Physiology 10 murk .

Paper-o

Damie
:By-Dhumil Savaliya
 ** ease-
COPD
Raj
Damien
e

-
e

⑦ COPD-chronic ob .
Palmoray disease .
->
Empheema

⑭ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) can lead to various structural changes
in the lungs over time. Some of these changes include:

1. **Airway Inflammation:** In COPD, chronic inflammation can cause the airways to

become narrower and thicker.

2. **Emphysema:** This condition involves the destruction of the air sacs (alveoli) in the
lungs, leading to reduced surface area for oxygen exchange.

3. **Mucus Production:** Excessive mucus production can clog airways, making it

difficult to breathe.

4. **Bronchial Wall Thickening:** The walls of the bronchial tubes may thicken, further
narrowing the airways.

5. **Loss of Elasticity:** The lungs lose their natural elasticity, making it harder to
exhale and causing air to become trapped in the lungs.

6. **Air Trapping:** Air can become trapped in the damaged alveoli, causing
hyperinflation of the lungs.

These structural changes including shortness of breath, chronic cough, and increased
susceptibility to respiratory infections.

⑭ ⑨ in

That will leads to cheomically over inflamation of langs with

air
I
So that's how Rib cage Remains Partially in

exanded all the time

↓
So Typically Anteriposterior diameter more than

vertically diameter in COPD

↓
That will leads to butsel shared Chest Appeasance
 ⑲ How neck veins diaktes
Pulmonary Hypertension: In COPD, chronic inflammation,
Cause narrowing of the pulmonary arteries, and other factors can lead to
-
-
pulmonary hypertension, an increase in blood pressure in the
pulmonary circulation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries
can lead to the dilation of the right-sided heart chambers

H
:
Right sided hypertrophy .

↓
the chronic lack of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia)
due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs can strain
the right side of the heart as it tries to pump blood to
-

the lungs. This increased pressure in the pulmonary

circulation can result in engorgement of neck veins,
-

which are visible as distended or dilated jugular veins.

nice
Ratio Normal o 8h= -

⑳
= .

Soco :

VC deceased in the -
Emphysema .

set
~
~th

Fer ,
Rutio Normally
-

blw Fo-go I
Eic

But in Copy it deceense less than 70 %

s ·
we
se

Argos
How neck veins diaktes
se
Pulmonary Hypertension: In COPD, chronic inflammation,
narrowing of the pulmonary arteries, and other factors can lead to
pulmonary hypertension, an increase in blood pressure in the
pulmonary circulation. Increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries
can lead to the dilation of the right-sided heart chambers

H
hypertrophy
Right
: sided .

the chronic lack of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia)

due to impaired gas exchange in the lungs can strain
the right side of the heart as it tries to pump blood to
-

the lungs. This increased pressure in the pulmonary

circulation can result in engorgement of neck veins,
-

which are visible as distended or dilated jugular veins.

-> y ever

Re
Right sided heart
-

Failure vic
Hypoxia
->
.

↓
ii) Reduced Ability to

i) which can Result in Fluid Accumulation

oxygenated block
in the body leading to edema
↓
, .

can
trigger
Musoconstriction &

Fluid Retention

Contribute
,

to edeme .
-