3

- .* ' '2 )*+ )( '1,* ! " #$%

$) # 2#31 ' . ! 456 2 71 ' )1 -1

$) # 2#31 ' . ! 456 2 71 '8 8 91 -2
$) # 2#31 ' . ! 456 2 71 '# : -3

!;-

" . #
)' ( ' )' - , 10 )' ( ' %# & $#
7 /( 8 61 / 2 3/ # / & # 0 ( 4 # 5 ' 1& &# 0 . /
<= >?, #@A )' B C D . ( ' # #; # 9 :
>?, # 2 3/ 9 . ' )' 9 : 7 /( 8 SiO2 # TiO2 2 3/
2 8 # /( I% / : # ( 6 2F / G H & % E <=
)' M' . /( ; /KL : =I J '# & 7 : 7 /(
' /O / # #; # NL : 7 /( 8 ' / 2 3/
. # (

J '# - 7 /( - #; - -% / - ( ' : :8#)5 $5

#" .1

-1 0 ( . RS /S & )' Q 9 & "

3
0 B W # X )' ( - " ) ' A & 'UA3/ #2 #
; %/ . ;? # " # ZX 1 5[1] ) ' A & 'UA3/ &
& N/ ] ;/G= & 'UA\ X R" 4 /1# & % A% - )'

1
Fracture
2
Oil-Wet
3
Low-permeability

www.checonf3.ir 1
 ;? $# )' (/A # /RH 9 & ' ^ # L
4
C # ^' 9 % ;# 1 / D ( /1# - ) ' A Z R" )' ;
.[2] ' (
)' I# . ' 90 GA # %?L - 0/ ' ( / / ; ;? $#
X= ' 8 #; : 7 /( / /( 0 ` ^' 9 % /
N# # ; # ) X= & 0/ - # ^' 9 % )
) a .[3] (# X : <= X= ;U1 # F '9 GH
.[4] 9c N ] F & # & /( & b X
GA f' 9 & e# A B Z R' ^ - # ;# 1 # 5& 'UA \ X ' 90 & & GA
.[5] /( ;/"X ' 0 )' B C Q 9 N ] g' a # 0 c
- ( /h 0 ` / F G C ( ' i' ` ^ 6 ' 90 ' 1/
'- /1# )' I ( )'/ & $# # g . / & 'F " 9 c
- #; # 9 : 7 /( 8 - )' ( ' & 0 A & $#
: <= &# % g' ( A ' / 2 /, 9 : -% k " g' 7 /( .[6] (
& /X G, / 0 g' G % N# n' / ) . 6 7 /( . /( m' . c' % /KL
o'# & 7 ( A ' )' ZF/ . 5 7# N/ 6 ^ # " 9 % '1
.[7] (1 () /( & 7 1 n' # /( (θ) n' – 1 <= J <=
' 90 n' % & 2 ,/Eh J o'# - 7 /( , h 7 9 J o'#
.[8] fG= & t D . 1 180 J o'# # & c 1 , J o'# . '
G bX 2F )' n' / ' ,h 2F R" 9 & : 7 /( ,h
% 8( t 0#: g]/ U0 % 8( 0- 31& # Sh . 7 /( ,h .
.[9] ' & %

?# )! - @ $ :1 >3

#2 Z? ' N & : <= -[10] ( ' , 85

' %/ N/ ) N # )' - ( v91 # R v91 & ; & %/ N/ 5 k "G R Z?
K. ; & %/ N/ I & : - ( R=I t g' # Z ? & R=I g'
)' ;U1 wA . %/ N/ )' ;U1 ' () N # )' ) /1/ R=I g' & %/ N/

4
sweep efficiency
5
mobility ratio

www.checonf3.ir 2
# ' ;U1 R=I t & %/ N/ ' / R=I t c' -: <= &# -%/ N/ R=I
# & : 7 / )' 5 ' ' 90 # 61 : ' 2 /,)'
)' ;? $# ' # k R" ' # # ' ; R" ' # # /
.[12 # 11] k
# ( k ; 0 ' # - W 0 # Gh ; 3/ - #; 9 : >/= (# / 7
.[13] ( /h ( ' C ' A )' /( 0 '#
: <= R"] & ; ' /KL .' # ; : g' nI #
9' 2 L C )' . ( /h /1# ; : D S # 9' 2 L C # /
.[14 # 10] /( N/ C # Q9 & " ) a # Q9 2 L
-; # & : 7 /( 8 ' 7> = N/ & & ' 1& ' '
& 2 3/ 1/ - ( / # & =I n' / & : 2 L .[15] #
^" ' R GH # / g]/ 2 L 9' )' g]/ UN ( / 100 g' & =I
- # L & 'UA3/ # k & 'F # # I ^' 9 % fG. 2 /, - 3 1 &#
0 # # \ kG 0 g' ( #: ) /A 0 /h 2 3 )' - /(
( # Q9 2 L 9' 2 L W# h # : <= ' 1 i1/ 0 # ' 1 <=
( 7 /( 8 & R '97 / )' )' . ( /h N/ C # Q9 & "
.[16]
' x /h /R6 /O 2F k CL & OGt 2 3/ #90 2F /
.[17] /R6 ( ' ' 0 7 /( 8 /
;U1 ( ( 'F X= &e /( yH 'F " kCL <= R" 2 3/
.[18] 8 k" 7 /( # X= &e / 1 <= g' &#
(# -z/ - ' A % 2 3/ OGt & " & / 0 % / ;? ^0/ 9
h & % . 7 I / ' c " %?L # #90 / - -pH - ' A % z/ -2 3/
#i % / # ( t ( ' ' 0 / )' G H & c ' 2 .N =
.[3] )' 4{ & / 0 # 6 ^
2? )' / <= >?, # /1# ' '# X ) 2 3/
- 2 3/ <= ' ( 8 . C' <= # '9 0 # ' ( x /h # /R6
2 3/ <= > , & $# '. /R6 & 7@'# # & 7/G1 6 ( /G7 /
.[9] i HLB & 0/ H
61 0 / |/G ) a -TWEEN80# SPAN60 & C mG /' t & 0/
6
5 /( 2F / k " & ' A 9 )' F # i (HLB) &9' 7; - # ; % .
,) ^ &9' 7; ' #; 9 ) . & & . 0 / g' &9' 7; - # ; % .
Z? %/ N/ g' % . HLB =20 # # ]/9' 7; Z? %/ N/ g' % . HLB =0 ^ - 20 #

6
Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

www.checonf3.ir 3
HLB <10 # 0 / g' x /h A& / HLB ^ - 9' 7 ]/ # ;
7
8 "7 2 ( . ; L I %/ N/ ( HLB >10 # ] L I %/ N/ (
M' & 0/ h & HLB ^ 1 %# 1 # 0 / & ^RS & HLB

.[20 # 19]

[19] E 3D 8# "BC 8 HLB ))A 2 *? 2: >3

- <= 7 /( 8 & / G GA 9' 7 ] # # ; 2 3/ ;U1 4 # 8& ,

; f' 9 ( ' & & 4{ /H / G GA 2 3/ & 7 C # :
.[21] ( 2 L /' &# / G GA 2 3/ -& /RH # N •/ # '# E fRS . "
# c ( ' & G # ; 2 3/ # 92 c
# #: N# 7 /( -2 3/ OGt # ( ' ' 0 4{ & A
.[23 # 22] ' ' 90 % / ( ' 2 3/ # ' 90 & 7 C

7
Lipid-soluble
8
Safari
9
Hendraningrat

www.checonf3.ir 4
 [20] K 8E 3D - 8 HLB #" :1 I #J

/O <= >?, # B/ " # G 2 3/ : 7 /( 8 & N ^ )'

)' - >?, G & $# b / / 2 3 / <= . ( #; 9 ' 90
%e $# G # B/ " 2 3/ . ( /O )' & G H& %E #@A

9 N# B . '
# Tween 80 G H%E # ; x /h /R6 & # ( 9
10
( (SEM) # # N •/ # ( 9 2 3/ (# . (
: I . # ( 6 mG & OGt F / 2 3/ )' w€ .
=I J '# & 7 . ( 8 #; # NL : 7 /( 2F /
. ( : 7 /( ) . & mG & OGt ; /KL :

E@ .2
.1.2
12 11
c (%99) € % # (%99/5) %/ -(%65) g' -(%98) (TTIP) ' " /A# A#9' B/
& 7 & ' . : ' )' / : . ( & ' h Merck (
١٣
# R=I t # : 7 I / ' /H (C10H22) € % J '#
. /( L; R=I & %/GX

10
Scanning Electron Microscope
11
Titanium isopropoxide
12
Nitric acid
13
N-Heptan

www.checonf3.ir 5
 E2 7 .2.2
) # g' ( J '# & 7 c ; /KL : <= J '# & 7 &
J '# & 7 c g (- ( =I # : I & • g' # Canon 700D
. ( 3 (

:$ 8 ) ?2 # 2 7 M) $ :3 >3

.3.2
' / ƒ ‚XN ‚ . ( ‚ # # ‚' # - ‚ ‚( & /‚G ‚( & (TiO2) B/ " &
. ( k " )‚' ‚' A ‚ & ‚ 0 - ‚c' ‚0 # # /‚ N/ . 0 TiO2 0 )' 'A ' #
# 9 N# & # ( %e $# - ( 9 %e $# B/ " 2 3/ #@A )'
6 & . ( 9' " &9G0 & " 9 & ‚ )„ = (# - & "/ N & A k
# %98) (TTIP) ' " /A# A#9' B/ 10ml ( %# %/GX - /( 6 %/GX # $# )' 2 3/
2 L # &# ^ I 15 (\ ( h # %99/5) %/ 30ml # (\ ( h
( h # %65) g' 3 ml # ( 9 /' & ; 150ml ( B# %/GX # - /( k
9 N# . /( t %e ' 0 /( 0` k ' ( k X %/GX 2 I# . (\
3/ N/ # ' 6 3/ <= >?, & -9 N# B wA # /1# : & ( %/GX g' TTIP
-/ k &# H 3 2 # / 0 ` %/GX Tween80 0 / 10ml ^ - #
# =^ ; 2 / . /( 2 .' /( I # H 24 2 , L %/GX
- ' ' /A g' # /( g h # g' H 32 # ( "( %/
'/E 4 ( . /( "G 7 1 800 & X / H 62 /A ' 6
. ( "G 800 °C & ( 9 TiO2 2 3/ SEM

www.checonf3.ir 6
 800 °C 8 2# )*5 2# TiO2 SEM O :4 >3

BC b X g' B/ " / N k # 9 N# f' S / / J ^ TiO2 v/G &

)' . /( i & . & " R( g' & # /( 9 N# " / N ; /KL . /(
: ' 2 /, / #

Ti(OR)4+4H2O → Ti(OH)4 +4ROH (hydrolysis) (1)

Ti(OH)4→ TiO2xH2O + (2−x)H2O (condensation) (2)

/1 " & & 0` 4 & / . ... # / n - A# A#9' - R C'

. 0 Ti(OH)4 ' A " #
/S / # '" & # )' - R v91 (2 ) # f = ; & %/ N/
& %/ N/ . n H C' . # A (TiO2·nH2O) " & ( # ' " S 9
. ' b' ( " #;
2 %/GX 9 N# B wA 2# )' /( 9 %e $# k (SiO2) G 2 3/
)' " / G & . / & C' B G . /( I%a ' H 24
@ " k 6] ( # " &9G0 t & " G & k . /( 0 ' /0# ) /A
/ # # t -; %/GX G 2 3/ - S L 61# 6] h g' / G k g'
. " N/ I k '9 "
'- Si(O)(2-x)(OH)(2x %/ 0 <= ( SiO2 & h " G 2 3/
(/A -% .0 & ' . <= >?, ' ' ( H 0 … G 2 3/ & ' 9 )' k6
2 3/ H. # k 0 / N x /h # ( E 2 3/ / ' 6 & # 7 ' X=
.# 9' 7; " ' # ; " 2 3 N/ & Z / H G

www.checonf3.ir 7
 Q) ) .4.2
/A ( 2 3/ -% / 6 & - " ' A % g' 2 3/ / " € / &# L 2F /
2 3/ 2F / 6 & . /( ' A 2/, 0 W / b / # /( |/G ( ' /' ; g'
2 %# 1 % / 6 61 ( 9 2 3/ & 7@'# . /( (9 G # B/ "
.

8 E ?R :2 I #J
(9 B/ " 2 3/ (9 G 2 3/
# ; &# - #; (
35 20 nm 2 3 b / =I

# , 0/33 - 0/07 - 0/033 B/ " # G 2 3/ z/ # & ( 2 3/ 9

9' e/ w€ # H 1 2 2 3/ & / " € / . /
(& / 9 /( k 2/, H F H H 1 # L w€ # ^ I 20 2
. /( , L S %/GX & /A 2 3 ( A ) a # 0'
. 3 %# 1 ( 3/ z/ & mG # OGt 3 2F / 6 &

S ?# ))A 8 2# ) Q) :3 I #J

(%wt) OGt 2 3/
0.033
0.07 TiO2
0.33
0.033
0.07 SiO2
0.33

:S ?# ) 8 )?2 # .5.2
)' . ( J '# ' 9 : 7 /( 8 2 3/ ;U1 4† 61
-& w H b / 7 /( >?, . # RI 9 : <= (; /KL ) € % J '# '
I 9 : &# ; /KL € % 2 =I 9 : 7 /( >?, RI . (& 7
' ( # ( A : <= &# H 2 =I ' 7 # (
42 9 : w€ .(5 () 1 , : <= =I J '# N L )' :
( BC &# € % 2 =I J '# ' # /( I ( 6 2F / # #
. ( G # B/ " 2 3/ ;U1 g 7 /( 8

www.checonf3.ir 8
 S VU WJ >B X+ S 2 U :$ 8 )?2 # :5 >3
(S VU 8 S 2 2 U Z >+ : a'b'c'd'e)

K \% .3

. : <= 2 3/ ;U1 . ; /KL : <= =I J '# 4 %# 1

- J '# 8 )' /( G 2 3/ %0/033 G 2 3/ /
- )' (6 ( ) 8 1 151 1 , : =I J '# & /S /(
2 3/ / . 8 #; # NL : 7 /( " I 2 3/ )'
-; Z? NL # Z ' ( 7 /( ,h I 2 3/ )' %0/33 OGt B/ "
"# & # 7 /1# S h 2 3/ )' : 7 /( , h 8 .(7 () 8 #
N/ # % 8( 2 3/ <= @ " & L ; & %/ N/ ' 0 )' . SiO2 # TiO2 2 3/
@" # "# # 7 % . .(8 () /( # ; <= /1# iR OH # 7
.[7] % <= 7 /( 2 3/ <=

S VU WJ #. X+ S VU 2 U :$ :4 I #J

(°) J '# (%wt) OGt 2 3/

123 0.033
125 0.07 ( >?, SiO2
155 0.33
151 0.033
135 0.07 ( >?, TiO2
115 0.33

www.checonf3.ir 9
%0/033 I ) S #. X+ S 2 U :$ 8 )?2 # :6 >3
TiO2

I) S #. X+ S aE I 2 U :$ 8 )?2 # :7 >3
SiO2 %0/033

[7] TiO2 X+ >)b S VU >)* #)E 2 ? #)b :8 >3

8 )? 9) .4
)' ; ;? $# # " # ; ZX 1 ( ( /S
- 9 : 7 /( 8 - )' ( ' & 0 A & $# '. ) ' A Z R"
: 7 /( 8 & SiO2 # TiO2 2 3/ <= >?, #@A )' . ( #; #
& ' # 0/ #90 2 3/ <= >?, & $# '- (
. 9 N# B . 3-5 °C
# ( I% / (80 °C) 9 & : - ( 9 2 3/ % / 6 .
) J '# 8 - (& 7 mG 2F / f' 9 wA # RI : # % ) J '#
# NL : 7 /( 8 ' / # ; 2 3/ 2 3/ /1# S h : #
. #;

www.checonf3.ir 10
 cJ .5

[1] Jarrahiana, K., Seiedi, O., Sheykhan, M., Sefti, M.V., and Ayatollahi, S. (2012),
“Wettability alteration of carbonate rocks by surfactants: A mechanistic study”,
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“Experimental Study of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants Effects on Reduce of IFT and
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Alteration Due to Varous Nanoparticles: An EOR Implication With Nanofluids”,
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EOR Applications”, 5th International Congress on Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
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3659−3665.
[9] Kaasa, A.T. (2013), “Investigation of how Silica Nanoparticle Adsorption Affects
Wettability in Water-Wet Berea Sandstone”, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, master's thesis, Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied
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Saline Water and Dilute Surfactants in Carbonate Reservoirs”, Doctor of Philosophy,
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EOR Implication through Carbonate Reservoir”, Journal of Dispersion Science and
Technology, 35(11), pp 1537-1542.

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[12] Karimi, A., Fakhroueian, Z., Bahramian, A., Khiabani, N.P., Darabad, J.B., Azin, R.,
and Arya, S. (2012), “Wettability Alteration in Carbonates using Zirconium Oxide
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Modified Silica Nanoparticles’ Efficiency in Enhancing Oil Recovery of Light and
Intermediate Oil Reservoirs”, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22, pp 427-433.
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Design”, 2nd edition, p. 96.
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www.checonf3.ir 12