineT sxva SemTxveva: xalxma waikiTxa informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflios
sxva­dasxva qveynebSi arsebuli ekonomikuri problemebi SeiZleba aqtualuri gaxdes aSS-Sic.
ojaxebi gadawyveten, rom sxva droisTvis gadadon im nivTebis SeZena, romelTa yidvac dagegmili
hqondaT da Tvali adevnon movlenebis ganviTarebas. isini varaudoben, rom, Tu qveyanas recesiis
periodi daudgeba, maSin fasebi daiklebs da isini SeZleben sasurveli nivTebis nakleb fasad
yidvas. analogiuri mosazrebebi gauCndebaT firmebis xelmZRvanelebsac. isini ityvian: `da-
vicadoT da vnaxoT, rad gvinda iseTi investicia, romelic mere SeiZleba wamgebiani aRmoCndes~.
xarjebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi, Semosavlebis winaswari Semcirebis gar-
eSe, gamoiwves fulze moTxovnis zrdas.
xom ar SegiZliaT iwinaswarmetyveloT, rogor Secvlis fulze moTxovnas da ra gavlenas moax-
dens masze aqciaTa fasebis, mag. dou jonsis samrewvelo fasebis indeqsis, sagrZnoblad didi Sem-
cireba? isini, vinc aqciebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas floben, Zveleburad mdidar adamianebad
aRar miiCneven Tavs da Zveleburad aRarc fulis xarjvas gaagrZeleben. garda amisa, SesaZloa,
arc imis survili hqondeT, rom fuli, romelsac ar xarjaven, ganaTavson safondo birJaze, sa-
dac, SiSoben, rom fasebi kidev ufro daecema. xolo roca alternatiuli aqtivis monaxvas Se-
ecdebian, zogierT maTgans SeiZleba azrad mouvides, gazardos mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli fulis
maragi. amgvarad gaizrdeba fulze moTxovna.
msgavs SemTxvevebSi, federaluri sarezervo sistemis amocanas warmoadgens is, rom fulze
moTxovnis xasiaTis Secvlas upasuxos im Tanxis raodenobis SecvliT, romelsac mimoqcevaSi uSvebs.
miaqcieT yuradReba, ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu, magaliTad, federaluri sarezervo sistema ver SeZ-
lebs fulis raodenobis gazrdas, roca mosaxleobaSi ukve gazrdilia moTxovna fulis flobaze.
adamianebi, romlebsac surT, rom fulis met marags flobdnen, iZulebulni gaxdebian Seamciron
xarjebi an gayidon sxva aqtivebi. xarjebis Semcireba ganapirobebs sxva adamianebis Semosavlebis Sem-
cirebas. mogvianebiT ki, sakuTari fulis maragis SesanarCuneblad es ukanasknelnic Seamcireben
xarjebs. roca damatebiTi fuli araa xelmisawvdomi, meti fulis flobis sayovelTao survilma,
SesaZloa, gamoiwvios xarjebis Semcireba, rac SesaZloa kulminacias miaRwevs recesiis dros. rece-
siis sakmaod mZime xasiaTi SeaCerebs xarjebis Semcirebas, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamian-
ebis finansuri mdgomareoba imdenad gauaresdeba, rom maT ukve ar moundebaT fulis maragebis gaz-
rda. fulis maragis gazrdis mizniT sxva aqtivebis (mag. aqciebis an miwebis) gayidvam, SeiZleba
gamoiwvios aqtivebis Rirebulebis mkveTri Semcireba. es maSin moxdeba, roca mosaxleobis didi
nawili erTsa da imave dros gayidis erTsa da imave qonebas. aqtivebis fasebis dacemam, rac sazoga-
doebis simdidris ganadgurebas iwvevs, SeiZleba xarjebis Semcirebisken ubiZgos adamianebs, amas ki
analogiuri Sedegebi mohyveba. Tu federaluri sarezervo sistema xelmisawvdoms gaxdis fulis met
raodenobas maSin, roca sazogadoebas surs meti fulis floba, es qmedeba ramdenadme daicavs eko-
nomikur sistemas produqciis moculobisa da fasebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli meryeobisagan.
Tu federaluri sarezervo sistema mimoqcevaSi gamouSvebs imaze met fuls, vidre xalxi
moiTxovs, an ver Seamcirebs mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masas maSin, roca fulze moTxovna Sem-
cirdeba, Tavs iCens inflaciis riski. sazogadoebas ki metismetad Trgunavs inflaciis SiSi,
radgan, Cveulebriv, ver axerxebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaos yoveldRiuri moxmarebis saqonelze
fasebis realuri zrda da fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris umniSvnelo Semcireba. inflacia zrdis
im pirebis meryeobas, romlebic ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebiT arian dakavebulni.
meryeoba ki recesiis ZiriTadi mizezia. ufro metic, inflaciis SeCereba maSin, roca is ukve dai-
wyo, SeiZleba recesiis gamomwvevadac ki iqces. saukeTeso varianti iqneba, Tu Zalebs ar davi-
SurebT, raTa aseTi ram Tavidan aviSoroT.

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monetaruli politikis ganxorcieleba
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu regularulad kiTxulobT `uol sTriT jornels~ an gazeTebis saqmian
da safinanso gverdebs, sruliad dasaSvebia, rom ar flobdeT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
ganzraxva aqvs federalur sarezervo sistemas fulis raodenobis gazrdisa da Semcirebis Tao-
baze. samagierod, SesaZloa naxoT informacia `sakvanZo sargeblis ganakveTis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac
federaluri sarezervo sistema akontrolebs da imis Sesaxeb, rom miiRebs Tu ara Ria bazris
komiteti Semdeg sxdomaze gadawyvetilebas mis gazrdaze, Semcirebaze, an datovebs mas ucvlels.

mizani – federaluri fondebis ganakveTi

`sakvanZo ganakveTi~ federaluri fondebis ganakveTia, romliTac komerciuli bankebi erTmaneTs

sesxad rezervebs aZleven. federalur sarezervo sistemas ar SeuZlia pirdapir gansazRvros federal-
uri fondebis ganakveTebi, ise, rogorc is gansazRvravs sadiskonto ganakveTebs, roca kredits aZlevs
komerciul bankebs. federaluri fondebis ganakveTebis gansazRvra xdeba moTxovna/miwodebis safuZ-
velze. magram moTxovna/miwodebaSi igulisxmeba rogorc sabanko rezervebis, ise yovelive imis moTxovna
da miwodeba, ris gakontrolebac federalur sarezervo sistemas SeuZlia sakmao sizustiT. ase rom, Tu
federaluri sarezervo sistema gadawyvets procentis meoTxediT Seamciros federaluri fondebis ga-
nakveTebi, is gankargulebas miscems imaT, visac fasiani qaRaldebiT savaWro operaciebis warmoeba eva-
leba, iyidon meti saxelmwifo obligacia. rogor wina TavSi avxseniT, es imas niSnavs, rom federaluri
sarezervo sistema gadaqaCavs damatebiT rezervebs sabanko sistemaSi. is SeiZens damatebiT aqtivebs aSS-
is saxelmwifo obligaciebis saxiT da iRebs axal valdebulebebs im anabrebis formiT, romlebsac komer-
ciuli bankebi federalur sarezervo bankebSi inaxaven.
federaluri fondebis ganakveTi ar SeiZleba erTbaSad Semcirdes. is, rogorc wesi, yovel-
dRiurad meryeobs. xuTSabaTis axali ambebis saangariSo moxsenebaSi, romelic saanabro procen-
tis ganakveTebis cvlilebas exeba da oTxSabaTis monacemebs asaxavs, federaluri fondebis ga-
nakveTebis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `maqsimumi – 8%, minimumi – 5,75%, daxurvisas – 6%, SemoTavazebuli
– 6,5%~. es niSnavs, rom komerciul bankebs, romlebsac surdaT, aeRoT krediti erTi milioni
dolaris an meti raodenobiT sxva bankebis Warbi rezervebidan imisaTvis, rom oTxSabaTs saRamos
gamoeyenebinaT, procentis gadaxda Semdegi ganakveTiT mouxdebodaT: umaRlesi iqneboda 8%,
minimaluri 5,75%, oTxSabaTs bazris daxurvis win bolo garigeba iqneboda 6%, viRac ki iTxovda
6,5%-s. sxvaTa Soris, sanam es monacemebi gamoqveyndeboda, zustad erTi dRiT adre federal-
urma sarezervo sistemam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom dagegmili 5,5%-iani ganakveTi 5,25%-mde
Semcirebuliyo. es ki sruliad naTels xdis im faqts, rom federaluri sarezervo sistemis sur-
vilebi erTbaSad ar aisaxeba federaluri fondebis ganakveTebze.
raki saubari mTlianad sargeblis ganakveTebs exeba, bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: ris saSualebiT
axdens monetaruli politika gavlenas ekonomikur saqmianobaze – fulis miwodebis kontrolisa Tu
sargeblis ganakveTebis gakontrolebis gziT? es sakmaod rTuli gadasawyvetia, radgan federal-
uri sarezervo sistema cdilobs, gavlena iqonios sargeblis ganakveTebze iseTi procedurebiT,
romlebic cvlian sabanko rezervebs da, amdenad, rogorc bankis sakredito saqmianobas, aseve mimo-
qcevaSi arsebuli fulis raodenobasac. ufro metic, damatebiTi rezervebis saSualebiT, romlebic
iqmneba, roca federaluri sarezervo sistema cdilobs federaluri fondebis sargeblis ga-
nakveTebis Semcirebas, izrdeba sabanko kreditebis miwodeba, es ki uaryofiTad moqmedebs sesxebis
sargeblis ganakveTebze. Tu firmebi da, naklebad, ojaxebi, SeZleben, ufro meti ufro iafad isesx-
on, maSin, savaraudoa, rom maT gauCndebaT survili, isesxon da daxarjon meti. amgvarad, miwodebuli
fulis raodenobis Secvlaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, federaluri fondebis sargeblis ganakveTebis
Semcireba SeiZleba xarjebis gazrdis stimuladac iqces. magram, raki bankis mier damatebiTi sesxis
gacema dakavSirebulia axali fulis SeqmnasTan, amitom dabali sargeblis ganakveTi da fulis meti
raodenoba urTierTs ganapirobebs. SeiZleba federalurma sarezervo bankma fulis raodenobis ga-
kontroleba moisurvos, magram is acnobierebs, rom amas saTanado sizustiT ver gaakeTebs da midis
im daskvnamde, rom federaluri fondebis sargeblis ganakveTebi SeiZleba saukeTeso gza aRmoCndes
fulis miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris tolobis dasacavad.

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rodisaa monetaruli politika efeqtiani
didi depresiis Semdgomi ramdenime wlis manZilze ekonomistebs Soris gabatonebuli iyo Sem-
degi Sexeduleba: miuxedavad imisa, rom monetaruli politika SeiZleba efeqtiani iyos infla-
ciis Tavidan asacileblad, is sakmaod araefeqtiania recesiisgan Tavis daRwevis TvalsazrisiT.
im dros sakmaod popularuli analogia iyo Tokze gamobmuli sahaero buSti. SegviZlia xeli Se-
vuSaloT mis gafrenas, Tu Toks movqaCavT, samagierod, Cveni mcdeloba, xeli SevuwyoT gafrenas
TokisTvis xelis kvris saSualebiT, araviTar Sedegs ar gamoiRebs.
monetaruli politikis gamtareblebs SeuZliaT gazardon sabanko sistemis Warbi rezervebi,
magram isini komerciul bankebs verc sesxebis gacemis gazrdas aiZuleben da verc rezervebis fu-
lad gardaqmnas. ufro metic, didi fulis masis Seqmna ar gamoiwvevs xarjvis gazrdas, Tu mo-
saxleoba am moqmedebas fulis maragis SeqmniT upasuxebs.

ratomaa SesaZlebeli monetaruli politikis araefeqtianoba recesiis dros?

recesiis dros xalxis umetesobas midrekileba aqvs pesimizmisa da sifrTxilisadmi. sesxebis

gacemisas bankebi ufro frTxilad iqcevian, met yuradRebas iCenen potenciuri sesxis amRebebis
mimarT da, zogierTi kreditis ganaxlebazec uars amboben. klientic araa dainteresebuli, rom
banks sesxi sTxovos, radgan moklevadiani Tamasuqebis ganaRdebiT miRebuli mogeba, arc Tu ise
sarfiani eCveneba. Tavdacvis mizniT xalxi likvidobis gazrdis gzebs eZebs, fasebis Semcirebis
molodinic aseve ganapirobebs sazogadoebis survils, rom flobdes fuls da ara aqtivebs,
romelTa Rirebulebac, rogorc Cans, fulis Sesabamisad Semcirdeba. mokled, recesias SeuZlia
gamoiwvios rwmenis krizisi, romelic recesias kidev ufro amZimebs imiT, rom imatebs mosaxleo-
bis survili, flobdes naRdi fulis ufro did raodenobas. monetaruli politikis warmmarT-
velTaTvis SeiZleba Zneli aRmoCndes am survilis dakmayofileba. maT aseve gauWirdebaT daarw-
munon xalxi imaSi, rom saWiroa uqmad dadebuli fulis xarjva. aseT viTarebaSi centraluri
bankis mcdeloba, SeaCeros recesia an kursi misi daZlevisken aiRos, SeiZleba marTlac hgavdes
buStisTvis xelis kvras.

Ffiskaluri politikis SemTxveva

arsebobs Tu ara raime gza, romlis daxmarebiT centraluri banki an sxva romelime saxelm-
wifo saagento SeZleben xalxis darwmunebas imaSi, rom SeuZliaT isesxon da daxarjon? erT-erTi
gza iqneboda rwmenis ganmtkiceba ojaxebsa da biznesis sferoSi gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa So-
ris. amitomaa, rom mTavrobis oficialuri pirebi yovelTvis ase Tamamad saubroben ekonomikis
momavlis Sesaxeb, siamovnebiT akeTeben samomavlo keTildReobis prognozs da `recesias~ mx-
olod warsulTan mimarTebaSi axseneben. rwmenis aRsadgenad SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos ubralo
imedi imisa, rom mTavroba metad mniSvnelovan nabijebs gadadgams Zveli keTildReobis dasa-
bruneblad. es imedi sakmarisia maSinac ki, roca aravis warmodgena ara aqvs, Tu ra konkretuli
nabijebis gadadgmaa SesaZlebeli. nebismieri muqara momavalSi gadasaxadebis gazrdis Sesaxeb,
rasakvirvelia, uaryofiTad imoqmedebs rwmenis faqtorze. 1930-ian wlebSi franklin ruzvelti
usazRvro dapirebebs iZleoda federalur biujetTan dakavSirebiT, oRond am pirobebis safuZ-
vlad gadasaxadebis gazrdas miiCnevda. SesaZloa, es dapirebebi miznad isaxavda biznesmenTa
rwme­nis ganmtkicebas misi Rrmad konservatoruli ideebis mimarT, magram isini muqarad ufro
aRiqmeboda, vidre dapirebad. xalxs dabali gadasaxadebi ufro mimzidvelad eCveneboda, vidre
maTi gazrdis xarjze dabalansebuli biujeti.

fiskaluri politikis meSveobiT monetaruli politikis gaZliereba

im dros, roca SiSi da gaubedaoba batonobs, kreditebis asaRebad da xarjvis gasazrdelad

bevrad ufro sasargeblo gza isaa, rom TviTon mTavrobam gazardos kreditebis aReba da xarjva.
Tu mTavroba sesxulobs axal rezervebs, romelsac centraluri banki qmnis monetaruli poli-
tikis saSualebiT da Semosavals gonivrul proeqtebze xarjavs, maSin fiskaluri politika

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garkveul daxmarebas gauwevs monetarul politikas, romelic, SesaZloa, uZluri aRmoCndes
problemebis gadasawyvetad. fiskaluri politika ubralod biujetis politikaa. roca aRniS-
nul termins am konteqstSi vxmarobT, igulisxmeba mcdeloba, rom saxelmwifo biujetis saSu-
alebiT miRweul iqnas saerTo xarjvis sasurveli done.
am saukuneSi fiskaluri politikis yvelaze gavleniani mxardamWeri iyo jon meinard qeinsi. es
iyo britaneli ekonomisti, romelic 1883-1946 wlebSi cxovrobda. man, rogorc investorma, re-
daqtorma, maswavlebelma, mweralma, mTavrobis moxelem da saerTaSoriso safinanso sistemebis
reformis arqiteqtorma brwyinvale da mravalferovani kariera gaikeTa, magram dRes mas um-
Tavresad im wignis avtorad moixsenieben, romelic 1936 wlis dasawyisSi, didi depresiis Sua pe-
riodSi gamoqveynda. am wignis saxelwodebaa `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria~.
`zogadi Teoria~ – esaa Semoklebuli saTauri, romliTac mas Cveulebriv icnoben – saerTo
SexedulebiT, metad bundovani da cudad organizebuli wignia. mis gamoqveynebas mohyva bevri
statia da simpoziumi Temaze `raSi mdgomareobs zogadi Teoriis arsi~. es aSkarad migvaniSnebs
imaze, rom yvela metad mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda zemoxsenebul nawarmoebs, magram aravin icoda,
Tu, saxeldobr, raSi gamoixateboda misi arsebiTi mniSvneloba. qeinsis ZiriTadi politika, ro-
melic, SesaZloa, zustad arc ki asaxavs mis miznebs, miT umetes, rom misi WeSmariti miznebis Sesa­
xeb dava dResac grZeldeba, male iqca fiskalur politikad, romlis arsic recesiis koreqtire-
baSi mdgomareobs. qeinsi am koreqtirebis safuZvlad `kreditebis xarjvas~ miiCnevda. mTavrobas
unda aeRo sesxi da daexarja fuli.
qeinsi nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda sagadasaxado tarifiebis Secvlas. magram es fiskaluri
politikis gasatareblad mimarTuli sruliad sxva gzaa. imdenad, ramdenadac saerTo xarjva
damokidebulia im gadasaxadebze, romlebsac ojaxebi da firmebi ixdian, an Tvlian, rom unda ga-
daixadon, mTavrobas SeuZlia Secvalos xarjvis done sagadasaxado tarifebis gazrdisa Tu Sem-
cirebis gziT. sesxis xarjvasTan SedarebiT es nakleb pirdapiri gzaa, amdenad, naklebia imis
prognozirebis Sansi, Tu ra Sedegs iqoniebs is saerTo xarjvaze.
bevri damkvirveblis azriT, fiskaluri politikis SesaZleblobaTa demonstrireba moaxdina
`fiskalurma eqsperimentma~ 1940-1944 wlebSi, aTwliani depresiis Semdeg, romelic gamowveuli
iyo, erTi mxriv, ojaxebisa da firmebis xarjvis dabali doniT, meore mxriv ki, mTavrobis gaube-
davi politikiT. meore msoflio omma praqtikulad aiZula mTavroba, Serigeboda biujetis did
deficits. mTavrobis xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeboda, vidre gadasaxadebi. Sedegad
ekonomika sagrZnoblad aRorZinda. rogorc ki moxda keTildReobis aRdgena, rac ganpirobebu-
li iyo mTavrobis mxridan xarjvis masiuri zrdiT. rogorc ki meore msoflio omis Semdeg isev
mkveTrad Semcirda mTavrobis xarjebi, kerZo xarjebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda vaWrobis
SenelebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebac. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase ambobdnen qeinsis
momxreebi.

Ddrois sworad SerCevis politika

eWvi aravis epareba, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis swori kombinaciis Sedegad
Sesa­Zlebelia saerTo xarjvis Secvla. magram, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom aseTma kombinaciam
gamefebuli erToblivi meryeobebic Seamciros? SesaZlebelia Tu ara am gziT recesiis Sedegad
gaCenili sirTuleebisa da fulis RirebulebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Tavidan acileba an Sem-
cireba? swored esaa eWvebis saTave.
drois sworad SerCeva uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtoria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erToblivi
moTxovnis regulirebas efeqtian mastabilizebel saSualebad miviCnevT. magram fiskaluri an
monetaruli politikis SemTxvevaSi, da bevri sxva mizezis gamoc, drois sworad SerCeva sakmaod
rTulia. upirveles yovlisa, am sirTules ganapirobebs is, rom arasodes viciT, mocemul moment­
Si erToblivi moTxovna izrdeba Tu mcirdeba. ekonomika araa aRWurvili spidometriT, romli-
Tac SevZlebdiT dagvedgina, ramdenad swrafia misi tempi nebismier momentSi. mxolod mogvi-
anebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, ra mdgomareobaSia mTliani Sida produqti mimdinare kvartalSi. is
cifrebic ki, romlebsac ekonomikuri analizis biuro aqveynebs, mxolod savaraudo cifrebia,
romlebsac safuZvliani gadasinjva sWirdeba da ufro zusti monacemebis miReba mxolod kvart-
lis dasrulebidan ori Tvis Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli.

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 sad varT?

kidev ufro uaresia is, rom garkveul periodSi erToblivi moTxovnis Sesaxeb zusti monace-
mebic rom gvqondes, mainc verafers gavawyobdiT. monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis gamtare-
blebma zustad unda icodnen, ra kursiT warmarTon moqmedeba, radgan dRevandeli nabijebi
mimarTuli unda iyos erToblivi moTxovnis xvalindeli deficitisa Tu namatis kompensaciaze,
stabilizaciis politika, aucileblobidan gamomdinare, dafuZnebulia progno­ zebze, xolo
moklevadiani ekonomikuri prognozebi, romlebic Sorsaa zusti mecnierebisagan, rigian saqmi-
anobadac ki ar aRiqmeba.

sad viqnebiT?

gansakuTrebiT SemaSfoTebelia Cveni uunaroba, gavakeToT prognozi imis Taobaze, Tu ram-

deni dro dasWirdeba monetaruli an fiskaluri politikis Sedegad gatarebul RonisZiebebs
dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. drois xangrZlivoba monetarul Tu fiskalur qmedebasa da mis
Sedegebs Soris ramdenime Tvidan ramdenime wlamde meryeobs. mkvlevarTa gulmodgine mcdelo-
bebma, SeemcirebinaT drois aseTi xangrZlivoba, jerjerobiT sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo.
garda amisa, es xangrZlivoba SeiZleba imgvarad icvlebodes, rom prognozireba SeuZlebelic ki
gaxdes. bevri mizezis gamo vvaraudobT, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis RonisZiebaTa
da maTgan gamomdinare Sedegebs Soris arsebuli drois xangrZlivoba ar warmoadgens iseT kon-
stantas, romelic SeiZleba erTxel gaizomos da mere mas samudamod vendoT. zemoaRniSnul
RonisZiebaTa Sedegi, sabolood, damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu rogor Seafaseben mewarmeebi da
momxmareblebi sakuTar gaurkvevel momavals. mTavrobis qmedebebi amcirebs gaurkvevlobas erT
sferoSi, magram xels uwyobs msgavsi gaurkvevlobis Seqmnas meore sferoSi. isini sazogadoebas
arTmevs saSualebas, rwmeniT ganimsWvalos momavlis mimarT. garda amisa, saerTo xarjvis droSi
ganawileba damokidebulia komerciuli bankebis saoperacio procedurebze, biznesis samyaroSi
gadaxdebis miRebul praqtikaze, ojaxebisa da korporaciebis Sexedulebebze ama Tu im aqtivebis
sarfianobis Sesaxeb, saerTaSoriso fulad garigebebze da TviT sazogadoebis mcdelobebzec ki,
ganWvriton da Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenon mTavrobis qmedebaTa Sedegebi. es faqtorebi mud-
mivad icvleba. es cvlileba gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi xdeba maSin, roca Cveni prognozirebis un-
ari umjobesdeba. swored momavlis ganWvreta uSlis xels prognozis axdenas, radgan is cvlis im
informacias, romelze dayrdnobiTac iyo gakeTebuli prognozi. Tu zustad gvecodineba, ra
kursi eqneba garkveuli kompaniis aqciebs gaisad, es kursi aucileblad Seicvleba. ai paradoqsi,
romelTanac Segueba uwevs yvela im mecnierebas, romelic adamianis qcevas Seiswavlis. winas-
warmetyvelebis gziT Cven vcvliT momavals, radgan is xalxi, romelTa moqmedebac qmnis moma-
vals, kiTxulobs Cvens prognozebs.

ramden xans grZeldeba dayovneba qmedebasa da mis Sedegebs Soris?

federaluri biujeti, rogorc politikis instrumenti

fiskaluri politikis warmarTvisas Tavs iCens erTi damatebiTi sirTule. cota ar iyos, komikur
elfers iZens is, rom federalur mTavrobas SeuZlia gamoiyenos Tavisi biujeti mastabilizebeli
politikis sawarmoeblad, roca TiTqmis yvela damkvirvebeli iziarebs azrs, rom kongresi ukve sa-
Tanadod veRar akontrolebs biujets. federaluri mTavrobis programebi imdenad mravalricxovani
da rTulia, rom azradac aravis mosdis Seamowmos, imsaxurebs Tu ara TiToeuli maTgani wliur
asignebas. Sedegad, Semdegi wlis biujetis Sedgena xdeba mimdinare wlis biujetis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mas Tan erTvis zogierTi damateba. Tu programa moxvdeba biujetSi, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia misi iqi-
dan amogdeba, radgan aRniSnuli programis momxreebi qmnian kargad informirebul Zlier lobs, ro-
melic mas mxars uWers. kapitoliumis borcvze ki aravis aqvs dro, energia an interesi imis da­
mamtkicebeli sabuTebis warmosadgenad, rom es programa aravis sWirdeba.

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 fiskalur politikas ekonomikur mmarTvelTa sabWo ar warmarTavs. cvlilebebi mTavrobis
xarjebsa da federalur gadasaxadebSi saWiroebs warmomadgenlobiTi palatisa da Semdeg, sena-
tis Tanxmobas, rasac win uswrebs, zogjer ki mosdevs komitetis Sekrebebi. sabolood, yvelaferi
prezidentis xelmoweriT sruldeba. amas sakmaod didi dro sWirdeba, drois sworad SerCeva ki,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, warmatebis sawindaria. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu kongresi swrafad daeTa-
nxmeba moTxovnas xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, debatebi mainc xangrZlivi da
rTuli iqneba, radgan saWiro gaxdeba imis gadawyveta, Tu visi gadasaxadebi da romeli xarjebi
Seicvalos. aq gardauvalia rogorc interesebis, ise im alternatiuli Teoriebis dapirispireba,
romlebic gansxvavebulad afaseben garkveul qmedebaTa mosalodnel Sedegebs. ra sjobs – is,
rom SevumciroT gadasaxadebi dabalxelfasian mosaxleobas, Tu sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi davu-
wesoT firmebs, romlebic investirebiT arian dakavebulni? ra ufro met gavlenas moaxdens
dasaqmebaze? orientacias grZelvadian gegmebze viRebT Tu moklevadianze? amasobaSi zogierTi
kongresmeni aucileblad gadawyvets, sagadasaxado Tu samTavrobo xarjebis kanonproeqtebis
ganxilva imisTvis gamoiyenos, rom wamoayenos sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis gauqmebis, socialuri
uzrunvelyofis meqanizmis gaumjobesebis, jandacvis xarjebis gakontrolebis, sasoflo-
sameurneo subsidiebis gauqmebis an sxva winadadebebi, romlebsac eleqtroratis mniSvnelovani
nawili mowonebiT Sexvdeba.
rac ufro Cqaroben kongresi da prezidenti, miT ufro naklebi Sansia imisa, rom fiskaluri
politikis iseTi RonisZiebebi gaataron, romlebic Tundac ramdenime kompetenturi da miuker-
Zoebeli meTvalyuris mowonebas mainc daimsaxurebs. iZulebiTi aCqareba imaT wisqvilze asxams
wyals, visi muqarac nebismieri gadawyvetilebis blokirebis Sesaxeb sakuTari miznebis miRwevas
emsaxureba. magram, Tu didi dro daixarjeba fiqrze, alternativebisa da mokle Tu grZelvadi-
ani SesaZlo Sedegebis gulmodgine Sefasebaze, maSin Sesaferisi momenti SeiZleba samudamod ga-
vuSvaT xelidan.
yvela es sirTule mastabilizebeli fiskaluri politikis momxreebs didi xania gacnobiere-
buli aqvT. maT ician, rom xangrZlivma kamaTma, romelic win uswrebs gadasaxadebsa da xarjebTan
dakavSirebul nebismier qmedebas, SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos fiskaluri politikis ganxorciele-
bas. moqmedeba SeuZlebelia manam, sanam mis Sesasruleblad saWiro Sesaferisi momenti xelidan
ar iqneba gaSvebuli. Semdeg ki iwyeba gzebis Zieba procesis dasaCqareblad. erT-erTi winadadeba,
romelic wamoayena ramdenime ekonomistma da romelic realizebul iqna prezident jon f.
kenedis mier, is iyo, rom kongress unda aReWurva prezidenti calmxrivi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis uflebamosilebiT. magaliTad, kongresi mxars dauWerda garkveuli proeqtebis asigne-
bas, Semdeg ki zemoxsenebul proeqtebs Taroze Semodebdnen, saidanac mxolod maSin CamoiRebdnen,
roca prezidenti da misi mrCevelebi gadawyvetdnen, rom misi ganxorcielebis dro dadga. kon-
gress aseve SeeZlo ufleba mieca prezidentisaTvis, SezRudul farglebSi gaezarda an Seemci-
rebina sagadasaxado tarifebi, Tu erToblivi moTxovna Warbi an arasakmarisi aRmoCndeboda.

vis SeiZleba vendoT SeuzRudavi Zalauflebis pirobebSi?

Tu gainteresebT, ratom ar miiRo kongresma es `gonivruli~ rekomendacia, daufiqrdiT, ra

politikur Zalauflebas miiRebda prezidenti, Tu SeZlebda erTpirovnulad gadaewyvita, ro-
dis Seemcirebina gadasaxadebi da rodis ganexorcielebina saxelmwifo proeqtebi. kongresi, ro-
gorc Cans, arc erT prezidents ar miscems aseT uflebas, maT Soris arc imas, romelsac endoba
da romelic, SesaZloa, imave politikuri partiis wevria, romelsac kongresis orive palatis um-
ravlesoba warmoadgens. zogierTi senatori da warmomadgenelTa palatis wevri uaris motivad
mTavrobis sxvadasxva organoebs Soris wonasworobis dacvis Sesaxeb arsebul konstituciur
princips moiSveliebs, zogierTi ki lord eqtonis princips, romlis Tanaxmadac, absoluturi
Zalaufleba absoluturad ryvnis. magram, yvela maTganisTvis amosavali wertili is iqneboda,
rom prezidentisaTvis msgavsi uflebamosilebis miniWeba sagrZnoblad Seamcirebda maT Zalau-
flebasa da gavlenas. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, fiskaluri wyoba
umeteswilad iseTi mastabilizebeli saSualebis funqcias SeinarCunebs, romelic sasargeblo
ar gaxdeba manam, sanam ar amoiwureba Sesaferisi dro misi ganxorcielebisaTvis.

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daumTavrebeli saqme
1990-iani wlebis miwuruls, iaponia, romelic ekonomikuri daRmavlobis xangrZliv gzas daadga,
iseT viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, rom fiskalur politikas efeqtianad unda emuSava. 1998 wlis dasawyisSi
yvela prognozi imas iuwyeboda, rom qveyanas uaryofiTi ekonomikuri zrdis weli daudgeboda.
gamoiyenes Tu ara fiskaluri politika da gamoiRo Tu ara aman sasurveli Sedegebi?
1998 wlis TebervalSi iaponiis mTavrobam ori trilioni ieniT Seamcira piradi gadasaxadebi. ma-
gram momxmarebelTa xarjebi sagrZnoblad ar gazrdila. iaponeli momxmarebeli, romelic aSkarad
SeSfoTebuli iyo ekonomikuri da sakuTari finansuri mdgomareobiT, amjobinebda, rom daxarjvis
nacvlad Seenaxa im Tanxis umetesi nawili, romelic gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad dazoga.
mTavrobamac gazarda xarjva sazogadoebrivi seqtoris proeqtebze. Tumca es zrda Zalian um-
niSvnelo da imaze naklebi iyo, vidre mosaxleoba moeloda. amis mizezi, SesaZloa, is iyo, rom
mTavroba sifrTxiles iCenda, radgan ar icoda, ras gamoiwvevda sazogadoebis valebis momateba
im dros, roca es vali orjer aRemateboda wliur produqcias. am moqmedebas mniSvnelovani Sede-
gebi ar moutania.
gamoiyenes Tu ara monetaruli politika da hqonda Tu ara mas Sedegi? 1998 wels centraluri
bankis sadiskonto oficialuri ganakveTi 0,5%-s ar aRemateboda. es ki maqsimums warmoadgenda,
radgan meti Semcireba SeuZlebeli iyo. bankma SeZlo damatebiTi fulis didi raodenobis gadaqa-
Cva Tavis sistemaSi. magram iaponiis komerciuli bankebi ar iyvnen dainteresebulni sesxebis ga-
cemiT. maTi fasiani qaRaldebis portfeli savse iyo gamouyenebeli kreditebiT, xolo bevri maT-
ganis, maT Soris, udidesi bankebis sabanko valdebulebebi aWarbebda im aqtivebis Rirebulebas,
romlebsac isini flobdnen. zogierTi eqsperti imasac ki amtkicebda, rom 1998 wels qveynis
bankebis nawili imdenad cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, rom Serwyma an daxurva mouwevda. aseT viTare-
baSi bankebi Zalian frTxilad iqceodnen da, miuxedavad imisa, rom centraluri banki cdilobda
gaezarda gasesxeba da fulis miwodeba, 1997-1998 wlebis Sua periodebSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda
sesxebis gacemis saerTo raodenoba.
1990-iani wlebis bolos mTeli msoflios ekonomistebi Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen da uamrav
rekomendacias aZlevdnen iaponiis mTavrobas. zogierTi iqamdec ki mivida, rom brals sdebda mas
aRmosavleT aziis sxva qveynebis interesebis ignorirebaSi, roca man uari ganacxada gonivruli
politikis gatarebaze mxolod imitom, rom qveynis Zlieri politikosebis ganawyenebas moerida.
Tu mTavroba SeZlebda moekriba gambedaoba da xelsayreli politika gaetarebina, is ueWvelad
SeZlebda erToblivi xarjvis sasurveli donis aRdgenas da amasTanave gazrdida mezobeli qvey-
nebis moTxovnas eqsportze, riTac maT amoaTrevda recesiis im morevidan, romelSic bevri maT-
gani gadaeSva 1997 wels.
Cven Zalian cota visaubreT im politikur SezRudvebze, romlebic sxvadasxvagvar ekonomi-
kur politikas ukavSirdeba da romelTa saSualebiTac mTavroba zegavlenas axdens ekonomikur
saqmianobaze. esaa mTavari nakli, romlis gamosworebas amieridan SevecdebiT. aseve cota visau-
breT saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa rolzec, rac aseve seriozuli naklia. Tumca
esaa momdevno Tema, romelsac SevexebiT.

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mokled gavimeoroT

1930-iani wlebis depresiam bevri meTvalyure daarwmuna, rom, tradiciul ekonomikasTan Se-
darebiT, bazriT koordinirebuli ekonomikuri sistemebi naklebad stabiluria da maTi meryeo-
bebiT gamowveuli zaralis gamosworebis Sansi naklebia.
samyaroSi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia gaurkvevloba, ekonomistebis reagirebas ganu-
Wvretel movlenebsa da samomavlo sazrunavebTan dakavSirebiT SeuZlia gazardos ara mxolod
sawyisi dabrkolebebi, romlebic ekonomikur saqmianobaSi did ciklur meryeobebs iwveven, ar-
amed ekonomikuri kraxis SesaZleblobac.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg recesias sakmaod Serbilebuli xasiaTi hqonda, aRmavloba ki sak-
maod swrafad daiwyo bazriT koordinirebuli ekonomikuri sistemebis meSveobiT. aman ekono-
mistebis umetesoba daarwmuna, rom SesaZlebelia rogorc sastiki recesiis, ise inflaciis maRa-
li donis Tavidan acileba, Tu mTavroba iseT politikas gaatarebs, romelic gezs kerZo xarjebis
(erToblivi moTxovnis) meryeobis aRmofxvrisken aiRebs.
mastabilizebeli monetaruli politikis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom fulze moTxovnis cv-
lilebebi SeuTanxmos fulis miwodebis raodenobas.
federaluri sarezervo sistema zrdis an amcirebs fulis miwodebas, risTvisac zrdis an am-
cirebs komerciuli bankebis rezervebs. amitom, monetarul politikas amJamad is cvlilebebi
gansazRvravs, romlebic federalur fondebze da rezervebis gasesxebisaTvis dawesebul sarge-
blis ganakveTebze aisaxeba da romlebsac zustad `umiznebs~ federaluri sarezervo sistema.
zog SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa Rrma da xangrZlivi ekonomikuri depresia saqmianobaSi, fiskal-
uri politika SeiZleba monetaruli politikis sasargeblo da aucilebel danamatadac ki iqces.
mastimulirebeli fiskaluri politika iseTi politikaa, romelic zrdis mTavrobis xarjebs ise,
rom ar xdeba gadasaxadebidan Semosuli Semosavlis Sesabamisi mateba, an romelic amcirebs ga-
dasaxadebs mTavrobis xarjebis ekvivalenturi Semcirebis gareSe.
drois sworad SerCeva mniSvnelovania nebismieri mastabilizebeli politikis SemTxvevaSi.
dayovneba gardauvalia, roca xdeba problemis wamoWra, misi gacnobiereba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba garkveuli qmedebis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad, erToblivi moTxovniT manipulireba ufro nak-
leb mastabilizebeli xdeba praqtikulad, vidre Teoriulad.
imis mcdeloba, rom fiskaluri an monetaruli politikis gziT moxdes erToblivi moTxovnis
stabilizacia, unda emyarebodes zust winaswarmetyve­ lebas. swored prognozia warmatebis
sawindari, magram ekonomikuri prognozireba araa saTanadod ganviTarebuli dargi. is gansa-
kuTrebiT sariskoa imis gamo, rom xalxi, romlis qcevac unda gakontroldes, cdilobs, ganWvri-
tos kontrolis meqanizmebi da moergos maT.
ama Tu im ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebis dayovneba warmoSobs fiskaluri politiki-
saTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone problemas. esaa drois zustad SerCevis problema.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ram gamoiwvia recesia, romelic 1929 wels daiwyo aSS-Si? ratom gagrZelda is oTxi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi? ra iyo misi swrafi ganviTarebis mizezi? ratom moxda, rom 1930-ian wlebSi umuSe-
vrobis done uCveulod maRali iyo? ram ganapiroba, rom meore msoflio omis Semdeg momxda-
ri nebismieri recesia Tu depresia bevrad Camouvardeboda 1929-1933 wlebis sazarel
movlenebs?
2. ramden xans grZeldeba grZelvadiani periodi? jon meinard qeinsi brals sdebda Tavis wina-
prebs recesiis problemebis ignorirebaSi, radgan isini varaudobdnen, rom saqmeebis gamo-
sworebas `grZelvadiani periodi~ dasWirdeboda. wignSi, romelic `zogad Teoriamde~ ramde-
nime wliT adre dawera, is sakmaod mwvaved mianiSnebda, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi Cven yvelani
movkvdebiT.
a) davuSvaT, rom Tqveni SefasebiT, albaToba imisa, rom recesiisgan Tavis daRwevis
mcdelobisas mTavroba ufro gaamwvavebs mdgomareobas, Tavis pirobebs ki `grZelva-

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 diani periodis manZilze~ gaiumjobesebs, 0.25-is tolia, ramden xans moicdidiT ma-
nam, sanam waxvidodiT mdgomareobis gauaresebis riskze?
b) ramden xans unda gagrZeldes recesia an ramdeni xniT unda gadaidos ekonomikis ga-
jansaReba, raTa gamarTldes Cveni varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom recesia araa ubralod
`droebiTi dambrkoleba~?
3. gardauvalia Tu ara is, rom garkveul saqonelze xarjvis meryeobam gamoiwvios meryeoba ima-
ve saqonlis warmoebaSic? xom ar fiqrobT, rom saTamaSoebis warmoebaSi zustad iseve merye-
obs produqciis moculoba, rogorc momxmareblis xarjebi? ra viTarebaSi gaxdeba SesaZle-
beli, rom warmoebis mSvidi dineba SeuTanxmdes im cvlilebebs, romlebic xarjebSi iCens
Tavs? ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiwvevs xarjebis Semcireba warmoebis Semcirebas da umuSevrobas
garkveul firmasa Tu dargSi?
4. analogiebis mimarT didi sifrTxilis gamoCenaa saWiro, magram qvemoT moyvanili analogia
dagexmarebaT vizualurad warmoidginoT, Tu ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs Semosavlisa da
xarjebis or dinebasa da fulis masas Soris. warmoidgineT xelovnuri tba fulis im masas ga-
moxatavs, romelsac viRac flobs. mdinare, romelic masSi Caedineba, warmoadgens Semosa-
vals, xolo mdinare, romelic gaedineba – xarjebs.
a) ra unda gakeTdes tbaSi wylis donis momatebis an Semcirebis mizniT?
b) rogor SeiZleba tbaSi wylis donem moimatos, Tu mdinare, romelic masSi Caedineba,
iklebs? rogor SeiZleba tbis donis Semcireba, Tu masSi wylis dineba imatebs?
g) ra unda gakeTdes gazafxulze imisaTvis, rom gvalvam, romelic zafxulSia mosalod-
neli, ar gamoiwvios wylis donis metismeti Semcireba tbaSi?
5. ra sargeblis miRebas moelian is adamianebi, romlebic zrdian maT xelT arsebuli fulis ra-
odenobas?
a) ra umTavres faqtorebs iRebT mxedvelobaSi, roca gansazRvravT, fulis ra maragis
flobis survili gaqvT? ra movlenebs SeuZlia gibiZgoT fulis sasurveli maragis
gazrdisa Tu Semcirebisaken?
b) rogor fiqrobT, romelia iseTi aqtivi, romelsac SeuZlia TqvenTvis fulis nawilo-
briv Canacvleba?
g) romelia iseTi aqtivi, romelsac SeuZlia firmisTvis fulis nawilobriv Canacvleba?
d) aqvs Tu ara kargi reputacia iseTi aqtivs, romelsac xalxi fulis maragis saxiT
gamoiyenebs? xom ara gvaqvs iseTi SemTxveva, roca adamians mogzaurobaSi patara
Tanxa miaqvs, magram Tan axlavs sakredito baraTi, romelic mas kreditis didi raode-
nobiT uzrunvelyofs?
6. zogierTi fiqrobs, rom momxmarebels SeuZlia inflaciis SeCereba, Tu wamoiwyebs gaficvas
maRali fasebis winaaRmdeg.
a) ra daemarTeboda Tqveni fulis marags, Tu swrafi inflaciis periodSi gadawyvet-
diT, xarjebis Semcirebis gziT wvlili SegetanaT inflaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?
b) ramdenad sarwmunoa, rom adamianTa didi raodenoba uars ityvis sakuTar interese-
bze da gadawyvets, wvlili Seitanos inflaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi?
g) Seicvleboda Tu ara Tqveni fulis maragis Rirebuleba, Tu Tqvenc amgvarad moiqceo-
diT, inflacia ki mainc gagrZeldeboda?
7. Seasrulebda Tu ara fuli gacvlis saSualebis funqcias, Tu xalxs ar eqneboda misi flobis
survili drois Tundac Zalian mcire monakveTis manZilze? aris Tu ara raime sxvaoba barte-
rul ekonomikasa da im ekonomikas Soris, romlis drosac xalxi ar flobs fulis marags?
8. rogor fiqrobT, ra Sedegs iqoniebs qvemoT CamoTvlili TiToeuli movlena mimdinare anga-
riSis saSualo raodenobaze, romlis flobasac konkretuli firma an ojaxi isurvebda?
a) uaxloes momavalSi mosalodnelia xarjebis uCveulod maRali done.
b) izrdeba sargeblis ganakveTi danazogebze.
g) bankebi ufasod ganaxorcieleben nebismier operacias mimdinare angariSze, Tu Tanxa
yovelTviurad 400 dolars aRemateba.
d) bankebi ixdian sargebels mimdinare angariSze.

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 e) monetaruli politikis warmmarTvelni swrafad zrdian fulis raodenobas garkveu-
li periodis manZilze da saSualebas aZleven sazogadoebas, ganWvritos inflaciis
maRali done.
9. saqonelze moTxovnis aRwerisas vasaxelebT fasebs da im erTeulTa raodenobas, romlebic
aRniSnul fasad gaiyida. ekonomistebi ki fulze moTxovnas aRweren fulis Senaxvis fasebisa
da Semosavlis garkveuli procentis dasaxelebiT.
a) ratomaa, rom fulis SemTxvevaSi moTxovna gamoixateba procentebiT da ara erTeul-
Ta raodenobiT?
b) rogor fiqrobT, Seicvala Tu ara adamianis moTxovna fulze, Tu mas dolarebis igive
raodenoba aqvs, rac fuladi Semosavlis gaormagebamde an dolaris msyidvelobiTi
unaris 50%-iT Semcirebamde hqonda?
10. warmoidgineT, rom yvela ojaxma da firmam gadawyvita, rom samSabaTs mTlianad daexarja fuli.
a) ra Sedegs moaxdenda aseTi gadawyvetileba ojaxebisa da firmebis fulis maragze?
b) rogor fiqrobT, sxva ra Sedegi SeiZleba mohyoloda aseT masiur gadawyvetilebas
fulis maragis xarjvis Sesaxeb?
g) davuSvaT, sazogadoebam es gadawyvetileba imitom miiRo, rom kviris bolosTvis fu-
lis gaufasurebas moeloda. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeboda?
d) ris safuZvelze SeiZleba daaskvnas sazogadoebam, rom misi fuli male gaufasurdeba?
11. yvela, vinc seriozulad ecnoba ekonomikis istorias, periodulad awydeba Semdegi saxis in-
formacias: vaWrebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen imis gamo, rom xalxs cota fuli aqvs.
a) ris safuZvelze SeeZloT vaWrebs aseTi daskvnis gamotana?
b) ras SeuZlia gamoiwvios zemoaRniSnuli ukmayofilebis farTomasStabiani zrda?
g) ratom xdeboda, rom vaWrebisaTvis bevri fuli mudam simdidris asociacias iwvevda,
cota ki – gaWirvebis?
d) rac ufro meti fuli aqvs konkretuli vaWris klients, miT ufro mdidrdeba es vaWari.
gamdidrdeba Tu ara yvela vaWari, Tu sazogadoebis yvela wevrs bevri fuli eqneba?
12. qvemoT moyvanili SekiTxvebi exeba imas, Tu ra urTierTkavSirebi arsebobs investiciebsa da
sargeblis ganakveTebs Soris.
a) ra gavlenas axdens sargeblis maRali ganakveTebi axali binaTmSeneblobis procesze?
g) ras dauWerdiT mxars – warmoebis gagrZelebas da gauyidavi saqonlis maragis zrdas
Tu garkveuli droiT warmoebis SeCerebas, sanam sawyobidan saqonlis didi nawili ar
gaiyideboda? ra gavlenas moaxdenda am gadawyvetilebaze sargeblis ganakveTi?
d) energokompaniam gadawyvita gadaedo eleqtrosadguris mSenebloba, radgan misi
aqciebis sabazro kursi metismetad dabalia. gamoiyeneT es magaliTi imisaTvis, rom
daadginoT, ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs investiciasa da sargeblis ganakveTs Soris.
e) korporacia apirebs didi sainvesticio programis ganxorcielebas, saWiro saxsrebis
miRebas ki aqciebis gayidvis gziT elis. magram, raki aqciebis kursi daeca, korpora-
ciam gadado maTi gayidva, Sesabamisad gadaido sainvesticio programis ganxorciele-
bac. ra rols asrulebs am konkretul SemTxvevaSi sargeblis ganakveTi?
v) `sargeblis umaRlesi ganakveTebic ki ver SeuSlis xels im firmebs, romlebsac kargi
Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba aqvT. Tu Cveni investiciebi 30%-ian mogebas mogvi-
tans, Cven ganvaxorcielebT maT imis miuxedavad, ra sargebliT mogvcemen fuls – 3%-
iT Tu 12%-iT~. ra Sefasebas miscemdiT am gancxadebas?
z) `rac ufro maRal sargebels gadavixdi, miT ufro metis dabandebas SevZleb. sargeb-
lis ganakveTis zrdas investiciebis zrdac mohyveba~. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad See-
sabameba es gancxadeba simarTles?
T) Cveulebriv, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros sargeblis ganakveTebi gacilebiT ufro maRa-
lia, vidre recesiis dros. analogiurad, sainvesticio xarjebic aRmavlobis periodSi
ufro maRalia. aqedan gamomdinare, sargeblis maRali ganakveTi garkveul stimuls war-
moadgens investirebisTvis, dabali ki xelisSemSlel pirobad iqceva. uaryaviT es daskvna.

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13. ramdenad damoukidebelia erTmaneTisgan monetaruli da fiskaluri politika?
a) ra viTarebaSi SeuZlia federalur mTavrobas, ar gazardos fulis masa didi sabiu-
jeto deficitis dros?
b) warmoidgineT, rom federalurma sarezervo sistemam gadawyvita ganaxorcielos
mtki­ce monetaruli politika ise, rom ar gazardos bankebis rezervebi, am dros ki
federaluri mTavroba cdilobs kreditis aRebis gziT daafinansos didi sabiujeto
deficiti. rogor fiqrobT, ra moxdeba aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi?
g) ra SemTxvevaSi ar gamoiwvevs sargeblis maRal ganakveTebs federaluri mTavrobis
mier aRebuli krediti, Tu vivaraudebT, rom sargeblis ganakveTebs sakredito
resursze moTxovna da miwodeba gansazRvravs?
d) warmoidgineT, rom federalur sarezervo sistemas surs Tavidan aicilos procen-
tis zrda, romelic biujetis deficitis dafinansebiTaa gamowveuli. amdenad, komer-
ciuli bankebisaTvis rezervebis gazrdis gziT, is cdilobs gazardos kreditis miwo-
deba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara amgvari politikis saSualebiT sargeblis ganakveTis
zrdis Tavidan aSoreba? ra momentidan daaCqarebs inflacias kreditis zrdis poli-
tika? rogor gamoiwvevs inflaciis molodini sargeblis ganakveTis zrdas?
e) warmoidgineT, rom federalur mTavrobas didi sabiujeto deficiti aqvs maSin, roca
qveyanaSi bevri resursi ar gamoiyeneba da mrewvelobis bevri dargi sruli datvir­
TviT ar muSaobs. ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi muSaxelis Warbi raodenobaa. ro-
gor SeZlebda am gamouyenebeli resursebis arseboba sargeblis ganakveTis zrdis Ta-
vidan acilebas im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca saxelmwifo vali uzomod izrdeba?
14. SeafaseT Semdegi Sexeduleba: `roca erToblivi moTxovna metia, vidre ekonomikis mTliani
sawarmoo simZlavreebi, viRebT inflacias, xolo roca is naklebia – recesias~.
a) aTavisufleben Tu ara firmebi muSebs, roca fasebis saSualo done izrdeba?
b) zrdian Tu ara firmebi fasebs recesiis dros?
g) saidan SeiZleba vicodeT, muSaobda Tu ara ekonomika sruli datvirTviT? SeiZleba
Tu ara, calkeuli firmis sawamoo simZlavreebi ganisazRvros rogorc warmoebuli
produqciis moculoba drois erTeulSi? dafiqrdiT, ra moxdeboda, Tu is koleji,
romelSic Tqven swavlobT, 100%-iani datvirTviT imuSavebda. ganazogadeT es SekiTx-
va mTel saganmanaTleblo sistemaze. Semdeg ganazogadeT is mTel ekonomikaze.
15. aris Tu ara erToblivi moTxovna arasakmarisi im SemTxvevaSi, roca aRiniSneba avtomeqaniko-
sTa siWarbe? SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes umuSevroba, roca Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis
raodenoba aWarbebs umuSevarTa raodenobas? ratomaa, rom gazeTebSi recesiis drosac ki
qveyndeba gancxadebebi vakansiebis Sesaxeb?
16. Tu kongress surs SeebrZolos recesias fiskaluri politikis saSualebiT, unda Seamciros
Tu ara man gadasaxadebi: a) roca gamoCndeba recesiis pirveli niSnebi; b) roca recesiis arse-
bobaSi yvela darwmunebulia, da g) roca is oficialuradaa gamocxadebuli?
17. fiskaluri politikisaTvis meti moqnilobis miniWebis mizniT, dauWerdiT Tu ara mxars ukve xse-
nebul winadadebas, rom prezidentisaTvis mieniWebinaT uflebamosileba (kongresis mier dadge-
nili wesiT) sagadasaxado tarifebisa Tu saxelmwifo xarjebis Secvlis sakiTxebSi? warmoadgi-
neT argumentacia, romlis safuZvelzec aseT winadadebas dauWerdiT (an ar dauWerdiT) mxars.
18. federaluri sarezervo sabWos wevrebs Soris daxurul kars miRma gamarTuli TaTbirebis
amsaxvel dokumentebSi, romlebic 1996 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynda, Sedis federaluri sare-
zervo sabWos Tavmjdomaris alan grinspenis mier 1990 wlis 2 oqtombers gakeTebuli moxse-
neba. masSi naTqvamia: `recesia jer ar dawyebula~. amis Semdeg ki ekonomikur kvlevaTa
erovnulma biurom gadawyvita, rom recesia sami TviT adre daiwyo, magram federalurma sa-
rezervo sistemam 29 oqtombramde ar Seamcira sargeblis ganakveTebi. rogor fiqrobT, ram-
denad dagvianebuli iyo es moqmedeba? rodis iqneboda Sesaferisi momenti imisaTvis, rom
fss-s Seemcirebina sargeblis ganakveTebi 1990 wlis ivlisSi dawyebuli recesiis sapasuxod?
19. 1950-1980 wlebSi iaponiis STambeWdavi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis aRweris Semdeg ganvixileT
is mZime periodi, romelic am qveyanas 1990-ian wlebSi daudga. ra kavSiri aqvs am TavSi ganxi-

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lul monetarul da fiskalur politikas iaponiis movlenebTan? gTavazobT garkveul in-
formacias, romelic SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT.
iaponelma mewarmeebma aSkarad bevri Secdoma dauSves 1980-ian wlebSi. maT gazardes datvir-
Tva mrewvelobis bevr dargSi ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswines arc adgilobrivi da arc ucxoeli
klientebis moTxovna. mewarmeebs stimuls aZlevda is politika, romelsac iaponiis bankebi
atarebdnen. isini uxvad aZlevdnen kreditebs im samrewvelo gaerTianebebs, romelTa ganuy-
rel nawilsac xSirad Tavad warmoadgendnen. iaponelTa ojaxebmac garkveuli wvlili Seita-
nes aRniSnul movlenebSi imiT, rom danazogis did raodenobas inaxavdnen. swored aRniSnul-
ma danazogma uzrunvelyo axali kapitalis esoden didi raodenoba ekonomikuri aRmavlobis
periodSi. iaponiis mTavroba mxars uWerda am process, icavda privilegirebul mewarmeTa
Sida bazars ucxouri konkurenciisagan da aqtiurad uwyobda xels privilegirebuli mrewve-
lobis gafarToebas. magram amave dros, is sruliad ar iTvaliswinebda mis potenciur renta-
belobas. aqcionrebma icodnen, rom moTmineba unda gamoeCinaT da investiciebis dabrunebas
mxolod Soreul momavalSi moelodnen. am yvelaferma uzrunvelyo swrafi ekonomikuri aR-
mavlobis garkveuli sawindrebis Camoyalibeba, oRond – mxolod droebiT. xelsayrel viTa-
rebaSi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodi SeiZleboda didi xnis manZilze gagrZelebuliyo,
magram aramomgebianma investiciebma gamoiwvies is, rom danaxarjebma gadaaWarbes Semo-
savlebs. Tbili urTierTobebi mTavrobis oficialur pirebs, bankirebsa da wamyvani samrewve-
lo korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebs Soris, anu is, rasac `megobruli kapitalizmi~ uwodes,
xels uwyobda ambiciuri proeqtebis dafinansebas kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg,
rac iaponurisgan gansxvavebul sistemaSi isini uaryofili iyvnen, magram sabolood aRmoCn-
da, rom bankebi flobdnen daufaravi kreditebis did raodenobas da bevri umsxvilesi bankic
ki gakotrebis safrTxis winaSe dadga. maTi valdebulebebi aRemateboda aqtivebs. Cveule-
briv, aseT viTarebaSi bankebi cdiloben, ar aiRon damatebiTi valdebulebebi da, Sesabami-
sad, aRar gascen axali kreditebi.
ra politikis SemogvTavazebdiT rekomendaciis saxiT?

133
 18
e
E rovnuli
ekonomikuri politika
da saerTaSoriso gacvla

a dam smiti ar TanaugrZnobda im xalxs, vinc metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qveyanaSi
eqsportisa da importis ganviTarebas, da Tvlida, rom isini sabolood `absurdul msjelo-
bamde~ midiodnen. amave dros, imaTac dascinoda, visTvisac erovnuli simdidris sazoms import-
Tan SedarebiT eqsportis siWarbe warmoadgenda. zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, sagadamxdelo balan-
sis aRricxva metad mniSvnelovania. is SeiZleba Secdomis potenciur wyarodac iqces, magram
mainc metad sasargebloa imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens erovnul ekonomikaze
saerTaSoriso garigebebi. gaurkvevlobisa da dabneulobis Tavidan asacileblad, daimaxsovreT
erTi ubralo WeSmariteba: sagadamxdelo balansi mudam dabalansebulia. vcadoT, gaverkveT, ra-
tomaa es ase da ra gamomdinareobs aqedan.

saerTaSoriso garigebaTa aRricxva

sakiTxSi sicxadis Sesatanad, SegviZlia mivmarToT gamartivebis xerxs. gamartivebuli saxiT
ki sagadamxdelo balansSi aRricxuli garigeba SeiZleba daiyos oTx kategoriad: saqonlis gacv-
la; momsaxurebis gacvla; saTamasuqo valdebulebebi da calmxrivi transferi.
is, Tu ra igulisxmeba saqonlis gacvlaSi, axsnas ar saWiroebs. momsaxurebis gacvla ki SeiZle-
ba naklebad gasagebi iyos. momsaxureba, romelic icvleba saerTaSoriso masStabiT, moicavs
transportirebis, dazRvevis, finansur da bevr sxva momsaxurebas, romelSic turistebi fuls
ixdian, roca sazRvargareT mogzauroben. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani momsaxureba, romliTac
erTi qveynis xalxi meore saxelmwifos xalxs uzrunvelyofs, aris kapitaliT momsaxureba. inves-
torebi metad ZviradRirebul momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofen, roca kapitals xelmisawvdoms xdi-
an sxva qveynebisaTvis. am momsaxurebis safasurad isini iReben sainvesticio Semosavals. ucxouri
investiciebidan miRebuli Semosavali ki sagadamxdelo balansis `momsaxurebaTa~ muxlis udides
nawils Seadgens. metad mniSvnelovania, rom ekonomikuri analizis biuro mas sxva momsaxurebisa-
gan gamohyofs, rogorc sainvesticio Semosavlis miRebas da gadaxdebs sainvesticio Semosav­
lebze.
mesame kategoria – saTamasuqo valdebulebebi – gulisxmobs yvela saxis davalianebas: aqciebs,
sakorporacio an saxelmwifo obligaciebs, giravnobis sigelebs, Tamasuqebs, anabrebs safinanso
dawesebulebebSi (romlebic am dawesebulebaTa valdebulebebia – gaixseneT me-16 Tavi) da qa-
Raldis fuls, romelic aseve centraluri bankisa da misi gamomSvebi sxva organizaciebis valde-
bulebaa.

135
 adamianebi erTmaneTs ucvlian:
saqonels
momsaxurebas
safinanso aqtivebs
grantebsa da Semowirulobebs

termini calmxrivi transferi gamoiyeneba iseTi garigebis aRsaniSnavad, romelSic igulisx-

meba calmxrivi operaciebi. aRniSnuli gadaxda araviTar momsaxurebas ar iTvaliswinebs. aseTia,
magaliTad, saCuqrebi (mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli ucxouri daxmarebis CaTvliT), an adre
gaweuli momsaxurebisTvis gamoyofili gadasaxdelebi, maT Soris, pensiebi.
TiToeul kategoriaSi Semavali garigebebi uzrunvelyofs gadaxdas qveynis SigniT an gareT.
eqsporti aris gadaxdis wyaro qveynis SigniT, importi da sxva garigebebi ki – qveynis gareT. amde-
nad, pirvel maTgans kreditis, meores ki debetis ganyofilebebs miakuTvneben. amgvarad, Tu `jen-
eral motorsi~ amerikul `biuiks~ britanels mihyidis, gadaxda xdeba aSS-Si da garigeba Caiwere-
ba aSS-is sagadamxdelo balansis sakredito muxlSi. Tu britaneTis muzeumi terneris tiloebs
amerikel koleqcioners mihyidis, amerikeli ixdis sazRvargareT da garigeba aSS-is sagadamxde-
lo balansSi warmoadgens debets. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma uari Tqva `biuikze~, xolo bri-
taneTma dakarga terneri. magram, sagadamxdelo balansi aRricxavs gadaxdas da ara im saqonels,
romlisTvisac ixdian. ase rom, es garigebebi, Sesabamisad, aSS-is da britaneTis sagadamxdelo ba-
lansis sakredito muxlebSia warmodgenili. zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, girCevT sifrTxi­
le gamoiCinoT. qveyana, romelmac gadawyvita mTeli Tavisi xelovnebis nimuSebi ucxoelebs mi-
hyidos, sakuTari muzeumebisa da galereebis dacarielebis Semdeg, sagadamxdelo balansze
kreditebs daagrovebs, krediti ki, cxadia, ar asocirdeba karg movlenasTan.
Tu xalxs, romelic sagadamxdelo balanss adgens, aqvs srulyofili da zusti informacia yve-
la saerTaSoriso garigebis Sesaxeb, Semosavlis jami sakredito ganyofilebaSi zustad
gauTanabrdeba sadebeto ganyofilebaSi arsebul gasavlis jams. raki Canawerebi arasrulyofil-
ia, jamebi arasodes araa toli, ris gamosworebasac balansis Semdgenlebi sakuTar Tavze iReben.
isini am sxvaobas ufro patara jams umateben, ukeTeben warweras `statistikuri sxvaoba~ da Semo-
savals ase aTanabreben gasavalTan.

ratom utoldeba Semosavali gasavals?

TiToeuli gacvla dabalansebul urTierTqmedebas iwvevs

Semosavali yovelTvis zustad unda utoldebodes gasavals, radgan yvela saerTaSoriso ga-
rigeba aucileblad gulisxmobs sxva garigebas, romelmac is zustad unda gaawonasworos.
saCuqris martivi magaliTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze naTlad gamoxatavs am process. warmoidgineT,
rom henri higinsma, romelic amJamad niu-iorkSi cxovrobs da muSaobs, gadawyvita 100 dolari
gaugzavnos Tavis Zvel megobars elaiza dulitls londonSi. erTxel elaizam uTxra profesor
higinss, rom sagadamxdelo balansi yovelTvis balansirebulia, magram profesorma maSin es ar
daijera, axla ki surs, SeinarCunos Tavisi skepticizmi, Tumca, imavdroulad, elaizasadmi si-
yvarulisa da pativiscemis demonstrirebas axdens. `es aris wminda saCuqari~ – niSnismogebiT
acxadebs igi, roca 100 dolaris Ceks konvertSi aTavsebs da elaizas ugzavnis. `me sanacvlod
arafers viReb. ase rom, gasavali gaizrdeba 100 dolariT, xolo Semosavali ar Seicvleba, ase
rom, me davarRvev wonasworobas sagadamxdelo balansSi~.
magram henri cdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saCuqari gasavalia, Ceki, romelsac elaiza iRebs,
warmoadgens henris niu-iorkis bankis finansur valdebulebas. roca elaiza Ceks haerSi aafria-
lebs da ityvis: `ha-ha-ha, henri higins~, is amerikuli safinanso aqtivis amayi mepatronea. roca
elaizas saCuqars ugzavnida, henrim ar gaiTvaliswina, rom niu-iorkis bankSi moTxovnamde an-
gariSze moTavsebuli 100 dolariT man saSualeba misca ucxoelebs maT xelT arsebuli aSS-is

136
safinanso aqtivis Tanxa 100 dolariT gaezardaT. vidre elaizas es Ceki eqneba, is CaiTvleba
ucxoelad, romelsac investicia aqvs aSS-Si. ucxouri investiciis aRniSnuli gazrda 100 dol-
ariT zustad uTanabrdeba 100 dolaris calmxriv transfers, romliTac henri higinsi varau-
dobda, rom wonasworobas arRvevda sagadamxdelo balansSi.
roca elaiza Cekis gasanaRdeblad Tavis bankSi midis da sanacvlod britanul girvanqebs
iRebs, misi banki xdeba safinanso aqtivis mflobeli. Tu banki am anabars britanel importiors
mihyidis, maSin importiori xdeba safinanso aqtivis mflobeli, xolo roca is 100 dolars im saq-
onelSi gadaixdis, romelic aSS-danaa importirebuli, ucxoelebs akldebaT aSS-is safinanso aq-
tivi da iqmneba gasavali aSS-s sagadamxdelo balansSi. gasavlis damabalansebeli Semosavali
iqneba 100 dolaris Rirebulebis saqoneli, romelic eqsportirebulia inglisSi, magram saWi­
roebs gadaxdas da, amdenad, aSS-is sagadamxdelo balansSi Semosavlis muxlad iTvleba.
umartivesi gza imis gasagebad, Tu ratomaa sagadamxdelo balansi yovelTvis dabalansebuli,
aris is, rom yuradReba gavamaxviloT safinanso aqtivis gacvlaze. Tu aSS-is ojaxebic, firmebic
da mTavrobac drois garkveul periodSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis imports axdenen, aRniSnuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba ki aRemateba im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas,
romelic eqsportirebuli iyo am xnis manZilze, (da Tu gansxvaveba ar iqmneba calmxrivi trans-
feris saSualebiT), maSin amerikelebi am sxvaobiT ucxoelebisgan arian davalebulni. es imas niS-
navs, rom amerikelebma ucxoelebisaTvis moaxdines safinanso aqtivebis eqsporti, anu ucxoeleb-
ma gazardes TavianTi investiciebi aSS-Si zustad im raodenobiT, rac saWiro iyo arsebuli
sxvaobis gasabaTileblad.

wonasworoba da uwonasworoba
Tu qveynis sagadamxdelo balansSi SeuZlebelia namatis an deficitis arseboba, maSin ra aris
im xalxis SeSfoTebis mizezi, vinc aRelvebulia `savaWro deficitis~ gamo? isini xom acxadeben,
rom katastrofa gardauvalia, Tu ar moxerxdeba deficitis Semcireba. eqnebaT Tu ara maT
aRelvebas sababi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaigeben, rom Semosavali yovelTvis uTanabrdeba gasavals?
albaT ara. isini albaT Sewuxdebian sxva mizezis gamo, rasac marTebulad SeiZleba ewodos sagad-
amxdelo balansis uwonasworoba.
ekonomikur TeoriaSi uwonasworoba aixsneba, rogorc Seusabamoba momxdar da xalxisTvis sa-
survel movlenebs Soris, anu, rogorc sxvaoba realobasa da ganzraxvas Soris. magaliTad,
uwonasworoba xorblis fasSi asaxavs ara gansxvavebas faqtiuri gayidvisa da yidvis procesebs
Soris, romlebic aucileblad identuria, aramed gansxvavebas gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa ganz-
raxvebs Soris. raodenoba, romlis gayidvac fermerebs surT, metia (an naklebia) im raodenobaze,
romlis yidvac momxmarebels unda.
sxva magaliTia raodenobrivi sxvaoba fulis miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris, romelic gaanalize-
bulia me-17 TavSi. fulis raodenoba, romelsac sazogadoeba flobs, unda uTanabrdebodes moneta-
ruli sistemis mier miwodebul raodenobas. magram sazogadoebas SeiZleba gauCndes fulis meti an
naklebi raodenobis flobis survili. roca aseTi ram xdeba, adgili aqvs uwonasworobas.
uwonasworobis arsi imaSi mdgomaroebs, rom movlenebi Zveleburad aRar warimarTeba. cvli-
lebebi aucileblad moxdeba, radgan sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili veRar axerxebs sakuTari
ganzraxvebis realizebas. magaliTad, xorblis fasi gaizrdeba, radgan momxmarebels ar SeuZlia
iyidos imdeni, ramdenic mas surs, aseTi moqmedeba ki xels uwyobs fasebis momatebas. roca
sazogadoebas surs hqondes imaze meti fulis maragi, vidre amJamad aqvs, xdeba sasaqonlo inven-
taris dagroveba, romlis vargisianobis vada sakmaod xangrZlivia. aseT SemTxvevaSi xalxs Seu-
Zlia gadados aRniSnuli saqonlis Sesyidva.

uwonasworoba gulisxmobs, rom raRac Seicvleba.

yovelive amas mohyveba is, rom Cven ver vixmarT cnebebs `uwonasworoba~ an `wonasworoba~, Tu
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ar davuTmobT im ganzraxvebs, romlebsac ganxorcieleba ar uweria.
is, vinc wuxs, an Civis sagadamxdelo balansSi arsebuli uwonasworobis gamo, Zalian iSviaTad ani-

137
Webs jerovan mniSvnelobas im xalxs, vinc ver aRwevs warmatebas. aman ar unda gagvakvirvos.
sagada­mxdelo balansis uwonaswo­robis idea imdenad bundovania, rom albaT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu
mTlianad uarvyofT mas. rac Seexeba gansxvavebul ganzraxvebs, isini imdenad mravalferovani
saxiT aris warmodgenili saerTaSoriso garigebaTa erTobliobaSi, rom nebismierma adamianma
SeiZleba daamtkicos, TiTqos navaraudevi Semosavali metia (an naklebia) navaraudev gasavalze.
esaa uwonasworobis arsi. saerTod, rac ufro didia samyaro, romelSic wonasworobis ideis amo-
qmedebas vcdilobT, miT ufro bundovani da gaurkvevelia misi mniSvneloba da savaraudoa, rom
SemdgomSi kidev ufro gaurkveveli gaxdeba.

D
S

fasis zeda
zRvari

is raodenoba, romlis SeZenac surT momxmareblebs, metia im raodenobaze, romlis gayidvac

surT mimwodeblebs.
mtkiceba, rom aSS-is sagadamxdelo balansi uwonasworoa, Zalian hgavs mtkicebas, TiTqos xde-
ba raRac arasasurveli movlena, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom xalxs ar SeuZlia gaakeTos is, rac
surs. magram vin akeTebs aseT gancxadebas? gana importiorebs ar surdaT eyidaT is, rac iyides?
gana bankebs ar surdaT gaesesxebinaT is, rac gaasesxes? gana mTavrobebs, korporaciebsa Tu
calkeul pirebs ar surdaT saCuqrebisa Tu grantebis gagzavna sazRvargareT? vin aris is xalxi,
vinc Tvlis, rom saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sedegebma ar gaamarTla molodini? am SemTxvevaSi mar-
Tebuli iqneboda, Tu imaT, vinc amtkicebs, rom sagadamxdelo balansi uwonasworoa, davusvam-
diT SekiTxvas – `saidan iciT es~? da Tu pasuxi saTanadod iqneboda argumentirebuli, SegveZlo
gavrkveuliyaviT im mizezebSi, romlebic zemoxsenebul adamianebs aRelvebs.

gaurkvevloba saerTaSoriso uwonasworobasTan dakavSirebiT

vTqvaT, vxvdebiT adamians, romelic Sewuxebulia aSS-is savaWro balansis mdgomareobiT. ve-
kiTxebiT, kerZod ra awuxebs. Tu is kargadaa informirebuli, albaT ityvis, rom 1976 wlidan aSS
yovelwliurad saqonlis imports ufro eweoda, vidre eqsports. savaraudoa, rom gaCndeba
SekiTxva – ratom ugulebelyofs is momsaxurebisa da safinanso aqtivebis eqsports? saqonelic,
momsaxurebaca da safinanso aqtivebic metad mniSvnelovania im adamianebisTvis, vinc maT iRebs,
radgan maT isini sWirdebaT. maT sanacvlod adamianebi gascemen Rirebulebis mqone sxva saqo­
nels. maS raRaa SeSfoTebis mizezi?
SeiZleba imaze migviTiTon, rom 1983 wlidan aSS-is saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi sWar-
bobda eqsports da sxvaoba calmxrivi transferis gziTac ki ar migviRia. gamonaklisi iyo mxo­
lod 1991 weli, roca saudis arabeTi da sxva qveynebi kompensacias uxdidnen aSS-s sparseTis
yuris omSi gaRebuli xarjebisaTvis. calmxriv transferebSi marTlac sakmaod didi xnis manZil-
ze gvqonda wminda gasavali, magram saWiroa kidev erTxel daisvas SekiTxva – ratom unda iyos
yovelive es SeSfoTebis mizezi? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom amerikelebi jamSi ufro mets sesxuloben
ucxoelebisgan, vidre ucxoelebi maTgan? magram aq araviTari uwonasworoba ar igulisxmeba.

138
 gulisxmobs Tu ara aSS-Si ganxorcielebuli ucxouri investiciebi,
rom aSS-s ekonomika sustia? an imas, rom igi Zlieria?

da mainc, gvaqvs Tu ara SeSfoTebis mizezi? SeSfoTeba, romelic dro da dro isteriis saxesac
ki iRebda, bolo wlebSi umeteswilad aSS-is sasaqonlo vaWrobis balansSi arsebul did defi-
cits ukavSirdeboda. sasaqonlo deficits ar qmnida momsaxurebisa da transferis balansi, ra-
sac Sedegad is mohyveboda, rom ucxoelebi aSS-is safinanso aqtivebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas
iZendnen. sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis es movlena panikis sababad iqca. isini eWvobdnen, rom
ucxoelebi giraos gamosyidvis uflebas CamogvarTmevdnen da amas siamovnebiTac gaakeTebdnen,
magram es xom wminda wylis absurdia. kreditorebi ar CamoarTmeven gamosyidvis uflebas imas,
vinc ixdis. ucxoelebi didi mondomebiT eweodnen dabandebas amerikelebis safinanso aqtivebis
saSualebiT, radgan sxva investiciebs aSS-Si dabandebas amjobinebdnen. maT izidavT Cveni per-
speqtivebi da, amdenad, izidavT Cveni safinanso aqtivebic, isini moxarulebi arian imiT, rom Cve-
ni kreditorebi arian, radgan Tvlian, rom es momgebiani iqneba maTTvis. mxolod ucxoelebs Seu-
ZliaT daabandon aSS-Si imaze meti, vidre amerikelebi abandeben ucxoeTSi, Tu aSS-is
sagadamxdelo balansis yvela sxva muxlSi saerTo deficiti aRiniSneba. simarTles ar Seesabame-
ba mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ucxoelebi imitom gvaZleven sesxs, rom Cven ufro mets vyidu-
lobT maTTgan, vidre isini Cvengan. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es iseTive simarTlea, rogorc is, rom
Cven ufro mets vyidulobT ucxoelebisgan, vidre isini Cvengan mxolod imitom, rom surT ga­
zardon Cveni maTdami davalianeba.
albaT Cvens SeSfoTebas iwvevs is varaudi, rom aRniSnuli sesxebis gamo mogviwevs procen-
tebis gadaxda, magram sinamdvileSi `Cven~ araviTar procents ar gadavixdiT. valdebuleba pro-
centis gadaxdis Sesaxeb daekisreba imas, vinc isesxa. es ukanaskneli ki gonieri rom yofiliyo,
sesxis aRebamde daiangariSebda, gadaaWarbebda Tu ara aRniSnuli sesxidan miRebuli mogeba
sargeblis danaxarjebs. sainteresoa, ra aiZulebs am gulnatken adamianebs ifiqron, rom sesxis
aRebisas sulelurad moiqcnen? zogjer xalxi marTlac sulelurad iRebs sesxs. samagierod,
isini, vinc sesxs gascems, sakmaod didi yuradRebiT ekidebian saqmes.
aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom im sesxebis didi nawili, romelic ucxoelebma aSS-s
misces, sargeblis gareSea gacemuli. federaluri sarezervo bankis banknoti iseT valdebule-
bas warmoadgens, romelic misi mflobelisaTvis sargeblis gadaxdas ar iTvaliswinebs. miuxeda-
vad amisa, bevri ucxoeli mainc aRniSnuli banknotebis flobas da garigebis procesSi maT gamoye­
nebas amjobinebs. amas ki ganapirobebs misi rwmena, rom aSS-is valutis Rirebuleba momavalSi ar
daecema. imisaTvis, rom Cveni valuta iyidon, samagierod unda SemogvTavazon Rirebulebis mqone
aqtivebi, iqneba es saqoneli, momsaxureba Tu Semosavliani finansuri aqtivebi. Tu uars vityviT
imaze, rom Cvens qveyanaSi importma gadaaWarbos eqsports, ucxoelebi veRar SeZleben sasurveli
dolarebis miRebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, veRar SeZleben Cvens uzrunvelyofas uprocento
sesxebiT. amerikelebis mxridan namdvili sisulele iqneboda nerviuloba ucxoelebis xelgaSli-
lobis gamo. aseve, sisulele iqneboda isic, Tu xels SeuSlidnen maT importis SezRudvis gziT.

Uwonasworoba, rogorc SeniRbuli politikis Sedegi

SesaZloa, Zalian mivuaxlovdiT mRelvarebis im ZiriTad mizezebs, romlebmac aSS-is sagadamxde-
lo balansis gamo 1980-ian wlebSi bevri adamianis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. es adamianebi SeSfoTebas
gamoxatavdnen imis gamo, rom amerikelebi erTnairi mflangvelobiT gamoirCeodnen maSinac, roca
momxmareblis rolSi iyvnen, da maSinac, roca gadasaxadebs ixdidnen. is Tanxa, romlis dazogva an ga-
dasaxadebis saxiT gadaxda gvsurs, rogorc Cans, bevrad naklebia, im Tanxaze, romlis daxarjvasac
sainvesticio proeqtebsa da saxelmwifo programebze vapirebT. is adamianebi, romlebic SeSfoTe­
bulni arian qveynis valebis gamo, ucxoelebis mimarT mzard davalianebas imis utyuar sabuTad miiC-
neven, rom ar gvaqvs SorsmWvretelobis unari, gamovirCeviT egoisturobiT, varT metismetad
ganebivrebulni, aradisciplinirebulni da ar SegviZlia sakuTari Tavis marTva.
yvelaferi es SeiZleba sakmaod damajereblad JRerdes, magram arc erTi zemoxsenebuli
Tviseba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos sagadamxdelo balansis uwonasworobis gamomwvev mizezad. saga­

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damxdelo balansi saTanadod asaxavs Cvens sibeces, egoistobas da a.S., e.i. asaxavs Cvens mdgo-
mareobas. magram is araa am mdgomareobis gamomwvevi mizezi. Tu marTla garkveuli seniT varT
daavadebuli, misgan gankurnebas ver SevZlebT sagadamxdelo balansis saSualebiT. aSS-Si da-
bandebis survili, romelic ucxoelebs gauCndaT 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi faqtobrivad, Za-
lian sasargeblo aRmoCnda CvenTvis. roca federaluri mTavroba 1998 wlamde did sabiujeto
deficits ganicdida, aucilebeli iyo gamoCeniliyo viRac, visac didi sakredito fondi eqnebo-
da. swored ucxoelebma gaakeTes is, risi gakeTebac ar isurves amerikulma ojaxebma da firmebma:
maT sakmaod bevri fuli gaiRes federaluri biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad. maTi dax-
marebis gareSe sargeblis ganakveTi gacilebiT ufro maRali iqneboda da amerikuli kapitalis
masa bevrad ufro nela gaizrdeboda.
meore mxriv, ucxoelebs sesxebi ase liberalurad rom ar moecaT, maSin albaT sakuTar nakls
gavacnobierebdiT da iqneb gardavqmniliyaviT kidec. magram Tu me da Tqven gadavwyvetdiT xel-
mokled cxovrebas, gana marTebuli iqneboda brali dagvedo im xalxisTvis, vinc keTil nebas
gamoiCenda da fuls gvasesxebda? 1980-1990-ian wlebSi aSS-is sagadamxdelo balansSi arsebuli
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis deficitis irgvliv Seqmnili mRelvareba, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi
problemis miCqmalvas emsaxureboda. sinamdvileSi ki, mRelvarebis mizezs federaluri mTavro-
bis sabiujeto deficitisa da amerikuli ojaxebis mcire danazogebi Seadgenda. magram saSinao
politikis SeniRbvis mizniT saerTaSoriso uwonasworobis ideis gamoyenebas garkveuli arasa-
surveli Sedegebi mohyveba. yovelive es uzneobis saxes iRebs da, ra Tqma unda, arTulebs saSinao
politikaSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas. is kargi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom kerZo intere-
sebi `sazogadoebriv interesebze~ maRla iqnas dayenebuli. Tu, rogorc semuel jonsoni brZaneb-
da, patriotizmi marTlac aramzadebis TavSesafaria, sagadamxdelo balansi xSir SemTxvevaSi
farisevel patriotTa TavSesafrad iqceva.
sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba iseTi movlenebis gamar-
Tleba, rogoricaa tarifebi da kvotebi importze, qarxnebis adgilmdebareobis SecvlasTan da-
kavSirebuli SezRudvebi, saeWvo kvlevebisa da proeqtebis subsidiebi, muqara ucxoel xelisu­
falTa winaaRmdeg, gadasaxadebis saeWvo gadamxdelTa mier eqsportiorebisaTvis sesxebis gacema
da sxva samTavrobo privilegiebis gamoyeneba piradi interesebisaTvis. zogierTi maTgani, Sesa-
Zloa, marTlac brZnuli da windaxeduli politika iyos, magram Tu asea, maTi dacva saWiroa Riad
da pirdapir da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda moxdes maTi gamarTleba sagadamxdelo balansis
ararsebuli problemis saSualebiT.

rodemde gagrZeldeba ase?

uwonasworobis mtkiceba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi saSualebiT garkveuli procesebis SeniRbva
ar xdeba, warmoadgens prognozs mosalodneli cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. xorblis fasi moimatebs,
gaizrdeba im saqonlis materialuri maragi, romlis vargisianobis vada sakmaod xangrZlivia da
a.S. ras winaswarmetyvelebs is, vinc amtkicebs, rom qveynis ucxouri vaWroba uwonasworoa? ra
aris is, ris Secvlasac vvaraudobT?
esaa brwyinvale SekiTxva, romliTac sagonebelSi CavagdebT imas, vinc jer kidev jiutad iye­
nebs uwonasworobis cnebas saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul problemebze saubrisas.
vinc SeSfoTebulia aSS-Si amJamad arsebuli `uwonasworobiT~, albaT, miniSnebas imaze gaakeTebs,
rom ucxoelebs surT, meti raodenobiT flobdnen amerikul safinanso aqtivebs. `magram isini
yovelTvis ar mogvcemen kreditebs~. SesaZloa es mosazreba ar Seesabamebodes simarTles, radgan
aSS-Si ar arsebobs araviTari dabrkoleba, romelmac SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos msesxebels valis
dabrunebasa da kreditoris dakmayofilebaSi. magram ra moxdeboda, Tu es simarTle aRmoCnde-
boda, rogorc es msoflios ufro patara, naklebad mdidari da naklebad stabiluri qveynebis
SemTxvevaSi xdeba?
Tu kreditis gamcemi dakargavs ndobas potenciuri msesxeblis mimarT, is an valis gadaxdas
moiTxovs an ar gascems Semdgom kredits. garda amisa, is ukeTes da detalurad gamokvleul pro-
eqtebs, an sargeblis ufro maRal ganakveTs moiTxovs. rogorc ki sesxis aRebis survilis mqone
amerikeli daiwyebs ucxoel kreditorTa gaRizianebas, ucxoelebi Zal-Rones ar iSureben, rom
mas kreditis aReba gaurTulon. ar arsebobs iseTi argumenti, romelic sruliad daarwmunebs

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kreditorebs, rom krizisis araviTari safrTxe ar arsebobs, magram sesxis didi raodenobiT aRe-
ba garkveuli koreqtivis mizezi xdeba – yovel SemTxvevaSi, valebis gadaxdis TvalsazrisiT is-
eTi kargi reputaciis mqone qveyanaSi, rogoricaa aSS. Tumca, situacia sruliad gansxvavebulia
im patara, naklebi simdidris mqone da naklebad stabilur qveynebSi, romlebic wina abzacSi vax-
seneT. sanam maT problemebs ganvixilavdeT, Cven unda gaverkveT iseT movlenaSi, rogoricaa
savaluto kursi.

savaluto kursi da msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti

Zalian martivad rom vTqvaT, savaluto kursi warmoadgens urTierTda­kavSirebul fasebs,
romlebSic kombinirebulia fardobiTi fasebis gansxvavebuli wyeba. ori valutis gacvlis arse-
buli kursi daaxloebiT Seesabameba maTi msyidvelobiTi unaris Tanafardobas mocemul momen-
tSi. Tu germanuli markis SesaZenad saWiroa 67 centi, iaponuri ienisa ki – 0,67 centi, SegiZliaT
ivaraudoT, rom erTi dolariT, 1,5 markiT da 150 ieniT saqonlis daaxloebiT erTi da igive ra-
odenobis yidvaa SesaZlebeli Sesabamisad aSS-Si, germaniasa da iaponiaSi. daviwyoT imiT, rom
savaluto kursi gamoxatavs erovnul valutaTa msyidvelobiTi unaris paritets.

msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti: erTi Wiqa yava tusonSi $1 Rirs,

tubingenSi – 1,5 marka, xolo tokioSi 150 ieni

zemoTqmulis ukeT gagebis umartivesi saSualeba aris is, rom davufiqrdeT, Tu ra iqneboda
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi. Tu erTi dolari cvlis 150 iens, magram 150 ieniT iaponiaSi gacilebiT
meti saqonlis SeZenaa SesaZlebeli, vidre erTi dolariT aSS-Si, maSin dolaris mflobels
gauCndeba ienis yidvis survili. am gziT is SeZlebs meti saqonlis SeZenas. dolaris mflobelTa
gazrdil moTxovnas ienze ar mohyveba ienis miwodebis gazrda, radgan misi mflobelebi ar moin-
domeben 150 ienis gadaxdas erT dolarSi. ienis fasi dolarebSi Sesabamisad aiwevs. dolaris
mflobelebi daiwyeben 1,05 dolaris SeTavazebas 150 ienis misaRebad. Tu imave movlenas sxva
kuTxiT SevxedavT, ienis mflobelebi axla ukve 143 ienad SeZleben erTi dolaris Sesyidvas.
msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti pirveli miaxloebaa imis dadgenasTan, Tu ratom icvleba
erovnuli valutebi erTmaneTze ise, rogorc es dRes xdeba. daviwyoT imiT, rom gacvlis kursi
zustad arasodes utoldeba ori valutis msyidvelobiT unars, radgan ori valuta verasodes
iyidis zustad erTi da imave raodenobis saqonels. magaliTad, Tu fuZiamas mTis maxloblad
gsurT dasveneba, amisTvis ver gadaixdi dolarebs aSS-Si an markebs germaniaSi. ufro metic,
umetes SemTxvevaSi savaluto kursi damokidebulia im saqonlis Sesatyvis fasebze, romlebic
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sagnebs warmoadgens (mag. soflis meurneobis produqtebi, avtonawile-
bi, navTobi, avtomobilebi) da naklebadaa damokidebuli im saqonlis Sesatyvis fasebze, romelTa
importi Tu eqsporti iSviaTad xdeba (mag. sacxovrebeli saxlebi, saparikmaxero momsaxureba).

imis molodini, rom sakuTrebis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba, mis dRevandel zrdas iwvevs

ufro mniSvnelovani garemoebaa is, rom savaluto kursi ar gamoxatavs valutis mimdinare msy-
idvelobiT unars maSin, roca mosalodnelia, rom misi Sesatyvisi msyidvelobiTi unari
Seicvalos. rwmena, rom momaval wels kanadaSi ufro swrafad moxdeba inflacia, vidre aSS-Si,
ganpirobebulia im varaudiT, rom aRniSnuli wlis manZilze kanaduri dolari ufro metad da-
kargavs Rirebulebas, vidre aSS dolari. zemoaRniSnuli rwmena aSS dolarze ufro gazrdis
moTxovnas, vidre kanadurze, da aSS dolaris Rirebuleba SedarebiT metad gaizrdeba. erT-erTi
Sedegi, romelic am movlenebs mohyveba, aris is, rom sanam kanadaSi fasebi im donemde gaizrdeba,
rasac xalxi moelis, turistebs, romlebic aSS dolarebs gamoiyeneben kanadaSi, sakvebi da bina
bevrad iafi daujdebaT, xolo kanadeli turistebi Zalian mZime pirobebSi aRmoCndebian aSS-Si,
radgan metismetad maRali fasebis gadaxda mouwevT.
mudmivad cvalebadi mdgomareoba da sxvaobis molodini iwvevs savaluto kursis moZraobas
ise, rom saerTaSoriso garigebebi ufro sarisko xdeba, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi. aseTi saxis

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gaurkvevloba urTulebs mewarmeebs maT nawarmze momavali moTxovnis ganWvretas. maSinac ki,
roca isini eqsports ar ewevian, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes konkurenciis gaweva importirebuli
saqonlisTvis, romlis fasebi, sakuTarTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba mudmivad da mniSvnelovnad
Seicvalos savaluto kursis moZraobis Sesabamisad. ucxoeli investorebi SeSfoTebiT adevne-
ben Tvalyurs savaluto kurss. amerikeli, romelic erTwlian sesxs iRebs da mis gadaxdas fran-
guli frankiT apirebs, SeiZleba dazaraldes, Tu franguli frankis Rirebuleba wlis manZilze
moulodnelad daecema. ase rom, savaluto kursis meryeoba mewarmeebsa da investorebs uqmnis
damatebiT gaurkvevlobas da aZlevs SeSfoTebis sababs. aseTi viTareba gansakuTrebiT mzard
globalizebul ekonomikur sistemas axasiaTebs. Sesabamisad, ZviradRirebuli Secdomebi ufro
xSiria da recesia, romlis safuZvels mcdari prognozebi warmoadgens, ufro xSiri da ufro sas-
tiki xdeba. gana valutis fiqsirebuli da stabiluri kursi bevrad ukeTesi ar iqneboda?

breton vudsis sistema

swored imisaTvis, rom SeeqmnaT stabiluri savaluto kursis sistema, meore msoflio omis Semdeg
dasavleTis qveynebma Camoayalibes saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (ssf). ssf unda daxmareboda
qveynebs, romelTa valutac gaufasurebas iwyebda da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu valutis arsebuli kursi
mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbebda Tavis Rirebulebas, rekomendaciis saxiT, devalvacia unda SeeTavaze-
bina. imis gamo, rom ekonomikis aRmavlobis da inflaciis tempebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebu-
lia, drodadro saWiro xdeba savaluto kursis Secvlac. magram breton vudsis sistemis (niu hemp-
Siris Statis patara qalaqis saxelwodebis mixedviT, sadac 1944 wels miRweul iqna pirveli
saerTaSoriso savaluto SeTanxmebebi) mTavari mizani iyo stabiluri savaluto kursi. misi mxar­
daWeris mizniT, yvela qveyanas unda Seesyida, Semdeg ki gaeyida sakuTari valuta da ase unda uzrun-
velyo misi SenarCuneba oficialurad dawesebul savaluto kursze – aSS dolarTan (msoflios saba-
ziso valutasTan) mimarTebaSi. yvela savaluto kursi fiqsirebuli iyo dolarTan, dolari ki, Tavis
mxriv, fiqsirebuli iyo oqrosTan. ssf imedovnebda, rom yovelive es uzrunvelyofda met rwmenas da
xels Seuwyobda sarfiani saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebas.
aRniSnul sistemas marcxi ar ganucdia. saerTaSoriso vaWroba breton vudsis sistemis piro-
bebSi daaxloebiT orjer ufro swrafad izrdeboda, vidre msoflios mTliani Sida produqti.
Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso specializaciis upiratesobam xeli Seuwyo realuri Semosavlis
zrdas. magram myari savaluto kursis saerTaSoriso sistemis mxardaWera Znelia, Tu wevri qvey-
nebis mTavrobebi sakuTar saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebSi gansxvavebul ekonomikur politikas axor-
cieleben. aseT viTarebaSi am qveynebSi gansxvavebuli tempiT izrdeba samrewvelo da sasoflo-
sameurneo produqciis moculoba, gansxvave­bulad yalibdeba qveynebs Soris Sesatyvisi fasebis
struqtura da gansxvavebuli tempiT mimdinareobs inflacia. aqedan gamomdinare, sakmaod
meryeobs saerTaSoriso moTxovna sxvadasxva qveynis valutaze. aseT viTarebaSi mTavroba xSirad
iZulebuli xdeba Caataros mZime da xangrZlivi intervenciebi savaluto bazrebze im mizniT, rom
Tavidan aiSoros sakuTari valutis gaufasureba, an misi fasis gazrda.

sakuTari valutis Rirebulebis zrdis (gaZvirebis) Tavidan asacileblad,

mTavrobam sakuTari valuta unda gayidos sxva qveynebis valutaze

im qveynebis mTavrobebi, romelTa valutis fasic izrdeboda, iZulebulebi iyvnen, SeeZinaT

sxva qveynebis valuta. magaliTad, dasavleT germaniis centralurma bankma Seisyida ucxouri
valuta da misi fasi sakuTari valutiT – germanuli markiT gadaixada. am moqmedebiT mas surda
daecva germanuli markis savaluto kursi da ar daeSva misi Rirebulebis gazrda. Sedegad, dasav-
leT germaniaSi mimoqcevaSi meti germanuli marka gauSves, ramac Seamcira misi Rirebuleba, e.i.
gamoiwvia Sida inflacia. germanelebs kargad axsovdaT 1920-iani wlebis hiperinflacia da is
udidesi zarali, rac man ekonomikas miayena, amitom sazogadoebas da mTavrobas mtkiced hqondaT
gadawyvetili, Tavidan aecilebinaT inflacia. magram inflaciis sawinaaRmdego politikis gan­
xorcieleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda centraluri bankisaTvis, romelsac evaleboda ar daeSva sa-
kuTari valutis kursis zrda ucxour savaluto bazrebze. germanuli markis fasi gaizarda,

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radgan is ar iyo Sefasebuli fiqsirebuli savaluto kursis mixedviT. amis mizezi ki swored is
iyo, rom dasavleT germaniis mTavroba da centraluri banki cdilobdnen Sida inflaciis SeCere-
bas. yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom qveynebi, romlebic inflacias Sida politikis saSualebiT
akontrolebdnen, moeqcnen saerTaSoriso zewolis qveS, rac avaldebulebda maT, daeCqarebinaT
inflacia.
im qveynis mTavrobas, romlis valutis fasi ecemoda, rasac, Cveulebriv, arsebuli saSualoze
maRali an mosalodneli inflacia iwvevda, evaleboda, Seesyida sakuTari valuta. am qmedebiT mas
unda daecva igi fasis Semcirebisagan. magram sakiTxavia, riT unda Seesyida is? rasakvirvelia,
sxva qveynebis valutiT, kerZod, aSS dolarebiT. arada, maTi valuta xom swored imitom ufa-
surdeboda, rom miwodebuli dolarebisa da sxva valutis raodenoba ar iyo sakmarisi da ver
akma­yofilebda moTxovnas? sad unda eSova centralur banks dolarebi sakuTari valutis Sesa-
Zenad da am gziT misi fasis gasazrdelad?
es SesaZlebeli iqneboda ssf-Si Sesvlis gziT. ssf-s SeeZlo sesxad mieca ucxouri valutis
rezervebi centraluri bankisaTvis, romelsac surda SeeCerebina sakuTari valutis saerTaSor-
iso Rirebulebis Semcireba. magram, cxadia, es mxolod da mxolod droebiTi gamosavali iqnebo-
da. Tu ar Seicvleboda Sida politika, romelic devalvacias uwyobda xels, gaufasureba
gardauvali iyo. es Sida politika xasiaTdeboda imiT, rom samTavrobo xarjebi aWarbebda ga-
dasaxadebidan miRebul wliur Semosavals. deficitis dafinanseba ki axali fulis Seqmnis gziT
xdeboda. yovelive es sabolood inflacias iwvevda. ssf swored imitom gascemda kreditebs, rom
mTavrobas deficitis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba hqonda da xeli SeeSala axali fulis SeqmnisaT-
vis, magram, sakmaod xSirad, es mxolod amao survili iyo. Sida faqtorebi, romlebic iwvevdnen
biujetis deficits, ar gaqreboda mxolod imitom, rom, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis azriT,
deficiti arasasurveli movlena iyo.

fiqsirebuli Tu Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursi?

1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma ZiriTadad uari Tqva mcdeloba-
ze, rom dolaris Rirebuleba fiqsirebuli yofiliyo oqros saSualebiT, xolo sxva qveynebma
met-naklebad uari ganacxades sakuTari valutis kursis dolarTan SeTanxmebaze. savaluto
kursebi gaTavi­suf­ldnen. SesaZlebeli gaxda maTi meryeoba miwodebisa da moTxovnis cvalebado-
bis Sesabamisad. zogierTma eqspertma saswrafod gaakeTa gancxadeba saerTaSoriso savaluto
sistemis kraxis Sesaxeb da msoflio savaluto krizisi iwinaswarmetyvela. mTeli msoflios cen-
tralurma bankebma moiTxoves, rom saswrafod Catarebuliyo sagangebo konferenciebi.
varaudob­dnen, rom Seiqmneboda axali sistema, romelic aRadgenda wesrigs manam, sanam vaWrobas
da savaluto sistemas sruli qaosi moicavda.
akademiuri wreebis miRma, gansakuTrebiT, im ekonomistebs Soris, romlebic centralur
bankebSi muSaobdnen, iTvleboda, rom valutis Tavisuflad mcuravi kursi araefeqtiani an arasa-
surveli iyo. rogorc amtkicebdnen, aseTi savaluto kursi damatebiT gaurkvevlobas uqmnida
ucxoel vaWrebs da investorebs. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo Seeqmna damatebiTi gaurkvevloba mewar-
meebisa da investorebisaTvis qveynis SigniT. savaluto kursis cvlilebas SeeZlo swrafad da
radikalurad Seecvala garkveuli sawarmoebis potenciuri rentabeloba. es sawarmoebi ki qmnid-
nen ara marto im produqcias, romelic importul saqonels uwevda konkurencias, aramed saeqs-
porto saqonelsac. ufro metic, mTavrobebi, rogorc Cans, ar darCebodnen pasiurni, roca wa-
myvani savaWro qveynis valutis moulodneli gaufasureba gamoiwvevda importis moulodnel
mozRvavebas an daemuqreboda arsebul eqsportis bazrebs. mTavroba, albaT, daamyarebda kon-
trols vaWrobasa da investiciebze, an Segnebulad gaaufasurebda sakuTar valutas. yovelive es
SeiZleboda sakmaod swrafad damTavrebuliyo saerTaSoriso gacvlis kraxiT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursis momxreebma gamarjveba moipoves 70-
ian, 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi, Tumca es moxda ufro iZulebiT, vidre winaswari ganzraxviT. sxva­
dasxva qveynebs Soris arsebulma winaaRmdegobebma mTavrobebs saSualeba ar misca, SeTanxmebu-
liyvnen fiqsirebuli kursis axal sistemaze. bevri qveyana dauSveblad Tvlida savaluto kursis
meryeobas da yvelanairad ewinaaRmdegeboda mas, magram amave dros imasac cdilobda, rom
garkveuli Tanafardoba SeenarCunebina sakuTarsa da romelime `mTavar~ valutas an valutaTa

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jgufebs Soris. valutis meryeobis Sesamcireblad ramdenime saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba daido,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, im qveynebs Soris, romelTac gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqondaT gaCaRebuli
erTmaneTTan. zogierTi patara saxelmwifo, romlis saerTaSoriso vaWroba mtkiced iyo orien-
tirebuli romelime did saxelmwifoze, cdilobda daefiqsirebina sakuTari valutis kursi
ZiriTadi partnioris valutasTan mimarTebaSi, magram sistemas, romelic fiqsirebuli savalu-
to kursis sistemis kraxis Semdeg Seiqmna, garkveuli naklic hqonda da lokalizebul krizissac
ganicdida. Tumca, umeteswilad, is mainc Tavis daniSnulebas asrulebda. Tavisuflad mcurav
savaluto kurss ar gamouwvevia araviTari katastrofa, miuxedavad imisa, rom centraluri
bankebi aseT prognozs akeTebdnen. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis msoflio moculobis zrda orjer
meti iyo, vidre msoflios mTliani Sida produqtis zrda 1975 wlis Semdeg.

aravin icis
arsebuli saerTaSoriso sistema rom uniaToa, es e.w. `aziurma krizismac~ daamtkica, romelic
1997 wels daiwyo da romelmac xeli Seuwyo aRniSnuli sistemis zogierTi seriozuli naklis ga-
momzeurebas. es movlena gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa im brwyinvale ekonomikuri aRmavlobis
fonze, romelmac aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi moicva 1990-ian wlebSi. ucxourma investiciebma
didi wvlili Seitana am aRmavlobaSi, xolo aRmavlobam TavisTavad stimuli misca imas, rom
ucxour bankebsa da investorebs damatebiTi sesxebi gaecaT.

sargeblis nominaluri ganakveTi moicavs valutis Rirebulebis Semcirebis molodins.

ucxoelebs, romlebic sesxs aZleven iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa tailandi, malaizia an indone-
zia, surT, rom vali sakuTari valutiT daibrunon. Tumca amerikuli banki, romelic 10 milioni
dolaris sesxs aZlevs indonezias garkveuli proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad, daTanxmdeba imas,
rom procentic da valis ZiriTadi nawilic rupiiT – indoneziuri valutiT daibrunos. magram
aseT Tanxmobas is mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miscems, Tu icis, rom rupiis dolarTan fiqsirebuli
kursi ar Seicvleba im droisaTvis, roca valis gadaxdis dro mova. garda amisa, is Tanxmobas im
SemTxvevaSic ganacxadebs, Tu dadgenili sargeblis ganakveTi aanazRaurebs rupiis Rirebulebis
nebismier mosalodnel Semcirebas. sargeblis ganakveTi, romelic dawesebulia ucxour sesxe-
bze, romelTa anazRaureba unda moxdes adgilobrivi valutiT, iTvaliswinebs adgilobrivi
valutis mosalodnel gaufasurebas. zustad iseve, rogorc erTi qveynis SigniT dawesebuli
sargeblis nominaluri ganakveTi iTvaliswinebs fulis Rirebulebis dacemas. Tu ucxoeli inves-
torebi gadawyveten, rom sargeblis ganakveTi, romlis anazRaureba unda moxdes rupiiT, ar
aanazRaurebs gacemuli Tanxis Rirebulebas rupiis gaufasurebis SemTxvevaSi, isini ar iqnebian
dainteresebulni, rom krediti gamouyon indonezias da, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba, xanmokle vadiT
gacemuli kreditis dabrunebasac Seecdebian.
ase rom, mTavroba da centraluri banki Seecdebian daarwmunon ucxoeli investorebi imaSi,
rom maTi valutis gaufasurebis araviTari riski ar arsebobs. saamisod saukeTeso saSualeba
iqneba is, rom, rogorc ki gaCndeba valutis gaufasurebis garkveuli niSnebi, maSinve gaamyaron
igi sakuTari valutis Sesyidvis gziT. sakuTar valutas, ra Tqma unda, dolarebiT an sxva `myari
valutiT~ Seisyidian (romlis Rirebulebis SenarCuneba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs). magram, Tu
xalxi, vinc rupiebs saerTaSoriso garigebebSi iyenebs, Tvlis, rom aRniSnuli valutis fasi faq-
tobrivad aWarbebs mis Rirebulebas, masze moTxovna yovelTvis ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre mi-
wodeba. raki centralur banks ganuwyvetliv mouwevs sakuTari valutis myari valutiT Sesyidva,
is sabolood amowuravs kidec myari valutis rezervebs.
ra moxdeba Semdeg? arsebobs ramdenime SesaZlebloba. pirveli isaa, rom centralurma bankma
uari unda Tqvas fasebis fiqsirebis operaciebze da ar SeuSalos xeli valutis gaufasurebas
bazris kliringis doneze. es daazaralebs investorebs da gazrdis importis fass, radgan
ucxouri fulis erTeulis SesaZenad gamoyenebuli iqneba meti Sida valuta.
meore SesaZleblobaa sargeblis ganakveTebis gazrda. Tu sargeblis ganakveTi imdenad maRa-
lia, rom kursis dacemis SemTxvevaSi aanazRaurebs valutis Rirebulebas, ucxoelebi moisurve-

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ben Sida valutis Sesyidvas da ara mis gayidvas, Sedegad ki gaufasurebis procesic SeCerdeba. aq
unda aRiniSnos, rom sargeblis ganakveTebi gazrdian kapitalis SeZenis fasebs da amdenad, xels
SeuSlian ekonomikur aRmavlobas.
mesame SesaZleblobaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan sesxis aReba. magram, rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, es SeiZleba iyos mxolod moCvenebiTi saSualeba. aucilebelia mniSvnelovani
RonisZiebebi gaufasurebis tendenciis SesaCereblad. ssf-is daxmareba dafuZnebuli iqneba pi-
robaze, romelsac is warudgens msesxebel qveyanas. aRniSnuli pirobis mixedviT, es qveyana unda
daTanxmdes im reformebze, romlebsac, rogorc ssf-is oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, aqvT poten-
ciali saimisod, rom SeaCeron savaluto kursis dacemis procesi. reformebis kursis SerCevisas,
ssf iTvaliswinebs Semdeg faqtorebs: valuta maSin ufasurdeba, roca investorebi amas moelian;
investorebs aseTi varaudebi maSin uCndebaT, roca fulis miwodeba metismetad swrafad xdeba;
fulis miwodebis swrafi zrda gamowveulia imiT, rom mTavroba beWdavs fuls deficitis dasafi-
nanseblad; aRniSnul deficits ki iwvevs is, rom samTavrobo xarjebi aRemateba gadasaxadebis
akrefis Sedegad Segrovil Tanxas. dasaxelebuli faqtebi ganapirobebs imas, rom yvela im re-
formis safuZveli, romelsac moiTxovs ssf, iqneba samTavrobo xarjebis Semcireba gadasaxadeb-
iT mogrovili Tanxis Sesabamisad.
amgvarad, ssf-s SeuZlia asesxos qveyanas ucxouri valuta imisaTvis, rom am qveyanam SeZlos
sakuTari fulis Rirebulebis erT doneze SenarCuneba, magram es im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu
qveya­na daTanxmdeba maqsimalurad gazardos sargeblis ganakveTi, gaauqmos popularuli, magram
ZviradRirebuli subsidiebi da gazardos gadasaxadebi. ssf-s nebismieri rekomendacia arasa-
surveli iqneba, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qveyana manamdec mimarTavda aseT saSualebebs.

problemebi
axla warmovidginoT, rom zemoxsenebuli rekomendacia ar miiRes, an mas Zalian nela asrule-
ben, ise rom ssf-is daxmareba dagvianebuli aRmoCndeba. ucxoel investorebs, romelTa SeSfoTe-
ba izrdeba, SeuZliaT Sewyviton qveynisTvis kreditebis gacema da ukve gacemuli kreditebis da-
brunebac scadon. Tu moqmedeba aseTi mimarTulebiT warimarTeba, is Zalian swrafad
gaZlierdeba radgan, rogorc ki gaCndeba eWvi, rom qveyanas ar aqvs valdebulebaTa Sesrulebi-
sTvis aucilebeli rezervebi, yvela imiT iqneba dainteresebuli, rom fuli daibrunos. es mov-
lena Zalian hgavs im SemTxvevebs, roca xalxi fulis gamosatanad banks miawydeba, rac sakmaod
xSirad xdeboda aSS-Si 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da manamdec. valutis Rirebulebis dacemis
SiSi xSirad TviTon xdeba am dacemis mizezi, radgan yvela cdilobs, gayidos valuta da is safi-
nanso aqtivebi, romelTa anazRaureba aRniSnuli valutiT unda moxdes.

fasis Semcirebamde saqonlis gayidvis survili am fasis Semcirebas iwvevs

aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios `kapitalis gadineba~, amis Sedegad ki dazaralebuli qveynis mTavro-
bam, SesaZloa, zemoxsenebul pirvel saSualebaze SeaCeros arCevani da CaTvalos, rom es sruli-
ad `bunebrivi~ gamosavalia. dae, valutis Rirebuleba iseT donemde Semcirdes, rogorsac saba-
zro procesi airCevs. problema ucbad gadaiWreba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mcire xniT mainc.
aucilebeli ar iqneba arc samTavrobo xarjebis Semcireba da arc arapopularuli gadasaxadebis
akrefa, samTavrobo subsidiebisa da kerZo investiciebis dacvac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba da arc
sargeblis ganakveTis gazrda iqneba saWiro. ucxoeli kreditorebi, ra Tqma unda, ganrisxdebian.
isini CaTvlian, rom maT uRalates da ficsac ki dadeben, rom aRarasodes asesxeben qveyanas,
romelmac abuCad aigdo maTi interesebi. magram, es is problemaa, romlis gadaWras didi dro
dasWirdeba, saswrafo problema ki gadaWrilia. mTavroba, romelic metismetad did mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebs sakuTar popularobas, ver SeZlebs sworad ganWvritos momavali grZelvadiani peri-
odis perspeqtiva.
erT qveyanaSi savaluto kursis dacema eWvs aRuZravs investorebs sxva qveynebis mimarTac, sa-
dac, savaraudod, msgavsi mdgomareobaa. Tu tailanduri baTi daecema, mas albaT arc indonezi-
uri rupia CamorCeba. rupiis gaufasurebis Sedegad kapitali SeiZleba ise gafrindes malai-

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ziidan, rom Semdgomi gaufasureba ringitma ganicados. amis Semdeg, gana ramden xans ar
daemuqreba safrTxe samxreT koreis vonas, filipinur pesos an taivanur dolars?
SesaZloa, investorebs msoflios sxva qveynebisadmic gauCndeT eWvi, radgan moulodnelad
aRmoaCenen, rom iqac riskis winaSe dganan. SeiZleba gauCndeT eWvi braziliuri realis stabilu-
robasTan dakavSirebiT. eWvebi im qveynebsac Seipyrobs, romelTa valutis Rirebuleba dolaris
kursTanaa fiqsirebuli. aseTi qveynad, magaliTad, argentina gamodgeba. valutis gamyarebis
xelSewyobis mizniT, argentinis centralurma bankma unda brZanos, rom sakmarisi raodenobiT
moxdes dolaris miwodeba. am moqmedebas unda mohyves im xalxis moTxovnis dakmayofileba, visac
surs, peso dolarze gayidos. ramden xans gaZlebs misi savaluto rezervi, roca mTeli msoflios
investorebi SiSiT arian Sepyrobilni da Semosavliani investiciebis nacvlad naklebad sarisko
investiciebze iReben orientacias? mouxdeba Tu ara argentinis centralur banks dolaris
mizidvis mizniT sargeblis ganakveTis gazrda, rac uaryofiTad imoqmedebs saSinao ekonomikur
saqmianobaze?
ra ufro prioritetuli aRmoCndeba mTavrobis oficialur pirTaTvis – ucxoel investorTa
interesebi Tu sakuTari ekonomikis sijansaRe? arCevani sakmaod martivi iqneboda, orive maTgani
ase mtkiced rom ar iyos dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. ucxouri investiciebis gadinebas, Sesa-
Zloa, sastiki Sedegebi mohyves grZelvadian periodSi, magram mas moklevadiani periodis drosac
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi eqneba im qveynebisaTvis, romelTa ekonomikuri aRmavloba umTavresad
ucxouri kapitalis mudmiv miwodebazea damokidebuli. ZiriTadi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba
SeiZleba SeaCeron, aseve SeiZleba daiTxovon muSebi, roca erTbaSad gamoileva fondebi, rom-
lebmac isini unda daafinansos. ufro metic, devalvacia gamoiwvevs imas, rom rogorc samomxma­
reblo saqonlis, ise sawarmoo saSualebebis importi uceb mkveTrad gaZvirdeba da xalxi,
romelsac aRniSnuli saqoneli sWirdeba, veRar SeZlebs mis yidvas.

saerTo valutis SemTxveva

marTalni arian rogorc valutis fiqsirebuli kursis, ise Tavisuflad mcuravi kursis
momxreebi. scadeT, warmoidginoT, ra moxdeboda, Tu amerikis 50 StatSi dolars gansxvavebuli
da mudmivad cvalebadi Rirebuleba eqneboda. xvdebiT Tu ara, ramden damatebiT danaxarjs da
axal gaurkvevlobas Seitanda es firmebis saqmianobaSi? Cveni erovnuli simdidre didwilad
farTo specializaciis Sedegia, romlis dauflebac swored imitom SevZeliT, rom qveynis ukide-
gano teritoriaze vaWroba ar iyo dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan danaxarjebsa da gaukrvevlobas-
Tan. fiqsirebuli savaluto kursi Statebs Soris udides, fasdaudebel rolsac ki asrulebs
specializaciisa da vaWrobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis – menis StatSi mcxovrebi kinos moyvarulis
mier gadaxdili dolari yovelTvis icvleba dolarze, romelsac iRebs kaliforniis kinofirma.
magram Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursis mxardamWernic marTlebi arian. ori kritikuli
movlena ganasxvavebs aSS-s msoflios sxva qveynebisagan: erovnuli konstitucia krZalavs saqon-
lis, momsaxurebis, safinanso aqtivebis da xalxis Tavisufali moZraobis SezRudvas qveynis ter-
itoriaze. Statebs ara aqvT imis saSualeba, rom ganaxorcielon damoukidebeli fuladi poli-
tika, ara aqvT sakmarisi Zalaufleba imisaTvis, rom Seqmnan pirobebi havaisa da niu-hempSiris
dolaris Sesabamisad alabamasa Tu alaskis dolaris Rirebulebis Sesacvlelad. samagierod,
aseTi Zalaufleba aqvT saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs. garda amisa, maT aqvT politikuri stimuli,
gamoiyenon es Zalaufleba ise, rom maTi moqmedebis Sedegad Seicvalos valutis msyidvelobiTi
unari. imis mcdeloba, rom moxdes fiqsirebuli savaluto kursis SenarCuneba iseT samyaroSi,
sadac radikalurad gansxvavebuli erovnuli ekonomikuri politika xorcieldeba, zians ufro
moitans, vidre sargebels. is ubiZgebs da zogjer mosTxovs kidec mTavrobas, rom Caerios saer-
TaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan es erTaderTi saSualebad iTvleba Sida ekonomikuri politikisa da
saerTaSoriso savaluto kursis urTierTSeTanxmebis misaRwevad.

fiqsirebuli kursis sistema idealuria idealuri mTavrobis pirobebSi

germaniisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi didxans muSaobdnen imaze, rom SeemcirebinaT xalxisa da

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saqonlis saerTaSoriso moZraobis barierebi dasavleT evropaSi da am barierebis Semcirebas an mox-
snas politikuri da ekonomikuri integraciis mTavar saSualebad miiCnevdnen. maTi azriT, es Seamci-
rebda momavali omis safrTxes da gazrdida efeqtianobas evropaSi. ZiriTadi nabiji am miznisaken
unda yofiliyo evropisTvis saerTo valutis Seqmna. 1999 wlis 1 ianvars evro iqca evropis savaluto
kavSirSi gaerTianebuli 11 qveynis saerTo valutad. es is 11 qveyana iyo, romlebic aRniSnul kav-
SirSi gawevrianebis survils acxadebdnen da mis kriteriumebsac iTvaliswinebdnen. yvela qveynisa-
gan, romelic axali evropuli valutiT sargeblis survils gamoTqvamda, es kriteriumebi, ZiriTa-
dad moiTxovda, daemtkicebina, rom SeeZlo mTavrobis xarjebi gaekontrolebina mTavrobis wliuri
SemosavliT. is, vinc mxars uWers evros, imedovnebs, rom igi sabolood Secvlis germanul markas,
frangul franks, italiur liras da yvela sxva gansxvavebul erovnul valutas, rac amJamad sakmaod
arTulebs saerTaSoriso gacvlas evropis SigniT.

fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebi zRudavs qveynebis mTavrobaTa

politikur Tavisuflebas

magram mTavrobebi, romlebic Tmoben TavianT erovnul valutas, amave dros Tmoben Zlier
iaraRs, romlis saSualebiT uamrav dapirebas aRuTqvamdnen eleqtorats. ufro martivad da
pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mTavrobas, romelsac ar aqvs sakuTari valuta, SezRuduli aqvs imis un-
ari, rom daafinansos programebi, romelTa Sesrulebac SeiZleba amomrCevlebma moiTxovon da
am mTavrobis Zalauflebis SesanarCunebel pirobadac aqcion. frangebic ki, romlebic ori aT-
wleulis manZilze regularulad adasturebdnen TavianT gadawyvetilebas dasavleT evropis
ekonomikuri integraciis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb, axla, roca saqme saqmeze midga da evros mimoqcev-
aSi gaSvebis dro moaxlovda, aRar iCenen Zvel gulmodginebas. maT mxolod axla dainaxes, Tu ra
Zneli iqneba sakmaod bevri popularuli politikuri nabijis gadadgma saerTo evropuli valut-
is pirobebSi.
SesaZloa, evros sawinaaRmdego araferi gvqondes, magram mainc sainteresoa, ra moxdeba roca
am savaluto gaerTianebis wevr romelime qveyanas recesiis periodi daudgeba da aRniSnuli
recesia araviTar gavlenas ar iqoniebs sxva qveynebze. roca qveyanas ar aqvs sakuTari valuta, is
ver gamoiyenebs ufro martiv fulad politikas. Tu mas ar eqneba saSualeba, rom daafinansos
deficiti damatebiTi fulis Seqmnis gziT, garda amisa, is ver SeZlebs daicvas samuSao adgilebi
importis SezRudvis saSualebiT. SesaZloa, xSirad Zalian kargic ki iyos, Tu is ver gaatarebs
garkveuli tipis politikas. magram sakiTxavia, regulirebis sxva ra meTodebi darCeba mas? wava
Tu ara misi umuSevari muSaxeli sxva qveynebSi, sadac samuSao adgilebi metia? evropelebi ise
advilad ar midian sxva qveynebSi, rogorc amerikelebi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT adgilze wasvlas
ar isurveben, sadac gansxvavebuli ena da kulturaa. evro arasodes yofila Zalian popularuli
im qveynebis moqalaqeTa Soris, romlebic gaerTiandnen savaluto kavSirSi. ras moimoqmedeben es
moqalaqeebi, roca aRmoaCenen, rom evros gamo mTavrobam daTmo iseTi politikis ganxorcielebis
saSualeba, romelic aqamde yovelTvis popularobiT sargeblobda, magram SeiZleba sulac ar aR-
moCndes brZnuli grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi? evro metad saintereso eqsperimenti iqneba.

kerZo, erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi interesebi

zogjer, roca uzomod dakavebulni varT problemis gadasaWreli gzebis ZiebiT, gvaviwydeba
Tavad problemis arsi. Cveni mizania, rom momxmareblebs, investorebs, mewarmeebs, turistebs da
stvirze dakvris moyvarulebs – mokled, xalxs hqondes saSualeba, iTanamSromlos ufro Tavi-
suflad, im barierebis miuxedavad, romlebic erovnulma sazRvrebma Seqmnes. xom ar imaleba aq
sxva problema, saxeldobr is, rom adamianebi iseT saerTaSoriso garigebebs mimarTaven, romle-
bic xels SeuSlian qveynis mTavrobis miznebs?
cxadia, SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoebis didi nawilis interesebma moiTxovos garkveuli Sez-
Rudvebi saerTaSoriso gacvlaze, magram sazriani adamiani dainteresdeboda, Tu ratom
moiTxovs, erovnuli interesi ase regularulad gacemas da ara miRebas, ratom moiTxovs is, rom
saqonels amjobinon samuSao adgilebi, rom ar miscen saSualeba kvalificiur mewarmeebs, gaTavi-

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sufldnen ucodinari da arakvalificiuri kolegebisagan, rom saerTod xeli SeuSalon xalxs
Tavisufali gacvlis gziT simdidris dagrovebaSi? gonier skeptikoss albaT miutevebdnen, Tu
daaskvnida, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebi SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavdebodes erovnuli in-
teresebisagan. igulisxmeba erovnuli interesebis is forma, romelsac Sida ekonomikuri poli-
tikis warmmarTvelebi ayalibeben.
SedarebiTi upiratesobis principi, romelzec me-2 TavSi visaubreT, pirvelad mecxramete
saukunis dasawyisSi iqna Camoyalibebuli, rogorc saerTaSoriso vaWrobis upiratesobis
safuZveli. magram es principi ar sargeblobda warmatebiT iq, sadac gaCnda. `yvelam icis~, rom
importi zians ayenebs adgilobriv firmebs da amcirebs samuSao adgilebs, xolo eqsporti adgi-
lobriv mewarmeebs aZlevs mogebas da qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
politika, romelic mimarTulia importis SezRudvasa da eqsportis subsidirebaze, Zlieri mxar­
daWeriT sargeblobda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. es mxardaWera gansakuTrebiT Zlieria maSin,
roca recesia iwvevs saqonlis gayidvas Semcirebuli fasebiT da zrdis umuSevrobis dones.
mosazreba, rom samuSao adgilebi importis gamo qreba, macduri naxevarsimarTlis STabeW-
dilebas tovebs. roca amerikelebi yiduloben iaponur avtomobilebs, isini ar yiduloben im-
denive samamulo warmoebis avtomobils. avtomobilebis importis zrdas SeuZlia gamoiwvios
warmoebis Semcireba da am dargSi dasaqmebulTa samsaxuridan daTxovna. ase rom, avtomobilebis
mwarmoebeli firmebis mepatroneebi da TanamSromlebi aSkarad arian dainteresebulni importis
SezRudviT, xolo roca isini midian kongresSi gadasaxadebis an kvotebis mosaTxovad manqanis
importze, isini metad moxerxebul lozungs iyeneben, romliTac amtkiceben, rom aseTi moqmede-
ba waadgeba qveyanas da daicavs samuSao adgilebs amerikaSi. magram es argumenti aucileblad
SecdomaSi Segviyvans.
jer erTi, samuSao adgilebi iqmneba rogorc saeqsporto, ise im saqonlis warmoebiTac, ro-
melic konkurencias uwevs imports. amerikuli firmebi yovelTvis ver SeZleben saqonlis sazR-
vargareT gayidvas, Tu ucxoelebs ar darTaven nebas, rom Tavisi saqonliT ivaWron aSS-Si. sabo­
lood vaWroba ormxrivi mimarTulebis gzas warmoadgens.
ufro metic, ar SeiZleba samuSao adgilebs iseTive kriteriumebiT mivudgeT, rogorc saqo­
nels. eWvi araa, rom zogierTi samuSao adgili TavisTavad damakmayofilebelia, magram amas arc
warmoebuli saqoneli ganapirobebs da arc momsaxureba, Tumca aseTi ram sakmaod iSviaTad
gvxvde­ba. sargebloba, romelic samuSao adgils moaqvs, Cveulebriv, SemosavliT ganisazRvreba,
romliTac es samuSao adgili uzrunvelyofs muSas. garda amisa, mas sargebloba moaqvs im xalxis­
Tvisac, vinc iyenebs warmoebul produqcias. lozungi `daicaviT amerikuli samuSao adgilebi~
ar gulisxmobs realuri Semosavlis zrdas, romelic SesaZloa specializaciiT iyos gamowveuli.
Tu iaponelebs SeuZliaT Seqmnan ukeTesi avtomobilebi da ufro iafad gayidon, vidre amas
amerikeli mewarmeebi akeTeben, ratom unda aiZulon amerikeli momxmarebeli, rom maincdamainc
amerikeli mewarmisgan Seisyidos avtomobili? Tu amerikel mwarmoeblebs ar SeuZliaT awarmoon
avtomobilebi ise xarisxianad, rogorc iaponelebs, ratom ar Sewyveten am saqmianobas? ratom
unda moiTxovon momxmareblis mxardaWera, roca SedarebiTi upiratesoba ar gaaCniaT? Cven davi-
naxeT, rom amerikelebma iswavles, Tu rogor unda awarmoon ukeTesi avtomobilebi dabal fasad.
amis stimuli maT ucxourma konkurenciam misca. magram is mxardaWera rom mieRoT mTavrobisa-
gan, romelsac iTxovdnen, saqmianobis gaumjobesebas ver SeZlebdnen.

ucxoeli konkurentebisgan dacva cxovrebas aiolebs

mcdeloba, gavamarTloT naklebkvalificiuri mewarmeebi mxolod imitom, rom es samuSao ad­

gilebs SegvinarCunebs, sakmaod absurdulia. xom ar wavideT ufro Sors da adgilobrivad vawar-
mooT yavis is raodenoba, romelsac movixmarT? braziliisa da kolumbiis vrceli midamoebisgan
gansxvavebiT, arc amerikuli niadagi, arc klimati da arc geografia araa xelsayreli yavis xee-
bis gasaSeneblad. magram dafiqrdiT, ramdeni samuSao adgilis Seqmnas SevZlebdiT, Tu avaSeneb-
diT da avamuSavebdiT uzarmazar saTburebs, romlebSic SevecdebodiT aRniSnuli qveynebis pi-
robebis dublirebas. ratom SevCerdeT maincdamainc im saqonelze, romlis importsac

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vaxorcielebT? ifiqreT, ramdeni axali samuSao adgili Seiqmneboda, Tu akrZalavdnen avtoma-
turi danadgarebis gamoyenebas satelefono sistemaSi.

SedarebiTi upiratesobis dasacavad

ukve or saukuneze metia, ekonomistebi zemoxsenebuli argumentebis saSualebiT upirispird-
ebian imaT, vinc importis SezRudvas moiTxovs. magram amas didi Sedegebi ar mohyolia. frangma
ekonomistma frederik bastiam (1801-1850), romelic amave dros pamfletistic iyo, 1845 wels
dawera gonebamaxviluri satiruli pamfleti, romelSic dascina frang sanTlis mwarmoeblebs,
romlebic uCiodnen mzes da acxadebdnen, rom is maT usamarTlo konkurencias uwevda. Txovna,
romliTac mesanTleebma deputatTa palatas mimarTes, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom kanons unda uz-
runveleyo iseTi saxlebis mSenebloba, romlebsac fanjrebi ar eqneboda. aRniSnuli kanoni me-
sanTleTa interesebs daicavda. es siuJeti brwyinvaled asaxavs proteqcionistuli logikis ab-
surdulobas. bastias es nawarmoebi bevrjer gamoica, magram is mosazrebebi, romlebsac avtori
dascinoda, dResac arsebobs.

uwevs Tu ara mze usamarTlo konkurencias energetikas?

es, nawilobriv, im jgufuri interesebiT aixsneba, romlebic sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba saR

azrs. xalxi siamovnebiT ijerebs imas, risi dajerebac Tavad surs, magram Zalian uWirs im mosaz-
rebaTa gageba, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba maT interesebs. kidev ufro mniSvnelovani faqtia is,
rom politikuri procesi TiTqmis yovelTvis mxars uWers imaT moTxovnebs, romlebic cdiloben
sargebloba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudviT miiRon, da ara mosaxleobis ufro mravalricxo-
van jgufebs, romlebic aRniSnuli SezRudviT zaraldebian. transaqciuri xarjebi xels uSlis
avtomobilis myidvelebs, seriozulad daupirispirdnen samamulo avtomobilis mwarmoeblebs,
ucxoel mewarmeebs ki ar aqvT didi gavlena samamulo politikaze. sagareo politikuri proce-
sis ganviTareba demokratiis dros, romelic me-14 TavSi ganvixileT, cxadyofs, rom, roca mTav-
robis oficialuri pirebi iZulebulni xdebian avtomobilis amerikeli momxmareblisa Tu amave
avtomobilis mwarmoeblebis interesebi gaiTvaliswinon, maT yurTasmenamde mxolod mewarmeTa
xma aRwevs, momxmareblis xma ki – ara. is Cinovnikebi, romlebsac sakuTari Tanamdebobebis Senar-
Cuneba surT, ra Tqma unda, aseT mewarmeTa interesebs uWeren mxars.
importis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli proteqcionistuli politikis sasargeblod SeiZleba movi-
yvanoT garkveul farglebSi moqceuli, magram samarTliani argumenti. Tu saerTaSoriso gacv-
lis danaxarjebs gaviTvaliswinebT, im sawarmos daxurva, romlebmac ver gauZlo ucxour
konkurencias, ra Tqma unda, daazaralebs rogorc mis mflobelebs, ise iq dasaqmebul muSaxel-
sac. rac ufro viwro specializacias eqvemdebareba am gziT gamoTavisuflebuli resursebi, miT
ufro didia danakargebi. aseTma viTarebam SeiZleba proteqcionistuli politikis gaCenis
safuZvlebi Seqmnas. magram miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es argumenti SeiZleba gamogvadges im SemTx-
vevaSic, roca mrewvelobas azaralebs adgilobrivi da ara ucxouri konkurencia. adgilobriv
konkurentebs, ra Tqma unda, aqvT politikuri gavlena da amasTanave maT winaaRmdeg ufro Znelia
iseTi kanonis miReba, romelic SezRudavs maT saqmianobas. miuxedavad amisa, Tu importis Sez-
Rudvis gziT moxdeba mrewvelobaSi damatebiTi resursebis mizidva, usamarTloba iqneba zemox-
senebul proteqcionizmze erTbaSad uaris Tqma. amdenad, arsebobs imis safuZveli, rom Sevinar-
CunoT didi xnis manZilze arsebuli SezRudvebi an, Tu gavauqmebT, es Zalian nela gavakeToT.
samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiTa da politikuri realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba gamar-
Tlebul iqnas droebiTi subsidiebis politika, romelic miznad isaxavs danakargebis Semcirebas
muSebisa da mewarmeebisaTvis, an maT daxmarebas axali samuSao adgilebis saSovnelad. magram
xsenebul argumenti ar SeiZleba gamoviyenoT importze axali an damatebiTi SezRudvebis dasawe-
seblad.
importis SezRudvis mxardamWerebs uamravi dausabuTebeli argumenti aqvT amdenad, uazroba
iqneboda TiToeuli maTganis ganWvreta da uaryofis mcdeloba. is faqti, rom aseTi argumentebis
umetesobaSi aris garkveuli racionaluri marcvali, kidev ufro arTulebs maT analizs. magram

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sanam ganvixilavdeT am racionaluri marcvlis SezRuduli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs, saWiroa
maTi cal-calke ganxilva. SedarebiTi upiratesobis principis mtkiced dacva namdvilad waadge-
boda diskusias, romelic sazogadoebaSia gamarTuli da am diskusiis maRal donesac uzrunve-
lyofda.
SedarebiTi upiratesobis principi gviCvenebs, ratom da rogor iqmneba simdidre gacvlis
Sedegad. is amtkicebs, rom transaqciuri xarjebi tolia im Rirebulebisa, romelzec uari vTq-
viT, xolo garigebebidan miRebuli sargebloba utoldeba imis Rirebulebas, rac SeviZineT. ami-
tom, azri ar aqvs imis mtkicebas, rom qveyana SeiZleba gamdidrdes eqsportis da ara importis
xarjze. SedarebiTi upiratesobis principi uaryofs mosazrebas, rom erT qveyanas meoreze ukeT
SeuZlia yvela saqonlis warmoeba. es logikurad SeuZlebelia, iqidan gamomdinare, rom efeq-
tianoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc Tanafardoba warmoebuli produqciisa da im saqonlis Rireb-
ulebebs Soris, romelic ar uwarmoebiaT, agreTve, miRebul saqonelsa da im saqonels Soris,
romlis warmoebazec iZulebiT uari Tqves, radgan mis warmoebas mohyveba realuri alternatiu-
li xarjebi. rodesac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT warmoebisa da vaWrobis realur procesebze, Se-
darebiTi upiratesobis principi fantavs im buruss, romelic sakmaod advilad warmoiqmneba,
rodesac savaWro politikas wminda fuladi terminebiT ganvixilavT.
samwuxarod, bevria iseTi dainteresebuli mxare, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom am gaugebrobidan
pirad sargebels miiRebs, radgan Tu movlenebi burusiT iqneba moculi maT aqvT realuri Sansi,
sakuTari interesebis Sesabamisi kanoni gaitanon. esaa xalxi, vinc qmnis savaWro balansis defi-
cits, vinc abralebs Tavis Sinaur problemebs ucxour mTavrobaTa farul SeTanxmebebs da vinc
regularulad imas fiqrobs, rom ucxoeli konkurentebi usamarTlo xerxebs iyeneben. politi-
kuri ekonomikis sferoSi aseT argumentebs marTlac aqvT wona.

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mokled gavimeoroT

qveynis saerTaSoriso sagadamxdelo balansis saerTo Semosavali yovelTvis zustad unda

utoldebodes gasavals, xolo maT Soris arsebuli sxvaoba yovelTvis statistikuri Secdome-
biTaa gamowveuli.
Tu ucxoelebs surT ufro meti daabandon aSS-Si, vidre amerikelebs – ucxoeTSi, maSin aSS-Si
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importma unda gadaaWarbos eqsports.
sagadamxdelo balansis uwonasworoba aixsneba imiT, rom sasurveli (visTvis?) Semosavali da
gasavali araa Tanabari. mtkiceba, rom arsebobs sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti, niSnavs imis
gamocxadebas, rom zogierTi saSemosavlo muxli daugegmavi an arasasurveli iyo an samomavlo
perspeqtiva ar hqonda. amgvarad, mtkiceba sagadamxdelo balansis deficitis Sesaxeb faqtis
ubralo konstataciis STabeWdilebas ki tovebs, magram sinamdvileSi kompleqsuri politikuri
Sefasebaa.
savaluto kursi warmoadgens im urTierTSefardebiT fasebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
sxvadasxva qveynebis fulis niSnebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. savaluto kursSi asaxulia moTxovna
da miwodebac, rac, Tavis mxriv, valutis Sesabamisi Sida msyidvelebiTi unariT ganisazRvreba.
zemoaRniSnuli movlena gansakuTrebiT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan Semotanili saqonlis
SemTxvevaSi iCens Tavs. cvlilebas gansazRvravs molodini sxvadasxva valutis Tu am valutaze
gadasacvleli aqtivebis momaval RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT.
savaluto kursi TviTneburad mxolod im mTavrobis mier SeiZleba dadgindes, romelsac Seu-
Zlia TviTneburi akrZalvebi daawesos saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze, momsaxurebasa da finansur aq-
tivebze.
fiqsirebuli savaluto kursi aadvilebs vaWrobas, amcirebs gaurkvevlobas da, amgvarad qmnis
simdidres. magram fiqsirebuli kursi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva qveynebis Sida ekonomikuri poli-
tikis koordinacias. bevri qveyana, romelic cdilobs sakuTari valutis kursi sxva qveynis valu-
taTa fasebis doneze SeinarCunos, monetaruli da fiskaluri politikis Sedegad aRwevs imas,
rom misi valuta sul ufro naklebad Seesatyviseba sxva valutaTa Rirebulebas, sabolood ki, am
valutas gaufasureba mouwevs, radgan xdeba ucxouri valutis im maragis gamoleva, romelic ad-
gilobrivi fulis Rirebulebis erT doneze SenarCunebisTvisaa saWiro.
1997-1998 wlebis `aziuri krizisi~ gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mTavrobaTa warmomadgenlebma
gadawyvites, mxari daeWiraT cvalebadi savaluto kursisaTvis. am krizisis Semdgomi gavrceleba
ki daukavSirda SiSis faqtors, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebic
male iZulebulni gaxdebodnen, sakuTari valutis gaufasurebis neba daerToT.
samyaroSi, sadac Sida politika arakoordinirebulia, Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursi,
fiqsirebul savaluto kursTan SedarebiT, qmnis nakleb gaurkvevlobas da ukeTes pirobebs
vaWrobisaTvis. kargia es Tu cudi, Tavisuflad mcuravi savaluto kursi mTavrobas ufro did
politikur Tavisuflebas aZlevs.
evropuli qveynebis mcdeloba, rom fiqsirebuli savaluto kursis yvela upiratesoba xel-
sayrelad gamoiyenon saerTo valutis – evros – Seqmnis gziT, ar dagvirgvindeba warmatebiT, Tu
am qveynebis mTavrobebi ar moisurveben, uari Tqvan garkveul Tavisuflebaze erovnuli politi-
kis gatarebis procesSi.
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudvis sasargeblod gamoTqmuli argumentebis umetesobaSi ig-
norirebulia SedarebiTi upiratesobis principi. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis pirobebSi, es
ukanaskneli ver gaumklavda mewarmeTa kargad organizebul jgufebs, romlebic xalxis uvico-
biTa da erovnuli grZnobebiT manipulirebdnen.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. warmoidgineT, rom SeqmeniT saaRricxvo sistema, raTa Tvalyuri adevnoT sakuTar `saga-
damxdelo balanss~ Tqvens savaWro partniorebTan (anu yvela sxva adamianTan).
a) axali televizoris `importis~ SemTxvevaSi mogixdebaT sxva saqonlis `eqsportire-
ba~ televizoris fasis gadasaxdelad. ris `eqsportirebas~ amjobinebdiT, Tu maRaz-

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 ias televizoris fasi naRdi fuliT gadauxadeT? Tu axali televizoris SesaZenad
Zveli CaabareT da, fasebs Soris sxvaobis dasabalanseblad, Ceki gamowereT? Tu
sakredito baraTiT gadaixadeT? Tu, ubralod, SepirdiT maRaziis patrons, rom ga-
daixdiT zafxulSi, roca fuls iSoviT?
b) ras miiRebdiT – sagadamxdelo balansis deficits Tu namats?
g) rogor gaaformebdiT garigebas, Tu Tqveni biZa dabadebis dReze televizors
gaCuqebdaT?
d) CaTvlidiT Tu ara, rom gaqvT deficiti, Tu Tqveni sakredito baraTiT ramdenime
Tvis manZilze bevr ZviradRirebul saqonels iyiddiT, sabanko angariSze ki mxolod
Tanxis minimalur raodenobas daamatebdiT? ratom ar iqneboda marTebuli, rom ze-
moxsenebuli deficitisTvis Tqveni sagadamxdelo balansis deficiti gewodebinaT?
SeiZleba Tu ara am deficitis usasrulod SenarCuneba?
2. amerikeli venaSi mcxovreb naTesavs saCuqrad ugzavnis 100 dolars, romelic 5 tkicina oc-
dolarianisgan Sedgeba. es moqmedeba zrdis aSS-s sagadamxdelo balansis gasavlis nawils,
xolo, roca venaSi mcxovrebi naTesavi iRebs aSS 100 dolars, balansis saSemosavlo muxli
aSS-Si ucxouri investiciis gazrdas afiqsirebs. ra mouva balansis saSemosavlo muxls, qve-
moT CamoTvlili movlenebis SemTxvevaSi?
a) avstrieli naTesavi cvlis dolarebs Silingebze venis bankSi. banki itovebs dol-
arebs, radgan hyavs dolarebis msurveli klientebi.
b) venis banki avstriis centralur banks dolarebs mihyidis da sanacvlod Silingebs
aiRebs.
g) avstriis centraluri banki germaniis centralur banks ucvlis dolarebs im Silinge-
bze, romlebic germaniis centralur banks hqonda.
d) germaniis centraluri banki dolarebs kompania `Volkswagen~-s mihyidis da sanacvlod
markebs miiRebs.
e) `Volkswagen~ dolarebs samgzavro xarjebisaTvis aZlevs Tavis TanamSromels, ro-
melic mivlinebiT pensilvaniaSi midis. is xarjavs maT skrentonis motelSi.
v) SegveZlo Tu ara imis Tqma, rom aSS-s aqvs deficiti saerTaSoriso sagadamxdelo ba-
lansSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dolarebi samudamod evropaSi darCeboda?
3. SegviZlia Tu ara SeviswavloT iseTi movlena, rogoricaa uwonasworo fasi? raze gaamaxvi-
lebdiT yuradRebas qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi imis gadasawyvetad, marTla arsebobs
uwonasworoba Tu ara?
a) mTavroba ganzrax inarCunebs navTobis fass wonasworobis doneze qvemoT.
b) viRac amtkicebs, rom xorblis fasi ar aris gawonasworebuli da faqtobrivad, `me-
tismetad maRalia~.
g) amboben, rom aSS-Si savaWro balansi uwonasworoa, radgan saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
importi regularulad aWarbebs eqsports.
4. rogor fiqrobT, romeli varianti iqneboda ukeTesi qveynisaTvis – meti eqsporti da naklebi
importi Tu piriqiT? Tu pasuxSi darwmunebuli ar xarT, igive SekiTxva erTi, calke aRebuli
ojaxis magaliTze gaanalizeT, Tundac es Tqveni sakuTari ojaxi iyos. ras amjobinebdiT pi-
radad Tqven – saqonlisa da momsaxurebis met eqsports da nakleb imports, Tu – piriqiT?
5. ra Sedegebi mohyveba ucxouri investiciebis zrdas aSS-Si?
a) niSnavs Tu ara es, rom ucxoelebi akontroleben Cvens ekonomikas?
b) ra sargebels miiRebs aSS ucxoelebis investiciebisgan?
g) rogor fiqrobT, eqnebaT Tu ara SesaZlebloba ucxoelebs, gaakontrolon Cveni
kvebis mrewveloba, Tu isini fuls aSS-is sasoflo-sameurneo miwebSi daabandeben?
d) Tu ucxoelebi yiduloben aqciebs aSS-is korporaciebSi, aqvT Tu ara maT SesaZle-
bloba, rom es korporaciebi aSS-is uSiSroebis interesebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenon?
e) SeZleben Tu ara ucxoelebi aSS-is korporaciis aqtivebis gamoyenebas am qveynis uSiS-
roebis interesebis winaaRmdeg, Tu isini zemoxsenebuli korporaciis kontrolis
uflebas moipoveben?

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 v) vin isargeblebs da vin dazaraldeba, Tu ucxoelebi didi raodenobiT saTes miwebs
Seisyidian aSS-is dasavleT nawilSi? vin isurvebda miwebis fasis gazrdas da vin iqne-
boda amis winaaRmdegi?
z) ratom iyvnen ucxoelebi ase Zlier mowadinebulni, rom gasuli 30 wlis manZilze aSS-
Si ufro meti daebandebinaT, vidre sakuTar qveynebSi? ratom xdeboda es maSinac ki,
roca maTi qveynebi kapitalis naklebobas ganicdidnen?
6. kanaduri firma, romelic cdilobs turistebis mizidvas aSS-dan, zogjer acxadebs, rom amerike-
li turistebisaTvis kanadaSi mogzauroba sarfiani iqneba kanaduri dolaris dabali fasis gamo.
a) rodisaa SesaZlebeli aSS dolariT ufro meti saqonlis yidva kanadaSi – roca erTi
kanaduri dolari 75 aSS centze icvleba, Tu roca erTi kanaduri dolariT 1 aSS dol-
aris SeZena SeiZleba?
b) Tu kanaduri dolari savaluto kursiT aSS 75 centze icvleba, rac msyidvelobiTi
unaris paritets asaxavs, ramdeni kanaduri dolaris gadaxdas unda moelodnen
amerikelebi sastumros nomrisaTvis, romelic aSS-Si 90 dolari eRireboda? ratom
SeiZleba moxdes, rom sastumros nomrebis Rirebuleba am Tanxaze mnivSnelovnad meti
(an naklebi) iyos im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu savaluto kursi msyidvelobiTi unaris
paritets asaxavs?
g) warmoidgineT, rom sacalo maRazia gaqvT kanadaSi da gindaT turistebTan vaWrobiT
rac SeiZleba meti fuli iSovoT. gamogadgebaT Tu ara aseTi abris moTavseba Tqveni
maRaziis vitrinaze – `nebismieri saqonlis SesaZenad 1 aSS dolari gadaicvleba 1,50
kanadur dolarze~?
7. 1970-iani wlebamde didi xniT adre meqsikam Tavisi pesos fasi 8 aSS cents gauTanabra.
a) iqneboda Tu ara es qmedeba xelsayreli meqsikisaTvis, Tu am wlebis manZilze iq in-
flacia ufro swrafad (an ufro nela) warimarTeboda, vidre aSS-Si?
b) 1963-1972 wlebSi meqsikaSi inflaciis tempi weliwadSi saSualod 5%-s Seadgenda, aSS-
Si ki – saSualod 4%-s. 1972-1975 wlebSi aSS-Si inflaciis tempi 8%-mde gaizarda,
xolo meqsikaSi – 17%-mde. SeZlebda Tu ara meqsikis mTavroba 1975 wlis Semdeg arse-
buli savaluto kursis SenarCunebinas, romlis mixedviTac 1 peso 8 cents udrida?
g) 1982 wels meqsikis mTavrobam uari Tqva yovelgvar mcdelobaze, rom pesosa da dol-
aris gacvlis kursi erT doneze SeenarCunebina. es gadawyvetileba mohyva im masiur
devalvacias, romelic 1976 wels daiwyo. mTeli am xnis manZilze pesos masa wliurad
TiTqmis 30 procentiT izrdeboda, xolo mas Semdeg, rac fiqsirebul kursze ofi-
cialurad iTqva uari, pesos fasi sakmaod daeca da amerikelebi gacilebiT iafad yid-
ulobdnen meqsikur saqonels. ratom gaxda meqsikuri saqonlis SeZena momgebiani
amerikelebisaTvis 1982 wels? ratom ar gagrZelda yovelive es didxans?
8. 1995 wels sazogadoebaSi gaCnda azri, rom iaponuri ienis Rirebuleba momatebuli iyo do-
larTan SedarebiT. am dros 1 dolari 100 ienze naklebs udrida.
a) ras gulisxmoben adamianebi, roca amboben, rom valutis Rirebuleba gazrdilia?
b) SeZlebs Tu ara xalxi Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom ie-
nis Rirebuleba naklebia im fasTan SedarebiT, romelic mas savaluto bazrebze aqvs?
ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom isini cdebian?
g) rogor unda dadgindes, cdeba Tu ara xalxi? rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros ori
valutis WeSmariti fardobiTi Rirebuleba?
9. 1995 wels zogierTi iaponeli wuxda imis gamo, rom ienis Rirebuleba gaizarda.
a) ratom unda yofiliyo Tundac romelime iaponeli ukmayofilo `Zlieri~ ienis gamo?
b) iaponelTa ra kategoria iqneboda kmayofili ienis Rirebulebis gazrdiT?
10. 1985 wels, roca dolari icvleboda 235 ienze, zogierTi amerikeli wuxda, rom dolaris Ri-
rebuleba gaizarda. erTi wlis Semdeg 1 dolari 170 ienze naklebs udrida. am monacemTa sa-
fuZvelze, TvliT Tu ara, rom dolaris Rirebuleba namdvilad gaizarda 1985 wels?
11. rogorc aRvniSneT, dolaris Rirebuleba Seicvala. is 235 ienidan 170 ienamde Semcirda. ra
gavlena iqonia am cvlilebam Semdeg jgufebze:

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 a) amerikelebze, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen iaponuri avtomobilebis yidviT?
b) amerikelebze, romlebic dainteresebuli iyvnen aSS-is avtomobilebis yidviT;
g) amerikel mewarmeebsa da maT TanamSromlebze;
d) amerikelebze, romlebic gegmavdnen iaponiaSi gamgzavrebas;
e) amerikelebze, romlebic iaponeli turistebis momsaxurebiT iyvnen dakavebulni;
v) amerikul firmebze, romelTa saqonlis udidesi nawilis eqsportireba iaponiaSi xdeboda;
z) amerikul firmebze, romelTa produqciis nawilebi iaponiaSi mzaddeboda;
T) amerikul firmebze, romelTa saqmianobac bolo orive zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevas
moicavda;
12. Tu savaluto kursi namdvilad fiqsirebulia, maSin inflaciis tempi yvela qveyanaSi daaxlo-
ebiT erTnairi unda iyos.
a) SeecadeT axsnaT ratom.
b) warmoidgineT, rom qveyanas surs, erTdroulad SeinarCunos inflaciis dabali tem-
pic da fiqsirebuli savaluto kursic. rogor SeiZleba miaRwios orive mizans, Tu
sxva qveynebi inflaciis ufro maRal temps irCeven?
13. `valutis Tavisuflad mcuravi kursi qveyanas saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcielos iseTi Sida
politika, rogoric mas surs~ simarTlea Tu ara es? sasurveli xom ar aris, rom mTavrobebma
ganaxorcielon iseTi monetaruli da fiskaluri politika, rogoric maT surT da romelic
Tavisufali iqneba saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemis mier dawesebuli SesaZlo SezRudvebi-
sagan? visi TvalsazrisiT iqneba aseTi `Tavisufleba~ metad arasasurveli?
14. ra gansxvavebaa Tavisuflad mcurav da fiqsirebul savaluto kursebs Soris, romlebic mo-
Txovna/miwodebis pirobebis Sesabamisad icvleba?
15. italiis saxelmwifo obligaciebi, romelTa anazRaureba xdeba liriT, didxans uzrunvel-
yofda myidvels gacilebiT ufro maRali sargeblis ganakveTiT, vidre germaniis (an, qveynis
gaerTianebamde, dasavleT germaniis) mTavrobis mier gamoSvebuli obligaciebi, romelTa
anazRaureba xdeboda germanuli markiT. magaliTad, 1993 wels germanuli obligaciebidan
Semosavali weliwadSi 7 procents Seadgenda, italiurisa ki daaxloebiT 14%-s.
a) rogor fiqrobT, inflaciis ra temps moelodnen investorebi am monacemebis safuZ-
velze germaniasa da italiaSi?
b) 1999 wlis 1 ianvris, anu evros SemoRebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli TariRis Semdeg, ro-
gorc sargeblis, ise gamosasyidi gadasaxadebic orive qveynis obligaciebze unda
ganxorcieldes evroTi. rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda es italiisa da ger-
maniis saxelmwifo obligaciebis Semosavalze 1998 wels, evros SemoRebamde erTi
wliT adre? (miniSneba: orive qveynis mTavrobis valebis umetesobis gadaxdis vada
(1998 wlis monacemebiT) 1999 wlis 1 ianvris Semdeg unda amowuruliyo).
g) faqtobrivad, moxda is, rom Semosavali germanuli da italiuri obligaciebidan Tan-
daTanobiT gaTanabrda 1995 wlis Semdeg, xolo 1998 wels orive qveynisaTvis daax-
loebiT 5% Seadgina. im SemTxvevaSi Tu evro, romelic xelmomweri qveynebis saerTo
valuta gaxdeboda, Zalian male ganicdida kraxs, maSin germanuli da italiuri ob-
ligaciebis anazRaureba lirebsa da markebSi moxdeboda. ras unda moelodnen inves-
torebi 5%-iani ganakveTidan, Tu evro warmatebuli aRmoCndeba?
16. me-16 Tavis me-2 sqolio miuTiTebda, rom saxelmwifo anabrebis dazRvevis gamo meanabreebs
aRar aqvT stimuli Seamowmon, Tu ramdenad saimedoa is bankebi Tu sakredito-Semnaxveli
asociaciebi, romlebsac TavianT fuls andoben. rogor fiqrobT, ra mizezebma ganapirobes
is, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis arsebobam gavlena moaxdina 1997 wlis `aziur krizi-
sze~, rogorc es aRwerilia am TavSi?
17. ratom ar SeiZleba, rom erT qveyanas hqondes SedarebiTi upiratesoba sxva qveyanasTan Seda-
rebiT warmoebis yvela sferoSi, Tu pirveli qveyana mdidaria saucxoo bunebrivi resurse-
biT, kapitalis didi maragiT, kvalificirebuli muSaxeliT, gamWriaxi specialistebiTa da
menejerebiT, meore ki oTxive zemoxsenebul sferoSi Raribia?

154
18. ra daxmarebas gviwevs `ubileTo mgzavrebis~ Teoria imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom aqvT ufro
didi gavlena mewarmeebs sakanonmdeblo organoebze, vidre momxmareblebs?
19. 1972 wels gamoqveynebuli Sefasebebis mixedviT, frangul-britanuli zebgeriTi komerciu-
li TviTmfrinavi `konkordi~ ver aanazRaurebda misi warmoebis fass, Seqmnida ekologiur
problemebs, ar moitanda sakmaris mogebas da ver dafaravda danaxarjebs, romlebic aviakom-
paniebma mis sayidlad gaiRes. am mizezebma gamoiwvia is, rom 1970-ian wlebSi amerikis mTavro-
bam uari Tqva analogiuri samamulo warmoebis TviTmfrinavis warmoebis proeqtis dafinan-
sebaze, orive SemTxvevaSi kontrargumenti iyo is, rom am TviTmfrinavebis warmoebis Sedegad
gaCndeboda damatebiTi samuSao adgilebi, gawonaswordeboda sagadamxdelo balansi da sxva
qveynebi ver Caigdebdnen xelSi iniciativas. rogor SeafasebdiT am kontrarguments?
20. yvela dagveTanxmeba, rom zogierTi tipis politika, romelic amerikelebisTvis met samuSao
adgils qmnis, mainc ar Sedis erovnuli interesebis sferoSi. magaliTad, aravin gvirCevs,
rom gzatkecilebis mSeneblobis procesSi uari vTqvaT mZime manqanebis gamoyenebaze, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom xelis iaraRis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT meti samuSao adgili gaCn-
deboda. rodis gamoiyeneba, Cveulebriv, samuSao adgilis Seqmnis argumenti? ra viTarebaSi
SeiZleba aRniSnuli argumentis gamarTleba?
21. imisaTvis, rom Seamciros warmoebis xarjebi, masaCusetseli farTleulis mewarme aSenebs
fabrikas CrdiloeT karolinaSi, xolo aSS-is televizorebis mwarmoebeli firma xsnis sa-
amqrobo qarxanas meqsikaSi.
a) ra gansxvavebaa televizorebis firmis moqmedebasa da safeiqro firmis moqmedebas
Soris?
b) xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba romelime maTgani erovnul interesebs?
g) rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom am moqmedebaTagan romelimem didi poli-
tikuri winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvios.

155
 dasaqmeba da
umuSevroba 19
a merikelebis udidesi nawilis azriT, yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli Sedegi, romelic recesias mos-
devs, umuSevrobis mzardi donea. swored amitom mTeli winamdebare Tavi am movlenas eZRvne-
ba, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki im kavSiris gamovlenas eTmoba, romelic umuSevrobasa da
recesias Soris arsebobs. magram, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvamde, albaT saWiroa garkveuli
mosazrebis Camoyalibeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras vgulisxmobT umuSevrobaSi.

umuSevroba da dausaqmebloba
aSS-is mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevari araa dasaqmebuli. es is adamianebi arian, romlebic
aravis dauqiravebia da amdenad, arc xelfass iReben da arc sakuTari biznesi aqvT, rom sakuTari
Tavi Tavadve uzrunvelyon samuSaoTi. magram, sasacilo iqneboda gvefiqra, rom aSS-is mosaxle-
obis 50% umuSevaria. mosaxleobis TiTqmis meoTxedi 16 wlamde naklebi asakisaa, xolo daaxloe-
biT erTi mervedi – 65-ze metis. sakmaod mniSvnelovania, rom 16 da 65 wlis asaks Soris myofi mo-
saxleobis didi nawili sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, Tumca ara zemoaRniSnuli gagebiT: isini
zrdian Svilebs da zrunaven ojaxze. arsebobs sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba umuSevrobas,
romelmac SeiZleba SegvaSfoTos da ubralod dausaqmeblobas Soris.
umuSevrebis garkveuli raodenoba Cveulebrivi movlenaa da arc aravis awuxebs. magram ra ra-
odenobaa es? ra aris umuSevrobis misaRebi done? 1944 wels aSS-Si samuSao Zalis 1,2 procenti,
oficialuri monacemebis mixedviT, umuSevrad iTvleboda. es is periodi iyo, roca mTeli samu­
Sao Zalis erTi meeqvsedi samxedro valdebulebas ixdida, mozardebi iZulebulni xdebodnen,
uari eTqvaT swavlaze da muSaoba daewyoT, pensionrebi ki isev samuSaos ubrundebodnen da yvela
maTgani kviraSi eqvsi an Svidi dRis datvirTviT muSaobda. ra Tqma unda, zemoxsenebuli xalxi,
vinc muSaxelis aseTi mwvave ukmarobis periodSi cxovrobda, ver warmoidgenda, rom 1944 wels
samuSao Zalis 1,2% samuSaos gareSe darCeboda.
rogor SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT problemuri umuSevroba araproblemuri umuSevrobisagan?
garkveul wreebSi jer kidev gaurbian am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. isini acxadeben, rom umuSev-
roba mxolod maSin iqceva problemad, roca is wmindad `friqciul~ dones gadaaWarbebs. `friqci-
uli~ umuSevroba ki ar SeiZleba problemad miviCnioT, radgan is mxolod da mxolod samuSao Za-
lis denadobas warmoadgens. aseTi pasuxi SeiZleba damajerebeli yofiliyo, Tu garkveuli
mizezebi gvaiZulebda gvevarauda, rom `samuSao Zalis Cveulebrivi denadoba~ gansazRvruli da
droSi ucvleli sididea. magram Cven, piriqiT, sakmaod myari safuZveli gagvaCnia imis savarau-
dod, rom `samuSao Zalis Cveulebrivi denadoba~ cvalebadi sididea da damokidebulia bevr faq-
torze, romlebmac ukanasknel periodSi Tavadac mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicades.
maS, rogor ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisagan umuSevari da ubralod dausaqmebeli mosaxleoba?
ukiduresi polusebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, sakmaod iolad davinaxoT gansxvaveba. arsebobs xal­

157
xis kategoria, romelic mzadaa, yvelaferi iRonos saimisod, rom sasurveli samuSao monaxos.
meore kategorias ki is adamianebi Seadgenen, romlebsac verafriT aiZuleb rom imuSaon. sain-
teresoa, SeniSneT Tu ara Seusabamoba zemoxsenebul winadadebaSi. xalxi, romelic acxadebs, rom
ukiduresad sWirdeba samuSao, amis miuxedavad, mainc uars ambobs zogierT winadadebaze imis
imediT, rom egeb, ukeTesi SesaZlebloba gamouCndes. adamianebis Zalian mcire raodenoba aRi-
arebs pirdapir da daufaravad, rom `saerTod~ ar surs muSaoba da araviTar samuSaoze ar daTanx-
mdeba. is pirebi, romlebic amboben, rom `ver Souloben samuSaos~, gulisxmoben, rom ver Soulo-
ben iseT samuSaos, rogorsac eZeben, xolo sazogadoebis im nawils, romelic brZanebs, rom `ar
surs muSaoba~, ar akmayofilebs arc erTi is adgili, romelsac miakvlia. arsebobs SemTxvevebi,
roca zemoxsenebuli ori movlena erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulad ar aRiqmeba imaTTvis, vinc mas
garedan adevnebs Tvalyurs.

dasaqmebulni, dausaqmebelni da umuSevarni

gareSe meTvalyureTa rols aSS-is mTavrobis organoebSi moRvawe kvalificiuri speciali-
stebi asruleben. swored maTzea damokidebuli is, rom saTanadod aRviqvaT zemoxsenebuli gan-
sxvaveba. aSS-Si umuSevrobis Sesaxeb oficialuri monacemebi qveyndeba Sromis statistikis bi-
uros (Ssb) mier, romelic aSS-is Sromis departamentis saagentos nawilia. Ssb-s monacemebis
wyaro mosaxleobis yovelTviuri gamokvlevaa, romelsac aRweris biuro calkeuli ojaxebis
SerCevis safuZvelze atarebs. SerCeuli ojaxebis raodenoba daaxloebiT 60,000-ia. isini qveynis
mTel mosaxleobas ganasa­xiereben (rogorc xedavT, zemoaRniSnuli movlena sruliad ewinaaRm-
degeba im sayovelTaod cnobil mosazrebas, rom monacemebi umuSev­robis Sesaxeb umuSevrobisaT-
vis dawesebuli daxmarebis moTxovnaTa safuZvelze dgeba).

mTliani mosaxleoba
 16 wlamde asakis an instituciuri mosaxleoba
 arainstituciuri mosaxleoba
 samuSao Zalis gareT darCenilebi
 samuSao Zala
 dasaqmebulebi
 umuSevrebi

imisaTvis, rom moxvdes Ssb-s SerCevaSi, adamiani, pirvel yovlisa, unda ekuTvnodes arainsti-
tuciur mosaxleobas. esaa is xalxi, vinc 16 wlis an ufro meti asakisaa da ar imyofeba cixeSi an
saavadmyofoSi. am kategorias ar miakuTvneben 16 welze naklebi asakis mozardebs, miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani, SesaZloa, mZime samuSaosac ki asrulebdes an ukiduresad sWirde-
bodes dasaqmeba. samagierod, zemoaRniSnul kategorias miaweren adamianebs, romlebic 65 wlis
asaks gascdnen.
arainstituciuri mosaxleobis TiToeuli warmomadgeneli iyofa dasaqmebulad, umuSevrad
an arasamuSao Zalad. imis dadgena Tu vinaa dasaqmebuli, rTuli araa. magram ra gansxvavebaa imaT
Soris, vinc umuSevaria da imaT Soris, vinc `arasamuSao Zaladaa~ miCneuli (amdenad, araa dasaqme-
buli)? am ori jgufis gansxvavebis mizniT, Ssb-m SeimuSava zusti kriteriumi da sakmaod zustad
gansazRvravs TiToeuli maTganis raodenobas. maTi raodenobis dadgena araviTar problemas ar
warmoadgens. problema TviT gansxvavebis arsSi mdgomareobs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT, rom konkretuli xalxisaTvis statusi `arasamuSao Zala~ an `oficialurad umuSevari~
sruliad gansxvavebul da cvalebad danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
yovelive es ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT. imisaTvis, rom Ssb-s gamokvlevaSi adamiani
umuSevris kategorias mivakuTvnoT, is 1) unda ekuTvnodes arainstituciur mosaxleobas, 2) unda
iyos dausaqmebeli im erTi kviris manZilze, romlis drosac mimdinareobs gamokvleva, 3) unda
hqondes ganxorcielebuli konkretuli mcdelobebi samuSaos saSovnelad wina oTxi kviris man-
Zilze da 4) mocemul momentSi mzad unda iyos muSaobis dasawyebad (is adamianebi, romlebic

158
droebiT daiTxoves, magram uTxres, rom eqvs TveSi isev gamoiZaxeben, an isini, vinc axal samuSaos
ocdaaT dReSi unda Seudgnen, maSinac ki iTvlebian umuSevrebad, Tu ar pasuxoben mesame pirobas,
romlis mixedviTac, samuSaos aqtiurad unda eZebdnen) umuSevrebi, romelTa dayofa xdeba sa-
muSao Zalisadmi maTi mikuTvnebiT, asaxaven umuSevrobis oficialur dones. amasTan dakavSire-
biT, monacemebi yovelTviurad qveyndeba da, amdenad, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa
yurad­Rebis centrSi9 eqceva.
aseTi saxis detalebi ar gvaZlevs amaRelvebel maCveneblebs. magram principuli mniSvneloba
aqvs imis codnas, Tu ra unda gakeTdes an ra unda gaakeTos xalxma imisaTvis, rom pasuxobdes an ar
pasuxobdes kriteriums, romlis mixedviT, Ssb umuSevarTa raodenobas adgens. ubralod, ver
gavigebT umuSevrobis arss an imas, Tu ra problemebs qmnis igi, Tu ar gvecodineba umuSevrobis
statusTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi. aRniSnul statuss ki xalxi Tavad irCevs.

Sromis bazris gadawyvetilebebi

arCevanis ideas sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan ekonomikis Teoria cdilobs axsnas
xalxis yovelgvari saqcieli maTi arCevanis safuZvelze. ra Tqma unda, am arCevanSi SezRudvebi-
caa gaTvaliswinebuli. Tu adamianebs ar aqvT seriozuli arCevanis SesaZlebloba, maSin ekonomi-
kur Teorias ar ZaluZs maTi qcevis axsna. roca vambobT, rom umuSevroba xalxis nebayoflobiTi
arCevanis Sedegia, Cven sulac ar vgulisxmobT imas, rom yvelas arCevanis didi SesaZlebloba
aqvs, an imas, rom umuSevrebs moswonT TavianTi mdgomareoba. arCevanSi igulisxmeba arsebuli
variantebidan erT-erT saukeTeso variantze SeCereba. am variantebis arCevisas ki xdeba imis Se-
faseba, Tu ra sargebels moutans, an ra danaxarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli zemoxsenebuli
qmedeba. ekonomikuri azrovneba gvaiZulebs, socialuri movlenebi avxsnaT, rogorc im savarau-
do sargeblisa da xarjebis cvalebadobis Sedegi, romelsac damqiraveblebi da dasaqmebulebi
iReben.
Ssb-s gansazRvreba naTels hfens im konkretul arCevans, romelic qmnis `umuSevris~ statuss.
kerZod, es arCevania: 1) gadawyvetileba samuSaos aqtiuri Ziebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, 2) gadawyvetileba
yvela SeTavazebuli samuSaos uaryofis Sesaxeb. orive SemTxveva warmoadgens arCevans, romelsac
adamianebi akeTeben. pirveli gadawyvetileba gzis ganStoebas hgavs, sadac gzagasayaris erT mxares
adamiani umuSevrad iqceva, meore mxares ki – arasamuSao Zalad. meore gadawyvetileba iseTi gzagas-
ayaria, romelic adamians an umuSevrobisken ubiZgebs an dasaqmebulTa kategoriaSi gadahyavs. adami-
anTa didi nawilisTvis am gzagasayarze miRebul gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli
sargeblobac da xarjebic ukanasknel wlebSi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. Sedegad, umuSevrobis konkre-
tuli done aRar aRniSnavs imas, rasac 50 an Tundac 15 wlis win aRniSnavda.

arainstituciuri mosaxleoba

samuSao adgils eZebs samuSao adgils ar eZebs

(samuSao ZalaSi Sedis) (samuSao ZalaSi ar Sedis)

SeTavazebul samuSao adgils SeTavazebul samuSao adgils

Tanxmdeba (dasaqmebuli) ar Tanxmdeba (umuSevari)

umuSevrobis done =
= umuSevarTa raodenoba / samuSao Zala

9 monacemebi dasaqmebulTa da dausaqmebelTa raodenobis Sesaxeb yvela kvartalsa Tu TveSi sezonurad regulirdeba Ssb-s mier.
es niSnavs, rom isini gasworda im cvlilebaTa gasauqmeblad, romlebic mTlianad sezonuri faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli: ivnisSi
– skolebis daxurviT, dekemberSi – damatebiTi muSaxelis daqiravebiT, ardadegebiT da a.S. sezonuri regulireba saSualebas gva-
Zlevs gamovavlinoT tendenciebi, romlebic sxva mxriv bundovani iqneboda wminda sezonuri meryeobis gamo.

159
umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis doneebi
19-1 cxrili asaxavs aSS-Si samuSao Zalis mdgomareobis zogad suraTs 1950-1998 wlebSi.
umuSevrobis yovelwliuri maCvenebeli (saerTo saTauriT: `umuSevarTa raodenoba~) mocemulia
svetSi, romlis saxelwodebaa `umuSevarTa xvedriTi wili samuSao ZalaSi~. Tu Tvals gadaavlebT
am svets, maSinve SeamCnevT, rom umuSevrobis done xan izrdeba, xan ki – mcirdeba. umuSevrobis
mkveTri zrda, Cveulebriv, recesiaze miuTiTebs, xolo Semdgomi da ufro neli Semcireba rece-
siis Semdgom gamococxlebas gamoxatavs. aRniSnuli movlenebs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.
cxrilis monacemebi gansxvavdeba im suraTisagan, romelsac naTlad warmoaCens naxazi 19-1.
esaa aSkara Seusabamoba umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis doneebs Soris. es ori movlena araa sapiri­
spiro, magram arc erTmaneTis msgavsia. dasaqmebis doneebis monacemTa safuZvelze SesaZlebeli
xdeba dasaqmebulTa raodenobis Sedareba mosaxleobis raodenobasTan. amis Sedegad SegviZlia
davinaxoT, rom samuSao asakis amerikelTa didi nawili, faqtobrivad, dasaqmebuli iyo 1982 wels,
roca umuSevrobis done 9,7 procents Seadgenda, samagierod 1953 wels umuSevrobis done mxo­
lod 2,9 procenti iyo. am saocari movlenis mTavari mizezi isaa, rom 1982 wels muSaoba surda
bevrad met xalxs, vidre 1953 wels. samuSao Zala, romelic IV svetSi samuSao Zalis arainstituci-
uri mosaxleobis procentebiTaa naCvenebi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gasul aTwleulebSi.

dasaqmebis done = dasaqmebulTa raodenoba / arainstituciuri mosaxleoba

albaT ukve mixvdiT im ZiriTad mizezs, ramac arsebuli mdgomareoba ganapiroba. saqme isaa,
rom bevrad ufro meti qali iRebda muSaobis dasawyebis gadawyvetilebas. am periodSi kacebis
raodenoba samuSao ZalaSi sakmaod Semcirda, magram samuSao Zalis danaklisis kompensacia mTli-
anad qalebis xarjze moxda. 1970 wels aSS-Si yoveli 1000-dan 377 moqalaqe qali iyo, 1998 wels ki
qalebis raodenoba kidev ufro gaizarda da yoveli 1000-dan 462 Seadgina.

160
 16 welze meti asakis arainstituciuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebis statusi
1950-1998 wlebSi (aTasebSi) samuSao ZalaSi
cxrili 19-1

arainsti-
dasaqmebulTa
samoqalaqo tuciuri umuSevarTa
dasaqmebuli xve­driTi wili
arainsti- samoqalaqo mosaxleobis umuSevarTa xvedriTi samuSao
weli samoqalaqo arainsti-
tuciuri samuSao Zala xvedriTi raodenoba wili samuSao Zalis gareT
mosaxleoba tuciur
mosaxleoba wili samuSao ZalaSi
mosaxleobaSi
ZalaSi
1950 104.995 62.208 59.2 58.918 3.288 5.3 42.787 56.1
1951 104.621 62.017 59.3 59.961 2.055 3.3 42.604 57.3
1952 105.231 62.138 59.0 60.250 1,883 3.0 43.093 57.3
1953 107.056 63.015 58.9 61.179 1.834 2.9 44.041 57.1
1954 108.321 63.643 58.8 60.109 3.532 5.5 44.678 55.5
1955 109.683 65.023 59.3 62.170 2.852 4.4 44.660 56.7
1956 110.954 66.552 60.0 63.799 2.750 4.1 44.402 57.5
1957 112.265 66.929 59.6 64.071 2.859 4.3 45.336 57.1
1958 113.818 67.39 59.5 630.36 4.602 6.8 46.088 55.4
1959 115.329 68.369 59.3 64.630 3.740 5.5 46.960 56.0
1960 117.245 69.628 59.4 65.778 3.852 5.5 47.617 56.1
1961 118.771 70.459 59.4 65.746 4.714 6.7 48.312 55.4
1962 120.153 70.614 59.3 66.702 3.911 5.5 49.539 55.5
1963 122.416 71.833 58.8 67.762 4.070 5.7 50.583 55.4
1964 124.485 73.091 58.7 69.305 3.786 5.2 51.394 55.7
1965 126.513 74.455 58.7 71.088 3.366 4.5 52.058 56.2
1966 128.058 75.770 58.9 72.895 2.875 3.8 52.288 56.9
1967 129.874 77.347 59.2 74.372 2.975 3.8 52.527 57.3
1968 132.028 78.837 59.6 75.920 2.817 3.6 53.291 57.3
1969 134.335 80.734 59.6 77.902 2.832 3.5 53.602 58.0
1970 137.085 82.771 60.4 78.378 4.093 4.9 54.315 57.4
1971 140.216 84.382 60.2 79.367 5.016 5.9 55.834 56.6
1972 144.126 87.034 60.4 82.153 4.882 5.6 57.091 57.0
1973 147.096 89.429 60.8 58.064 4.365 4.9 57.667 57.8
1974 150.120 91.949 61.3 86.794 5.156 5.6 58.171 57.8
1975 153.153 93.775 61.2 85.846 7.929 8.5 59.377 56.1
1976 156.150 96.158 61.6 88.752 7.406 7.7 59.991 56.8
1977 159.033 99.009 62.3 92.017 6.991 7.1 60.025 57.9
1978 161.910 102.251 63.2 96.048 6.202 6.1 59.659 59.3
1979 164.863 104.962 63.7 98.824 6.137 5.8 59.900 59.9
1980 167.745 106.940 63.8 99.303 7.637 7.1 60.806 59.2
1981 170.130 108.670 63.9 100.397 8.273 7.6 61.460 59.0
1982 172.271 110.201 64.0 99.526 10.678 9.7 62.067 57.8
1983 174.215 111.550 64.0 100.834 10.717 9.6 62.665 57.9
1984 176.383 113.544 64.4 105.005 8.539 7.5 62.839 59.5
1985 178.206 115.461 64.8 107150 8.312 7.2 63.744 60.1
1986 180.587 117.834 65.3 109.597 8.237 7.0 62.752 60.7
1987 182.753 119.865 65.6 112.440 4.425 6.2 62.888 61.5
1988 184.613 121.669 65.9 114.968 6.701 5.5 62.944 62.3
1989 186.393 123.869 66.5 117.342 6.528 5.3 62.523 63.0
1990 188.049 124.787 66.4 117.914 6.874 5.5 63.262 62.7
1991 189.765 125.303 66.0 116.877 8.426 6.7 64.462 61.6
1992 191.576 126.982 66.3 117.598 9.384 7.4 64.593 61.4
1993 193.550 128.040 66.2 119.306 8.734 6.8 65.509 61.6
1994 196.814 131.056 66.6 123.060 7.996 6.1 65.758 62.5
1995 198.584 132.304 66.6 124.900 7.404 5.6 66.280 62.9
1996 200.591 133.943 66.8 126.708 7.236 5.4 66.647 63.2
1997 203.133 136.297 67.1 129.558 6.739 4.9 66.837 63.8
1998 205.220 137.673 67.1 131.463 6.210 4.5 67.547 64.1

161
 1968 wels samuSao Zalis raodenoba 60%-ze odnav naklebi iyo. am periodSi mosaxleobas rom scod-
noda, ra moxdeboda 30 wlis Semdeg, anu is, rom arainstituciuri mosaxleobis 67%-ze meti samuSao
Zala gaxdeboda, maTi umetesoba albaT 1998 wlisTvis umuSevrobis ukiduresad maRal dones iwinas-
warmetyvelebda. isini ityodnen, rom araviTari sxva gza ar iarsebebda garda imisa, rom ekonomikaSi
Seqmniliyo rac SeiZleba meti axali samuSao adgili. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba amas maSin mieniWe-
boda, roca adamianebis manqanebiT Secvlis tendencia yvelgan imZlavrebda.

10 65

64

63

dasaqmeba (%)
umuSevari (%)

8
62

61

60

59
1950 1960 1970 1990 2000

- - dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili arainstituciur mosaxleobaSi

58
umuSevrebis xvedriTi wili
welisamuSao ZalaSi

nax. 19-1 umuSevroba da dasaqmeba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

napoleonis omebis dasasruls luditebis saxeliT cnobilma ingliseli muSebis jgufebma

manqanebis ganadgurebis procesi wamoiwyes, rac imiT aixsneboda, rom sakuTari umuSevrobis
mizezad swored manqanebs miiCnevdnen. xanmokle periodis ganmavlobaSi zogierTi marTlac man-
qanebis gamo darCa umuSevari. 75 wlis winaT satelefono gamanawilebeli dafis operatori rom
yofiliyaviT, avtomaturi CamrTveli manqanebis gamogoneba da amoqmedeba samuSaos namdvilad
dagakargvinebdaT, magram satelefono sistema, romelic axla moqmedebs aSS-Si, verasodes ganvi-
Tardeboda, Tu ar daamontaJebdnen avtomatur CamrTvel manqanebs. Zveli teqnologia rom dar-
Ceniliyo, dRes aSS-is samuSao Zalis umetesi nawili satelefono kompaniebSi imuSavebda. manqa-
nebi cvlis xalxs, magram is xalxi, romelsac manqana cvlis, sxva saqmes akeTebs. sabolood,
TiTqmis yvela mogebaSia, rac gazrdili mwarmoeblurobis Sedegia. luditebis msgavsi moZraoba
periodulad iCens xolme Tavs, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom moTxovna muSaxelze mudmivad icv-
leba, iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom manqanebis danergva ufro met samuSao adgils qmnis, vidre
auqmebs. sanam daukmayofilebelia Cveni survilebi saqonlis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT, ar
gamoileva iseTi samuSao, romlis Sesrulebac sasargebloa. umuSevrobis zrda niSnavs ara imas,
TiTqos samuSao adgilebi iSviaTobad iqca, aramed ufro dasaqmebis Ziebasa da miRebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mosalodneli xarjebisa da sargeblis cvlilebebze migviTiTebs.

xarjebi da gadawyvetilebebi
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli sifrTxilec gvmarTebs. rogorc axali samuSaos
dawyebis, ise masze uaris Tqmis xarjebi sxvadasxva adamianisTvis sruliad gansxvavebulia da es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa kvalifikacia, gamocdileba, asaki, sao-

162
jaxo valdebulebebi, sxva Semosavlis wyaroebi da TviT im xalxis angariSgasawevi orientaciebi
da Sexedulebebi, vis azrebsac konkretuli samuSaos maZiebeli afasebs.
warmoidgineT im mozardebis mdgomareoba, romlebic mSoblebTan cxovroben. maT, SesaZloa,
dasaqmebis survili gauCndeT. am SemTxvevaSi isini iwyeben samuSaos Zebnas da umuSevris ofi-
cialur statussac iReben. Tu mozardebi swavloben skolaSi, maSin mocemul momentSi isini mxo­
lod iseTi samuSaosTvis gamodgebian, sadac maTi samsaxureobrivi movaleoba sakmaod SezRudu-
li iqneba. zafxulis ardadegebis periodSi damsaqmeblebi ar moisurveben maT miRebas iseT
samuSaoze, rac suriozul momzadebas moiTxovs, radgan mozardebs ar SeuZliaT aseTi samuSaos
Sesruleba. Tu saSualo skola daamTavres da apireben kolejSi Sesvlas, maT ar eqnebaT muSaobis
survili iq, sadac bevri ram moeTxovebaT. ufro metic, Cveulebriv, maT SeiZleba mxolod nak-
lebmimzidveli samuSaos imedi hqondeT, raki damsaqmeblebs ar surT, rom bevri gadauxadon mo-
zardebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, moumzadeblebi modian, samuSaos ki manam stoveben, sanam dam-
saqmebli maTi momzadebis xarjebis kompensacias miiRebs.
iman, visac mSoblebis ojaxSi sacxovrebeli da sakvebi aqvs, SeiZleba Tavs imis ufleba misces,
rom samuSaos Zebnas didi dro moandomos, an datovos samuSao adgili, romelic ar daakmayofi-
lebs da Tavidan Seudges Sesaferisi adgilis Zebnas. magram, SeuZlebelia, mozards mxedvelobi-
dan gamorCes is faqti, rom maSin, rodesac is iZulebulia imuSaos, misi megobrebi erTobian da
dros laRad atareben. amitom mas ar daakmayofilebs araviTari samuSao adgili. Tu yovelive
amas gaviTvaliswinebT, davinaxavT, rom is xarjebi, romlebic samuSaos dawyebasa da gagrZele-
basTanaa dakavSirebuli, mozardebis umravlesobisaTvis sakmaod maRalia da SeiZleba kidev
ufro gaizardos. samagierod, gacilebiT dabalia samuSaos Zebnis xarjebi. gana amis Semdeg unda
gagvikvirdes an unda SevSfoTdeT, roca gavigebT, rom 16-dan 19 wlamde asakis axalgazrdobis
umuSevrobis done xSirad samjer ufro maRalia, vidre mTeli mosaxleobisa?
radgan umuSevrobis ZiriTadi xarjebi Semosavlis dakargvas ukavSirdeba, yvelaferi is, rac,
umuSevrobis periodSi adamianebis Semosavlis SenarCunebis pirobas warmoadgens, udavod Seuwy-
obs xels umuSevrobis donis zrdas. Tu met muSas SevTavazebT umuSevrobis sawinaaRmdego daz-
Rvevas, gavzrdiT daxmarebis xangrZlivobas da gavaiolebT am daxmarebaTa miRebis pirobebs, es
ar moewoneba im xalxs, visac aqvs daukmayofilebeli samuSao, romelic maT kargi xelfasiT uz-
runvelyofs. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tu mTavroba guluxv daxmarebas SesTavazebs
umuSevrebs, dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba aRar iqneba metismetad mijaWvuli samuSao adgils da misi
dakargvis SemTxvevaSi did survilsac ar gamoiCens, rom axali adgili monaxos. es ki xels Seuwy-
obs umuSevrobis zrdas.
aseTive Sedegi eqneboda iseTi ojaxebis raodenobis matebasac, sadac ramdenime wevria
dasaqmebuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gazrdil saSemosavlo da socialuri uzrunvelyofis ga-
dasaxadebs, rasac emateba muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva xarjebic, gasakviri aRar iqneba, rom
mkveTrad daeces finansuri stimuli, romelic ojaxis meore dasaqmebul wevrs Zvelis dakargvis
SemTxvevaSi, axali samuSaos moZebnis survils aRuZravda. yovelive amas SeiZleba uaryofiTi
Sedegebi mohyves, roca adamians aqvs ufleba, rom mTavrobas umuSevrobis gadasaxadi mosTxovos.
aseve daimaxsovreT, rom ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi damokidebulia molodinze. xalxi
uerTdeba samuSao Zalas, radgan imedovnebs, rom ipovis Sesaferis samuSao adgils. magram, Tu
garkveuli mizezebis gamo, samuSaoTi dakmayofilebis imedi realistur zRvars scdeba, umuSev-
robis done aucileblad gaizrdeba. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom biznesis samyaroSi damate-
biTi SesaZleblobebi eZlevaT qalebs, romelTac surT menejeris kariera airCion. perspeq-
tivebis aseTi gaumjobeseba gamoiwvevs imas, rom meti qali moindomebs muSaobis dawyebas an Zveli
samuSao adgilis SenarCunebas. sruliad mosalodnelia, rom karieris saukeTeso da usazRvro
SesaZleblobebis molodinma imdenad gazardos muSaobis msurveli qalebis raodenoba, rom maTi
umuSevrobis donis gazrdasac ki Seuwyos xeli. umuSevrobis done maRali iqneba, sanam molodini
realobis Sesatyvisi ar gaxdeba an realoba ar daakmayofilebs sazogadoebis molodins.
analogiur SemTxvevasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs, romlebmac es-
esaa romelime dargis specialistisa Tu advokatis diplomebi miiRes, metismetad gazviadebuli
warmodgena eqnebaT sakuTari specializaciis xarisxis Sesaxeb. msgavsi warmodgenebi, ra Tqma
unda, gazrdis umuSevrobas. mefolade, romlis xelfasi TiTqmis orjer aRemateba saSualo xel-

163
fass, advilad rodi daTanxmdeba ufro dabalanazRaurebad samuSaos, Tuki foladCamosasxmeli
kompania, romelSic igi muSaobs, gakotrdeba. aseTi adamianebi didad ar gansxvavdebian saxlebis
mepatroneebisagan, romlebic uars amboben daijeron, rom saxli, romlis gayidvasac cdiloben,
ar gaiyideba maT mier moTxovnil fasad. swored amitom, uZravi qonebis bazarze imatebs gancxade-
bebi warweriT `iyideba~! magram konkretuli Sedegi, romelic am gancxadebebs unda mohyves, sak-
maod didi xnis manZilze miuRweveli rCeba.

umuSevroba da recesia
19-2 naxazi gviCvenebs im urTierTkavSirs, romelic recesiasa da umuSevrobas Soris arsebobs.
recesia mkveTrad zrdis umuSevrobis dones, es ukanaskneli ki iklebs maSin, roca ekonomika gajan-
saRebas iwyebs, magram aRniSnuli procesi yovelTvis bevrad ufro nela mimdinareobs. 1949 wlis
recesiis Semdeg (araa naCvenebi 19-2 cxrilSi) ekonomikis gansakuTrebiT Zlierma gajansaRebam,
romelsac dasabami, metwilad, koreis omma misca, umuSevrobis done Seamcira. umuSevroba 1949 wels
5,9%-s Seadgenda, 1953 wels ki 2,9%-mde Semcirda. 1954 wlis recesiam is isev 5,5%-s gazarda. amis Sem-
deg umuSevrobis Semcirebis procesi Zalian neli tempiT mimdinareobda, vidre Semdgomma recesiam,
romelic 1957 wlis bolo meoTxedSi daiwyo, igi isev 6.8%-mde ar gazarda. 1960-1961 wlebamde Zalian
cota dro iyo umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad. aRniSnul wlebSi dawyebulma recesiam ki kidev erTxel
gazarda is. 1961 wlis Semdeg umuSevroba xangrZlivi drois manZilze izrdeboda. 1969 wels is Tan-
daTan 3,5%-mde Semcirda, 1970-1971 wlebis recesiam ki 5,9-mde gazarda.
1971 wlis Semdgomi gajansaRebis periodSi umuSevrobis done 4,9%-ze dabla ar Camosula. 1974-
1975 wlebSi didi recesiis Semdgomma gajansaRebam es done 5,8%-ze dabla ver daswia. 1980-iani wlebis
Sua periodSi aSS-is Sromis bazris mkvlevarebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom umuSevrobis `bunebrivi~
done aSS-sTvis daaxloebiT 6%-iT ganisazRvreboda. aRniSnul `bunebriv~ dones zogjer ukidure­
sad dabal doned miiCnevdnen, romlisTvisac umuSevrobas SeeZlo inflaciis daCqarebis gareSec mi-
eRwia, xandaxan mas garkveuli saxis wonasworobad miiCnevdnen, romelic im SemTxvevaSi miiRweoda,
Tu ar moxdeboda destabilizaciis gamomwvevi Sokebi. es niSnuli SeiZleba iseT donedac CaeTvalaT,
roca xalxi sakuTari arCevanis safuZvelze miakuTvnebda Tavs samuSao an arasamuSao Zalas an imis
arCevans gaakeTebda, daTanxmeboda SeTavazebul samuSaos Tu ukeTesis Zebna gaegrZelebina. 1988
wels, roca umuSevrobis done 6%-ze dabla Camovida, 1989 wlis martSi ki 5%-mde Semcirda, uamravi
specialisti inflaciis swraf gazrdas winaswarmetyvelebda.

umuSevrebis xvedriTi wili samuSao ZalaSi

- - - realuri mTliani Sida produqtis procentuli
cvlileba wina welTan SedarebiT

12 12

10 10
realuri mSp (%)
umuSevroba (%)

8 8

6 6

4 4

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

2
nax. 19-2.2recesiebi da umuSevroba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

164
 1989-1991 wlebSi inflacia odnav gaizarda, magram 1991 wlis Semdeg umuSevrobis done Tan-
daTan Semcirda, xolo 1998 wlis aprilsa da maisSi 4,3%-s miaRwia. magram es procenti inflaciiT
ar iyo gamowveuli. ekonomistebi, romelTa saqmianoba prognozirebas ukavSirdeboda, 1998 wlis
meore naxevarSi deflaciasac iseTive saSiS movlenad miiCnevdnen, rogorc inflacias.

ratom arsebobs umuSevroba yovelTvis?

ratom izrdeba umuSevroba ase mkveTrad recesiis dros, an, am ukanasknelis dasrulebis Sem-
deg, ratom inarCunebs jiutad erTsa da imave dones da maSinac ki ar mcirdeba, roca ekonomika
ukve gajansaRebis gzas daadgeba? pirveli SekiTxva, albaT, arc ki saWiroebs amomwurav pasuxs.
roca iklebs saqonelze moTxovna da grovdeba saqonlis maragi, firma warmoebas amcirebs da ise­
Ti gzis monaxvas cdilobs, romelic danaxarjebis SemcirebaSi daexmareba. raki samuSao Zalis
xarjebi firmis zRvruli xarjebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens, erTaderTi mosalodneli
Sedegi, rac recesias mohyveba isaa, rom xdeba muSaxelis Semcireba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, umuSevro-
bis donis zrdas iwvevs.
magram, ratom ver ubrundeba umuSevroba recesiamde arsebul dones maSinac ki, roca ekonomi-
kis gajansaRebis Sedegad warmoeba isev Zvel simaRleze adis? amis erT-erTi aSkara mizezi isaa,
rom xelxis daqiravebas ufro didi dro sWirdeba, vidre gaTavisuflebas. ra Tqma unda, yvela,
vinc daiTxoves, saxlSi ar dajdeba da ar daiwyebs lodins, Tu rodis daurekaven, rom ukan dab-
runeba SesTavazon. umetesoba daiwyebs sxva samsaxuris Zebnas da bevri miiRebs kidec alterna-
tiuli dasaqmebis Sanss. ase rom, firmas, romelsac surs ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros dasaqmebis
gazrda, isev mouxdeba axali muSaxelis Zebna da misi momzadeba. bevri firma arc iCqarebs amis
gakeTebas, sanam savsebiT ar darwmundeba, rom gajansaReba moCvenebiTi araa. TanamSromelTa siis
xelaxal Sevsebas firmis xelmZRvanelebi arsebuli personalis zedmetad dasaqmebas amjobine-
ben.
zogierTi firma recesiis dros iswavlis, rogor gaarTvas Tavi samuSaos naklebi muSaxeliT.
didi aRmavloba ubiZgebs firmebs, daiqiravon imaze meti muSaxeli, vidre saWiroa. garda amisa,
ekonomikuri aRmavloba resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebisadmi yuradRebas amcirebs. recesia,
Tavis mxriv, Zlieri stimuli xdeba imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes `tyuilubralod xarjva~ da gakeT-
des maqsimaluri ekonomia. codna, romelic recesiis dros SeiZines, ar qreba misi dasrulebisTa-
nave, ase rom, zogierT muSaks, romelic gaaTavisufles recesiis dros, aRar daabruneben rece-
siis dasrulebis Semdeg.

xelfasis done

miwodeba
`namati~

moTxovna

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba

miwodeba/moTxovnis modeli, romelic me-5 TavSi gagacaniT, badebs sxva SekiTxvas: ratom ar
surT im muSebs, romlebic samuSaos eZeben, dabalanazRaurebad adgilebze muSaoba? umuSevroba
zedmeti muSaxelis maCvenebelia. saqonlis miwodeba sWarbobs moTxovnas, sanam xelfasi bazris
mier gansazRvruli xelfasis Sesaferisi ar gaxdeba.
magram Sromis bazari ar muSaobs ise, rogorc soflis meurneobis saqonlis bazari. mniSvnelovani
mizezebi arsebobs imis savaraudod, rom Sromis bazarze muSaxelis siWarbe ZiriTadi norma iqneba im

165
ubralo mizezis gamo, rom damqiraveblebis umetes nawils gauCndeba survili gadaixados imaze
odnav maRali xelfasi, vidre bazari moiTxovs. ratom arCeven damsaqmeblebi aseT moqmedebas, Tuki
ar CavTvliT im sulgrZelobas, romelic SeiZleba maT amoZravebdes? Tu isini ixdian xelfass, ro-
melic zustad asaxavs bazris fass, maSin maT TanamSromlebs eqnebaT imedi, rom, sakuTari nebiT, an
iZulebiT, samuSaos datovebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis SeZleben msgavsi adgilis Sovnas. es ki niSnavs,
rom dasaqmebulebs arc Tu didi stimuli eqnebaT gulgrilobisa da upativcemulobis asatanad, sam-
agierod didi stimuli eqnebaT imisaTvis, rom gaazviadon sxvagan muSaobis upiratesobebi. Sedegad
miviRebT maRal denadobas, romelic sakmaod Zviri daujdeba damqiravebels, radgan axali muSebis
momzadebis fasi Zalian maRalia. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu damqiraveblebi muSaxelze gansakuTrebulad
ar zrunven, isini imiT mainc iqnebian dainteresebulni, rom daqiravebulebs CamouyalibdeT rwmena,
TiTqos maTi samuSao adgilebi sxvebze ukeTesia.
msgavsi rwmena aseve amcirebs daqiravebulTa mxridan `sabotaJis~ SesaZleblobasac. dausviT
Tqvens Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: ratom unda gaakeTos daqiravebulma imaze meti, rac evaleba? ra-
tom ar unda Semoifarglos mxolod im samuSaos SesrulebiT, romelsac damqiravebeli gaakon-
trolebs? ram unda SeuSalos xeli, rom dakargos dro, iqurdos an sabotaJi moawyos firmaSi,
sadac gamoaSkaravebis Zalian mcire Sansia? erT-erTi mizezi iqneboda daqiravebulis moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. magram es grZnoba swrafad qreba, roca dasaqmebulebi garkveuli
mizezebis gamo (an sruliad umizezod) Tvlian, rom maT usamarTlod epyrobian. sindisze rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT, sakmaod mniSvnelovani mizezi, romelic muSas aiZulebs, upasuxismgeblod ar
moiqces, aris rwmena, rom mas samsaxuridan gaTavisufleba ufro Zviri daujdeba. gaTavisufleba
ki Zviria maSin, roca xelfasi aRemateba alternatiul Rirebulebas. amdenad, kidev erTxel
v­rwmu­ndebiT, rom saerTo wliur Semosavalze zrunva kargi stimulia damsaqmebelTaTvis – is
maT aiZulebs daaweson iseTi xelfasi, romelic bazris fasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT maRali
iqneba.
rodesac iwyeba recesia da mcirdeba firmebis moTxovna muSaxelsa da produqciaze, damqi-
raveblebs sakmao mizezebi aqvT imisaTvis, rom Seamciron TanamSromlebi da ara xelfasebi.
TanamSromlebi iSviaTad xvdebian gagebiT xelfasis Semcirebas. Tu isini jer kidev ar arian
profkavSiris wevrebi, albaT ufro seriozulad daiwyeben fiqrs gawevrianebaze, roca maTi xel-
fasi moulodnelad Semcirdeba. Tuki isini profkavSirTan dadebuli kontraqtis safuZvelze
muSaoben, maSin es kontraqti krZalavs xelfasis Semcirebas profkavSiruli gaerTianebis Tanx-
mobis gareSe, aseT Tanxmobas ki, albaT, es ukanaskneli ar miscems im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu daarw-
muneben, rom xelfasis Semcireba SesaZlebels gaxdis dasaqmebis donis SenarCunebas. amis mizezi
isaa, rom profkavSiris xelmZRvanelobas daadanaSauleben xelfasis Semcirebis gamo, magram
aravin gadauxdis madlobas samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebisTvis. ufro metic, muSebi, romlebic
gaaTavisufles, samudamod datoveben profkavSiris rigebs, xolo isini, visi xelfasic Semcird-
eba, isev gaerTianebis wevrebad darCebian da xmis uflebac eqnebaT. damqiravebelic analogiuri
mizezebis gamo, miva daskvnamde, rom samuSao Zala, romelic Seiqmna 90 kmayofili TanamSromlis-
gan, SeiZleba ufro mwarmoebluri aRmoCndes, vidre 100 ukmayofilo muSaki, romelsac xelfasi
10%-iT Seumcires.
ramdenad did gavlenas axdenen xelfasebze umuSevrebi? marqsi da sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom
fabrikis gareT darCenili umuSevrebis saTadarigo armia damqiravebels xelfasebis Semcirebis
saSualebas aZlevs. XIX saukuneSi es mtkiceba, SesaZloa, damajerebelic iyo, magram dRes is sak-
maod saeWvod JRers. industriuli qveynebis standartul pirobebSi damqiraveblebi gacilebiT
met yuradRebas iCenen imaT mimarT, visac xelfass uxdian, vidre gareT darCenili im xalxis
mimarT, visac survili aqvs xelfasi miiRos. es albaT ase iqneboda maSinac ki, Tu gareT myofni
didi enTuziazmiT gamoxatavdnen saimiso mzadyofnas, rom naklebi xelfasisTvis emuSavaT, xolo
damsaqmeblebs ucilobeli mizezebi eqnebodaT, rom maTTvis daejerebinaT. magram, msgavsi
araferi xdeba. mTavari isaa, rom xelfasebi moimatebs ekonomikis gajansaRebis dros da, ase Tu
ise, SeCerdeba im doneze, romelzec izrdeba dasaqmeba.
yovelive amis Sedegad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom muSaxelis raodenoba yovelTvis Warbia. am-
denad, miwodebac yovelTvis ufro didi iqneba, vidre moTxovna. muSebis mravlismomcveli ga-
mocdileba adasturebs Cven mier hipoTeturad gamoTqmul mosazrebas. potenciuri muSaxelis

166
ricxvi, TiTqmis yovelTvis aRemateba im samuSao adgilebis raodenobas, romelTa Sevsebasac
damqiraveblebi cdiloben. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arsebobs rogorc samuSao adgilebis qroni-
kuli nakleboba, ise samuSaos maZiebelTa qronikuli siWarbe.

filipsis mrudi
1958 w. ekonomistma a.v. filipsma gamoaqveyna gamokvleva saxelwodebiT `umuSevrobisa da fu-
ladi xelfasis cvalebadobis tempis urTierTkavSiri did britaneTSi 1861-1957 wlebSi~. man da-
sabami misca ideas, romelic male cnobili gaxda `filipsis mrudis~ saxelwodebiT. filipsma
aCvena, rom im periodSi, roca man Tavisi gamokvleva Caatara, arsebobda stabiluri kavSiri
umuSevrobisa da saSualo fuladi xelfasis zrdis tempebs Soris. umuSevroba izrdeboda, roca
xelfasis mateba neli tempiT mimdinareobda da mcirdeboda, roca xelfasi swrafad izrdeboda.
es sakmaod logikurad JRers. muSaxelze maRali moTxovnis periodebSi damsaqmeblebi sTavazo-
ben maRal xelfass, radgan surT miizidon (an SeinarCunon) is TanamSromlebi, romlebic sWirde-
baT. xolo didi umuSevrobis periodSi ar mouwevT muSaxelis energiuli Zebna da xelfasic ufro
neli tempiT gaizrdeba.
magram, am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, male gakeTda daskvna, rom monetaruli da fiskaluri
politikis gamoyenebisas SesaZlebelia umuSevrobis Semcireba nominaluri xelfasis inflaci-
uri zrdis saSualebiT, rac, Sesabamisad, iwvevs fasebis zrdasac. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vi-
varaudoT, rom filipsis mrudi inflaciasa da umuSevrobas Soris arCevanis arsebobas gulis­
xmobs, roca erTi maTganis Semcireba SesaZlebelia meoris gazrdis xarjze. Tumca es daskvna arc
filipsis monacemebidan gamomdinareobs da arc raime sxva mosazrebidan, romelic inflaciisa
da umuSevrobis mizezebs ukavSirdeba. imis mtkiceba ki, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia Seamciros
umuSevroba, Tu ganzrax gamoiwvevs inflacias, sakmaod did riskTanaa dakavSirebuli.
albaT marTalia, rom, roca ekonomika axloa `sruli~ dasaqmebis mdgomareobasTan, fasebi da
xelfasebi marTlac izrdeba. ekonomikas yovelTvis axasiaTebs didi Sida moZraoba: mrewvelobis
zogierT dargSi warmoeba izrdeba, zogierTSi ki – mcirdeba. aseve izrdeba da mcirdeba firmebis
saqmianobac, inergeba axali sawarmoo teqnologiebi, icvleba moTxovnis struqtura, xalxi an
uerTdeba samuSao Zalas an tovebs mas. aqedan gamomdinare, yovelTvis arsebobs resursebis
mizidvis saWiroeba sxvadasxva sferoSi, amis gakeTeba ki SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iqneba
SeTavazebuli xelsayreli pirobebi. magram, arc damqiraveblebi da arc daqiravebulebi ar flo-
ben srul informacias. maT unda eZebon is, rac surT, da unda gaiRon am ZebnasTan dakav­Sirebuli
xarjebi.
mcire umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi samuSaos ZebnasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, saSualod, ufro
dabalia, vidre didi umuSevrobis periodSi. amitom samuSaos maZiebelTaTvis ufro advilia
uari­s Tqma mcirexelfasian samuSaoze, da axali samuSaos Zebna, ris gamoc damqiravebels uZnel-
deba xelfasebis Semcireba.
muSaxelis Zebnis xarjebi maTTvis ufro maRalia im dros, roca umuSevrobis done dabalia,
amitom isini muSaxels sTavazoben ufro maRal xelfass, vidre amas sxva SemTxvevaSi gaakeTebdnen.
ase ki imitom iqcevian, rom ar dasWirdeT axali TanamSromlebis xangrZlivi da ZviradRirebuli
Zieba da rom naklebi iyos imaTi dakargvis riski, vinc ukve muSaobs da visi Semcvlelis povnac
gauWirdebaT.
igive argumenti SeiZleba gamogvadges sasaqonlo bazarze arsebul fasebTan dakavSirebiTac.
roca ekonomika TiTqmis sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, rTuldeba damatebiTi miwodebis droulad
uzrunvelyofa da, Sesabamisad, axali mimwodeblebis Zebnas myidvelebs urCevniaT, maRali fase-
bi gadaixadon. didi umuSevrobisa da Warbwarmoebis periodebSi gamyidveli amcirebs fasebs,
radgan uWirs myidvelis povna.
ra kuTxiTac ar unda ganvixiloT yovelive es, mainc imave daskvnamde mivalT. `sruli~ dasaqme-
ba iwvevs fasebisa da xelfasebis zrdas, xolo mniSvnelovani umuSevroba da Warbwarmoeba – Sem-
cirebas.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom fasebisa da xelfasebis Semcireba da zrda damokidebulia bazarze
gamefebul daZabulobasa Tu modunebaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dasaqmeba mizezia, xolo
fasebisa da xelfasebis cvalebadoba – Sedegi. ar iqneba swori, Tu vivaraudebT, rom raki sruli

167
dasaqmeba inflacias iwvevs, amitom inflacia srul dasaqmebas gamoiwvevs. roca kalaTburTis
matCze bevri gulSematkivaria, sportul darbazSi temperatura maRalia, radgan sxeulebi siT-
bos gamoscemen, magram darbazis fizkulturis kaTedra, gaTbobis saSualebiT, ver miizidavs
mayurebels kalaTburTis im gundis TamaSze, romelic mudam agebs.

umuSevrobis Semcireba iluziis meSveobiT

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, inflaciis ganzrax daCqarebis politikas SeuZlia umuSevrobis
donis droebiT Semcireba gamoiwvios. xalxi, romelic samuSao Zalad iTvleba, umuSevaria,
radgan ver Soulobs iseT samuSaos, romelic srulad daakmayofilebs. ganzrax gamowveuli in-
flaciis Sedegad samuSao adgilebi ufro mimzidveli xdeba, radgan aRniSnuli politikis gamo
damsaqmeblebi zrdian xelfass. swored amgvarad xdeba SesaZlebeli, rom inflaciam Seamciros
umuSevroba, magram maRali xelfasi mxolod moCvenebiT mimzidvelobas qmnis.

`wesieri~ filipsis mrudi

aSS, 1954-1969
umuSevrobis done (%)

6
69

5
68

4
56

66

3 67

4
55 5 6
2
sanam potenciuri muSakebi ar gaacnobiereben,
65 rom axali samuSao adgilebi sinamdvileSi araf-
inflaciis done (%)
riT sjobs Zvels, dasaqmeba marTlac gaizrdeba, magram is maSinve gauTanabrdeba adre arsebul
dones, rogorc ki muSaxeli aRmoaCens, rom sinamdvileSi inflacia ufro mimzidveli xelfasis
mxolod da mxolod iluzias qmnis. amgvarad, umuSevrobis didi xniT Semcireba ar moxdeba, inf­
lacia ki ufro swrafi tempiT gagrZeldeba.
inflaciis saSualebiT umuSevrobasTan brZolis politika xangrZliv warmatebuli im SemTx-
vevaSi iqneboda, Tu ganxorcieldeboda inflaciis ganuwyveteli daCqareba ise, rom muSaxels
verasodes gamoecno misi realuri tempi. aseT SemTxvevaSi damsaqmeblebi mudmivad gazrdidnen
SeTavazebuli fuladi xelfasis namdvil Rirebulebas. SesaZlebelia sxva variantic, Tu davuS-
vebT, rom xalxi, romelic daqiravebulia da muSaobs, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs mxolod
fulad da ara realur xelfass. esaa varaudi, romelic, erTi SexedviT, simarTlesTan axlosaa:
roca afaseben imas, Tu ramdenad maRalia SeTavazebuli xelfasi, aravin aanalizebs, Tu ra cvli-
leba moxda samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi bolo periodSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, xalxi yur-
adRebas aqcevs xelfasis mxolod fulad raodenobas. magram garkveuli drois Semdeg isini
amCneven, rom am xelfasiT bevrad ufro naklebi saqonlis yidvaa SesaZlebeli da, amdenad, xvdebi-
an mis realur Rirebulebas.
ekonomikuri politika, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is Tavisufal da demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi xorcieldeba, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes varauds, rom muSebis motyueba usasru-
lodaa SesaZlebeli. xalxi Secdomebze swavlobs da, Tu TviTon ar aqcevs amas saTanado yur-
adRebas, sxvebi mainc auxelen Tvals arsebul mdgomareobaze. 1970-ian wlebSi aSS-Si arsebuli

168
maRali umuSevrobisa da Zalian swrafi inflaciis Tanaarseboba imis damamtkicebel sabuTad
gamodgeba, rom xalxma ukve icis, rogor ganasxvaos nominaluri da realuri xelfasi. roca
dasaqmebulebi iTvaliswineben uwyvet inflacias, maT aRar aqvT iluzia, rom nominaluri da re-
aluri xelfasi erTi da igivea.

`arawesieri~ filipsis mrudi

aSS, 1970-1981
inflaciis done (%)
11
74

10

9
74 80
8
81

7
79

6 73

75
4
4 5 6 77 7 8 9
3
magram, warmoidgineT, rom aseTi midgomisas mTavrobam
71 aRmoaCina, rom ganzrax gamowveuli
umuSevrobis done (%)
inf­lacia sinamdvileSi ver Seamcirebs umuSevrobas da gadawyvita am politikaze uaris Tqma.
warmoidgineT, rom mTavroba iwvevda inflacias fiskaluri da monetaruli stimulis gamo­
yenebis saSualebiT. Semdeg ki gadawyvita, rom ufro ioli gza aerCia. garkveuli drois Semdeg
saerTo xarjebis zrda, savaraudod, Seneldeba da mewarmeebi ver SeZleben sakuTari produqciis
gayidvas sasurvel fasad. es gamoiwvevs gauyidavi produqciis maragis dagrovebas da warmoebis
Semcirebas. Sedegad ki gaizrdeba umuSevroba. sabolood, gamyidvelebi mixvdebian, rom fasebis
swraf momatebaze imedis damyareba araa marTebuli da ufro dabal fasebs moiTxoven rogorc
sakuTar produqciaze, ise im resursebze, romlebsac iyeneben. Sedegad, vaWroba gamococxldeba,
gauyidavi saqonlis maragi Semcirdeba, warmoeba isev gaizrdeba, umuSevroba ki TandaTan Sem-
cirdeba. magram, rasakvirvelia, yvelaferi es ar moxdeba erT kviraSi an Tundac erT TveSi.
umuSevrobis zrda, romelsac inflaciis Senelebis mcdeloba iwvevs, mxolod droebiTi iqneba.
Tumca, es periodi SeiZleba Zalian grZeli eCvenos imas, visac samuSaodan gaaTavisufleben.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tu umuSevrobis arsebuli done axlosaa
umuSevrobis `bunebriv~ donesTan, mrewvelobisa da dasaqmebis gazrdis saxelmwifo politikas,
romelic saerTo moTxovnis gazrdis saSualebiT unda ganxorcieldes, warmateba mxolod
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli cru molodinis SemTxvevaSi eqneba. albaT swored es moxda 1960-iani
wlebis bolos. stimulis mimcemma fiskalurma da monetarulma politikam gazarda warmoeba da
Seamcira umuSevroba, radgan mosaxleobam ver gaigo, Tu ra xdeboda sinamdvileSi da sistematu-
rad ver afasebda xarjebisa da fasebis inflaciur zrdas, rac mimdinare politikis Sedegi iyo.
magram sabolood, xalxma mainc gaacnobiera, raSi iyo saqme da sakuTari molodinica da qcevac
Sesabamisad Secvala. 1970-ian wlebSi da 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erToblivi moTxovnis ufro
energiulma zrdam gamoiwvia mxolod inflaciis daCqareba, magram sruliad ar Seamcira umuSev-
roba. rogorc ki mosaxleoba gaTavisufldeba iluziisgan, erToblivi moTxovnis gazrdis mas-
timulirebelma politikam, SesaZloa, daCqarebuli inflaciis garda bevri veraferi gamoiwvios.

Sromis bazris politika

ekonomistebi, politikosebi da saerTod, sazogadoeba, CarTulia seriozul debatebSi imas-
Tan dakavSirebiT, Tu risi SesaZlebloba aqvs da ra unda gaakeTos mTavrobam umuSevrobis donis

169
Sesamcireblad. maTi SeuTanxmeblobis ZiriTadi mizezi aris is, rom sinamdvileSi ar viciT, Tu
ra Sedegs moitans zogierTi politikuri qmedeba. uTanxmoebis meore mizezi isaa, rom mTavrobis
politikas Zalian iSviaTad an saerTod ar mohyveba is Sedegebi, rac dagegmili iyo.
Zlieri mxardaWeriT sargeblobs Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas SeuZlia ise Seam-
ciros umuSevrobis done, rom Tavidan aicilos meryeoba ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi, romel­
sac `biznesis ciklis~ saxelwodebiT vicnobT. sakamaTo sakiTxs ki warmoadgens is, aqvs Tu ara
mTavrobas unari da survili (amis Sesaxeb 21-e TavSi visaubrebT), rom ekonomikuri aRmavloba
stabiluri gaxados.
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, agreTve, is poziciac, romlis Tanaxmad, mTavrobas SeuZlia Seam-
ciros umuSevroba Sromis bazris marTvis saTanado politikis gziT. magram debatebis monawile­
ebi ver Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad ra politika unda gatardes. yvela mxars uW-
ers im adamianebis mosamzadebel programebs, romlebmac dakarges samuSao. momzadebis Sedegad
miRebuli codna maT saSualebas miscems, ipovon axali samuSao adgilebi. samwuxaroa, rom msgavsi
programebi didi iSviaTobaa. sasurveli iqneboda, bevri aseTi programa ganxorcielebuliyo da
xalxisTvis samsaxurSi mowyoba gagveiolebina.
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia Seamciros umuSevroba, Tu umuSevrobis kom-
pensacias gaauqmebs. es gazrdida yvela gaTavisuflebuli muSis mier axali samsaxuris ZiebasTan
dakavSirebul danaxarjebs da, amgvarad, Seamcirebda samuSao adgilis Ziebis xangrZlivobas. Se-
giZliaT wamoayenoT sakuTari politikuri da eTikuri argumentebi aseTi qmedebis winaaRmdeg.
ekonomikuri argumenti ki is gaxlavT, rom samuSaos Zieba rogorc moklevadian, ise grZelvadian
periodSi, xels uwyobs ZviradRirebuli resursebis kargvas.
raki umuSevroba da, gansakuTrebiT, recesiis Sedegad warmoqmnili umuSevroba, metwilad
cru molodinis Sedegia, amitom mTavrobas SeuZlia misi Semcireba im informaciis xarisxis gaum-
jobesebis gziT, romelic gamosadegia imaTTvis, vinc ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. gansx-
vavdeba Tu ara es mosazreba varaudisagan, rom umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa
raodenoba SegviZlia gavzardoT ganaTlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT? albaT gansxvavdeba
– Tundac imiT, rom xSirad swored cvlilebebi da mTavrobis moulodneli politika iwvevs
gaurkvevlobas, es ukanaskneli ki ekonomistebs Soris konfrontaciis mizezi xdeba. da mainc,
upasuxod rCeba kiTxva – rogor vaiZuloT mTavroba, romelic momaval arCev­ne­bam­de pasuxismge-
belia qveynis bedze, uari Tqvas cvlilebebsa da moulodneli politikis gatarebaze?
is, rasac Sromis bazris politikas vuwodebT, sakmaod gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qveynebSi.
aseve gansxvavdeba umuSevrobis doneebic. isini gansxvavebulia maSinac ki, roca am qveynebis
xelmZRvanelebi aRweven Tanxmobas maTi gamoangariSebis gzebTan dakavSirebiT. 1994 wels espa-
neTSi umuSevrobis done 24%-s Seadgenda. es monacemebi TiTqmis iseTive wesiT iyo daangariSebu-
li, rogorc amerikaSi. nawilobriv es 1991-1992 wlebis recesiis, umeteswilad ki mTavrobis
politikis Sedegi iyo, rimelmac, magaliTad, espanel damsaqmeblebs Seumcira axali muSebis daq-
iravebis survili, radgan mTavrobis politikis gamo SeuZlebeli gaxda muSaxelis samsaxu­ridan
daTxovna. rogorc Cans, germaniisa da safrangeTis amomrCevlebi afaseben Sromis bazris poli-
tikas, romelic amJamad am qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa maRal xelfa­sebs, xangrZliv Svebulebebsa da
maRal pensiebs icavs. Tu yvela SeTanxmeba, rom orive qveyanaSi umuSevrobis metad maRali donis
arseboba im politikis Sedegia, romelic udavod amcirebs germaneli da frangi damsaqmeblebis
moTxovnas muSaxelze, albaT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba konstruqciuli dialogis gamarTva aRniSnu-
li politikis sargebelisa da danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. magram, Zalian cotaa iseTi ekonomikuri
sakiTxi, romlis irgvliv gamarTuli kamaTis gadawyve­ta mTlianad SesaZlebelia. aq araferia ga-
sakviri, radgan nebismieri sadavo sakiTxis gadawyveta imis maniSnebelia, rom aRniSnul sakiTxze
kamaTi damTavrebulia.

170
mokled gavimeoroT

sazogadoebis didi nawili, romelic araa dasaqmebuli, ar warmoadgens samuSao Zalas, da, am-
denad, arc umuSevrad iTvleba.
zogjer arcTu ise advilia erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT samuSao da arasamuSao Zalis warmo-
madgeneli. pirveli maTgani ver Soulobs samsaxurs, meore ki uars ambobs yovelgvar samuSaoze.
Sromis statistikis biuro umuSevrad Tvlis yvela im adamians, vinc mimdinare periodSi araa
dasaqmebuli da aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos. gadawyvetileba, rom Sevidnen samuSao ZalaSi da gadaw-
yvetileba, rom uari Tqvan garkveul SeTavazebul samuSao adgilze, damokidebuli iqneba xalxis
mier alternatiuli SesaZleblobebis upirate­so­baTa saTanado Sefasebaze.
umuSevrobis gansxvavebuli done mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebSi, ar asaxavs im jgufebis
Sromaze warmomadgenelTa moTxovnis sxvadasxvaobas. igi asaxavs im xarjebis variaciebs, romle-
bic dakavSirebulia adamianTa mier samuSao adgilebis Zebnasa, miRebasa da SenarCunebasTan.
aSS-Si,1970 wlis Semdeg, umuSevrobis done, 1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebTan SedarebiT, gaizarda,
magram samuSao ZalaSi monawileiobisa da dasaqmebis donemac sarekordod maRal niSnuls miaR-
wia. umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis erTdrouli zrda imis sabuTad gamodgeba, rom mosalodneli
sargebloba da xarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia rogorc samuSao ZalaSi monawileobasTan, ise
umuSevrobis statusis SenarCunebasTan, ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze icvleboda arainstituci-
uri mosax­leobis bevri wevrisTvis.
Sromis bazrebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sasaqonlo bazrebisagan. am cvlilebas is mizeze-
bic ganapirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben, rom Sromis miwodebis raodenoba yovelTvis ufro
didi iyo, vidre moTxovnis raodenoba. ZiriTadad es gamowveulia imiT, rom bevr damsaqmebels
sakmao mizezi aqvs bazris fasebze ufro maRali xelfasebis SesaTavazeblad.
ekonomikurma pirobebma, romlebic iwvevs fasebis zrdas da amcirebs umuSevrobas, xeli Seu-
wyo im mosazrebis gaCenas, rom umuSevrobis donem SeiZleba daiklos iseTi politikis saSuale-
biT, romelic zrdis inflaciis dones. ra pozitiuri Sedegic unda hqondes inflacias umuSev-
robaze, is maSinve gaqreba, roca muSebi mixvdebian, rom Secdnen da fulis Rirebulebis ubralo
Semcireba ufro maRal realur xelfasad miiCnies.
TiTqmis yvela ekonomisti eTanxmeba im azrs, rom Sromis bazris mimarT mTavrobis mier gatare-
bul politikas SeuZlia gazardos an Seamciros qveyanaSi umuSevroba, magram Zalian iSviaTia Se-
Tanxmeba im konkretul politikur kursTan dakavSirebiT, romelic namdvilad Seamcirebda
umuSevrobas da politikuradac misaRebi iqneboda.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. warmoidgineT, rom garkveulma adamianebma gaakeTes Semdegi gancxadebebi. romel katego-

rias unda mivakuTvnoT isini – umuSevrebs, Tu arasamuSao Zalas?
a) `me vtoveb Cems samuSaos da vapireb umuSevrad darCenas, sanam ar viSovi iseT adgils,
sadac kviraSi 10-saaTiani samuSaosTvis 1,000 dolars gadamixdian~.
b) `gasul TveSi samsaxuridan damiTxoves. mSvenieri samuSao mqonda, viyavi marketingis
konsultanti `franCaizis~ maRaziebis qselSi da kviraSi 1,000 dolars mixdidnen
daaxloebiT 10 saaTis muSaobisTvis. vapireb manamde gavagrZelo samuSaos Zebna, sanam
aseTive adgils ar viSovi~.
g) `me CavTvale, rom aRar SemeZlo vyofiliyavi im sistemis nawili, romelic dafuZnebu-
lia Zaladobasa da eqspluataciaze, amitom wamovedi samsaxuridan. amJamad veZeb in-
Jinris iseT adgils, rom ar vemsaxuro samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqss~.
d) `roca damiTxoves, megona, rom kargi samuSaos moZebna ar gamiWirdeboda. axla ki Cem-
Tvis sul erTia da davTanxmdebi nebismier samuSaos, romelSic imdenives gadamixdi-
an, ramdensac mixdidnen~.
e) `eqvsi Tvea ar vmuSaob. sasowarkveTli var. yvela kanonier gzas mivmarTe imisaTvis, rom
ojaxi gamovkvebo, magram me invalidi coli da xuTi patara bavSvi myavs, amitom ver
davTanxmdebi iseT samuSaos, romelSic kviraSi 500 dolarze naklebs gadamixdian~.

171
 v) `SemiZlia xvalve davTanxmde SemoTavazebuli adgilidan erTs mainc, magram ar minda.
momdevno sami Tvis manZilze kidev garantirebuli maqvs umuSevrobis kompensacia. ase
rom, Tavs manamde ar Seviwuxeb, vidre Cekebi ar damimTavrdeba, magram Tu marTlac
kargi Sansi gamoCndeba, rasakvirvelia, davTanxmdebi~.
z) `xvalve SevZlebdi 12-dan erTi samuSao adgili mainc amerCia, magram ar minda. mom-
devno sami Tvis manZilze kidev garantirebuli maqvs umuSevrobis kompen­sacia. ami-
tom vapireb, mTeli es dro samuSaos Zebnas movaxmaro. am sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi
vecdebi, rom saukeTeso samuSao viSovo~.
2. gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirSi umuSevroba ar arsebobda, radgan es
SeuTavsebeli iyo socializmTan. magram aq saqme mxolod gansa­zRvre­baSi araa. saqme isaa, rom
qveyanaSi samuSao adgilebi imdenad sWarbobda muSaxels, rom kompartiis gazeTi `pravda~
reJimis ukanasknel wlebSi gamodioda mowodebiT, mieRoT iseTi kanoni, romelic akrZalavda
samuSaos datovebas gasamarTlebuli sabuTis gareSe. garda amisa, is moiTxovda, rom
marTlmsajule­bisTvis miecaT ufleba, momxdariyo im Sromisunariani adamianis gasamarT-
leba, romelic or kviraze meti xnis manZilze umuSevari iqneboda. rogor fiqrobT, ra iyo
imis mizezi, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi samuSao adgilebis, aSS-Si ki muSaxelis siWarbe iyo?
3. jonsi xaratad muSaobs da saaTSi 30 dolars gamoimuSavebs. mas moulodnelad aTavisufleben.
a) ori kviris manZilze is regularulad dadis dasaqmebis saagentoebSi, kiTxulobs
gancxadebebs da cdilobs ipovos iseTi gancxadeba, sadac xaratze iqneba moTxovna.
iTvleba Tu ara is umuSevrad am xnis manZilze im kriteriumebis mixedviT, romliTac
Ssb umuSevrobas gansazRvravda?
b) ori kviris Semdeg mas sTavazoben puris gadasazidi furgonis mZRolis samuSaos,
romelSic gadauxdian 9 dolars saaTSi. is uars ambobs. iTvleba Tu ara is umuSevrad?
g) mas sTavazoben xaratis samuSaos qalaqSi, romelic 125 miliTaa daSorebuli misi
sacxovrebeli adgilidan. is uars ambobs, radgan mis Svilebs ar surT skolis Secvla.
iTvleba Tu ara is umuSevrad?
d) samuSaos Zebnidan sami Tvis Semdeg jonss guli ucruvdeba da Tavs anebebs samuSaos
Zebnas. iTvleba Tu ara is umuSevrad?
4. 1998 wlis aprilSi aSS-Si umuSevrobis oficialuri done Semcirda 4,3%-mde. es iyo yvelaze daba-
li done, romelsac miaRwies 1970 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg. imisaTvis, rom SeamowmoT, Tu ramdenad
sworad gesmiT gansazRvrebebi, romlebsac iyenebs Sromis statistikis biuro, SeavseT Tavisu-
fali adgilebi qvemoT moyvanil monacemebSi. es monacemebi Segrovebulia ojaxebis erTTviani
aRweris safuZvelze, cifrebi ki asaxavs aTasobiT adamianis monacemebs 1998 wlis aprilisTvis.

arainstituciuri mosaxleoba 204731

dasaqmeba 131383
arasamuSao Zala 67489
samuSao Zala -----------
umuSevrebi -----------
umuSevrobis done -----------
dasaqmebis done -----------
samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis done -----------

5. zemoT iTqva, rom aSS-Si qalebi metad swrafad SeuerTdnen samuSao Zalas da es bolo 25 wlis
manZilze samuSao Zalis zrdis ZiriTadi mizezia. ra faqtorebs miawerT im gadawyvetilebas,
rom amdenma qalma daiwyo muSaoba?
6. daubrundiT 19-1 naxazs da yuradRebiT daakvirdiT nimuSebs, romlebic miRebul iqna 1970-
iani wlebis Semdeg umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis doneebis safuZvelze. roca erTi izrdeba,
meore ecema, rac, ra Tqma unda, mosalodneli iyo. magram momdevno pikebi, romlebic naCvene-

172
 bia TiToeuli donis monacemebSi, izrdeboda, sanam umuSevrobis done 1992 wels mkveTrad
Semcirda 1982-1983 wlebis pikTan SedarebiT.
a) ras unda gamoewvia tendencia, romelic mzardi umuSevrobis pikis safuZve­li xdebo-
da? miaqcieT yuradReba, rom umuSevrobis pikebi (1992 wels momxdar gardatexamde)
ara mxolod zedized momxdari recesiebis dros miiRweoda. umuSevrobis yvelaze da-
bali done, romelic Tavs iCenda TiToeuli recesiis Semdeg, aseve izrdeboda 1969
wlidan moyolebuli. Tqveni yuradReba SeiZleba im faqtmac miiqcios, rom msgavsi
modeli arsebobda 1950-dan 1963 wlamdec.
b) maSin, rodesac, 1970-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, dasaqmebis tempi izrdeba, umuSevro-
bis done 1964 wlidan mcirdeba. xom ver moifiqrebT karg arguments imis asaxsnelad,
Tu ram gamoiwvia aseTi gardatexa?
g) rogor fiqrobT, adasturebs Tu ewinaaRmdegeba 19-1 naxazi im mosazrebas, rom arse-
bobs umuSevrobis `bunebrivi~ done?
7. SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom iyos `srulze meti~ dasaqmeba?
a) warmoidgineT, rom Tavisufali binebis xvedriTi wili did qalaqSi 1%-ze naklebia.
ra arasasurveli Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves dakavebuli binebis aseT simravles?
isurvebdiT Tu ara sacxovreblad iseT qalaqSi gadasvlas, sadac Tavisu­fali binebis
ase mcire raodenobaa?
b) Tu avtomobils Tqveni saburavebis mxolod 80% datvirTviT marTavT, niSnavs Tu ara es imas,
rom saTadarigo saburavebi, romlebsac ar iyenebT, umuSevaria? isurveb­diT Tu ara, rom yve-
la saburavi sruli datvirTviT gamogeyenebinaT solT leiqis udabnoSi mgzavrobisas?
8. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom saerTo monacemebTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli sifrTxi­lis gamoCenaa sa-
Wiro. 1998 wlis aprilSi umuSevrobis dabali done, romelic 4,3%-iT ganisazRvreboda, mTel
mosaxleobaze vrceldeboda. aRniSnuli procenti dabali iyo gasuli sami aTwleulis standar-
tebiT. gTavazobT imave Tvis monacemebs umuSevrobis doneebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis sxvadasxva
qvejgufebisTvis. SegiZliaT Tu ara raime mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gakeTeba am monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze? (gaiTvaliswineT, rom qvemoT moyvanili cnobebi saerTo monacemebia)

mamakacebi 4,0%
qalebi 4,6%
TeTrkanianebi 3,6%
Savkanianebi 8,9%
espanuri warmoSobis 6,5%
16-dan 19 wlamde 11,8%
Savkanianebi 16-dan 19 wlamde 24,7%
umaRles skolaze naklebi ganaTlebis 7,0%
umaRlesi skolis kursdamTavrebulebi 3,9%
kolejis arasruli ganaTlebis 2,7%
kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi 1,7%

9. ra xnis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba umuSevaroba? qvemoT moyvanili monacemebi aCvenebs, Tu ra xnis man-
Zilze ver moZebnes samuSao adgili adamianebma, romlebic umuSevrebi iyvnen 1998 wlis aprilSi.

umuSevari 5 kviraze nakleb xans 44,2%

umuSevari 5-14 kviris manZilze 31,9%
umuSevari 15 kviraze met xans 23,8%
umuSevari 27 kviraze met xans 14,0%

173
 monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom umuSevrebis umetesoba poulobda samuSao adgils 15 kviraze
nakleb droSi. umuSevarTa meoTxedze naklebi samuSaos ufro didi xnis manZilze eZebda. ra-
tom ver poulobdnen umuSevrebi samuSao adgilebs 15 kviraSi maSin, rodesac muSaxelze didi
moTxovna iyo, mag., 1998 wlis gazafxulze?
10. adamiani gaaTavisufles samuSaodan. igi Tavad uzrunvelyofs sakuTar Tavs samuSaoTi (xels
mihyofs TviTdasaqmebas). is agrovebs informacias alternatiuli samuSao adgilebis Sesa-
xeb. misi TviTdasaqmebis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia missave mwarmoeblurobaze (e.i. Tu
agrovebs TavisTvis Rirebul informacias) da sakuTari TviTdasaqmebis alternatiul Rire-
bulebaze (anu aRniSnuli saqmianobis gagrZelebas is isurvebs manam, sanam zRvruli wliuri
Semosavali, romlis miRebasac varaudobs, gadaaWarbebs mosalodnel zRvrul xarjebs). ra
gavlenas moaxdens misi umuSevrobis xangrZlivobaze Semdegi:
a) mas ufleba aqvs miiRos umuSevrobis kompensacia.
b) mis cols maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao aqvs.
g) is igebs sarwmuno Worebs imis Sesaxeb, rom izrdeba moTxovna kvalifici­rebul muSa­
xelze.
d) is bunebiT Tavdajerebuli da optimisturad ganwyobili adamiania.
e) samuSao, saidanac is gaaTavisufles (firmis gakotrebis gamo), brwyinvale Semoq-
medebiTi saqmianobis saSualebas iZleoda da anazRaurebac maRali hqonda.
11. mineapolisis kvleviTi dawesebulebis, `polsonisa da kompaniis~ TvalsazrisiT, rac ufro
maRalia xelfasi, miT ufro didi droa saWiro imisaTvis, rom umuSevarma monaxos axali samu-
Sao adgili. ZiriTad proceduraSi igulisxmeba damatebiTi erTi Tve, roca xdeba iseTi samu-
Saos Zieba, romlis wliuri kompensacia 10000 dolariT ganisazRvreba. aris Tu ara es erTi
Tve, romelic samuSaos Ziebas xmardeba da ara Semosavlis gamomuSavebas, kargi investicia,
Tu weliwadSi 10000 dolaris miRebis SesaZleb­lobas iZleva? davuSvaT, rom am damatebiT
10000 dolars Tqven 5 wlis manZilze miiRebT da, sanam SekiTxvaze pasuxs gascemT, daiangari-
SeT fulis mimdinare diskontirebuli Rirebuleba.
12. ramdeni mizezi SegiZliaT daasaxeloT damsaqmebelTa qcevis asaxsnelad, roca isini imaze
maRal xelfass ixdian, vidre gadaixdidnen imdeni TanamSromlis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, ramde-
nic samuSaos Sesasruleblad sWirdebaT?
13. ratom izrdeba fasebi ufro swrafad maSin, roca umuSevrobis done dabalia da ara maSin,
roca is maRalia?
14. warmoidgineT, rom qalaqSi, sadac 10000 adamiani cxovrobs, korporaciam gaxsna fabrika, ro-
melSic daasaqma 5000 muSa. ratom moeliT umuSevrobis dabal dones, mzard xelfass da mzard
fasebs adgilobrivi warmoebis saqonelze, maT Soris, saxlebsa da momsaxurebaze? ra mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri arsebobs am konkretul SemTxvevaSi qalaqSi arsebuli umuSevrobis do-
nesa da fasebis cvlilebas Soris?
15. davubrundeT SemTxvevas, romelic aRwerili iyo wina SekiTxvaSi. rogor fiqrobT, Semcirde-
ba Tu ara fasebi, Tu fabrika gaaTavisuflebs muSaxelis naxevars? ra gansxvaveba iqneba muSe-
bis droebiT da samudamo gaTavisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebs Soris? muSebis samsa-
xuridan daTxovna gamoiwvevs imas, rom qalaqSi Semcirdeba binebisa da momsaxurebis fasebi.
ra dro dasWirdeba amas?
16. Tqven gadawyviteT, rom iqiraoT bina, roca kolejSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad dabrundebiT.
Tqven geubnebian, rom binis Sovna Zalian gagiWirdebaT, amitom binis mosaZebnad qalaqSi swa-
vlis dawyebamde erTi TviT adre CadixarT.
a) pirdapir iqiravebT iseT binas, romelic mogwonT, magram metismetad Zviria, Tu ga-
nagrZobT Zebnas?
b) iqneba Tu ara mepatrone mzad, rom SeginaxoT bina ramdenime dRis ganmavlo­baSi aunaz-
Raurebeli depozitis gareSe, vidre Tqven Zebnas ganagrZobT?
g) ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneba mdgmurebisa da binaTmflobelebis qceva, Tu kolejis
maxloblad bevri axali saxli aSendeba?

174
17. SeuZlia Tu ara inflacias umuSevrobis Semcireba?
a) qalaqis gazeTSi ukanaskneli eqvsi Tvis manZilze yoveldRe qveyndeba gancxadebebi
aeroportSi arsebuli vakansiebis Sesaxeb. samuSaoze miRebis msurvelebs moeTxove-
baT mxolod marTvis mowmoba, mZime Cemodnebis gadatanis unari da Tavazianoba. niS-
navs Tu ara, rom raki es gancxadeba eqvsi Tvis manZilze qveyndeba, qalaqSi ar arian
Tavaziani, Zlieri da marTvis mowmobis mqone adamianebi?
b) rogor SeZlebs firma, romelic am gancxadebas aqveynebs, ara marto kvalificiuri
muSaxelis im raodenobis moZebnas, romelic mas sWirdeba, aramed Semcvlelebisa da
Segirdebis garkveuli rezervis Seqmnasac?
g) rogor SeiZleba, rom moulodnelma da swrafma inflaciam es firma samuSaos im ra-
odenobiT uzrunvelyos, romelic mas sWirdeba?
d) rodis da ratom aRmoCndeba es firma iZulebuli, rom isev gamoaqveynos gancxadeba
muSaxelis daqiravebis Sesaxeb?
18. 1993 wlidan safrangeTSi umuSevrobis done yovelwliurad 11%-ze maRali iyo da miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom am wlebSi ar yofila recesia, sabolood 13%-s miaRwia. socialisturi mTa-
vroba, romelic 1997 wels airCies, pirobas iZleoda, rom gaatarebda Sromis bazris iseT po-
litikas, romelic umuSevrobis dones Seamcirebda.
a) erT-erTi zoma, romelic axalma mTavrobam miiRo, iTxovs oficialuri samuSao kviris
Semcirebas 39-dan 35 saaTamde xelfasis Semcirebis gareSe. firmebs, romlebsac oc
TanamSromelze meti hyavT, 2000 wlisaTvis unda SeemcirebinaT samuSao kvira, im
firmebs ki, romlebsac naklebi TanamSromlebi hyavT – 2002 wlisTvis. rogor fiqrobT,
Seamcirebda Tu ara es umuSevrobis dones?
b) mTavroba gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebuli iyo axalgazrdobis umuSevrobis maRali
doniT, romelic 25%-s aRemateboda. amitom man SeimuSava programa axali 350000 sa-
muSao adgilis Sesaqmnelad sazogadoebriv seqtorSi (amas daemateboda igive raode-
noba kerZo seqtorSi, romlisTvisac damsaqmeblebi miiRebdnen subsidiebs). yvela mu-
Sas uxdian kanonier minimalur xelfass, romelic saSualo xelfasis daaxloebiT
65%-s Seadgens. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT muSaxelis gaTavisufleba, mTav-
robam Seqmna 22 axali profesia. is acxadebda, rom aRniSnul axal profesiebze
moTxovnac axali iqneboda. igulisxmeboda movaleobebi, romlebic manamade aravis
Seusrulebia. magaliTad, Suamavali binaTmflobelebsa da mdgmurebs Soris gamar-
Tul disputebSi, wesrigis damcvelebi metrosa da skolis ezoebSi da policiis mis-
aRebis TanamSromlebi. fiqrobT Tu ara, rom aseTi politika Seamcirebs umuSevrobas
axalgazrdebs Soris?
b) rogor Sexedavdnen kerZo damsaqmeblebi samuSaos miRebis msurvelebs, romlebic
miuTiTebdnen, rom ukanaskneli samuSao adgili, sadac maT xuTi weli imuSaves,
sazogadoebrivi seqtoris is Tanamdebobebi iyo, romlebic zemoTaa dasaxelebuli?

175
 20
ekonomikuri
zrdis
daCqareba

m soflios mdidari industriuli qveynebis mosaxleoba ufro metadaa SeSfoTebuli ekonomi-

kuri dacemisa da inflaciis problemebiT, vidre is sazogadoeba, romelic dabalSemosav-
lian qveynebSi cxovrobs. msoflios xalxTa umetesobas dResdReobiT mudmiv siRatakeSi amos-
dis suli. maTi xelmokleoba ki gacilebiT uaresia, vidre is umweoba, rac e.w. `ganviTarebuli~
qveynebis mosaxleobas odesme ganucdia ekonomikuri dacemis periodebSi.
zemoxsenebul movlenebze saubari jer kidev me-15 TavSi daviwyeT, rodesac swrafad mimovixi-
leT is didi gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs maRali, saSualo da dabali Semosavlebis mqone qvey-
nebSi da zogadad ganvixileT ara siRaribis, aramed ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mizezebi, romelTa
SemweobiT ori-sami saukunis manZilze mkveTrad Semcirda siRaribe msoflios zogierT qveyana-
Si. am TavSi davubrundebiT am sakiTxs da SevecdebiT gaverkveT, Tu ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis,
rom msoflios dabalSemosavlianma qveynebma siRaribis problemas sZlion.

istoriuli monacemebi
1995 wels aSS-Si mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze 27000 dolars Seadgenda. in-
doeTSi is 1400 dolariT ganisazRvreboda. 1995 wels aSS-s mTliani Sida produqti 475-jer aRe-
mateboda 1820 wlis dones. 1995 wels indoeTis mTliani Sida produqti 13-jer naklebi iyo 1820
wlis donesTan SedarebiT.10 aseTi sxvaobis mizezi ekonomikur aRmavlobas ukavSirdeba. aSS-Si
175 wlis manZilze ekonomikis zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi 3%-s aRemateboda. imave periodSi
indoeTSi ekonomikuri aRmavloba sruliad umniSvnelo iyo. ram ganapiroba am ori qveynis eko-
nomikuri mdgomareobis aseTi mkveTri sxvaoba?
SemfasebelTa nawili darwmunebulia, rom es movlena erTaderTi mizeziT aixsneba. esaa
eqspluatacia. sawyis etapze ekonomikuri zrdisTvis aucilebelia namatis arseboba, romelic
SeiZleba dabanddes sawarmoo kapitalSi. arsebobs sayovelTao azri imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflios
mdidarma qveynebma isargebles TavianTi privilegirebuli samxedro mdgomareobiT da daimones
aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis SedarebiT susti qveynebi. dapyrobili xalxebis ga-
Ratakebisa da miRebuli namatis gamoyenebis gziT maT gaaZlieres sakuTari ekonomika. sruli
WeSmaritebaa, rom im dros, rodesac evropis qveynebi daukavSirdnen msoflios danarCen nawils,
`evropelebi imdenad Zlierni da aRmatebulni aRmoCndnen aRniSnul xalxebTan Seda­re­biT, rom
SeZles, sruliad dausjelad CaedinaT yvela saxis usamarTloba am Sore­ul qveynebSi~. aRsaniSna-
via, rom amas karl marqsi ki ara, adam smiti ambobs. magram smiti aRniSnavs imasac, rom maTi us-
amarTloba Sezavebuli iyo bevr `ugunurebasTan~. misi subieqturi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, didi
britaneTi, romelic koloniur saxelmwifoebs Soris yvelaze ambiciuri iyo, resursebis did

10 es Tavi ZiriTadad im mravalricxovan monacemebs eyrdnoba, romlebic angus medisonis mier iqna Segrovebuli da gaanalizebuli,
Semdgom ki gamoqveynda publikaciaSi: `Monitoring The World Economy 1820-1992~. es iyo 1995 wlis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa
da ganviTarebis organizaciis gamocema.

177
raodenobas iyenebda imisaTvis, rom sakuTari imperia ganemtkicebina. aRniSnuli resursebis ra-
odenoba imdenad didi iyo, rom didi britaneTi verc ki iocnebebda odesme maT ukan dabrunebaze.
SesaZloa, adam smiti marTalic iyo. meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropuli imperiebis dacema
ZiriTadad kolonizator saxelmwifoTa mcire ekonomikur mogebas ukavSirdeboda.
umTavresi winaaRmdegoba eqspluataciis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic zogadad xsnis
dRes arsebul did kontrasts mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris, gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom
msoflios zogierTi uRaribesi qveyana, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eTiopia, arasodes yofila dapy-
robili an kolonizebuli, xolo zogierT umdidres saxelmwi­fos, magaliTad, Sveicarias, ara-
sodes uwarmoebia dapyrobiTi omebi da ar yofila kolonizatori. rogorc Cans, samxedro Zala
Sedegi ufro iyo, vidre mizezi.
eWvi araa, rom ekonomikurma aRmavlobam pirvelad dasavleT evropaSi iCina Tavi. roca 1848
wels marqsi da engelsi `burJuaziuli sazogadoebis~ mier gasuli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoe-
baSi miRweul warmatebebs aRniSnavdnen, isini TiTqmis eqskluziurad miiCnevdnen im movlenebs,
romlebic ganviTarda evropaSi, aSS-Si, kanadasa da avstraliaSi, radgan am qveynebs gareT erT
sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis SemTxveva sakmaod umniSvnelo iyo.
1848 wlidan ekonomikuri aRmavloba msoflios sxva kuTxeebSic gavrcelda, xolo meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi yvela kontinenti, cota xniT mainc, STambeWdavma ekonomikurma
aRmavlobam moicva. gamoTvlebis mixedviT, 1950-1973 wlebSi mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis sa-
Sualo wliuri tempi mTel msoflioSi 4,9%-s Seadgenda. Tu am periodSi mosaxleobis zrdas
gaviTvalis­winebT, mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi erT sul mosaxleze
2,9%-s uaxlovdeboda. es ki sakmarisad maRali maCvenebeli iyo imisaTvis, rom meoTxed saukuneSi
msoflios xalxTa saSualo realuri Semosavali TiTqmis gaormagebuliyo.
1950-1973 wlebi gansakuTrebulad nayofieri iyo ekonomikuri aRmavlobisaTvis. 1973 wlis
Semdeg laTinuri amerikis ekonomika sagrZnoblad dasustda, xolo sabWoTa imperiasa da afri-
kaSi ekonomikuri saqmianoba fexs ver uwyobda mosaxleobis zrdas da am qveynebSi erT sul mo-
saxleze saSualo Semosava­li, faqtobrivad, Semcirda. evropasa da mis mimdebare teritoriebze
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis done, ZiriTadad, sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom erT sul mosaxleze Se-
mosavali naxevari saukunis manZilze mainc gaormagebuliyo, maSin, roca aziaSi – 1990-iani wlebis
krizisamde – aRmavlobis saSualo done sakmaod maRali iyo imisaTvis, rom erT sul mosaxleze
realuri Semosavali meoTxed saukuneze nakleb periodSi gaormagebuliyo.

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis safuZvlebi

rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis daCqarebis uprecedento movlena,
romelmac Tavi iCina kacobriobis istoriaSi, ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom msoflios zogierTma
qveyanam moaxerxa Seeqmna xelsayreli pirobebi specializaciisa da gacvlisaTvis. amis ZiriTadi
winapiroba ki iyo da aris stabiluri socialuri wyoba, romlis drosac batonobs kanonis uzen-
aesoba da xalxs SeuZlia dagegmos proeqtebi ise, rom eWvic ki ar Seeparos maT warmatebaSi.

winapirobebi:
– kanonis uzenaesoba
– mcirexarjebiani satransporto da sakomunikacio saSualebebi.

saqonlisa da ideebis dabal fasad gacvla meore mniSvnelovan winapirobas warmoadgenda. spe-
cializacia ver ganviTardeboda vaWrobis gareSe da xalxi ver SeZlebda vaWrobas, Tu saqonlis
gadazidvis fasebi ufro maRali iqneboda, vidre vaWrobidan mosalodneli mogeba. ideebis gacv-
lac aseve mniSvnelovani da, SesaZloa, ufro mniSvnelovanic kia, vidre adam smitsa da sxva ad-
reul ekonomistebs miaCndaT. evropis geografia ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ZiriTad faqtors
warmoadgenda. evropis bevri navsadguri arsebobda didi sanapiroebisa da uamravi didi mdinaris
gayolebaze. isini vakeze moedinebodnen, mTebSi Tovlis dnoba ki xels uwyobda imas, rom naos-
noba mTeli wlis manZilze yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. es saSualebas aZlevda evropas, rom did teri-
toriaze dabal fasad ewarmoebina saqonliTa da ideebiT vaWroba.

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 specializaciis gafarToeba SeuZlebelia damatebiTi kapitalis dagrovebis gareSe. sazoga-
doebam, romelic sxvisTvis awarmoebs saqonels, am sxvas ki, Cveulebriv, arc icnobs da xSirad
misgan Zalian Sorsac cxovrobs, unda SeZlos Tavis gatana drois sakmaod didi periodis ganmav-
lobaSi, saqonlis warmoebis dawyebidan misi gayidviT mogebis miRebamde. Sedegad, ekonomikuri
aRmavloba moiTxovs farTo moxmarebis saqonlis maragis dagrovebas. es iseTi saqonelia, ro-
melic kapitalis funqcias asrulebs, radgan misi moxmareba warmoebis momaval dones zrdis.

– kapitalis maragi

kapitalis dagrovebas samuSao iaraRebis SeqmniT, aseve aSkara da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs
ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. araviTar saWiroebas ar warmoad­gens imis Sexseneba, rom miwis samu­
Saoebis Sesrulebisas buldozeri ufro mwarmoebluria­, vidre niCabi. SesaZloa arcTu ise na-
Teli iyos, rom kapitalis dagrovebis procesi dakavSirebulia rogorc xarisxTan, ise raodeno-
basTan. specializaciis erT-erTi umTavresi Sedegia teqnikuri inovacia – qveyana, romelic
zrdis Tavisi kapitalis marags, iRebs ara marto warmoebis damatebiT saSualebebs, aramed war-
moebis ufro mZlavr saSualebebsac. miwis samuSaoebTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi mowyobilo-
bebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro efeqtiani xdeba.

– teqnologiuri progresi

faqtobrivad, teqnikuri inovacia SeiZleba yvelaze mniSvnelovanic ki iyos im saSualebaTa-

gan, romlebic stimuls aZlevs ekonomikur aRmavlobas. magaliTad, ganvixiloT transpor-
tirebis sistemebi, romlebic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis mTavari faqto-
ria. ra saSualebebi arsebobda aSS-Si 1800 wels saqonlis, ideebisa da xalxis
transportirebisaTvis? dRevandel standarteb­Tan SedarebiT, aRniSnuli procesi Zalian neli
tempiT mimdinareobda. yovelive zemoxsenebulis did manZilze gadazidvisas, transportirebis
umTavres saSualebas wyali warmoadgenda. gzebis mSenebloba Zviri jdeboda. am gzebs unda ga-
daekeTebinaT mdinareebi da mTebi, xolo maTze moZraoba Tovlsa da talaxSic unda yofiliyo
SesaZlebeli. saqonlisa da xalxis moZraoba ki umeteswilad cxenis saSualebiT xdeboda.
1800-1870 wlebSi satransporto kapitalis dagrovebaSi ar igulisxme­ boda mxolod axali
sanaosno gemebis ageba, an arxebis gayvana. umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sarkinigzo lian-
dagebs, lokomotivebsa da vagonebs, romlebsac bevrad ufro swrafad SeeZloT saqonlis gada-
zidva. amgvarad, teqnologiuri inovacia im damatebiT kapitalSi Sedioda, romelsac xalxi maSin
iRebda. 1940 wlisTvis Sidawvis Zravis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda mkveTrad gazrdiliyo
transportirebis kapitalis axali erTeulis nayofiereba. is gamiznuli iyo saqonlis gadasa-
tanad. im ZiriTadi mowyobilobebidan, romelTa saSualebiT dRes xalxisa da ideebis transpor-
tireba xdeba, SegviZlia davasaxeloT reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi da interneti. aRniSnul saSu-
alebebs usazRvro upiratesoba aqvT im kapitalur mowyobilobebTan SedarebiT, romelTa gziT
1800 da 1940 welsac ki xdeboda xalxisa da ideebis transportireba.

– sxva qveynebis ganviTarebuli teqnologiebis aTviseba

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis stimulirebaSi teqnikuri progresis didi mniSvneloba im uaRresad

did upiratesobaze miuTiTebs, romelic CamorCenilma qveynebma moipoves. teqnologiuri inova-
cia zecidan ar modis. mas erToblivi saqmianobiT qmnis xalxi, romelic cdilobs, mxari dauWiros
misTvis saintereso proeqtebs. qveyanam, romelic teqnikuri progresiT msoflioSi liderobs,
unda aRmoaCinos ukeTesi saSualebebi sakuTari saqmis sawarmoeblad da is aucileblad dafaravs
aRmoCenasTan dakavSi­rebul danaxarjebs, TviT Secdomebis gaTvaliswinebac ki. CamorCenil qvey-
nebs ki SeuZliaT Tavi aaridon aRniSnul danaxarjebs. Ratak qveyanas, romelsac metad mcire
kapitali aqvs da meoce saukunis bolos cdilobs warmoebisa da Semosavlis gazrdas, ar dasWird-

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eba im teqnologiuri etapebis gavla, romelTa gadalaxvac istoriis ganmavlobaSi xdeboda. mas
SeuZlia swrafi naxtomis gakeTeba da urmebidan Tu WuWyiani gzebidan dizelis Zravian satvirTo
manqanamde da betonis gzatkecilebamde male misvla. esaa CamorCenili saxelmwifoebis udidesi
upiratesoba. maT SeuZliaT cxovrebis donis bevrad ufro swrafad gazrda, vidre amas umdidre-
si qveynebi warsulSi axerxebdnen. amis miRweva SesaZlebelia iafad im gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT,
romelic mowinave qveynebma didi xarjebis fasad miiRes.

ucxouri investiciebi
sinamdvileSi moaxerxeben Tu ara amis gakeTebas Raribi qveynebi, damokidebulia ramdenime faq-
torze. radgan sawyis etapze maT teqnikurad metad primitiuli pirobebi aqvT, isini ver SeZleben im
kompleqsuri kapitaluri saqonlis warmoebas, rac maT mwarmoeblurobis gazrdis saSualebas mis-
cemdaT. amitom, maT mouxdebaT kapitalis importireba. magram SeZleben Tu ara isini im kapitaluri
saqonlis importirebas, romelic surT? risi SeTavazeba SeuZliaT sanacvlod? ukiduresi siRari-
bis gamo maTi namati metismetad mcirea. amitom isini ver SeZleben eqsportirebas. eqsportirebis
gareSe ki imports verafriT gaswvdebian. eqnebaT Tu ara moTxovna maT mier warmoebul saqonelze im
qveynebs, saidanac maT importireba surT? iqneba Tu ara moTxovna vaWrobisaTvis xelsayreli piro-
bebis Seqmnaze? ras awarmoeben Raribi qveynebi iseTs, ris SeZenasac mdidari qveynebi isurvebdnen?
esaa `nedleuli~. magram Zalian cota Rarib qveyanas moepoveba mineralebisa da sxva nedleulis ise-
Ti mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romelzec sazRvargareT sakmaod didi moTxovnaa da romelic xels
Seuwyobda maT eqsports, ris Sedegadac axal kapitalur danadgarebs SeiZendnen. aseTi resursebi
romc hqondeT, arc gadasamuSavebeli mowyobilobebi eyofodaT da arc codna saimisod, rom sazR-
vargareT dabal fasad evaWraT da mogebac mieRoT.

– ucxouri investiciebi

aseT viTarebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba ucxour investiciebs. mdidari qveynebis inves-
torebs SeuZliaT sesxebis micema, romliTac Raribi qveynebi Seisyidian sasurvel kapitalur
mowyobilobebs. eqnebaT Tu ara maT amis gakeTebis survili? eqnebaT, Tu aseTi sarisko inves-
ticiebis asanazRaurebeli Tanxa gadaaWarbebs im Tanxas, romliTac alternatiuli investici-
ebis anazRaurebas varaudoben. raki qveyanas, romelic cdilobs, daewios mowinave saxelmwifo­
ebs, aqvs saSualeba swrafad miaRwios ekonomikur aRmavlobas, man sakmaod maRali Tanxa unda
gadaixados investiciebis dasabruneblad. samwuxarod, bevr SemTxvevaSi aseTi investiciebis
riskic maRalia. garda im riskisa, romelsac ekonomikurad ganuviTarebel qveyanaSi gaurkvev-
loba iwvevs, rac damatebiTi resursebis misawvdomobas ukavSirdeba, arsebobs arastabiluri
politikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli riskic.
garkveuli politikuri riski uneblie mtrul damokidebulebasac ukavSirdeba. aseTi
damokidebuleba ki sakmaod bevr xalxs aqvs ucxoeli investorebis mimarT, romlebic Rarib qvey-
nebSi Tanxebs abandeben. investiciebis dabrunebas bevri adamiani im Raribi qveynebis resursebis
`drenaJad~ miiCnevs, romlebSic dabandeba xdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca investorebi mdi-
dari qveynebidan arian. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios mTavrobis politika, ro-
melic TamaSis wesebis Secvlis gziT ucxoelTa investiciebis nawilobriv an mTlian konfiska-
cias axdens. calkeul pirebs Tu korporaciebs, visTvisac cnobilia zemoaRniSnuli politikuri
riski, didi survili ar aqvT, rom safrTxeSi Caagdon sakuTari kapitali.
amis Tavidan asacileblad, maT SeuZliaT, garigeba moaxdinon sxva saSualebiT, rac risks Seam-
cirebs. mTavrobas, romelsac marTavs diqtatori an oligarqi, xSirad survili aqvs, CaaxSos
sazogadoebrivi ukmayofileba da gansakuTrebuli privilegi­ebic ki mianoWos ucxoel inves-
torebs, Tu isini Tanaxma iqnebian rig Cinovni­kebs gaunawilon Tanxa, romelsac investiciebidan
miiReben. esaa umTavresi mizezi imisa, rom roca ekonomikuri aRmavloba Tavs iCens Rarib qvey-
nebSi, amiT sargeblobs, privilegirebuli umciresoba da ara xalxi.
Rarib qveynebs ar SeuZliaT adgilobrivad Seqmnan sakuTari ganviTarebi­saTvis saWiro kapitali,
ucxoel investorebs ki imisi survili amoZravebT, rom sakuTari investiciebidan didi mogeba mi-

180
iRon. garda amisa, xSirad Tavs iCens korumpirebuli urTierTobebi ucxoel investorsa da mTavro-
bis oficialur pirebs Soris. yovelive es ki aiZulebs Rarib qveynebs, rom investiciebi ara kerZo
pirebisagan, aramed mdidari qveynis mTavrobisagan moiTxovon, Tumca esec, Tavis mxriv, problemas
qmnis. ratom unda moindomos iseTi mdidari qveynis mTavrobam, rogoricaa, magaliTad, aSS, Rarib
qveynebSi Tanxebis dabandeba? SeiZleba Tu ara, CavTvaloT, rom saqvelmoqmedo impulsebi damaxasi-
aTebelia mTavrobis politikisaTvis? gana mTavrobis moqmedeba odesme ganpirobebulia saqvelmo­
qmedo impulsebiT? sinamdvileSi ra mizezi udevs safuZvlad xelgaSlilobas, Tu qvelmoqmedis
rolSi Tavad mTavroba gvevlineba? ras moelis aRniSnuli mTavroba sanacvlod? risi miRebis sur-
vili aqvs daxmarebis gamcem mTavrobas im qveynis mTavrobisagan, romelsac aRniSnul daxmarebas
aZlevs? ras gaakeTeben mdidari da Zlieri qveynebis mTavrobebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar iqneba dakmayo-
filebuli is pirobebi, romlebiTac maT daxmareba gasces? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom daxmareba sabo­
lood ucxo qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis saSualebad iqces?

– ucxouri daxmareba

vinc fiqrobs, rom msgavsi problemebis mogvareba SesaZlebelia saerTaSoriso saagentoebis

saSualebiT, yuradRebiT unda daakvirdes iseTi saerTaSoriso saagento­ebis faqtiur angariSebs,
rogoricaa msoflio banki. faqtia, rom am organiaciam ver moaxerxa im sirTuleebisa da dile-
mebisagan Tavis daRweva, romlebic asocirebulia mTavrobaTa urTierTdaxmarebis sakiTxebTan.
yvela es SekiTxva wamoiWreba manam, vidre ar gavarkvevT, warmoadgenen Tu ara mTavrobebi inves-
ticiebis gasakontrolebel saukeTeso saagentoebs? rogor gaanawileben Raribi qveynebis xe-
lisufalni resursebs, romlebsac maT grantis saxiT gamouyofen an sesxad aZleven subsidi­
rebuli sargeblis ganakveTiT? gaunawileben Tu ara isini kapitals im jgufebs, romlebsac
SeuZliaT misi efeqtiani gamoyeneba? ris safuZvelze daadgenen imas, Tu konkretulad romeli
jgufi aRmoCndeba aseTi? ramdenad SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli imaSi, rom iq ar SeaRwevs ko-
rufcia? aseT viTarebaSi flangva da korufcia imdenad xSiria, rom mdidari qveynebis moqa-
laqeebi eWvis TvaliT uyureben `ucxouri daxmarebis~ programebs. demokratiis dros ki aseTi
eWvic sakmarisia msgavsi programebis SesazRudad.

– globalizacia

saerTaSoriso vaWrobam da investiciebma didi wvlili Seitana msoflio ekonomikis aRmav-

lobaSi. dRes bevri adamiani daJinebiT acxadebs, rom `globalizacia~ mxolod mdidrebs amdi-
drebs, Raribebs ki ufro metad aRaribebs. kargi iqneboda, Tu es adamianebi SeZlebdnen imis axs-
nas, ratom xdeba es maincdamainc dRes da ratom ar xdeboda warsulSi, TviT Zalian axlo
warsulSic ki. SesamCnevi ekonomikuri aRmavloba ar momxdara qveyebSi, romlebic izolirebulni
iyvnen (an izolireba mouxdaT) msoflio ekonomikisgan. meores mxriv, hongkongisa (1997 wels Ci-
neTTan gaerTianebamde) da singapuris magaliTebi sakmarisi unda iyos imaT gasaCumeblad, visac
eWvi Seaqvs, rom Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebiT SesaZlebelia imaTi gamdidreba, vinc glo-
balur ekonomikaSi monawileobs. mtrul garemocvaSi myofma patara qveynebma, romlebsac, faq-
tobrivad, ar gaaCniaT bunebrivi resursebi, swored saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CarTvisa da inves-
ticiebis saSualebiT miaRwies ekonomikuri aRmavlobis gasaocar rekordebs.
axlaxan gamovTqviT mosazreba im saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, rom mTavroba, romelic sxva qveyanas
exmareba, SeiZleba am ukanasknelis saSinao saqmeebSi Caerios. magram iqneb SiSis safuZvels
swored is varaudi unda qmnides, rom aseTi Careva ar moxdeba. faqtia, rom daxmarebis mimRebi
bevri qveyana ar iyenebs ucxour daxmarebas ekonomikuri aRmavlobis misaRwevad. daxmarebam Sei-
Zleba Seamciros kidec ekonomikuri aRmavlobis done.

– rogor SeuZlia ucxour daxmarebas zianis miyeneba

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 rogor SeiZleba, rom naCuqarma kapitalma Seamciros qveynis ekonomikuri aRmavlobis done?
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom, uares SemTxvevaSi, daxmareba arafrismomtani iqneba. magram donori
qveynebisgan miRebuli kapitali TiTqmis yovelTvis gamoiyeneba samamulo resursebTan – miwas-
Tan, SromasTan, Sinaur kapitalTan erTad, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi sadme sxvagan gamoiyenebdnen.
amgvarad, ucxouri daxmareba SeiZleba arafrismaqnis proeqtebze ganawildes. igulisxmeba iseTi
proeqtebi, romlebsac araviTari wvlili ar SeaqvT ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. aseTebia, magali-
Tad: qveynis xelmZRvanelis agarakisken mimavali gzatkecili; erovnuli aviakompania, romelic
ZiriTadad politikosebsa da biurokratebis transportirebas emsaxureba, roca isini alpebSi
dasasveneblad miemgzavrebian; kaSxalic ki, romelic STambeWdavad gamoiyureba, magram ver awar-
moebs saWiro eleqtroenergias an ver uzrunvelyofs miwebs sairigacio wyliT. aseTi daxmareba
uaryofiT wvlils Seitans daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. qveynis ucxouri
daxmarebis amuSavebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba ar udris nuls.
ucxourma daxmarebam SeiZleba aseve sayrdeni Seuqmnas cud mTavrobas, romlis politika mimar-
Tulia privilegirebuli umciresobis gasamdidreblad an mmarTveli partiebis Zalauflebis Sesan-
arCuneblad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es ayovnebs ekonomikur aRmavlobas. Tu yovelive amas kargad
daukvirdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom mTavrobaTa urTierTdaxmareba warmoadgens donori mTavrobis Care-
vas daxmarebis mimRebi qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. Tu ver xvdebiT ratom, sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT, ras
fiqrobs sxva qveynebidan Semosul grantebze is xalxi, romelsac surs tiranuli mTavrobis moSore-
ba da romelmac icis, rom aRniSnuli grantebi swored mTavrobebisken miedineba? sakiTxi unda
daisvas ara imis Sesaxeb, erevian Tu ara daxmarebis gamcemi qveynebi da saerTaSoriso saagentoebi im
qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi, romelsac exmarebian, aramed imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gziT unda moxdes Careva.
Tu daxmareba miznad isaxavs siRaribis daZlevas, maSin grantebi unda gaices iseT qveynebze, romleb-
sac kargi ekonomikuri politika aqvT, magram bevri Raribi hyavT.11 Cven garkveuli daxmarebis gaweva
SegviZlia im SemTxvevaSi, roca Znelia ganisazRvros, Tu romeli konkretuli politikis gatarebaa
saWiro gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, radgan marTlac sakmarisi codna da gamocdileba gvaqvs da Segvi-
Zlia davadginoT, ra moitans warmatebas da ra – ara. mTavari problemaa ara imdenad ucodinroba,
aramed politikuri stimuli, romelic xSirad saSualebas aZlevs pasuxismgebel pirebs, Tavi aari-
don imis gakeTebas, risi ganxorcielebis aucileblobaSic darwmunebulni arian.

– kerZo investiciebi

ramdenime mizezi ganapirobebs imas, rom, Cveulebriv, kerZo investiciebi ufro sasargebloa eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobis dasaCqareblad, vidre ucxo mTavrobebisa Tu oficialuri saerTaSoriso saa-
gentoebisgan miRebuli daxmareba. pirveli isaa, rom kerZo investicias xSirad Tan axlavs xalxi,
romelmac icis, rogor gamoiyenos is. magram ufro mniSvnelovani mizezia is, rom kerZo investorebs,
im SemTxvevaSi mainc, roca gamoricxulia adgilobriv mTavrobasTan korufciuli urTierToba, eko-
nomikuri aRmavlobis miRweva umokles vadaSi surT. kerZo investorebs ara aqvT iseTi proeqtebis
ganxorcielebis survili, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, STambeWdavia, magram sinamdvileSi ar qmnis ima-
ze met Rirebulebas, vidre maT gansaxorcieleblad ixarjeba. isini sakmaod mondo­mebu­lni arian,
rom kapitali, romelsac gaasesxeben, produqtiulad iqnes gamoyenebuli.

adamianuri kapitali
arsebobs politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi saxeoba, romelsac Raribma qveynebma meti
yuradReba unda miaqcion. esaa mosaxleobis safuZvliani ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa. aseTi gana-
Tlebis miReba gansakuTrebiT esaWiroebaT qalebs. ganaTlebuli mosaxleoba swrafi ekonomi-
kuri aRmavlobis meore mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. gogonebis ganaTlebis uaryofiT bevri Rari-
bi qveyana sakuTari surviliT ambobs uars Zvirfas resursebze. me-12 TavSi ganixileboda sakiTxi
imis Sesaxeb, rom aSS-Si calkeul pirebs Soris Semosavlebis uTanabrobas ar gansazRvravs fizi-
kuri kapitalis raodenoba. sxvaobis ZiriTadi safuZveli adamianuri kapitalia. adamianur kapi-

11 1998w. msoflio bankis publikacia amgvari daxmarebis gacemis STambeWdav gancxadebas Seicavs. devid dolari da lant priCeTi,
"Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn’t and Why".

182
talSi ki igulisxmeba mTeli is codna da gamocdileba, romelic amdidrebs pirovnebas. ra wvli-
li Seaqvs adamianur kapitals eris simdidiris zrdaSi?

– ganaTleba da adamianuri kapitali

am kiTxvaze amomwuravi pasuxis gacema SeuZlebeli araa, magram mainc sakmaod Znelia. sir-
Tules ZiriTadad ganapirobebs is, rom mdidari qveynebi Semosavlis sakmaod did nawils saku-
Tari mosaxleobis ganaTlebaze xarjaven. ganaTleba iseTive samomxmareblo saqonelia, rogorc
kapitali. raki gazrdili simdidre damatebiTi ganaTlebisa da meti codnis miRebis safuZvelia,
albaT gagviWirdeba zustad SevafasoT is wvlili, rac adamianur kapitals ekonomikuri aRmav-
lobis procesSi Seaqvs. Tumca, SegviZlia sruliad darwmunebuli viyoT, rom is mniSvnelovania.
iqneboda Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom teqnikur progress ganaTlebuli xalxis gareSe Seetana
aseTi didi wvlili ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi? im xalxis codna da gamocdileba, vinc `maikro­
softis~ axal produqcias qmnis, Sesabamisad zrdis imaT codnasac, vinc aRniSnul produqcias
iyenebs, (ra Tqma unda, Tu es produqcia TamaSebiT ar Semoifargleba). rTuli manqanebis SekeTe-
ba, imave sirTulis saqme unda iyos, rogorc maTi gamogoneba da Seqmna.

– codnis didi mniSvneloba

zogierTi ekonomikuri Teoria ufro Sorsac midis da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom codna
gadam­wyveti faqtoria ekonomikuri aRmavlobis procesSi. msoflios Raribi qveynebi ganicdian
ara `sagnebis~, aramed ideebis naklebobas. sworad dasaxuli miznebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeZ-
lebs xalxi msoflioSi arsebuli codnis gamoyenebas da mis safuZvelze cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobesebas, arada, sworad dasaxuli miznis safuZvelic xom ganaTlebaa! Cven sul ufro da
ufro mets vswavlobT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gavaumjobesoT muSaobis pirobebi, rogor gavxadoT
organizaciaTa saqmianoba ufro efeqtiani, xolo TanamSromlobisas patimris dilemiT gamowveu-
li warumateblobebi ufro iSviaTad iCens Tavs. zemoxsenebuli problemebi gadaWras saWiroebs,
maTi gadaWris mizniT ki bevri adamiani, am wignis avtoris msgavsad, sakuTar mosazrebebs aqvey-
nebs da saarsebo saSualebasac amiT Soulobs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ze-
moT aRniSnuli mosazreba mTlad mcdari araa.

aziuri rekordi
sazogadoebas, Cveulebriv, ar Seswevs unari, bevri ram Secvalos klimatisa da geografiis
TvalsazrisiT. magram kanonis dacva, kompetenturi da patiosani mTavro­ba, ganaTlebuli xalxi,
saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da investiciebisadmi karis farTod gaReba – esaa yovelive is, razec
mTavrobas didi kontroli aqvs dawesebuli. ramdenad kargad arTmevs is Tavs am saqmianobas?

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis magaliTebi aziaSi

ganvixiloT samxreT koreis SemTxveva. 1960-dan 1990 wlamde mTliani Sida produqti TiTqmis
12-jer gaziarda, aRniSnuli zrdis saSualo wliurma donem ki 8%-s gadaaWarba. 1990 wlis dol-
arebSi, erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqti (msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis gaTval-
iswinebiT) 1300-dan 9000 dolaramde gaizarda, rac wliurad, saSualod, 6%-ian zrdas Seesabame-
ba. ras akeTebda samxreT korea sakuTari pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad? sanam Raribi qveynidan
mdidar qveynad gadaiqceoda?
samxreT koreis mTavrobac da xalxic saTanado yuradRebas uTmobda qalebis ganaTlebas,
romlebic samuSao Zalis erT mesamedze mets Seadgendnen. qveyanam kari gauRo globalur eko-
nomikas da efeqtianad gamoiyena is fondebi, romelTa dabandebac ucxoelebma maT qveyanaSi
isurves. im periodSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi arsebuli aRzevebis gamoyenebiT samxreT koream
ZiriTadi yuradReba eqsports dauTmo, romelsac sxva saqonlis SesaZenad iyenebda. es swored is

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saqoneli iyo, romelic mas ganviTarebisaTvis sWirdeboda. vin warmoidgen­da 1960 wels, rom oci
wlis Semdeg koreaSi warmoebuli avtomobilebi konkurencias gauwevdnen dasavleT evropasa da
Crdilo amerikaSi damzadebul avtomanqanebs?!
samxreTi korea namdvilad ar iyo is qveyana, romlis mTavrobac gverdze gadga da resursebis
ganawileba bazars miando. mTavrobis oficialurma pirebma mrewvelo­bis liderebTan erTad
ganizraxes mniSvnelovani gavlena moexdinaT sainvesticio resursebsa da mrewvelobis konkre-
tul dargebze. fasebis daweseba eqvemdebarebo­da moTxovna/miwodebas da amas mTavroba mkacrad
adevnebda Tvalyurs. ase rom, ekonomika SedarebiTi upiratesobis modelis mixedviT viTarde-
boda. mkacri kontroli iyo dawesebuli mTavrobis mier Tanxebis xarjvaze da swrafi inflacia
ar iwvevda gaurkvevlobebs. koreis mosaxleoba mondomebuli iyo Seeqmna maRali danazogebi da
am gziT gaezarda resursebis maragi, romelic xelmisawvdomi iyo Sida investi­ciebisaTvis.
qveyanaSi pativs scemdnen kanons, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa mis mimarT ar SeimCneoda is-
eTi ridi da mowiweba, rogorc religiis mimarT. problemebs qmnida korufcia. ara marto dabali
rangis mqone biurokratebs, aramed zogierT metad didi Tanamdebobis mqone mTavrobis wevreb-
sac ki bralad edeboda qrTamis aReba, qrTams ki ekonomikuri saqmianobis piradi interesebisT-
vis daqvemdebarebis xelSewyobis gamo aZlevdnen. politikuri aliansebi axorcielebdnen poli-
tikas, romlis daxmarebiT TviTneburad eniWeboda privilegiebi qveynis garkveul regionebs.
magram Tanamdebobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebs akritikebdnen, bevr gavlenian oficialur
pirs ki braldebac hqonda wayenebuli da msjavrdebulic iyo. es faqti udavod miuTiTebs kan-
onis uzenaesobaze. TamaSis wesebi umeteswilad cnobili da ukve gamocdili iyo, rac xalxs saSu-
alebas aZlevda mieRo ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi da amave dros hqonoda rwmena, rom Tu
gadawyvetileba mcdari aRmoCndeboda, mas mouxdeboda sakuTari mxrebiT ezida savalalo Sede-
gebi, swori gadawyvetilebis SemTxvevaSi ki sasurveli nayofi moemkaT.
rekordebi, romlebic iaponiam da taivanma daamyares, am periodSi samxreT koreis rekordebis
msgavsi iyo rogorc ekonomikuri aRmavlobis donis, ise ganxor­ci­ele­buli politikis mxrivac.
ganaTlebuli xalxi, romelsac surda muxl­Cauxrelad eSroma da fuli daezoga, moqmedebda
TamaSis stabiluri wesebis farglebSi, aregulirebda fasebis sistemas msoflios standartebis
Sesabamisad da ar hqonda inflaciiTa Tu mTavrobis mxridan Tanxebis zedmeti xarjviT gamowveu-
li problemebi. amdenad, mas SeeZlo esargebla im teqnologiebiT, romlebic ganviTarda mowi-
nave qveynebSi da miemarTa isini im napralis amosavsebad, romelic maTsa da msoflios umdidres
qveynebs Soris arsebobda. iaponiam ufro meti gaakeTa am napra­lis amosavsebad, roca erT-erT
umdidres qveynad iqca. 1960 wels iaponiaSi mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze aSS-is
mTliani Sida produqtis 35%-s Seadgenda. 1990 wels is 85 procentis toli iyo.
aziis sxva qveynebi am mxriv CamorCenilebi iyvnen. 1960 wels dolarebSi gamoxatuli Sefasebuli
indoeTis mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze 735 dolariT ganisazRvra. es angariSi efuZne-
boda 1990 wlis msyidvelobiTi unaris paritets. 1990 wlisTvis is mxolod 1315 dolariT gaizarda.
es is done iyo, romelsac koream 30 wliT adre miaRwia: 1960 wels indoeTSi erT sul mosaxleze
mTliani Sida produqti koreis saerTo Semosavlis daaxloebiT 55%-s Seadgenda, 1990 wels ki – 15%-
s. am procentebis garkveuli nawili mosaxleobis zrdiTaa gapirobebuli. 1960-dan 1990 wlamde in-
doeTis mosaxleoba 95%-iT, xolo samxreT koreisa – 72%-iT gaizarda. indoeTSi Semosavlis zrdis
neli tempi misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis bevrad ufro neli tempiT unda aixsnas.
ratom ver SeZlo indoeTma odnav mainc gaTanabreboda samxreT koreis, taivanisa da iaponiis
dones? omi da omisTvis mzadeba sakmaod amuxruWebs ekono­mikur aRmavlobas, indoeTs ki am periodSi
Sida ganxeTqileba da konfliqturi urTierTobebi hqonda mezobel pakistansa da CineTTan. magram,
am periodSi samxreTi koreac da taivanic mniSvnelovan Tanxebs xarjavdnen samxedro momzadebaze.
amdenad, am kiTxvis pasuxi albaT indoeTis mTavrobis mier gatarebul politikaSi unda veZeboT.

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis miRwevis mcdelobebis marcxi

Tumca bolo aTwleulSi reformis niSnebic gamoCnda. indoeTma gansakuTre­buli gulgrilo-

ba gamoamJRavna fasebis mixedviT resursebis ganawilebis saqmeSi da didi upiratesoba mianiWa
mTavrobis biurokratiuli ZalauflebiT aRWurvas. am periodSi mTavroba dakavebuli iyo

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fasebis mkveTri cvlilebebiT. zogjer fasebis Semcireba Raribebis dacvis mizniT iyo nakarna­
xevi. magram aRniSnul mizans yovelTvis ar mohyveboda adeqvaturi Sedegebi. albaT wina Tavebi-
dan gaxsovT, rom mTavrobebi xelovnurad amcirebdnen fasebs, riTac xels uwyobdnen deficits
da imedebs ucruebdnen rogorc saqonlis SeZenis msurvelebs, ise – mimwodeblebs. ufro metic,
kanonis ZaliT Semcirebuli fasebi kargi saSualeba araa Raribebis dasarwmuneblad, rom isini
SeZleben saqonlis Sesyidvas dabal fasad. maT kargad ician, rom fasebis Semcireba mxolod da
mxolod moCvenebiTia. esaa mTavrobis morigi xriki piradi sargeblis mosapoveblad. konkuren-
cia am dros sxva sazRvrebSi eqceva, rasac Raribebi Tavs veRar arTmeven ise efeqtianad, rogorc
amas fasebTan dakavSirebiT akeTeben.
indoeTis mTavrobam arsebuli fasebi imiTac daamaxinja, rom ar miaqcia yuradReba im infor-
macias, romelsac aRniSnuli fasebi Seicavda. centralurma dagegmvam indoeTSi, iseve rogorc
ssrk-Si, mniSvnelovani popularoba moipova 1960-ian wlebSi (rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda,
sruliad daumsaxureblad) da indoeTis mTavrobis liderebma Tavs neba darTes, cdunebas ahyo­
lodnen da sabWoTa modeliT gaebriyvebinaT Tavi. Sedegad ki didi flangva dafiqsirda. yove-
live Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ekonomikuri aRmavlobis marcxi, radgan investicia mimarTuli
iyo proeqtebze, romlebic sabolood uunaro aRmoCndnen da gadaWarbebuli danaxarjebiT mo-
geba ver moitanes.
ekonomikis im seqtorebSi, romelTa dagegmvac mTavrobas ar ucdia, mewarmeebs sistematurad
ucruvdebodaT imedi biurokratebis mier dadgenili wesebis gamo, radgan yvelaferze am bi-
urokratTa sanqcia sWirdebodaT. kanonis uzenaesoba ar arsebobs iseT ekonomikur sistemaSi,
sadac ekonomi­ kur gadawyvetilebaTa umetesobis misaRebad mTavrobis licenziebia saWiro,
xolo am licenziebis gacemac da maTze uaris Tqmac xdeba TviTneburad Sesabamisi biurokratis
survilidan gamomdinare. TviTneburi mTavroba kanonis uzenaesobis sruliad sapirispiro mov-
lenaa, radgan mCagvrelis rolSi gamodis da damangrevlad moqmedebs warmoebaze.

aziis gareT
meore msoflio omis Semdeg laTinuri amerikis qveynebi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis Zalian mra-
valferovani monacemebiT gamoirCevian. 20-1 cxrilSi naCvenebia, Tu ra procentuli raodenobiT
icvleboda mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze laTinuri amerikis Svid qveyanaSi 1960-
dan 1990 wlamde. yovelive es aRwerilia angus medisonis naSromSic `Monitoring the World Economy~.
cvlilebebi asaxavs realur mTlian Sida produqts, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia msyidvelo-
biTi unaris pariteti.

erT sul mosxleze mTliani Sida

produqtis cvlilebebi 1960-1990 wlebSi
cxrili 20-1

qveyana cvlileba
argentina 18
brazilia 106
Cile 8
kolumbia 7
meqsika 80
peru -1
venesuela -16

am ricxvebTan didi sifrTxilea saWiro. laTinuri amerikis monacemebi droTa ganmavlobaSi

airia. 1929 wels erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqti argentinaSi aSS-is saerTo Semosav-
lis 63%-s Seadgenda. amdenad, argentina msoflios mdidar qveynebs gauTanabrda. 1990 wels am
monacemma aSS-is donis mxolod 30% Seadgina. 1990 wels venesuelaSi mTliani Sida produqti 27%
iyo. ufro dabali procenti 1977 wels dafiqsirda. 1970-ian wlebSi braziliaSi swrafad gaizar-

185
da erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqti, magram 1980-ian wlebSi kvlav Semcirda. 1990 wels
man 8% Seadgina, rac 1980 welTan SedarebiT naklebi iyo. am periodSi CileSi ori ekonomikuri
revolucia moxda. orive maTganma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ekonomikaze. am dros ekonomi-
kuri politika peruSi absurdulsa da gonivruls Soris icvleboda.

Sereuli monacemebi

cvalebadma ekonomikurma politikam regularuli saxe miiRo laTinur amerikaSi. es ar iyo

movlena, ramac gaarTula am qveynebSi ekonomikuri aRmavlobis da maTi warumateblobis mizeze-
bis ganzogadeba. yvelaze uwyinari ganzogadeba SeiZleba iyos is, rom arastabiluri mTavroba
ver daamyarebs kanonis uzenaesobas da rom laTinuri amerikis mTavrobebi gamousworeblad
arastabilurni iyvnen.
afrikuli naxevarudabnoebis monacemebs, samxreT afrikis gamoklebiT, mxolod tragikuli
SeiZleba vuwodoT. 20-2 cxrilSi naCvenebia 1990 wels Svidi afrikuli qveynis mTliani Sida
produqti erT sul mosaxleze. am siaSi Setanilia eTiopiac, miuxedavad imisa, rom sinamdvileSi
ar warmoadgens naxevarudabnos qveyanas.

mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze 1990 wels

cxrili 20-2

mTliani Sida produqti

qveyana
erT sul mosaxleze
kot-divuari $1224
eTiopia 350
gana 966
kenia 1079
nigeria 1118
tanzania 599
zairi (kongo) 458

es Sedegebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT imis sabuTad, TiTqos mdgomareobis gamosworebis araviTar

mcdelobas adgili ar hqonia. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, didi xnis manZilze, eqspertebi tanzaniis
mimarT seriozul dainteresebas iCendnen. garda amisa, is did teqnikur da finansur daxmarebasac
iRebda. magram aRniSnul mcdelobebs Sedegi ar gamouRia da tanzaniaSi erT sul mosaxleze mTliani
Sida produqti 1970-iani wlebidan moyolebuli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mcirdeboda.

... Tu SeiZleba, rom raime gafuWdes, asec moxdeba

klimatma da geografiam xeli SeuSala am mxareSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas. kontinentis didi

nawili ganicdis noyieri niadagisa Tu wvimebis naklebobas. sicxe da nesti adamianebs muSaobis
survils uklavs. amave dros, gavrcelebulia tropikuli klimatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sneulebebi, maT Soris, Zilis avadmyofoba, romelsac buzi cece avrcelebs. es sneulebebi asus-
tebs mosaxleobas da anadgurebs Sinaur cxovelebs. mdinareSi wylis dineba sakmaod icvleba
wvimiani da mSrali sezonis dros, radgan mdinareebs wyliT ufro metad wvima amaragebs, vidre
mTebidan Camonadeni Tovli. aqedan gamomdinare, isini ar funqcionireben ise, rogorc evropaSi,
da ar warmoadgenen derefnebs xalxisa da saqonlis samoZraod. afrikis saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebi
evropulma qveynebma mecxramete saukuneSi TviTneburad gaavles, xolo im xalxebis mraval-
ferovnebam, romlebic maT daipyres, xeli Seuwyo gaTiSulobasa da samoqalaqo omebs. mniS-
vnelovani ekonomikuri aRmavlobis SemTxveviTma periodebma bevri veraferi gaakeTa cxovrebis
saSualo donis asamaRleb­lad, radgan aRniSnul aRmavlobas Tan axlda mosaxleobis katastrof-

186
uli zrdac. regionSi dRes ufro naklebia erT sul mosaxleze saerTo Semosavali, vidre meo-
Txedi saukunis win iyo. afrikis naxevarudabnos xalxebi, isev samxreT afrikis gamoklebiT,
Ratakebi iyvnen meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da Ratakebad rCebian saukunis miwurulsac.
optimistic ki, Tu mas realizmisken aqvs midrekileba, unda Seurigdes im faqts, rom dRes ar
arsebobs iseTi saSualeba, romelic aRmavlobis gziT waiyvans afrikis ekonomikas. gansakuTrebiT
savalaloa regionis politikuri situacia, radgan iq stabiluri, patiosani, kompetenturi re-
Jimi gamonaklisia da ara norma. mTavroba, romelsac mTeli yuradReba mxolod imaze aqvs gamax-
vilebuli, rom SeinarCunos Zalaufleba, an CaaxSos ajanyebebi Tu agresiis gamovlinebebi sxva
Zalis mxridan, ar aris ganwyobili imisaTvis, rom gaiTvaliswinos da gamoiyenos sasargeblo
rCevebi im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu aseT rCevebs xSirad sTavazoben.
gasuli aTwleulebis manZilze aziaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi gvarwmunebs, rom politikur
kurss uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. iaponiis, koreis, taivanis, honkongisa da singapuris gar-
da, arc erT aziur qveyanas ar miuRwevia ekonomikaSi STambeWdavi warmatebisaTvis. amasTanave, tai-
lands, malaizias da CineTs ekonomikuri aRmavlobis ufro STambeWdavi done hqondaT. es ki gvaZlevs
sababs davijeroT, rom dRevandel msoflioSi siRaribe araa dauZleveli seni. Tumca, politikas ax-
orcielebs mTavroba, Cven ki ver davamyarebT imeds iseT mTavrobaze, romelic ekonomikur politi-
kas iyenebs piradi miznebisaTvis da ara ekonomikuri aRmavlobis misaRwevad.

187
mokled gavimeoroT

ekonomikurma aRmavlobam msoflio mxolod gasuli ori saukunis manZilze moicva. es moxda
Sromis danawilebis swrafi zrdisa da specializaciis saSualebiT. ekonomikurma aRmavlobam
pirvelad evropasa da mis mimdebare teritoriebze iCina Tavi.
xalxis, saqonlisa da ideebis transportirebis mciredanaxarjiani saSualebebi mniSvnelovan
winapirobas warmoadgenda specializaciis zrdisa da misgan gamomdinare ekonomikuri aRmav-
lobisaTvis.
ekonomikuri aRmavlobis meore mniSvnelovani pirobaa TamaSis wesebis dadgena, anu kanonis
uzenaesobis daweseba.
ekonomikuri aRmavloba damokidebulia kapitalis dagrovebaze, radgan kapitali zrdis Sro-
mis mwarmoeblurobas da iwvevs teqnikur progress, romelsac didi wvlili Seaqvs ekonomikuri
aRmavlobis procesSi.
globaluri ekonomikisaTvis karis gaReba xels uwyobs ekonomikur aRmavlobas. SedarebiTi
upiratesobis ufro srulad gamoyenebis garda, is saSualebas aZlevs primitiul ekonomikas,
gamoiyenos ganviTarebuli ekonomikis teqnologiuri miRwevebi. Tu qveyanaSi xelsayreli mdgo-
mareobaa, ucxour investiciebs SeuZlia ganviTarebadi ekonomikisTvis didi daxmarebis gaweva
da sawyisi kapitalis dagrovebis pirobebis Seqmna.
mosaxleobis mondomeba, rom dazogos Semosavlis didi nawili, SeiZleba mniSvne­­­lovan faqto-
rad iqces kapitalis dagrovebisa da ekonomikis aRmavlobisaTvis.
adamianuri kapitali sazogadoebrivi kapitalis mniSvnelovani nawilia. ekonomikuri aRmav-
loba ufro swrafad viTardeboda ganaTlebul sazogadoebaSi. uamravi sabuTi arsebobs imisa,
rom codna ekonomikuri aRmavlobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani xelSemwyobi faqtoria.
codna, romelic mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri aRmavlobisaTvis, gulisxmobs politikuri
cxovrebis yairaTianad organizebis unarsac. Tu qveyanaSi swrafi ekonomi­kuri aRmavlobaa, an,
Tu ekonomikuri aRmavlobis done mosaxleobis zrdis dones CamorCeba, aRmavloba didad iqneba
damokidebuli mmarTvelobis Sesabamisi meqanizmis Seqmnaze.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ramdenad mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri aRmavloba? namdvilad aumjobesebs Tu ara is xalxis

materialur pirobebs grZelvadian periodSi? ras fiqrobT aseT arasworad dasmul kiTxva-
ze: `SesaZlebelia Tu ara fuliT bednierebis yidva~?
a) ratomaa ukanaskneli kiTxva arasworad dasmuli?
b) TiTqmis yvela adamiani Tvlis, rom Tavs gacilebT ukeT igrZnobs, Tu ufro did Semo-
savals iSovis, radgan did SemosavalSi igulisxmeba ufro meti sasurveli nivTis
SeZenis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu ra konkretul nivTzea
saubari. ramdenad damokidebulia aseTi survili imaze, rac sxvebs ukve aqvT? viqnebiT
Tu ara kmayofilni metis miRebiT, Tu irgvliv yvela adamiani mets iRebs? gadaaWar-
bebs Tu ara zRvruli sargebloba zRvrul danaxarjebs?
g) Cveni survili da siamovneba xSirad Seesabameba ara marto imas, rac sxvebs aqvT, ar-
amed imasac, rasac SeveCvieT. ugemuri sakvebis mcire raodenoba SeiZleba uzarmazari
kmayofilebis wyarod iqces Zalian mSieri adamianisaTvis. miiReba Tu ara es zRvruli
kmayofileba, Tu virTevzadan daviwyebT da gigantur zomis kiborCxale­bamde mivalT
an Cveulebrivi yvelidan ugemrieles frangul yvelze gadavalT? aris Tu ara es ise-
Tive zRvruli kmayofileba, rogorc dReSi erTi Wiqa brinjis oramde gazrda? am
ukanaskneli gaumjobesebis zRvruli danaxarji namdvilad bevrad naklebia.
d) rCeba Tu ara erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqti keTildReobis marTebul
sazomad imis Semdegac ki, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT yvelafers, rac SemoTavazebulia ro-
gorc winamdebare, ise me-15 TavSi? eTmoba Tu ara saTanado yuradReba mTliani Sida

188
 produqtis gamoangariSebis proceduraSi im socialur da fsiqologiur danaxar-
jebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia mTliani Sida produqtis zrdasTan?
e) mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze SeiZleba gaizardos am produqtis
matebis an mosaxleobis Semcirebis saSualebiT. Tu mzardi mTliani Sida produqti
erT sul mosaxleze sazogadoebas ufro SeZlebuls xdis, maSin nebismieri axali bavS-
vis dabadeba keTildReobis saSualo dones amcirebs. msjeloben Tu ara ase mSoble-
bi? gana swored maTi Semosavali ar mcirdeba bavSvis gaCenis Sedegad?
v) nulovani ekonomikuri zrdis momxreebi principul ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gare-
moze ekonomikuri warmatebebis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis gamo. aucilebelia Tu ara,
rom ekonomikurma aRmavlobam gamoiwvios garemos dabinZureba?
z) mzardi mTliani Sida produqti bevr iseT SesaZleblobas qmnis, rac adre warmoudgene-
li iyo. ra SesaZlebloba iqneba es, didadaa damokidebuli ukve miRebuli mTliani Sida
produqtis doneze. eTiopiasa da bangladeSSi mTliani Sida produqtis zrda SesaZleb-
els xdis milionobiT adamianis sakmarisi sakvebiT uzrunvelyofas. garda amisa, is saSu-
alebas aZlevs xalxs mouaros kbilebs, Tavidan aicilos tkivilebi da kbilebi siberemde
SeinarCunos. ra SesaZleblobas miscemda aSS-is mosaxleobas erT sul mosaxleze mTliani
Sida produqtis 2%-iT gazrda momavali 35 wlis, anu im drois ganmavlobaSi, rac mas
mTliani Sida produqtis gasaormageblad dasWirdeboda? (visac seriozulad epareba
eWvi dRevandel msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikuri zrdis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, vurCev-
di piter bergeris patara wignis wakiTxvas. avtori sociologia, romelmac didi gamokv-
levebi Caatara ekonomikisa da kulturis dargSi. wignis saxelwodebaa: `The Capitalist Revo-
lution: Fifty Propositions about Prosperity, Equality and Liberty, 1986~. bergeris mosazrebebi zogierTi
Tqveni eWvis gaZlierebis sababi gaxdeba, magram amave dros, bevri maTganis gaqrobasac
Seuwyobs xels).
2. rogor fiqrobT, xom ar miaRwies evropis qveynebma da mis mimdebare teritoriebze arsebulma
saxelmwifoebma ekonomikur aRmavlobas aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis Raribi qveynebis
xarjze? vinc Tvlis, rom es asea, xSirad iSveliebs im faqts, rom evropelebi warsulSi arcTu
iSviaTad mimarTavdnen samxedro Zalas susti qveynebis dasapyrobad da vaWrobaSi Zalismieri,
araTanabari urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. is, vinc ar eTanxmeba zemoxsenebul mosazrebas, am-
tkicebs, rom msoflios bevr uRaribes qveyanas ukanasknel dromde araviTari kontaqti ar hqon-
da gare samyarosTan, dasavleTis qveynebma ki iq Seitanes resursebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo eko-
nomikur aRmavlobas. ra sabuTi SeiZleba movitanoT am sakamaTo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad?
3. rogor axsnidiT im faqts, rom mecxramete-meoce saukuneebSi aSS-sa da kanadaSi moxda bevrad
ufro swrafi ekonomikuri aRmavloba, vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi?
4. zemoT ramdenjerme gavamaxvileT yuradReba kanonis uzenaesobis mniSvnelobaze. kanonis
uzenaesobis antiTezaa TviTneburi mTavroba anu iseTi mmarTveloba, romelic qveynis saTa-
veSi myofi pirovnebis survilebzea damokidebulia.
a) uwyobs Tu ara xels kanonis uzenaesobas demokratia?
b) samxreT koreaSi, taivanSi, honkongsa da singapurSi Zalian swrafi ekonomikuri aRma-
vloba aRiniSna 1950-dan 1990 wlamde, magram am periodSi am oTxi qveynis mTavroba ar
gamoirCeoda politikuri sistemebis demokratiulobiT. rogor fiqrobT, romeli
ufro SesaZlebelia: is, rom kanonis uzenaesoba damyardes WeSmaritad demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi Tu avtoritaruli mTavrobis pirobebSi?
5. ras fiqrobT im sakiTze, romelic dRes didi gansjis sagania – unda miscen Tu ara msoflios
mdidarma qveynebma grantebi Rarib qveynebs?
a) ra argumentebs SemogvTavazebdiT aseTi grantebis sasargeblod?
b) ra argumentebs SemogvTavazebdiT aseTi grantebis winaaRmdeg?
6. unda gaizardos Tu ara ucxouri daxmareba, romelic Rarib qveynebs mdidari qveynebisa Tu
saerTaSoriso saagentoebis mier SezRudvebis gareSe eZleva? xom ar fiqrobT, rom donorma
qveynebma unda daaweson kontroli im daxmarebis gamoyenebaze, romelsac Tavad gascemen?

189
7. zemoT ganvixileT ori mizezi, romelic gvaiZulebda gvevarauda, rom kerZo investiciebi ufro
sasargeblo iqneboda Raribi qveynebisaTvis, vidre ucxouri mTavrobebisa Tu saerTaSoriso sa-
agentoebis daxmareba. erTi mizezi isaa, rom kerZo investicias xSirad mohyveba teqnikuri daxma-
reba, rogorc misi nawili. meore ki isaa, rom kerZo investorebi ufro dainteresebulni arian
mogebiT da naklebad ainteresebT iseTi proeqtebis subsidireba, romlebic xels ar uwyobs eko-
nomikur aRmavlobas. xom ar SegiZliaT, moifiqroT raime mizezi sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis ga-
samarTleblad? ratom iqneboda Raribi qveynebisaTvis mTavrobis an saerTaSoriso saagentoe-
bis mier SeTavazebuli daxmareba ufro ukeTesi, vidre kerZo investiciebi?
8. zogierTi Raribi qveynis kultura ilaSqrebs imis winaaRmdeg, rom qalebi miiCnion samuSao
Zalad, zog SemTxvevaSi ki, qalebs Zalian SezRudul ganaTlebas aZleven.
a) cvlian Tu ara donorebi potenciuri daxmarebis pirobebs?
b) rogor upasuxebdiT adamians, romelic ganacxadebda, rom es iqneboda uxeSi Careva
sxva qveynis saqmeebsa da kulturaSi (SesaZloa, religiaSic ki)?

190
 ekonomikuri
saqmianoba da
politikuri ekonomia

T u yvela is urTierTkavSiri, romlebic me-15 da me-20 TavebSi ganvixileT, sworad da sru-

lyofilad iqneboda gacnobierebuli, ekonomistebi iseve zustad axsnidnen yvela movlenis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs, rogorc amas laboratoriebSi, qimikosebi akeTeben, maSin mastabilize-
beli politikis gatareba, romelic saerTo interesebs pasuxobs, sirTules ar warmodgens, ma-
gram, ekonomistebis Teoriebi bevrad ufro arazusti da sakamaToa, vidre qimikosTa ganzogade-
buli debulebebi. es politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs xmamaRla isaubron sazogadoebrivi
interesebis Sesaxeb, sinamdvileSi ki garkveuli jgufebis interesebis gavlenas ganicdian. aseT
politikas xSirad aRmavlobis nacvlad stagnacia da arastabiluroba mosdevs.

politikuri garemocva
mTavroba sulac ar hgavs aladinis saswaulmoqmed jins, romelic yovelTvis emorCileba
brZanebebs da mudam asrulebs nebismier gankargulebas. saxelmwifo organizaciebSic adamianebi
muSaoben. samwuxarod, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi mmarTvel aparatSi mokalaTebuli adamianebi
qurdebi da yaCaRebi arian, romelTa mizanic sakuTari Zalauflebisa da simdidris gazrdaa. es ki
iseT politikas warmoSobs, romelic sakmaod saxifaToa qveynisa da xalxisaTvis. demokratiuli
mTavrobac ki, romlis oficialuri pirebi regularulad eqvemdeba­rebian Semowmebas Tavisufa-
li arCevnebis gziT, yovelTvis ar icavs sazogadoebriv interesebs. me-14 TavSi SevecadeT
gveCvenebina, rom mTavrobis politika im xalxis interesebs asaxavs, vinc sakuTari dominanturi
mdgomareobiT sargeblobs da cdilobs, politikuri procesebis xarjze gamorCena naxos. de-
mokratiuli mTavrobac ki ver SeZlebs inflaciis an recesiisgan Tavis daRwevas, Tu mTavrobis
organoebSi mokalaTebuli Cinovnikebi ar iqnebian dainteresebulni imis gakeTebiT, rac piradad
maTTvis araa xelsayreli. amdenad, isini arc erToblivi ekonomikuri saqmianobidan meryeobis
gandevnas Seecdebian.
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba drois faqtors. arCeuli oficialuri pirebi, romlebsac
mzera Semdgomi arCevnebisken aqvT mipyrobili, amjobineben politikas, romelic dadebiT Sede-
gebs arCevnebamde moitans, uaryofiTi movlenebi ki mxolod arCevnebis Semdeg iCens Tavs. amde-
nad, politikas, romelsac moklevadiani sargebloba da grZelvadiani danaxarjebi moaqvs, didi
upiratesoba eniWeba. es faqti uaRresad did mniSvnelobas iZens mastabi­lizebeli politikis
ganxorcielebis procesSi, rasac qvemoT ganvixilavT.
ufro metic, demokratiis pirobebSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, arc daniSnuli da
arc arCeuli oficialuri pirebi Tanabar yuradRebas ar aqceven yvela moqalaqis interess. isini
mxedvelobaSi iReben mxolod imaT moTxovnebsa da survilebs, vinc naTlad gamoxatavs sakuTar
miswrafebebs da energiasac ar iSurebs mTavrobis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis realizaci-
isaTvis. roca borbali Wrialebs, mas dazeTva sWirdeba. Saqris momxmarebelTa didma nawilma ar

191
icis, an Tavsac ar iwuxebs imis gasagebad, Tu romel kanonproeqts aZlevs xmas misi warmomad-
geneli sakanonmdeblo organoSi – Saqarze importis akrZalvas, Tu fasis momatebas. magram, Segi-
ZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT, rom aSS-is Saqris mwarmoeblebma ician amis Sesaxeb da saTanadod Re-
laven kidec, Tqvenma kanonmdebelma ki danamdvilebiT icis, vis awuxebs es sakiTxi da vis – ara. es
faqtic garkveul sirTuleebs uqmnis mTavrobas Zlieri ekonomikuri politikis Camoyalibebisa
da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.

drois sazRvrebi da Sedegebis Tanmimdevroba

monetaruli politika ekonomikur saqmianobaze, aSkara xdeba aRniSnuli politikis Semqmnel-
TaTvis drois uaRresad didi mniSvneloba.
roca yuradRebiT vakvirdebiT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens fiskaluri da monetaruli politika
ekonomikur saqmianobaze, aSkara xdeba, rom drois periodi did rols TamaSobs aRniSnuli poli-
tikis gamtareblebisTvis.
warmoidgineT, rom mTavroba komerciuli bankebidan sesxs iRebs da sakuTari xarjebis zrdas
afinansebs, Sesabamisad, izrdeba fulis miwodebac. amis Sedegad izrdeba erToblivi moTxovna
axladwarmoebul saqonelze. zustad ver ganvsazRvravT, ra Sedegebs gamoiRebs msgavsi zemoq-
medeba mTlian Sida produqtze warmoebis gazrdisa da fasebis momatebis TvalsazrisiT. magram
sakmaod myari safuZveli gvaqvs, virwmunoT, rom nebismieri Sedegi ufro adre moaxdens gavlenas
warmoebasa da dasaqmebaze, vidre fasebze. amas ganapirobebs is, rom vaWrobis gamo­cocxlebas
gamyidvelebi im saqonelze gazrdil moTxovnad aRiqvamen, romelsac Tavad hyidian da, amdenad,
cdiloben warmoebis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom yvelaferi naTeli gaxdes, sakmaod didi droa
saWiro. sinamdvileSi, moTxovna izrdeba yvela saxis resursze da Sesabamisad, yvelaferze iz-
rdeba rogorc fasebi, ise xarjebic. ase rom, `dadebiTi Sedegi~ – realuri mTliani Sida
produqtis zrda da umuSevrobis Semcireba – Tavs iCens sawyis etapze, `uaryofiTi Sedegi~ ki –
inflaciis daCqareba – mxolod Semdgom etapze xdeba SesamCnevi. Tu politikosebi uaxloes moma-
valSi elian arCevnebs – aSS-Si ki warmomadgenelTa palatis TiTqmis yvela wevrs saSualod mx-
olod erTi weli aSorebs momaval arCevnebs – aSkaraa, rom isini aRmoCndebian cdunebis winaSe,
rac SeiZleba male miaRwion `dadebiT Sedegebs~, Semdgom `uaryofiT movlenebze~ zrunviT ki,
Tavi ar Seiwuxon.

erToblivi moTxovnis cvlilebebi moqmedebs warmoebis moculobasa da

dasaqmebaze da, mxolod amis Semdeg – fasebze.

ekonomikuri aqtivobis SezRudviTi politikac sawyis etapze ufro swraf zegavlenas iqo-
niebs warmoebasa da dasaqmebaze, vidre fasebis cvlilebebze. magram am SemTxvevaSi uaryo­fiTi
Sedegi ufro adre iCens Tavs, vidre dadebiTi. inflaciis Senelebis nebismieri mcdeloba, ro-
melic dafuZnebuli iqneba saxelmwifo deficitisa da fulis masis zrdis tempis Semcirebaze,
gamoiwvevs mza saqonlis maragis zrdas da, Sesabamisad, warmoebisa da dasaqmebis Semcirebas. de-
flaciuri zemoqmedeba manamde gadaideba, sanam resursebze Semcirebuli moTxovna ar ganapiro-
bebs xarjebisa da fasebis Semcirebas. mokled rom vTqvaT, inflaciis Senelebis mcdeloba, ro-
melic ganxorci­eldeba naklebad mastabilizebeli fiskaluri da monetaruli politikiT, albaT
manamde migviyvans recesiamde, vidre inflaciis Semcirebas miaRwevdes.
es analizi gviCvenebs, rom arCeuli oficialuri pirebi rogorc ki garkveuli eWvebi gauCnde-
baT mastimulirebel fiskalur da monetarul politikas ufro dauWeren mxars da arCevansac
swored masze SeaCereben. garda amisa, mastimuli­rebeli fiskaluri da monetaruli politika,
sazogadod, ufro mimzidveli iqneba amomrCevlebisaTvis im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi araviTar
gavlenas ar moaxdens erTobliv moTxovnaze. dainteresebul mxareTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmay-
ofileblad, gadasaxadebis Semcireba da xarjebis gazrda xelsayreli iqneba winasaarCevno kampa-
niisaTvis. fuladi masis zrdis SezRudvebis Semcireba, pirvel xanebSi mainc, sargeblis ganakve-
Tis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs, rac aseve moswonT amomrCevlebs.
SezRudviTi politika ki, piriqiT, mtkivneulia. gadasaxadebis zrda da xarjebis Semcireba

192
antagonisturad ganawyobs amomrCevlebs. aseve uaryofiT emociebs gamoiwvevs sargeblis ga-
nakveTebis gazrdac, romelsac mkacri sakredito politika ganapirobebs. aseT viTarebaSi
gardauvali iqneba ukmayofilebis gaCena. am ukmayofilebas isini gamoexmaurebian, visac male
mouwevs arCevnebSi monawileoba. xalxi, romelic ganagebs saxelmwifo politikas, didi cdunebis
winaSe aRmoCndeba, rom politika, romelic mtkivneuli wamlis rols asrulebs, mastimuli­
rebeli politikis tkbili tonizirebuli sasmeliT Secvalos.
yovelive es gviCvenebs, rom demokratiuli politikuri procesebi warmoqmnis erToblivi
moTxovnis marTvis diskretul politikas, romelsac sakmaod didi gadaxra eqneba mastimuli-
rebel RonisZiebaTa mimarTulebiT. roca mastimulirebel politikas sabolood inflaciis au-
taneli daCqareba mohyveba, CairTveba Semakavebeli muxruWebi, romlebic sakmaod SezRudavs
ekonomikur aRmavlobas. magram, Tu deflacia igvianebs, misgan gamomdinare recesia da umuSev-
roba zemoqmedebas axdens mTav­ro­baze da aiZulebs mas muxruWis nacvlad isev aqseleratori Car-
Tos. msgavsi politika, romelic SeiZleba gamoixatos rogorc `winsvla_SeCereba_winsvla~,
aZlierebs gaurkvevlobas da iwvevs damatebiT Secdomebs, romlebic recesiis umTavres mizezs
warmoadgens. sul ufro xSiri da sastiki recesiebi, romlebsac Tan axlavs mzardi inflacia, Sei-
Zleba demokratiuli sazogadoebis standartul modeladac ki iqces.

SeuzRudavi deficitebi
mTavroba, romelmac mudmivad yuradReba unda miaqcios sazogadoebriv azrs, didi xnis man-
Zilze ganicdida cdunebas, daexarja imaze meti, vidre gadasaxadebis saxiT moagrovebda. eko-
nomikis Seswavla rodia saWiro imis misaxvedrad, rom kanonmdeblo­bisaTvis gacilebiT advilia,
mxari dauWiros gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, vidre maT zrdas da miemxros saxelmwifo xarjebis
zrdas da ara Semcirebas. Sedegad, maSinac ki, Tu yvela kanonmdebeli isurvebda, rom biujetSi
Semosavali ufro meti yofiliyo, vidre gasavali, sasurveli mizani yovelTvis ver iqneboda
miRweuli. amomrCevelTa did umravlesobas, SeiZleba, surdes kidec mTavrobis xarjebis Semci-
reba, magram es survili araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar vrceldeba im nawilze, romlisTvisac es xar-
jebi sakuTar lukmas warmoadgens. xolo, roca aRniSnuli nawilis Semcireba xdeba, amomrCevel-
Ta dainteresebuli jgufebi acnobeben kanonmdeblebs, rom maTTvis lukmis warTmeva
uaryofiTad imoqmedebs saarCevno kampaniazec da arCevnebis Sedegebzec. arada, sruliad Seu-
Zlebelia mTliani biujetis Semcireba, Tuki xdeba yoveli calkeuli muxlis gazrda. amitom sax-
elmwifo xarjebi izrdeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu yvela kanonmdebels marTla gulwrfelad surs
misi Semcireba.
1969-dan 1997 wlamde aSS-is mTavrobas yovelwliurad hqonda biujetis deficiti, miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom mTeli am xnis manZilze xmamaRla gamoiTqmeboda ukmayofileba im xifaTis gamo,
romelic SeiZleba deficits mohyo­loda. bolos da bolos, 1998 wels biujetSi Semosavalma
gadaaWarba gasavals. es moxda SemaSfoTebeli deficitis gamoCenidan sami aTwleulis Semdeg, ma-
gram amaSi arc kapitoliums da arc TeTr saxls araviTari damsaxureba ar miuZRodaT. aRniS­nuli
movlena gamoiwvia metismetad gazrdilma sagadasaxado Semosavalma, romelic uwyveti ekonomi-
kuri winsvlis Sedegad iqna miRebuli. 21-1 cxrili gviCvenebs erovnuli mTavrobis xarjebis pro-
centul zrdas da Semosavals 1990-dan 1998 wlamde. garda amisa, cxrilSi naCvenebia yovelwli-
uri deficiti. is deficiti, romelic 1992-1993 wlebSi trilioni dolaris meoTxeds aWarbebda,
mkveTrad Semcirda da, sabolood, 1998 wels dadebiT saldod gardaiqmna, rac umeteswilad
mTavrobis Semosavlis zrdis Sedegad ganxorcielda. magram aRniSnul zrdas Tan axlavda ga-
dasaxadebis zrda. raki federaluri mTavrobisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania saerTo saSemo-
savlo gadasaxadebidan miRebuli wliuri Semosavali, misi sakuTari Semosavalic avtomaturad
izrdeba ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodebSi da mcirdeba recesiis dros.

193
 aSS mTavrobis xarjebi, Semosavlebi, deficiti/namati
(cifrebi asaxavs kalendarul da ara fiskalur wlebs.
deficiti naCvenebia miliardobiT dolarebSi)
cxrili 21-1

wina welTan Sedar-

wina welTan SedarebiT namati an
weli ebiT Semosavlis
xarjebis % zrda deficiti (-)
% zrda
1990 7,7 4,7 -154,7
1991 4,7 1,7 -196,0
1992 10,0 4,3 -280,9
1993 3,1 6,4 -250,6
1994 2,3 7,8 186,6
1995 4,7 6,2 -174,4
1996 3,7 8,5 -110,3
1997 2,7 8,5 -21,1
1998 1,7 7,2 72,8

kontrcikluri fiskaluri politika, romelic cdilobs, rom daamuxruWos aRmavloba da Searbi-

los recesia, mTliani Sida produqtis Semcirebisas warmoqmnis deficits, zrdisas ki – siWarbes.
magram 1998 wlis Semosavlis umniSvnelo siWarbe biujetSi, romelic mTeli Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi
iqmneboda im dros, roca bevri analitikosi recesiis moaxloebas winaswarmetyvelebda, ar SeiZle-
boda didi gansjisa da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi yofiliyo.
Zalian mcirea msoflios sxva industriuli demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvi, romlebmac imave
periodSi ufro mets miaRwies. 1991-dan 1997 wlamde, kanadas, avstralias, did britaneTs, safran­
geTs, germanias, italias, SvedeTs da Sveicarias biujetSi yovelwliurad deficiti hqondaT. am
sias SegviZlia bevri sxva qveyanac davamatoT, rogorc Cans, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi poli-
tikuri zemoqmedeba iwvevs imas, rom deficiti erovnuli mTavrobis normad iqceva. ra Tqma unda,
arsebobs iSviaTi gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa 1998 weli aSS-Si, roca ekonomikurma aR-
mavlobam ufro swrafad Seuwyo xeli wliuri Semosavlis zrdas, vidre kanonmdeblebi SeZlebdnen
SeTanxmebas imis Taobaze, rogor daexarjaT es Semosavali, xolo aRniSnul qmedebas damajere­
bel gamarTlebas mouZebnidnen. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1998 wels, socialuri uzrunvelyofis
sistemis gamoricxvis SemTxvevaSi, aSS-is biujeti kvlav deficituri iqneboda. namatis safuZv-
els swored is fondebi Seadgenda, romlebic asignebuli iyo socialuri uzrunvelyofis siste-
mis momavali daxmarebis mizniT.

mTavroba yvela doneze – ratomac ara?

Tu zemoT motanili analizis safuZvelze gvinda avxsnaT saxelmwifo biujetis qronikuli
deficiti, maSin unda avxsnaT isic, Tu ratom araa deificiti Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavro-
bebis biujetSi, da ratom iyo federaluri mTavrobis moqmedeba gansxvavebuli 1970 wlamde.
pirvel yovlisa, erovnuli mTavroba principulad gansxvavdeba Statebisa da adgilobrivi
mTavrobebisagan. mxolod erovnul mTavrobas SeuZlia gacvlis saSualebebis, gadaxdis ZiriTa-
di saSualebis kontroli. Statebis da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi iseTive mdgomareobaSia, ro-
gorc Cven. isini ver aiReben kredits, anu ver Seqmnian biujetis deficits, Tu ver daarwmuneben
potenciur kreditorebs, rom dRevandeli deficiti mxolod droebiTi movlenaa da mis kompen-
sacias xvalindeli namati moaxdens. Statebis da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis qronikuli, xan-
grZlivi deficiti gamoiricxeba, radgan kreditori ar miscems sesxs mTavrobis organos, Tu
darwmunebuli ar iqneba, rom mTlianad da droulad daibrunebs Tanxas. aseTi SezRudva ar vr-
celdeba federalur mTavrobaze, radgan kreditorebma ician, rom federalur mTavrobas,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis SeuZlia Seqmnas fuli da amgvarad gaistumros vali. Tumca,

194
aseTi saxiT fulis SeqmnaSi igulisxmeba, rom kreditorebs fuls Semcirebuli Rirebulebis
mqone dolarebiT gadauxdian. garda amisa, igulisxmeba isic, rom gaufasurebuli valutiT
gadauxdian ara marto federaluri mTavrobis kreditorebs, aramed dolariT gasanaRdebeli
safinanso aqtivebis mflobelebsac. amitomaa, rom umravlesoba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, dolaris
Cveulebrivi momxmarebeli) gabedulad aZlevs sesxs mTavrobas.

msesxeblebi uSfoTvelad aZleven sesxebs maT, vinc gadaxdis saSualebebs flobs.

magram, ratom ar hqonda federaluri mTavrobas qronikuli deficiti 1970 wlamde? ratom
moxda, rom ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi samrewvelo demokratiul qveynebSic deficiti
cxovrebis normad iqca? yovelive es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom adre sazogadoebrivi azri mimar-
Tuli iyo deficitis winaaRmdeg. xalxi mas amoralur movlenad miiCnevda, radgan Tvlida, rom is
mTavrobis upasuxismgeblobasa da uunarobaze miuTiTebda. kanonmdebloba iZulebulia angariSi
gauwios mtkice da farTod gavrcelebul sazogadoebriv azrs, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca
kanonmdeblebis umravlesoba Tavad iziarebs aRniSnul Sexedulebebs.

aris Tu ara deficiti `amoraluri~, Tu is politikis instrumentia?

mivediT im rgolTan, romelic ukanasknelia Cveni ganxilvis jaWvSi. aSS-isa da sxva demokra-
tiuli qveynebis liderebi aRar arian savsebiT darwmunebulebi imaSi, rom deficiti amoral-
uria. sazogadoeba dRes bundovnad acnobierebs, rom biujetis deficiti SeiZleba aRorZinebis
saSualebadac iqces. mosazreba, romelic Camoayalibes qeinsianelma ekonomistebma 1930-iani
wlebis didi depresiis Semdeg, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom biujeti wlidan wlamde ar unda balansi-
rdebodes. misi balansireba saWiroa biznesis ciklis periodSi, ise, rom aRmavlobis fazis mate-
bam dafaros recesiis fazis deficiti. es mosazreba farTod gamoiyeneboda ekonomistebis mier
1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom deficiti sasargeblo iyo ekonomikisaTvis,
da is, vinc moiTxovda balansirebul saxelmwifo biujets, ubralod ver erkveoda `Tanamedrove
ekonomikaSi~. xalxis umetesoba siamovnebiT ijerebs im arguments, romlis dajerebac awyobs.
am axali doqtrinis problema isaa, rom mas Sedegad samudamo deficiti mohyveba. ar arsebobs
sabiujeto periodi, romelic SeiZleba biznesis ciklTan gavaigivoT. Sedegad xdeba is, rom na-
mati, romelmac unda moaxdinos deficitis dabalanseba, araa gaTvaliswinebuli biujetSi. Tum-
ca SesaZlebelia misi prognozireba erTi an ori wlis Semdeg. amgvarad, SeuZlebeli xdeba de­
ficitis efeqtiani SezRudva. amis gamo, demokratiuli politikuri procesi imarjvebs da
defici­ti wesad ufro iqceva, vidre gamonaklisad. raki grZeldeba deficitis wlebi da izrdeba
saxelmwifo vali, magram qveynis dasasruli mainc ar dgeba, gardauvalia rwmenis Seryeva imis
Taobaze, rom biujetis dabalanseba namdvilad savaldebuloa. adam smiti da misi megobari devid
iumi winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom saxelmwifo valebi, romlebic omebis Sedegad dagrovda da
romlebic, Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, sakmaod zomieri iyo, SeiZleboda ngrevis mizezi
gamxdariyo. dRes TiTqmis aravis uCndeba iseTi mZafri gancdebi sazogadoebrivi valebis gamo,
rogoric smits da iums hqondaT. 21-2 cxrili gviCvenebs, rogor Semcirda meore msoflio omis
Semdeg aSS-is erovnuli vali, romelic mTliani Sida produqtis procentebSia gamoxatuli. es
iyo solidur ekonomikur aRmavlobasTan kombinirebuli mkacri inflaciis Sedegi. konservato-
ri prezidenti ronald reigani akontrolebda biujetis did deficits, romelic 1980 wlis Sem-
deg valebis swraf zrdas iwvevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom im periodSi avismomaswavebeli progno-
zebi keTdeboda da absoluturi ngrevis winaswarmetyveleba xdeboda, oci wlis Semdeg sruliad
naTeli gaxda, rom didi deficiti da didi saxelmwifo vali sulac ar yofila qveynis dasasruli.

195
 federaluri mTavrobis vali,
rogorc mTliani Sida produqtis xvedriTi wili
(cifrebi mocemulia fiskaluri wlebisTvis)
cxrili 21-2
1945 1118%
1950 94
1955 69
1960 56
1965 47
1970 38
1975 35
1980 33
1985 44
1990 56
1995 68

monetaruli politikis politekonomia

ra rols asrulebs monetaruli politika yovelive zemoTqmulSi? gana centralur bankebs ar
SeuZliaT uari Tqvan biujetis deficitis dafinansebaze? davuSvaT, federalurma sarezervo
sistemam gasca nebarTva, rom fulis masa weliwadSi 2 an 3%-iT gaizardos. ra moxdeba? SesZlebs
Tu ara mTavroba biujetis didi da xangrZlivi deficitis Seqmnas, Tu centraluri banki uars
etyvis TanamSromlobaze?
es kiTxva mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac demokratiuli qveynis centraluri banki, Cveu-
lebriv, ar ganicdis imgvar politikur zewolas, rogoric zRudavs arCeuli saxelmwifo pirebis
moqmedebas. xalxi, romelmac 1913 wels aSS-Si federaluri sarezervo sistema Seqmna, acnobiereb-
da, rom mTavrobas xSirad mouxdeboda inflaciuri politikis ganxorcieleba da amitom fulis
mimoqcevis kontroli daavala iseT organos, romelic warmoadgens federaluri mTavrobisgan
damoukidebel saagentos. sammarTvelo sabWos wevrebi iniSnebian 14-wliani vadiT da SeuZliaT
imoqmedon kongresisagan Tu administraciisgan damoukideblad. ra moxdeboda, Tu fss gamoiy-
enebda Tavis kanonier damoukideblobas da ganaxorcielebda politikas, romelic mTavrobis
fiskaluri politikisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli iqneboda?
aseTi totaluri konfrontacia damTavrdeboda fss-is marcxiT, radgan kongress, sabolood,
SeuZlia waarTvas mas is damoukidebloba, romelic Tavad uboZa. meore mxriv, kongresi ar
isurvebs aseTi radikaluri zomebis miRebas an sazogadoebriv debatebSi Cabmas da iq inflaciis
upasuxismgeblo damcvelis rolis Sesrulebas. ase rom, fss garkveuli drois manZilze SeZlebda
iseTi monetaruli politikis ganxorcielebas, romelic SezRudavda mTavrobis mier sesxebis
aRebis SesaZleblobas.

sxvadasxva qveynebis centraluri bankebis Tavisuflebis xarisxi sxvadasxvaa.

germaneli moqalaqeebis umetesoba metad afasebs sakuTari centraluri bankis damoukide-

blobas. amis mizezi ki metwilad isaa, rom maT axsovT an smeniaT hiperinflaciis im damRupvel
Sedegebze, romlebic germaniam 1920-ian wlebSi ganicada, roca centralurma bankma metad mcire
droSi bevri axali fuli dabeWda. aman didi xniT Seaferxa germaniis kanonmdebelTa miswrafebebi
deficitis dafinansebis Sesaxeb. Tu centralur bankebs naklebi damoukidebloba eqnebaT, isini
naklebad SezRudaven kanonmdeblebis flangvis tendenciebs.
axali zelandiis SemTxveva gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. 1984 wels, saSinao politikuri siste-
mis mflangvelobam axali zelandia gakotrebis zRvarze miiyvana. mTavrobis mier aRebuli ses-
xebi, romlebsac centraluri banki afinansebda, iwvevda inflaciis politikurad miuRebel

196
dones. amdenad, ucxoeli kreditorebi amcirebdnen kreditebs, radgan eWvi hqondaT, rom axali
zelandia ver SeZlebda valebis dabrunebas, an Tu SeZlebda, mas axali zelandiis gaufasurebuli
dolarebiT gadaixdida. saWiro gaxda sastiki reformebis ganxorcieleba da isini marTlac male
ganxorcielda. mTavrobam uari Tqva sakuTar interesebze, rac axsna sagangebo mdgomareobiT,
romelic mas sxva arCevans ar utovebda. aseve mTavrobam, gaaforma kontraqti centraluri ban-
kis aRmasrulebel xelmZRvanelTan, romlis movaleobaSi Sedioda inflaciis, fulis masisa da
centraluri bankis mier sesxebis gacemis SezRudva. albaT ver SeamCnieT, rom axali zelandia ar
iyo moxseniebuli zemoCamoTvlili industriuli demokratiuli qveynebis siaSi, romlebsac
1991-dan 1997 wlamde yovelwliurad saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti hqondaT. 1994-dan 1997
wlamde axali zelandiis saxelmwido biujetSi Semosavali aRemateboda gasavals.
Tumca aSS-is centraluri banki oficialurad damoukidebeli saagentoa da ara mTavrobis aR-
masrulebeli organo, mas SeuZlia eWvi Seitanos imaSi, SeZlebs Tu ara fss didi xnis manZilze
iseTi politikis ganxorcielebas, romelic aSkarad upirispirdeboda arCeuli oficialuri
pirebis miznebs. mizezebs nawilobriv iwvevs gaurkvevloba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor muSaobs mone­
taruli politika, nawilobriv – sazogadoebis mtruli ganwyoba fss-is mimarT, nawilobriv ki –
biurokratiuli konservatizmi, romlis dominireba centralur bankze TiTqmis gardauvalia.
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi varaudoben, rom centraluri banki regularulad miiRebs instruqciebs
mTavrobisagan da, amdenad, TiTqmis araviTari damoukidebloba ar eqneba.

moqmedebis Tavisufleba Tu wesebi

sakmao safuZveli arsebobs imis savaraudod, rom 1970-ian wlebSi diskreciuli fiskaluri da
monetaruli politikis gamoyenebam, ekonomikis stabilizaciis nacvlad, kidev ufro gazarda
misi arastabiluroba. am mosazrebas, romlis safuZvliani da yovelmxrivi damtkiceba SeuZlebe-
lia, aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian isini, visac surT sjerodeT, rom sakmao codna da gamocdileba
aqvT recesiiTa da fasebis zrdiT gamowveul problemebTan gasamklaveblad. magram, es SesaZle-
beli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakmarisad vmarTavT erTobliv moTxovnas. stabilizaci-
is politikam aSkara marcxi ganicada 1970-ian wlebSi, magram aman ver gautexa guli maT, vinc
aRniSnul marcxs mTavrobaSi saWiro xalxis aryofniT xsnida. roca nebismier sazogadoebriv in-
stitutze vmsjelobiT, ar unda vifiqroT, rom mas angelozebi marTaven. ufro dasaSvebi varian-
tia is, rom saxelmwifo politikas ganaxorcieleben ara angelozebi, aramed politikosebi da
rom monetaruli, gansakuTrebiT ki, fiskaluri politikis formireba imave politikur konte-
qstSi xdeba, romelSic miRebul iqna gadawyvetilebebi sabaJo tarifebis, wyaldidobasTan brZo­
lisa da samxedro bazebis ganTavsebis Taobaze.
diskreciuli fiskaluri da monetaruli politikis alternativas warmoadgens ara politi-
kis arseboba, aramed politika, romelic efuZneba garkveuli, yvelasaTvis cnobili wesebis upi-
robo dacvas. zogjer mas avtomatur, an aradiskreciul fiskalur da monetarul politikas
uwodeben, magram sayovelTao wesebis dacvaSi araferia avtomaturi da aseTi politikis ganxor-
cieleba, roca metismetad Zlieria misi Serbilebis cduneba, ra Tqma unda, diskreciuli aqtia.
sakiTxi is ki araa, Tu ra iqneba ukeTesi – diskreciuli Tu aradiskreciuli regulireba, aramed
is, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, moxdes ekonomikuri stabilizacia, saxelmwifo biujetis manipuli-
rebis, sabanko rezervebisa Tu sarezervo moTxovnebis Secvlis gziT. skeptikosebi amtkiceben,
rom ekonomikis stabilizaciis amgvari mcdeloba, sinamdvileSi, mis destabilizacias uwyobs
xels, radgan aravis aqvs sakmarisi codnas teqnikuri da politikuri SesaZleblobebi, raTa saTa-
nado sizustiT marTos erToblivi moTxovna. ra Tqma unda, moqnili spilo SeZlebda qariSxlis
dros navis balansirebas frTxili da drouli gadaadgilebis saSualebiT, magram, Tu spilo arc
ise moqnilia, maSin misi Tanamgzavrebi amjobineben, rom is navis SuagulSi darCes da ar imoZraos.
ekonomistebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom bolo ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze ganxorcieleb-
ulma fiskalurma da monetarulma politikam ufro mtkivneuli gaxada recesia da xeli Seuwyo
inflacias, rekomendaciis saxiT or rCevas gvTavazoben: fiskaluri politikis sferoSi isini
gvirCeven, rom biujetis xarjebSi ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli stabilizaciis miRwevasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Tanxebi, xolo sagadasaxado ganakveTebi uzrunvelyofdnen biujetis balansirebas
garkveuli periodis manZilze. recesiis dros, gadasaxadis saxiT Semosuli Tanxa Semcirdeba da

197
avtomaturad iqmneba biujetis deficiti. ekonomikuri aRmavlobis an gamococxlebis dros, ga-
dasaxadebiT Semosuli Tanxa izrdeba da biujetSi avtomaturad iqmneba namati. aRniSnuli urT-
ierTSemcvleli deficitisa da namatis funqcionireba emsgavseba TviTregulirebad amortiza-
tors, romelic amcirebs ekonomikis meryeobas, radgan mTavroba amcirebs kerZo Semosavals da
xarjavs, roca maTi done uCveulod maRalia. is zrdis kerZo Semosavals da xarjavs maSin, roca
maTi odenoba metismetad dabalia. avtomaturi diskreciuli politikis momxreebi Tvlian, rom
diskreciuli politikis nebismierma damatebiTma zomam, SeiZleba, Semcirebis nacvlad, gaaRrma-
vos ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, radgan am zomebis miReba saWiro dros sakmaod Znelia, maTi
savaraudo ganWvreta ki warmoSobs im kerZo pirebis damatebiT gaurkvev­ lobas, romlebic
gadawyvetilebebs iReben.
moTxovnis diskreciuli marTvis kritikosebs surT, rom gamocxaddes savaluto kursi, ro-
melic Semdeg aRar Seicvleba. isini moiTxoven, rom fss-m mxari dauWiros zemoxsenebul RonisZie-
bas da ucvlel doneze gaaCeros kursi, an gazardos mxolod gansazRvruli, zomieri tempiT, ro-
melic sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi realuri produqtis saSualo zrdis temps gautoldeba.
ekonomikur sistemebSi arsebobs ara marto fiskaluri, aramed monetaruli avtomaturi masta-
bilirebeli saSualebebic. Tu centraluri banki damatebiT rezervebs sabanko sistemaSi ar
gadaqaCavs, ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros aucileblad iCens Tavs mzardi sargeblis ganakveTi
da kreditebis gacemis mkacri normireba. recesiis periodSi kreditis gacemis pirobebi Tan-
daTan umjobesdeba, radgan kreditze moTxovna mcirdeba, es ki stimuls aZlevs potenciur inves-
torebs. nebismierma damatebiTma zomam, iseve, rogorc es fiskaluri politikis SemTxvevaSi xde-
ba, SeiZleba, Semcirebis nacvlad, gazardos arastabiluroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase fiqroben
diskreciuli politikis kritikosebi.

vin akontrolebs mdgomareobas?

dabalansebuli federaluri biujetis moTxovnis mizniT aSS-s konstituciaSi Sesworebis Se-
tanis ganzraxva, ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia rwmenaze, rom ekonomikis politikuri kontroli Ta-
vad unda eqvemdebarebodes kontrols. es varaudi metad mniSvnelovania, magram im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu aseT Sesworebas miiRebdnen da ratificirebas moaxdendnen, biujetis dabalanseba mainc
Zalian rTuli amocana iqneboda. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom biujeti prognozirebaa da ara brZane-
ba. roca kongresi adgens biujets, is varaudobs garkveuli raodenobis wliur Semosavals da
sanqcias aZlevs garkveuli proeqtebis momaval ganxorcielebas. magram momavali ar warimarTeba
viRacis varaudis mixedviT da zogjer misgan mkveTradac gansxvavdeba. Semosavlisa da gasavlis
wliur gawonasworebas SeuZlia moulodneli da sagadasaxado ganakveTebisa da kapitaluri xar-
jebis mkveTri cvlilebac ki gamoiwvios, rac federaluri mTavrobis destabilizaciis wyarod
SeiZleba iqces. saboloo analizis mixedviT, kongresisa da prezidentis mier transferuli
gadaxdebis, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebisa Tu sagadasaxado kanonebis cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba (da
amisTvis drois SerCeva) SesaZloa ganisazRrebodes ekonomikis destabilizaciiT, magram saar-
Cevno perspeqtivebis gaumjobesebiT.
ar unda gvqondes imis imedi, rom Cveulebrivi mokvdavi ufrTo angeloziviT moiqceva da arc
formulebisgan unda velodeT saswaulebs. rogorc berZen fizikoss, arqimedes uTqvams, Tu
eqneboda sayrdeni wertili, igi Tavad dedamiwasac ki daZravda adgilidan. arqimedes es mosaz-
reba mosvenebas ukargavs ekonomikuri problemebiT dainteresebul bevr adamians. `gamosavali
unda arsebobdes. mTavroba unda Caerios, rodesac ekonomika cudad muSaobs, xolo Tu mTavroba
ver gaarTmevs Tavs sirTuleebs, maSin unda Seicvalos konstitucia. roca esec ar xerxdeba,
aucilebelia farTo saganmanaTleblo muSaoba. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu isic ver moitans sasurvel
Sedegs, saWiroa mTeli saskolo sistemis gardaqmna~. saqme isaa, rom ar arsebobs sayrdeni wer-
tili, romlis meSveobiTac arqimede mizans miaRwevda da sazogadoebas cxovrebisaTvis srulfa-
sovan pirobebs Seuqmnida.
ekonomikis, mTavrobisa da nebismieri sxva sazogadoebrivi institutis funqcionireba sab-
olood damokidebulia Cveni urTierTTanamSromlobis unarze. pirveli Tavis pirvel gverdze
aRvniSneT, Tu raoden Znelia sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis im uamravi araordinaluri saSu-
alebis danaxva, romelic nayofieri urTierTTanamSromlobis saSualebas gvaZlevs. avtomobil-

198
is Zravaze mxolod maSin vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, roca is fuWdeba. magram sanam is muSaobs,
Tavsac ki ar viwuxebT masze fiqriT da an xedebs vaTvalierebT, an gzas vakvirdebiT. aseve, ara-
viTar interess ar viCenT socialuri koordinaciis meqanizmis mimarT, sanam is kargad muSaobs,
amitom xSirad arc ki viciT, rogoraa is mowyobili da ramdenad varT masze da mis karg muSaobaze
damokidebuli. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs mcdari daskvna, rom meqanizmis ukeTesi muSaobis
uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa masSi raRacis SekeTeba.
mdidar, industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs yovelTvis axasiaTebT warmoebasa da dasaqmebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli perioduli ryevebi. zogjer arastabiluroba Tavisu­fa­li mewarmeobis sistemis
niSandobliv Taviseburebad gamoiyureba. es swored is sistemaa, sadac xdeba gadawyvetilebaTa de-
centralizacia da aravin icis, Tu ras gaakeTeben sxvebi. garigebaTa umetesoba ki fulis saSualebiT
xdeba. zogierTma, marqsis msgavsad, daaskvna, rom swored zemoaRniSnuli Tviseba iwvevs Tavisufali
mewarmeobis sistemis, an, rogorc mas kritikosebi uwodeben, `kapitalizmis~ ngrevas. arsebobs ekono­
mistTa meore kategoria, romelic eTanxmeba qeinsis mosazrebebs. es ukanaskneli acxadebda, rom
mTavrobis saTanado Carevam SeiZleba asatan donemde Seamciros Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemas­
Tvis Cveuli arastabiluroba, riTac unda SeinarCunos kapitalizmi, romelsac upiratesoba gaaCnia
nebismier sxva alternativasTan SedarebiT da, amdenad, aqvs kidec arsebobis ufleba. garkveuli
kategoria acxadebs, rom, Tu xelisufleba Seqmnida mdgrad sistemas, romelic mTavrobasac da sa-
banko sistemasac gaakontrolebda, arastabiluroba warsulTan SedarebiT naklebi da, amasTanave,
politikurad da socialurad misaRebic iqneboda.
yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebuli argumentebi sakmaod didi xania ismis. ramdenad swrafad
da umtkivneulod xdeba fasebis SeTanxmeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvalebad pirobebTan? ramde-
nad swrafad da umtkivneulod xdeba resursebis ganawileba axali, cvalebadi fasebis pasuxad? ra
Tqma unda, imedi unda viqonioT, rom Semdgomi empiriuli da Teoriuli gamokvlevebi dagvexmareba,
rom yvela aRweril sakiTxSi gaverkveT. magram msgavs, globaluri mniSvnelobis mqone SekiTxvebze
pasuxis gacema Znelia, imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZlebelia, rom pasuxma yvela daakmayofilos. aseTi
gamoklevebisas, erTmaneTSi ireva faqtebi da warmosaxvebi, obieqturi logika da subieqturi
varaudebi. Cveni msjeloba yovelTvis Cvens survilebs eTanadeba.
Tu gveqneboda erTiani Tvalsazrisi sasurveli muSaobis Sesaxeb, maSin advilad SevafasebdiT
ekonomikis muSaobasac. magram raki aseTi konsensusi ar arsebobs, albaT kidev didxans gagrZel-
deba kamaTi am sakiTxebis irgvliv da Cveni gadawyvetilebebis sisworeSi arasodes viqnebiT dar-
wmunebulni.

debatebis ganaxleba
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ar SeimCneoda didi survili, rom sajaro kamaTi gamarTuliyo imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sistema iyo ufro xelsayreli – Tavisufali mewarmeoba, anu is sistemebi,
romlebic ZiriTadad bazarze iyo orientirebuli, Tu centralur dagegmvas daqvemdebarebuli
sistemebi. am kamaTis Sesawyvetad faqtebma ufro mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, vidre argu-
mentebma. socializmis sabWoTa versiis kraxma kulminaciamde miiyvana msoflio masStabis ten-
dencia, romelic meoTxedi saukunis manZilze arsebobda da romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo
dagegmvis nacvlad, gadawyvetilebebis umetesi nawili bazars12 unda mieRo. britanuli Jurnalis
`marqsizmi dRes~ redaqtorebma daxures kidec Tavisi ofisi da gamocemac Sewyvites, TiTqosda
imis niSnad, rom marqsizmi ukve aRar arsebobda.

qanqara ukan brundeba –

Tumca, 1990-iani wlebis bolos Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemis kritikosebs dakarguli

rwme­na daubrundaT da 1998 wels Jurnalis redaqtorebmac muSaoba ganaaxles. maT miznad daisa­
xes, yuradReba miepyroT marcxze, romelic msoflio kapitalizmma ganicada. ruseTSi, romelic

12 es da winamorbedi tendencia, ufro meti samTavrobo Carevis Sesaxeb, romelic zustad meore msoflio oms mohyva, saucxood
iqna aRwerili 1998 wels daniel iurginisa da jozef stanislavis wignSi "Commanding Heights". wignis qvesaTauria "The Battle
between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern Wold", `brZola mTavrobasa da bazars Soris, romelic gardaqm-
nis Tanamedrove msoflios~.

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1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ase dramatulad gadaerTo socializmidan kapitalizmze, yofilma
komunistebma daibrunes Zalaufleba. aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi, romlebic ekonomikurma aRmav-
lobam moicva 1970-ian, 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, seriozul problemebs waawydnen 1990-iani
wlebis miwuruls, da eqspertebi varaudobdnen, rom e.w. `aziuri krizisi~ male sastiki proble-
mebis winaSe gavrceldeboda braziliaSic, romelic laTinur amerikaSi udidesi ekonomikiT
gamoirCeoda. britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi, agreTve, centraluri da aRmosav-
leTi evropis zogierT qveyanaSi, romlebic ssrk-s satelitebs warmoadgend­nen, amomrCevlebi
uaryofdnen bazris momxre partiebsa da politikosebs da upiratesobas imaT aniWebdnen, visac
socialisturi orientacia, an Tundac komunisturi warsuli hqonda.

magram – ara bolomde.

gazviadeba rTuli ar aris. yofilma komunistebma, romlebic ruseTSi, ungreTSi, poloneTsa da

italiaSi 1990-ian wlebSi movidnen qveynis saTaveSi, uari ganacxades Zvel principebze da firmebis
nacionalizebisa an ekonomikis `socialisturi marTvis~ (rasac unda niSnavdes es) aranair survils
ar gamoTqvamdnen. xolo yvela politikosma, romelmac dasavleT evropaSi triumfiT gaimarjva ar-
CevnebSi, amomrCevelTa mxardaWera im gancxadebis safuZvelze moipova, rom aRar swamda socializ-
mis Zveli principebisa, magram mxars uWerda `mesame gzas~. 1990-iani wlebis bolos, qanqara, romelic
win da ukan Tanabari moZraobiT awesrigebs saaTis svlas, Tavisi RerZidan gadaixara da kursi mxolod
ukan, bazarze naklebad orientirebul politikaze da mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis ga-
kontrolebaze aiRo, mogvianebiT ki, kerZo mewameobasa da bazarze koordinirebas ufro metad dau-
Wira mxari, vidre meore msoflio omis Semdgomi ori aTwleulis manZilze.

uTanxmoeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vin unda agos pasuxi

bolomde arc is iyo gasagebi, Tu ratom aRiqvamdnen aziur kriziss Tavisufali bazrebis mar-
cxad. qveynebi, romlebic iZulebulni xdebodnen gaesufTavebinaT sakuTari valuta da romle-
bic SemdgomSi Rrma recesiam moicva, am valutas iseT donemde amyarebdnen, romelic arabune-
brivad maRali iyo. ratom sjeroda ase bevr ucxoel investors, rom is dolarebi, romlebsac
tailandSi, malaiziasa Tu indoneziaSi abandebda, sakmaod male gardaiqmneoda baTebad, ring-
itebad an rupiebad da iseTive Rirebuleba eqnebodaT, rogoric investirebis dros hqondaT? ra-
tom ar aqcevdnen isini saTanado yuradRebas imas, rom SeiZleboda tailandis, malaiziisa Tu in-
doneziis mTavrobebs ver gaegrZelebinaT dolarebis gadaxda valutis Zveli kursiT? gana yvela
gamocdilma investorma ar icoda, rom aRniSnuli valutebi ar Rirda imdeni, ramdenadac mas
mTavroba afasebda? maTi metad windauxedavi saqcieli aixsneboda imiT, rom zemoxsenebul inves-
torebs sjerodaT im garantiebisa, romlebsac aSS-is mTavroba Tu saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-
di aZlevdnen savaluto kursis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT, pirobas iZleodnen ra, rom mkveTri
cvlileba ar moxdeboda. investorebi imedovnebdnen, rom Tu tailandis, malaiziisa da indone-
ziis mTavrobebi da centraluri bankebi amowuravdnen ucxouri valutis rezervebs sakuTari
valutis gamyarebis procesSi, viRac aucileblad win aRudgeboda aseT qmedebas da am mTavro-
bebs Sav dRes ayrida pirobis gatexvis gamo.
magram, investorebi Secdnen da Tavi Sors daiWires, roca mixvdnen, rom aziis valutis udide-
si nawilis Rirebuleba metismetad iyo gazrdili da amas im gabeduli investorebis moqmedeba
uwyobda xels, romlebsac dolarebisa da sxva myari valutis didi raodenobiT Senaxva surdaT,
Tumca aseTi moqmedeba SeiZleba advilad gadazrdiliyo marcxSi. rodesac Cndeba eWvi, rom qvey-
ana didxans ver SeZlebs valutis maRali oficialuri kursiT dolarebze gadacvlas zogierTi
investori amjobinebs, rom devalvaciamde gaanaRdos an daibrunos sakuTari investiciebi. es
gamolevs X qveynis ucxouri valutis rezervebs. rezervebis klebis gamo investorebis umete-
soba gadawyvets, rom droa gaanaRdos Tavisi dabandeba da fulis maragis amowurvis procesic
Cqardeba. ramdenime dReSi dolarze da sxva myar valutaze moTxovna metismetad gadaaWarbebs
miwodebas, romlis saSualebac X qveyanas aqvs, da Tu qveynis centraluri banki an saerTaSoriso

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savaluto fondi ar Caerevian da ar uzrunvelyofen damatebiT rezervebs, fasebis erT doneze
gaCerebis mcdeloba kraxiT damTavrdeba da X qveynis valuta gaufasurdeba.
ucxoelma investorebma, romlebic 1997 wels tailandSi msgavsi realobis winaSe aRmoCndnen,
Semdeg ki dartyma malaiziasa da indoneziaSic ganicades, uceb aRmoaCines, rom realuri safrTxe
emuqrebodaT, radgan SesaZloa dazaralebuliyvnen im sesxebis gamo, romelTa dabrunebas maRa-
li procentiT moelodnen. isini iseTma panikam moicva, rom destabilizaciiT im ganviTarebad
qveynebsac ki emuqrebodnen, visac Tavisi valutis fasi ararealurad ar gauzrdia.
iyo TuU ara ramdenime qveyanaSi valutis maRali kursebis kolafsi da ucxoeli investorebis
dakargva Tavisufali bazris marcxi? xom ar warmoadgenda is Tavisufali bazris saboloo pa-
suxs mTavrobis araswori poltikis mimarT, roca igi cdilobda, SeenarCunebina fiqsirebuli
savaluto kursi miuxedavad, saSinao fiskaluri da monetaruli qmedebebisa, romlebic zomi-
erad amcirebdnen adgilobrivi valutis msyidvelobiT unars? ram warmoSva es problema – eko-
nomikur sistemaSi bzaris gaCenam Tu aSS-isa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Zvelma Cvevebma,
kerZod ki, iman, rom, roca isini xels umarTavdnen valutis devalvaciiT SeSinebul ucxoel in-
vestorebs, imave dros urCevdnen, ar efiqraT iseTi saxifaTo movlenis Sesaxeb, rogoric iyo
savaluto kursis cvlileba?
iyo Tu ara is sastiki recesiebi, romlebic mohyva devalvaciebs, kapitaliz­misaTvis Cveuli
arastabilurobis maCvenebeli? xom ar metyvelebda isini imaze, rom mTavrobis mier ganxor-
cielebul politikas, romelic stimuls aZlevda didi raodenobiT dabandebebs (viTomda inves-
torebis dacvis mizniT) aucileblad mohyveboda sainvesticio fondebis ukan dabruneba, es ki
maSin moxdeboda, roca aRniSnuli mTavroba uunaro aRmoCndeboda, rom wrisTvis kvadratis
forma mieca? intensiuri dabandebis periodSi daiwyes bevri iseTi proeqtis ganxorcieleba,
romelTa realuri sargebloba ver gautoldeboda realur danaxarjebs. roca sinamdviles far-
da aexada da investiciebis xarjva SeizRuda, Tavi iCina recesiam da umuSevrobam.
globaluri kapitalizmi, rogorc mas uwodeben, araa ubralod ekonomikuri sistema. is poli-
tikuri da ekonomikuri sistemaa. yovelTvis araa advili imis dadgena, Tu romeli maTgani xdeba
marcxis mizezi. informirebul meTvalyureTa umetesoba amtkicebda, rom xangrZlivi recesia,
romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi moicva iaponia, didwilad politikosebis upasuxismgeblobis Sedegi
iyo. maT ar moindomes, gakotrolebuli bankebis daxurva, rac sakmaod daazaralebda mmarTveli
partiis erTgul mxardamWerebs. gakotrebli bankebi Tavis gadarCenas imiT cdilobdnen, rom
qmnid­nen aqtivebs da TavSekavebas iCendnen valdebulebebis aRebis mimarT, ar gascemdnen sesxebs
da, aqedan gamomdinare, urTulebdnen mewarmeebs axali da momgebiani proeqtebis ganxorciele-
bas. ase rom, iaponeli politikosebis gaubedaobam maTi ekonomika recesiis WaobSi CaiTria.

da kvlav kanonis uzenaesoba

rac Seexeba ruseTs, 1998 wels misi sabazro sistemis marcxs sruliad gansxvavebuli mizezebi
ganapirobebda. 1991 wels komunizmis dangrevis Semdeg, ruseTs arasodes Seuqmnia jansaRi saba-
zro sistema. me-4 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yofil komunistur qveynebSi centraluri dagegmvidan
sabazro sistemaze warmatebuli gadasvla moiTxovda mniSvnelovani institutebis Seqmnas, rom-
lebic spontanurad ganviTarda komerciul sazogadoebaTa umetesobaSi. mkafiod gansazRvru-
li sakuTrebis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis ararsebobis dros, bazrebis muSaoba araa da-
makmayofilebeli. poloneTi, ungreTi, CexeTis respublika da slovenia cvlilebebs, metwilad,
warmatebiT arTmevdnen Tavs, vinaidan SeZles SeTanxmebuliyvnen TamaSis wesebze. CineTi sagrZno-
bi warmatebiT miiwevda win, Tu ra Tqma unda, warmatebaSi ekonomikur aRmavlobas vgulisxmobT,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gza ki, romelic zogjer sakmaod meryevic iyo, qveyanam Tavad airCia.
magram yofili ssrk-s respublikebma saSineli marcxi ganicades. maT ver Seqmnes ZiriTadi insti-
tutebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda sabazro sistemis rigian da damakmayofilebel muSaobas. is
TamaSis wesebi, romliTac ruseTis menejerebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, metismetad oportunistu-
lia da orientirebulia moklevadian periodze. araa mosalodneli, rom raime iseTi miviRoT,
rac cotaTi mainc asaxavs sazogadoebriv interesebs. uxilavi xeli, romelsac adam smiti moixse-
niebda, ruseTSi ar gamoCenila. SesaZloa, 70-ze metma welma, roca ssrk-s samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

201
ba mudmivad eqvemdebareboda politikur sazogadoebas, erTgvari vakuumi Seqmna. es vakuumi ki,
rogorc Cans, metismetad didi iyo da misgan Tavis daRweva politikuri wyobis legitimurobis
Sewyvetis Semdegac ki SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. SesaZloa, komunisturi partiis mier mravali wlis
manZilze ganxorcielebulma oficialurma kontrolma, romelic socialuri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtze vrceldeboda, steriluri gaxada an mowamla kidec swored is niadagi, saidanac axali
institutebi unda warmoiSvas.

ra gvelis win?
es Tavi erTgvari aRiarebiT daviwyeT. dRes ekonomistebs ar sWirdebaT ekonomikuri sistemis
saerTo operaciebis zedmiwevniTi da zusti codna, romelic yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe miscem-
da maT saSualebas, gamoeweraT arastabilurobis an stagnaciis sawinaaRmdego wamali. magram
asec rom moxdes, wamlebi ar gamoiRebs Sedegs, Tu maT ar miiReben isini, vinc pasuxismgebelia
ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaze. politikosebis stimulebi ara marto tiranul,
aramed demokratiul mTavrobebSic ki, yovelTvis ar ubiZgebs iseTi RonisZiebebis ganxor-
cielebisken, romlebic xels Seuwyobs zomier ekonomikur aRmavlobas da fasebis stabilurobas.
maS ra gvelis XXI saukuneSi? ekonomistebi ar gamoirCevian zusti prognozebis gakeTebis un-
ariT. magaliTad, adam smiti darwmunebuli iyo, rom korporaciebs ar hqondaT realuri momava-
li, radgan isini sakuTrebas ar uqvemdeba­rebdnen faqtobriv kontrols da maTi xelmZRvaneloba,
korporaciaTa da maT kanonier mflobelTa gamdidrebis nacvlad, sakuTari jibis gasqelebaze
zrunavda. XVIII saukunis bolos Tomas robert maltusi winaswarmetyelebda, rom realuri Semo-
savali arasodes gaizrdeboda, radgan erT sul mosaxleze gazrdil Semosavals xarbad STanTqa-
vda mosaxleoba. 159 wlis win karl marqsma kapitalizmis gardauvali marcxi iwinaswarmetyvela.
XIX saukunis erT-erTma uniWieresma ekonomistma, uiliam stenli jefonsma ki gamoTqva varaudi,
rom industriuli aRmavloba male Seneldeboda, radgan msoflioSi qvanaxSiris maragi ileoda.
1970-ian wlebSi zogierTi ekonomisti akeTebda prognozs, rom saukunis bolos erTi bareli nav-
Tobis fasi daaxloebiT 1000 dolari iqneboda.
rogorc Cans, aravin icis, ra gvelis momavalSi. ekonomikuri azrovneba sasargebloa imiT, rom
xsnis, Tu ratom moxda garkveuli movlena da akeTebs aseTi tipis varaudebs – `garkveul moq-
medebas aucileblad mohyveba garkveuli Sedegi~. mniSvnelovani an Soreul momavalze gaTvlili
prognozebis gakeTebasTan dakavSirebiT, misi unari sakmaod SezRudulia. wignis pirveli Tavi-
dan SegiZliaT gaixsenoT: ekonomikuri Teoria varaudobs, rom yvela socialuri movlena war-
moiqmneba im arCevanis safuZvelze, romelsac calkeuli pirovneba akeTebs. xalxs aqvs arCevanis
Tavisufleba, rac gasaocar wianswarmetyvelebaTa falsifikaciis sawindari xdeba. ekonomikuri
azrovnebis erT-erTi niSandoblivi Tvisebaa is, rom momavlis winaswarmetyveleba arc ekono-
mistebs da arc aravis SeuZlia.
iZulebulni varT gavagrZeloT dakvirveba, gamokvleva da kamaTi, Tumca ar gvaqvs imedi, rom
zust da saboloo axsnas movuZebniT problematur sakiTxebs, Tumca bedisweras SeuZlia amaze
uaresi saCuqrebic mogvimzados.

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mokled gavimeoroT

stabilizaciis saxelmwifoebriv politikas akontroleben ara miukerZoebeli, met-naklebad

ganswavluli eqspertebi, aramed politikuri procesebi. politikosebs sakuTari interesebi
amoZravebT da sxvebis waqezebiT moqmedeben.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi stabilizaciis politikaze did gavlenas axdens mTavrobis ofi-
cialur pirTa moqmedeba, romelic gaTvlilia drois SedarebiT mokle periodebze. zemoaRniS-
nuli pirebi eqcevian zewolis qveS da iZulebulni xdebian ugulvebelyon im programebis grZel-
vadiani danaxarjebi, romlebsac mxolod moklevadiani sargebeli mohyveba.
erToblivi moTxovnis zrdis tempebis moulodneli cvlileba, pirvel rigSi, moqmedebs war-
moebasa da dasaqmebaze, da mxolod amis Semdeg aisaxeba danaxarjebsa da fasebze. amasTanave,
sargebloba win uswrebs danaxarjebs, roca politika mastimulizirebulia, magram xarjebi win
uswrebs sargebels, roca politika SezRudviTia. politikosebi, romlebic uaxloes momavalSi
arCevnebs elodebian, irCeven mastimulizirebel da ara SezRudviT politikas. Sedegad, poli-
tika TandaTan daiyvaneba formulaze – `winsvla – SeCereba – winsvla~ rasac inflacia mohyveba.
demokratiuli politikuri procesi saxelmwifo biujetis qronikul deficitsac iwvevs,
radgan erovnuli mTavroba, Cveulebriv, akontrolebs gadaxdis saSualebebs da SeuZlia yov-
elTvis uproblemod aiRos sesxi sakuTar qveyanaSi. roca sazogadoeba ar isaxavs miznad biuje-
tis xangrZlivi wonasworobis miRwevas, demokratiulma politikurma procesebma SeiZleba biu-
jetis usasrulo deficiti gamoiwvios. deficiti aiZulebs monetaruli politikis avtorebs
gazardon fulis miwodeba.
mTavrobas udidesi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia ekonomikis stabilizaciis saqmeSi, Tu ecdeba, na-
klebad aqtiurad imoqmedos. mTavrobis politikas, romelic ufro stabiluri da prognozireba-
dia, naklebi gaurkveloba Seaqvs ekonomikaSi.
kamaTi diskreciuli stabilizaciis politikis momxreebsa da im pirebs Soris, visac surs, rom
politika dadgenili da winaswar cnobili wesebis mixedviT imarTos, daiyvaneba erT sakiTxze.
esaa sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad miukerZo­eblad da efeqtianad funqcionirebs bazari.
imis gamo, rom 1990-iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri warumatebloba ganicades im qveynebma, rom-
lebic cnobilni arian kapitalisturi Tu bazarze orientirebuli ekonomikuri sistemebiT, ganax-
lda debatebi mTavrobisa da bazris saTanado rolis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri kontrolis saqmeSi.

sakiTxebi gansjisaTvis

1. ekonomistebi, romlebic ar arian moklebuli iumoris grZnobas, xSirad xumroben, rom mso-
flios yvela ekonomisti rom gaerTiandes, mainc ver mivlen saerTo daskvnamde. prezident
hari s. trumenze amboben, rom is natrobda ekonomists, romelsac erTi mxare eqneboda, rad-
gan yvela ekonomisti, romelic mas rCevas aZlevda, ambobda: `erTi mxriv... magram meore
mxriv...~. es ori damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba albaT urTierTdakavSirebulia.
a) SegiZliaT Tu ara moifiqroT iseTi ekonomikuri politika, romelic amJamad ar xor-
cieldeba, magram romlis ganxorcielebasac isurvebdiT da romelic ar gamoiwvevda
arasasurvel Sedegebs?
b) `garkveuli politika SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes warmatebuli, magram Cven unda vcadoT,
radgan raRac mainc unda vakeToT~. Sesalebelia Tu ara iseTi variantis daSveba, roca
adamians, romelic aseT gancxadebas akeTebs, mtkiced swams, rom politika sasargeb-
lo iqneba, xolo xalxs, romelic am politikis winaaRmdegia, swams, rom is araviTar
sargebels ar moitans?
g) alternatiuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sefasebis standartuli gzaa maTi
SesaZlo Sedegebis prognozireba da vargisianobis dadgena. aqvs Tu ara raime zRvari
garkveuli socialuri politikis Sedegebs?
d) adamianebis garkveuli kategoria Tvlis: `es problema TviTon gamoavlens Tavis Tavs.
amitom mTavrobis Careva araa saWiro~. aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba imas, Tu ramdeni dro
dasWirdeba problemis gamomJRavnebas? rogor fiqrobT, xom ar SeTanxmdebian

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 garkveuli politikis momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi mis xangrZlivo­baze im SemTx-
vevaSic ki, Tu erTsulovnad mivlen daskvnamde, rom is sabolood `gamomJRavndeba~?
2. erToblivi moTxovnis zrdis tempebis moulodneli cvlileba jer warmoebasa da dasaqmeba-
ze, Semdeg ki fasebze imoqmedebs.
a) SegiZliaT Tu ara SeajamoT es argumenti da axsnaT, Tu ratom xdeba ase?
b) ratom aZlevs yovelive es arCeul oficialur pirebs imis stimuls, rom mxari dauWiron
mastimulizirebel politikas da arc SezRudviT politikas gauwion winaaRmdegoba?
g) ratomaa, rom prezidenti, romelic meore vadiT darCa qveynis saTaveSi da, Sesabam-
isad, ar eqvemdebareba gadarCevas, SeiZleba mainc iZulebuli gaxdes, upirate­soba im
politikas mianiWos, romelic swraf dadebiT efeqts iZleva, magram momaval­Si arasa-
survel Sedegebs gamoiRebs? vin axdens masze zewolas?
3. davuSvaT, kongresis yvela wevrs gulwrfelad sjera, rom mTavrobis xarjebi metismetad di-
dia da surs maTi 10%-iT Semcireba. ratom ar aris kongresmenebis survili sakmarisi xarje-
bis aucilebeli 10%-iani SemcirebisTvis?
4. warmoidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xmas aZlevs kanonproeqtis winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviT, ga-
dasaxadebidan miRebuli 100 milioni dolari unda moxmardes sairigacio arxis mSeneblobas. is
asobiT miwaTmflobels 10 milioni dolaris mogebas moutans. ratom SeiZleba, rom am moqmede-
bam kanonmdebels xmebi daakargvinos da mis saarCevno kampaniaSi Senatanebi Semcirdes?
5. ratom sjera kongresis bevr wevrs, rom federalurma mTavrobam unda moaxdinos sxvadasxva
adgilobrivi proeqtebis subsidireba, magaliTad, avtobusebisa Tu metros sistemebis gau-
mjobeseba mTavar qalaqebSi?
a) vin miiRebs mogebas metros mSeneblobiT did qalaqebSi?
b) SegiZliaT Tu ara moifiqroT sazogadoebrivi interesis gamomxatveli argumenti,
romelic aiZulebs yvelas, vinc qveyanaSi gadasaxadebs ixdis, rom gadaixados fuli
adgilobrivi metros mSeneblobisaTvis?
g) miswerT Tu ara saprotesto werils Tqvens kongresmens, Tu gaigebT, rom Tqveni ga-
dasaxadebi weliwadSi 10 dolariT izrdeba, raTa romeliRac miyruebul qalaqSi met-
ros mSenebloba dafinansdes?
d) Tu Tqvens qalaqs aZleven did federalur grants (subsidias) sazogado­ebrivi sa-
transporto sistemis gasaumjobeseblad, gaemgzavreba Tu ara Tqveni adgilob­rivi
xelmZRvanelobis warmomadgeneli vaSingtonSi aRniSnuli kanonproeqtis gasatanad?
dauWeren Tu ara mas mxars kongresSi? ganewyobiT Tu ara ukeTesad adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobisa da kongresSi Tqveni warmomadgenlebis mimarT, Tu Tqvens qalaqs sub-
sidias miscemen?
6. dauWerT Tu ara mxars kolejis studentebisaTvis mTavrobis finansuri daxmarebis Semcire-
bas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mxars uWerT mTavrobis xarjebis Semcirebas?
7. ramdenime Tvis win niu-iorki gakotrebis piras idga, vinaidan biujetis deficitis gamo be-
vri valebi daugrovda, qalaqis xelmZRvaneloba ki sakmarisad verc gadasaxadebs zrdida da
verc xarjebs amcirebda. kreditorebi uars ambobdnen qalaqisaTvis damatebiTi sesxis mice-
maze, Tu ar iqneboda garantia federaluri mTavrobis mxridan niu-iorkis valebis dafarvis
Sesaxeb misi gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi.
a) rogor aRmoCnda niu-iorki aseT viTarebaSi?
b) risTvis sWirdebodaT kreditorebs federaluri mTavrobis garantia, Tu mTavrobis
biujetis deficiti bevrad aWarbebda niu-iorkisas, xolo misi dabalansebis imedebi
sakmaod uRimRamo iyo?
g) ra moxdeboda, Tu federaluri mTavroba Tavis Tavze aiRebda valdebulebas, rom va-
lebs gadauxdida yvela im kreditors, romelic dazaraldeboda romelime adgilo-
brivi an Statis mTavrobis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi?
8. 1970-ian, 1980-ian wlebSi yovelwiurad da 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Statebisa da ad-
gilobrivi mTavrobebis saerTo biujeti – namats, xolo federaluri mTavrobis biujeti ki
deficits aCvenebda. rogor axsniT aseT sxvaobas?

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9. amomrCevlebi, romelTac ar surT gadasaxadebis gazrda, zRudaven nebismier demokratiul
mTavrobas da ar aZleven saSualebas, gazardos saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavali. magram ar-
sebobs sxva SezRudvebic.
a) rogor SeiZleba, rom xalxma legalurad aicilos Tavidan yvela is problema, ro-
melic Statis Semosavals an brunvis gadasaxadebs ukavSirdeba?
b) amomrCevlebi didad ar ewinaaRmdegebian gadasaxadebis gazrdas firmebi­sTvis, ra-
tom ar SeuZliaT Statebisa da adgilobriv mTavrobebs wliuri Semosavlis miReba
firmebisaTvis gadasaxadebis gazrdis gziT?
g) ratom boWavs es SezRudvebi mxolod Statebisa da adgilobriv mTavrobebs da ara
federalur mTavrobas?
10. roca Statis an qalaqis mTavroba iRebs kredits sakuTari mimdinare xarjebis dasafinanse-
blad (im kapitaldabandebebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic miemarTeba gzebis, skolebis, sazo-
gadoebrivi nagebobebis mSeneblobaze da a.S.), maTi sasesxo valdebulebebis Rirebuleba
mcirdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli investiciebi sariskoa.
a) ratom mcirdeba sasesxo valdebulebebis Rirebuleba?
b) ra mouva iseTi obligaciis fass, romlis reitingic Semcirda?
g) rogor aisaxeba es kreditis Rirebulebaze?
d) rogor zRudavs es Statis, an adgilobrivi mTavrobis SesaZleblobas, rom mimdinare
xarjebis dafinasneba sesxebiT ganaxorcieldes?
e) ra unda gaakeTos Statis an adgilobrivma mTavrobam, Tuki is gadawyvets, ar aiRos
sesxi mimdinare xarjebis dasafinanseblad?
v) ratom ar viTardeba msgavsi movlenebi maSin, roca federaluri mTavroba afinansebs
Tavis xarjebs sesxebis, da ara gadasaxadebis saSualebiT?
11. korporaciis valebi sakmaod izrdeba, roca is warmatebiT yidis Tavis obligaciebs, an aqcie-
bis axal partias.
a) niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom korporaciis saqmeebi cudad an, piriqiT, kargad midis?
b) ramdenad kargad (an cudad) asaxavs mTavrobis davalianebas es analogia, romelic bi-
znesis sferodanaa aRebuli?
g) warmoidgineT, rom mTavroba iRebs sesxs kaSxlis mSeneblobis dasafinan­seblad. ro-
gor fiqrobT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara es sesxi im kreditisagan, romelsac firma kap-
italdabandebaTa dasafinasneblad iRebs?
d) TvliT Tu ara, rom xalxi, romelic `usaxsrod cxovrobs~, susti xasiaTiT gamoirCe-
oda? ras daarqmevdiT mTavrobas, romelsac ar SeuZlia Semosavlis Sesabamisad Sez-
Rudos sakuTari xarjebi?
e) warmoidgineT, rom im wlis seqtemberSi, roca saprezidento arCevnebi tardeba, xazinam
aiRo 20 miliardi dolaris krediti socialuri dazRvevis subsidiebisa da umuSevrobis
daxmarebis gasazrdelad, romlebic 1 oqtombers unda gadaixados. rogor aisaxeba es
fulis miwodebaze? momxmarebelTa oqtombris xarjebze? umuSevrobis doneze? arCev-
nebis Sedegebze? rogor fiqrobT, rodis iCens Tavs aRniSnuli Sedegebi?
12. fss Seiqmna, rogorc federaluri mTavrobis damoukidebeli organo – Tavisufali uSualod
politikuri zewolisagan, romelsac ganicdian rogorc arCeuli, ise daniSnuli oficialu-
ri pirebi.
a) `arademokratiulia~ Tu ara iseTi Zlieri organizaciis arseboba, rogoricaa fss,
romelic araa pasuxismgebeli amomrCevelTa winaSe?
b) iqnebodnen Tu ara fss-is xelmZRvanelebi pasuxismgebelni amomrCevlis wina­Se, Tu
isini arCeul oficialur pirebs daemorCilebodnen?
g) rogor fiqrobT, ra viTarebaSi ufro imatebs an iklebs imis Sansi, rom federalurma
politikam upasuxos sazogadoebriv interesebs: amJamad arsebuli sistemis SemTxvevaSi;
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu prezidents eqneboda ufleba iseve gaeTavi­suf­lebina fss-s xelmZR-
vaneloba, rogorc kabinetis Cveulebrivi wevrebi; referendumis sistemis SemTxvevaSi,
roca fss-is politikas periodulad mxari unda dauWiros amomrCevelTa umravlesobam?

205
13. ramdenad damoukidebelia fss? fss-isa da xazinis xelmZRvanelebis regularuli TanamSrom-
loba ganpirobebulia federaluri mTavrobis finansur saqmianobaze zrunviT, romelic did
Tanxebs sesxulobs mimdinare dificitis dafarvisa d uzarmazari saxelmwifo valebis gada-
xdis mizniT.
a) adamianebs, romlebic erTad muSaoben Cveulebriv, msgavsi Sexedulebebi uyalibde-
baT da erTmaneTis azrebs iziareben. xom ar iqneba ufro mosalodneli, rom fss-m air-
Cios monetaruli politikis is varianti, romelic xazinas finansuri problemebis
gadaWraSic daexmareba?
b) xazina isurvebda aRebuli sesxebis xarjebis Semcirebas. rogor SeuZlia fss-s daex-
maros mas am saqmeSi?
g) ra unda moimoqmedos fss-m, romelic cdilobs sabanko sistemis rezervebiT uzrun-
velyofas, raTa xazinis masStaburma sasesxo operaciebma ar gazardos kreditis Ri-
rebuleba? ratomaa, rom fss-s mier daxmarebis mizniT ganxorcielebuli aseTi
RonisZiebebi SeiZleba sargeblis ganakveTebisa da xazinis kreditebis Rirebulebis
mkveTri zrdiT dasruldes?
14. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom kargad informirebuli adamianis politikur Se-
xedulebebs raime kavSiri hqondes im reaqciasTan, romelsac gamoiwvevs qvemoT moyvanili
mosazrebebi? SeecadeT daasabuToT Tqveni pasuxi.
a) `is pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben fiskalur an monetarul politikas, ufro metad
informirebulni arian, vidre isini, vinc gadawyvetilebebs firmebis doneze iRebs.
amis mizezi isaa, rom aRniSnuli politikis gamtarebel pirebs moepovebaT statisti-
kuri monacemebi ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da ar uxdebaT sxvadasxva
wvrilmanebiT Tavis datvirTva~.
b) `Tu gvinda, Tavidan aviciloT iseTi ekonomikuri krizisebi, rogoric 1930-ian da
1970-ian wlebSi iyo da rogoric 1990-ian wlebSi aziis qveynebma ganicades, mTavrobam
unda ganaxorcielos ekonomikis dagegmvis ufro mkacri procedurebi~.
g) `bazari funqcionirebs ufro uaresad, vidre adre. amerikul ekonomikaSi konkuren-
cia ukve aRar gansazRvravs fasebs da aRarc resursebis ganawilebas. amiT, ZiriTa-
dad, dakavebulni arian organizebuli daintersebuli jgufebi, romlebic did Za-
lauflebas floben bazarze~.
d) `amerikis ekonomikaSi arsebobs absurduli socialuri disbalansi. saqoneli,
romelsac yiduloben kerZo pirebi, iwarmoeba Warbad, xolo sazogado­ebrivi seqto-
ris, magaliTad, ganaTlebis sferos saqoneli unda dakmayofildes narCenebiT~.
e) `Zalaufleba ryvnis, absoluturi Zalaufleba ki absoluturad ryvnis~.

206
 ekonomikuri
SezRudvebi 22
c ivilizaciis SesaZleblobebi didadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofier saqmiano-
bas eweva sazogadoeba. ra SeiZleba iTqvas sazogadoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri az-
rovnebis TvalsazrisiT? xom ar aris raime mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic SeiZleba mxedvelo-
bidan gamogvrCes?
Tu am wignis pirvel Tavs davubrundebiT, naxavT mokle diskusias, romelic ekonomikis Teor-
iis tendenciebs exeba. wignis dasrulebis Semdeg SeiZleba gagiCndeT survili, rom kidev erTxel
gadaikiTxoT aRniSnuli nawili. namdvilad arsebobs Tu ara aseTi tendenciebi, xom ar iqneboda
ufro mizanSewonili maTi miCneva sasargeblo hipoTezebad, romlebic garkveul samsaxurs gagvi-
wevs ekonomikur saqmianobaSi?

ra ician ekonomistebma
ekonomikur azrovebaSi gamoiyeneba iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa moTxovna, alternatiuli Rire-
buleba, zRvruli efeqti da SedarebiTi upiratesoba. maTi saSualebiT xdeba CvenTvis kargad
nacnobi movlenebis sistematizacia. ekonomistma, iseve rogorc menejerma, xelosanma, inJinerma
da yvela sxva dasaqmebulma adamianma, arc Tu ise bevri icis realuri samyaros Sesaxeb. samagi-
erod, ekonomistma icis is, Tu ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs sxvadasxva movlenas Soris. ekonomi-
kur mosazrebaTa daxmarebiT SegviZlia ukeT gaverkveT Cvens irgvliv mimdinare movlenebSi da
ufro Rrmad da logikurad viazrovnoT rTuli socialuri urTierTkavSirebis farTo diapazo-
nis Sesaxeb.
praqtikaSi, obieqtur garigebaTa fonze, aRniSnuli codna, umeteswilad, uaryofiT xasiaTs
iZens. albaT SeniSneT, rom ekonomikuri azrovneba did daxmarebas ver gagviwevs im urTierTo-
baTa garkvevaSi, romlebic arsebobs ojaxSi an sxva patara jgufebSi, sadac xalxi erTmaneTs sak-
maod kargad icnobs an erTmaneTTan pirovnul doneze TanamSromlobs. ekonomikis daxmarebiT
gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra viTarebaSi eyreba safuZveli TanamSromlobas im adamianebs Soris, vinc
saerTod ar icnobs erTmaneTs da, amis miuxedavad, mainc sakmaod efeqtianad Sromobs gver-
digverd. SesaZloa, am wignis kiTxvisas SeamCnieT, rom gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvile­
buli iyo ara im RonisZiebebze, romlebic unda gatardes, aramed imaze, risi gakeTebac araa mizan-
Sewonili. magram uaryofiTi daskvnebis gamotanac sakmaod mniSvnelovania. ekonomisti frenq
naiTi ase amarTlebda ekonomikuri Sexedulebebis uaryofiT xasiaTs: `uvicsac ki ar SeuZlia is-
eTi zianis motana, rogoric SeiZleba mogvitanos sakuTar gonierebaSi Tavdajerebulma adamian-
ma, romlis codnac, sinamdvileSi, araa srulyofili da uamrav Secdomazea dafuZnebuli~.
metismetad bevrma `icis~, rogor gadaWras mZime socialuri problemebi. aseTi adamianebis
warmodgena ekonomikuri samyaros Sesaxeb saocrad martivia. isini Tvlian, rom miznebis ganxor-
cieleba sakmaod iolia da ukeTesi sazogadoebis Seqmnis procesSi erTaderT dabrkolebad

207
swored saTanado miznebis naklebobas miiCneven. magram socialur qmedebebs mohyveba iseTi Sede-
gebi, romelTa winaswarmetyveleba da prognozireba SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, sruliad naTelia,
rom amJamad aSS-Si qsovilis importis SezRudva icavs safeiqro dargSi momuSaveTa samuSao adgi-
lebs da Semosavals. magram mxolod dakvirvebuli Tvali Tu SeamCnevs, rom qsovilze fasebis
gazrda, eqsportis SesaZleblobaTa SezRudva da, amdenad, SedarebiTi upiratesobis ignorireba
sxva amerikelebis Semosavals amcirebs. aseve Zalian martivia imis danaxva, rom qiris kontroli
binaTmflobelebis Semosavals Seamcirebs. magram gana bevria iseTi xalxi, romelic aRniSnuli
RonisZiebis mxardaWeris paralelurad imasac gaaanalizebs, Tu ra alternatiul gadasaxadebs
daaweseben binaTmflobelebi, ra axali diskriminaciis formebi iqneba gamoyenebuli da rogor
imoqmedebs es binebis miwodebaze moklevadian da grZelvadian periodebSi?
zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, xalxs aRizianebs im adamianebis saqcieli, vinc windaxedulebas
iCens da afrTxlebs maT, rom ama Tu im RonisZiebas SeiZleba saqmeebis gauareseba mohyves, sanacv-
lod ki araviTar alternativas ar sTavazobs. Cveni sazogadoeba SeCveulia iseT miRwevebs mec-
nierebisa da teqnikis dargSi, rolebic TiTqmis saswaulis tolfasia. amitom moTxovna `raRacis
gakeTebis~ Sesaxeb aWarbebs sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWris mizniT SemoTavazebul seri-
ozul winadadebebs. albaT vcdebiT, roca vvaraudobT, rom sazogadoebrivi da teqnikuri prob-
lemebis gadaWra SesaZlebelia erTnairi meTodebiT. vaRiarebT, rom sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
fenis gansxvavebuli interesebi bevr sirTules uqmnis politikosebs. magram mainc saTanadod
ver vafasebT im sirTuleebs, romlebic sazogadoebis mizandasaxul gardaqmnas axasiaTebs. amis
mizezi isaa, rom verc socialuri sistemis sirTules vafasebT saTanadod, romlis wiaRSic gan-
viTarebuli urTierTobebi adamianebis qcevis koordinirebas axdens da maT miznebis misaRwevad
TanamSromlobisken ubiZgebs. adam smiti Tavis didebul wignSi `moraluri sentimentebis Teor-
ia~ gvafrTxil­ebda `sistemis adamianis~ Sesaxeb, romelic, `rogorc Cans, Tvlis, rom iseve ad-
vilad SeuZlia marTos didi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi, rogorc Wadrakis dafaze marTavs
figurebs. is ar iTvaliswinebs, rom Wadrakis figurebs ar gaaCniaT moZraobis sxva principi. ma-
gram im dafaze, sadac sazogadoebis wevrebi moZraoben, yvela calkeul adamians moZraobis saku-
Tari principi13 aqvs~.
albaT amitomaa, rom xSirad ekonomikuri Teoria arakeTilganwyobiT xvdeba winadadebebs re-
formebis Sesaxeb. is varaudobs, rom TiToeul calke aRebul nawils aqvs moZraobis sakuTari
principi. aRniSnuli faqti ar SeiZleba aixsnas ise, TiTqos ekonomistebi ar arian daintereseb-
ulni reformebiT an TiTqos isini privilegirebu­li klasis mier daqiravebuli laqiebi arian.
roca ekonomikuri Teoria Seiswavlis sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebaTa urTierTkavSirs, is yur-
adRebiT akvirdeba im Seuswav­lel Sedegebs, romlebic mohyveba SemoTavazebul reformebs. kar-
gad mofiqrebul bevr politikur winadadebaze ekonomisti standartulad pasuxobs: `es ar gamo-
va~. auclebeli sulac ar aris, rom realizmSi konservatizmi vigulisxmoT. Tumca msgavseba
marTlac arsebobs. garkveuli azriT, codna marTlac xels uwyobs konservatizmis gaCenas. ga-
momgoneblebi, romlebic `mudmivi manqanis~ ideiT iyvnen gatacebulni, fizikosebsac ki adana-
Saulebdnen gamousworebel konservatorizmSi.

ekonomikis miRma
erTxel jon meinard qeinsma warmoTqva sadRegrZelo, romelSic ganacxada, rom ekonomistebis
moRvaweoba `civilizaciis SesaZleblobis SenarCunebis safuZvelia~. civilizaciis SesaZle-
bloba~ – esaa da es. resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba da nayo­fieri socialuri TanamSromloba,
rac sakmaod rTuli amocanebis gadaWrasTanaa dakavSirebuli, afarToebs SesaZleblobaTa masS-
tabebs, Tumca, TavisTavad, civiliza­ciis progresis garantias ar iZleva. kargad koordinirebu-
li da Seuferxeblad funqcionirebadi sazogadoeba meti arCevanis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
calkeul pirovnebas, Tumca, imis garantias ar iZleva, rom arCevani aucileblad saukeTeso iqne-
ba. ekonomikuri azrovneba, gansakuTrebiT, demokratiis dros, srulyofili ganviTarebis mniS-
vnelovani winapirobaa da araferi amaze meti.

13 Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments , part VI, section II, chapter II. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1982

208
 ekonomistebi umeteswilad mzad arian aRiaron, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli cnebebi zogjer
amaxinjeben im realobas, romlis Seswavlasac isini cdiloben. maT surT, rom analizi da daskvne-
bi racionalur kritikas eqvemdebarebodes. magram, zogierTi hipoTezis miReba aucilebelia
nebismieri kvlevis procesSi. es exeba rogorc sabunebismetyvelo, ise socialur mecnierebeb-
sac. Tu ekonomikur azrovnebas zogjer sinamdvilis damaxinjebamde, SecdomiT gamosaxvamde an
Tundac aSkara Secdomebamde mivyavarT, racionalur kritikas saTanado koreqtivebis Setana
SeuZlia. warsulSi, aseTi koreqtivebis meSveobiT, xSirad xdeboda ekonomistebis mier gakeTeb-
uli daskvnebis gabaTileba. imedia, momavalSic ase gagrZeldeba.
 Tavisufali da agraruli universitetebis gamomcemloba
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