1.1 What is operating system?

1.2 What operating systems do?

1.3 Computer-System Organization
1.4 Interrupt
1.5 Operating system services
1.6 Operating system types
1.7 Operating system structure
1.8 User and Operating-System Interface
1.9 System call
 An operating system (OS) is a program that
controls the execution of application programs
and acts as an interface between applications
and the computer hardware.
 Operating system having three objectives
 1. Convenience: An OS makes a computer more
convenient to use.
 2. Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system
resources to be used in an efficient manner.
 3. Ability to evolve: An OS should be constructed
in such a way as to permit the effective
development.
 A modern general-purpose computer system
consists of one or more CPUs and a number of
device controllers connected through a common
bus that provides access to shared memory
 Each device controller is in charge of a specific
type of device (for example, disk drives, audio
devices, or video displays).
 The CPU and the device controllers can execute in
parallel
 For a computer to start running—for instance,
when it is powered up or rebooted—it needs to
have an initial program to run. This initial
program, or bootstrap program.
 Typically, it is stored within the computer
hardware in read-only memory (ROM)
 The bootstrap program must know how to load
the operating system and how to start executing
that system.
 the bootstrap program must locate the
operating-system kernel and load it into
memory.
 Once the kernel is loaded and executing, it can
start providing services to the system and its
users.
 Some services are provided outside of the kernel,
by system programs that are loaded into memory
at boot time become system processes, or
system daemons
 On UNIX, the first system process is “init” and it
starts many other daemons.
 Once this phase is complete, the system is fully
booted, and the system waits for some event to
occur.
 The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by
an interrupt from either the hardware or the
software.
 Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time by
sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of
the system bus.
 Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a
special operation called a system call (also called
a monitor call).
 When the CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is
doing and immediately transfers execution to a
fixed location. The fixed location usually contains
the starting address where the service routine for
the interrupt is located.
 A timeline of this operation is shown in Figure
 Solid vertical lines represent segments of code in a
program.
 Code segments 1, 2, and 3 refer to sequences of
instructions that do not involve I/O.
 The WRITE calls are to an I/O routine.
 The I/O program consists of three sections:
 1. A sequence of instructions, labeled 4, to
prepare for the actual I/O operation.
 2. The actual I/O command.
 3. A sequence of instructions, labeled 5, to
complete the operation.
 The dashed line represents the path of
instructions execution followed by the processor.
 Interrupts are provided primarily to improve CPU
utilization.
 Most I/O devices are much slower than the
processor.
1- User Interfaces: Means by which users can issue
commands to the system. Depending on the system
these interfaces may be:
o Command-line interface: sh, csh, ksh, tcsh, etc.,
o Graphical user interface (GUI): Windows, etc.,
2- Program Execution
3- I/O Operations
4- File-System Manipulation
5- Communications
6- Error Detection
7- Resource Allocation
8- Protection and Security: