Fuel Cell Class Presentation Slides, G. Rambach

Fuel cell powered cars
and hydrogen as a fuel
Glenn Rambach
Glenn Rambach
Does that thing run on gasoline?
DANG!
I haven’t seen one of those since I was a kid.
Glenn Rambach
DANG!
• A picture from the future, where electric vehicles replace

internal combustion vehicles.
Glenn Rambach
DANG!
• A picture from the future, where electric vehicles replace

internal combustion vehicles.
• Our grandchildren will likely see a transition in transportation
as large as our grandparents saw. Glenn Rambach
BASICS
Vehicle Power Train Architectures
Three Basic Elements
1) Something to store energy.
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
➢ Pressurized gas tank
2) Something to convert the stored energy to
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
3) Something to transfer power to wheels.
➢ Transmission, drive shaft, differential, axles
➢ Power and control electronics, wires,
wires electric motor
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
wires
➢ Power and control electronics, wires, electric motor
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
➢ Gasoline tank
➢ Battery
useful power.
➢ Piston engine
➢ Battery
➢ Fuel cell
➢ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Transmission, drive shaft, differential, axles
Power Train Architectures
•Gasoline
•Diesel
•CNG
•Methanol
•Ethanol
Electricity
•Hydrogen
•Gasoline Internal combustion car
•Diesel
•CNG
•Methanol
•Ethanol
Electricity
•Hydrogen
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
•Ethanol Energy Storage:
Tank
Torque
Electricity
•Hydrogen
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
Tank
Torque
Electricity
Battery electric car
•Hydrogen
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
Tank
Torque
Electricity
Energy Storage: Power

Battery Condition
Torque
•Hydrogen
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
Tank
Torque
Electricity

Battery Condition
Torque
Fuel cell electric car

•Hydrogen
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
Tank
Torque
Electricity

Battery Condition
Torque

•Hydrogen
Air
Hydrogen
Power
Torque Condition
Electricity
•Diesel Air
•CNG
•Methanol
Tank
Torque
Driving Range Max Available Power

Electricity

Battery Condition
Torque
Driving Range AND Max Available Power

•Hydrogen
Air
Hydrogen
Power
Torque Condition
Electricity
Driving Range Max Available Power

All need a temporary
connection to the
world
•Gasoline
•Diesel
•CNG
•Methanol
•Ethanol
Electricity
•Hydrogen
All need a temporary
connection to the
world
•Gasoline
•Diesel 2-3 min.
•CNG
•Methanol 360 mi
•Ethanol
Electricity
25 min.
260+ mi Super
8.6 hr
300 mi Home
•Hydrogen
4-6 min.
360 mi
HYDROGEN CARS
Two main versions
Internal Combustion Engine
BMW Hydrogen-7dual-fuel car (H2 or gasoline)
Only 100 made. Never went into production.
• Liquid hydrogen transfer tube.

• Used like the hose on a gasoline pump.
• Temperature: 20°K (-424°F).
• 8 kg LH2 capacity.
• 125-mile H2 range.
• ¼ the fuel economy of a fuel cell car.
BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel, V-12 engine.

• 6L, 256 HP
Fuel Cell Power Plant
GM Autonomy Concept Car
Wheel motors in At 2002 NAIAS Detroit
every wheel
Skateboard
• The skateboard is a common platform for several vehicle body styles.
• The skateboard contains all fuel and the propulsion system, HVAC, etc. and is
connected to body via several attachment points and electrical connectors.
• Since the “drive shaft and differential” for electric vehicles can simply be
wires, wheel motors are the optimum configuration for future electric vehicles.
What is a fuel cell?
It makes DC electrical power from chemicals, like a battery.
BUT none of the chemicals are normally INSIDE the fuel cell.
It only makes electricity when the chemicals flow into the
fuel cell.
fuel cell.
The chemicals are hydrogen (the fuel) and oxygen (in air).
fuel cell.
So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air
flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine.
fuel cell.
So, it only makes power (electricity) when the fuel and air
flow into it and react, like an internal combustion engine.
The outputs are power, water and heat. Like an engine, but
without the CO2, NOx, CO, PM, and UHC.
The First Fuel Cell
Sir William Grove 1839
Sir William began thinking about this on his honeymoon in 1837
Electrodes
Sulfuric Acid Solution

The First Fuel Cell
Four fuel cells

produced electricity
from the H2 and O2
that Grove put into
the test tubes.
Electrodes

The First Fuel Cell
Four fuel cells

produced electricity
from the H2 and O2
that Grove put into
the test tubes.
Electrodes

The Fuel Cell Now
176 years later
Fuel cell stack
114 kW (153 HP) fuel cell

system in the 2016 Toyota
Mirai initial-production
fuel cell car.
The Fuel Cell Now
176 years later
Fuel cell stack
114 kW (153 HP) fuel cell

system in the 2016 Toyota
Mirai initial-production
fuel cell car.
The last 30 years in 7 examples
1993
20 HP
Hydrogen welding
cylinders behind seat
Energy Partners’ Green Car

• Hydrogen fuel in welding cylinders
• Three 5-kW PEM fuel cell stacks (20 HP)
• Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger
1
1995
Daimler NECAR 1
• Hydrogen fuel in composite tank
• 12 PEM fuel cell stacks total 50kW (67 HP)
• Payload capacity: 1 driver and 1 passenger
2
2008
Honda Clarity FCX

• Hydrogen fuel from fueling stations
• 100 kW PEM fuel cell stack (134 HP)
• Formerly in CAM Alt. Propulsion Exhibit
3
2015
Toyota Mirai (1st Retail FCEV on market)

• 314 mile range on 4.7 kgH2
• 25.5 kW battery (34 HP) 187 Total HP
4
2017
Honda Clarity Fuel Cell

• 366 mile range on 5.4 kgH2
5 • 1.7 kWh battery, power out unknown.
2019
Hyundai Nexo Fuel Cell SUV

• 380 miles range on 6.3 kgH2
6 • 40 kW battery (54 HP) 181 total HP
2021-2023
Toyota Mirai (2nd generation)

• 357 - 402 mile range on 4.9 kgH2
7 • 31 kW battery (42 HP) 214 Total HP
2023
BMW ix5 Hydrogen (100 unit demo fleet)

• 314 mile range
•100 car test fleet
130 Years of Automotive Development
The era of
walking and
the horse.
The era of the The era of the

internal combustion electrochemical
engine. engine.
(130 years) 2015 to ?
The era of
walking and
the horse.
The era of the The era of the

internal combustion electrochemical
engine. engine.
(130 years) 2015 to ?
In 1886, Karl Benz created the first commercial automobile, the Patent Motorwagen. That marked the
decline of the horse propulsion era and the beginning of the era of internal combustion engine propulsion.
130 years later, the 2016 fuel cell vehicle, with the BEV mark the beginning of a new era in electric
automotive propulsion, and begins a long decline in the era of internal combustion engine propulsion.
Honda 2018 Clarity Hyundai 2019 Nexo BMW i5 GT
BMW i8 Series Mercedes 2018 GLC F-Cell PHEV Audi h-tron quattro concept
(at 2016 NAIAS)
Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999

GM Colorado ZH2 GM Fuel Cell Equinox 207 MPH at Bonneville
Mirai Fuel Cell Drive Train
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system
Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
THIS is a “fuel cell”.
Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine.
Taken from a 2 KW
(2.7 HP) fuel cell used
on a motor scooter.
6.7 in
2.25 in
Basic unit cell of a fuel cell system
Also called a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
THIS is a “fuel cell”.
Multiple cells make a “stack”, like cylinders in an engine.
Porous carbon Proton Exchange

electrode Membrane (PEM)
• With catalysts • .001” - .020” thick
6.7 in
2.25 in
Depending on design, this size MEA can produce 50 – 100 Watts (.07 - .13 HP)
Two methods of converting fuel energy into useful power
Both are stacked to produce a desired level of power
=
Piston
Piston rings
Wrist pin
Connecting rod
Bearings
Valves
Sleeves
Lifters
Springs
Fuel cell MEA Piston-cylinder

assembly
=
assembly
=
Piston
Piston rings
Wrist pin
Connecting rod
Bearings
Valves
Sleeves
Lifters
Springs

assembly
Membrane Electrode Assembly Production
Perfluorinated
polymer
membrane
w/Sulfonic acid Catalyzed
carbon
electrode
Courtesy: W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
Equivalent to: piston, valves, piston rings, spark plug, wrist pin, connecting rod,
cylinder, bearing, crank shaft for a 1/8 to 1/4 HP engine, manufactured on a roll!!!
Juuuuust a teeny bit of chemistry stuff
Science Warning
Basic proton exchange membrane
(PEM) fuel cell mechanism
.002” to .020”
Example: The thickness of

this membrane-electrode
assembly (MEA)
.002” to .020”
Hydrogen
side
Air
side
Porous Porous
Anode Thin-film Cathode
Polymer Membrane-Electrode
(carbon) (carbon)
Electrolyte Assembly (MEA)
External
Load
Hydrogen
side
Air
side
Porous Porous
(carbon) Polymer (carbon)
Electrolyte
External
Load
Hydrogen
side
H2 O2
Air
side
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
External
Load
H2 2H
_
H H+ + e
H+ = a proton
Hydrogen
side
H2 O2
Air
side
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
External
Load
H2 2H
H H+ + e
_ e-
+ H+ e-
H = a proton e-
Hydrogen
side
H2 H+ O2
e- Air
H+
side
e-
H+
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
External
Load
H2 2H
H H+ + e
_ e- O2 2O
+ H+ e- H+ + e
_
H
H = a proton e-
Hydrogen O + 2H H2O
side
H2 H+ O2
e- Air
H+
side
e-
H+
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
External
Load
H2 2H
H H+ + e
_ e- O2 2O
+ H+ e- H+ + e
_
H
H = a proton e-
Hydrogen O + 2H H2O
side
H2 H+ O2
e- Air
H+
side
e- H2O
H+
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
Reasonable cell voltage: .5 - .8 V External Temperature:
Load 50 - 90C
H2 2H (120 – 195F)
H H+ + e
_ e- O2 2O
+ H+ e- H+ + e
_
H
H = a proton e-
Hydrogen O + 2H H2O
side
H2 H+ O2
e- Air
H+
side
e- H2O
H+
Porous Porous
Electrolyte
2 fuel cells in series
1 fuel cell
Stack of 10
fuel cells
2 fuel cells in series
1 fuel cell
1 fuel cell
Fuel cells are assembled

and then stacked to
increase power (like
stacking batteries in a
flashlight). Stack of 10
fuel cells
PEM Fuel Cell Stacks
5kW (6.7 HP) 85 kW (114 HP)
13kW (17.5 HP) 2002
1992
1995
Source: Ballard
0.2kW 10kW
Source: Electrochem Source: Energy Partners

Cells are stacked together to add voltage. Current is based on cell area
Current x Voltage = Power Area x Length (Number of cells) = Volume Power
Air flow
Air manifold
Hydrogen
Single fuel cell manifold
(0.41 HP)
Hydrogen
flow
370 Cell stack

(152 HP)
Honda Clarity Fuel-Cell System
BMW i8 Fuel-Cell System
300 kW (401HP)
Hydrogen Refueling Stations
The Infrastructure Challenge

Eureka
Redding
Susanville
Garberville Red
Bluff
Reno Fallon
Truckee
Willits Lake Carson City
Tahoe
Bridgeport
San Francisco
Coalinga
Ridgecrest
Morro
Bay San Luis Obispbo
Barstow
Santa Barbara
Area accessible to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles November 2015
Eureka
Redding
Susanville
Garberville Red
Bluff
Reno Fallon
Truckee
Tahoe
Bridgeport
San Francisco
Coalinga
Ridgecrest
Morro
Barstow
0 100 KM 100 Miles
Santa Barbara
Operating hydrogen stations
Accessible area
Area accessible to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles November 2015
Eureka
Redding
Susanville
Garberville Red
Bluff
Reno Fallon
Truckee
Tahoe
Bridgeport
San Francisco
Coalinga
Ridgecrest
Morro
Barstow
0 100 KM 100 Miles
Santa Barbara
Accessible area
Area currently accessible to hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 2023
Eureka
Redding
Susanville
Garberville Red
Bluff Winnemucca
Truckee
Reno Fallon Hydrogen Stations
Willits Lake
Tahoe
Carson City Operating: 54
Bridgeport
Planned, in construction
San Francisco
or permitting 55
Total 109
Coalinga
Ridgecrest
Morro
Barstow
0 100 KM 100 Miles
Santa Barbara
Planned, in construction or in permitting
Accessible area
Hydrogen fire safety test performed in 2001
at University of Miami for the US DOE.
1. Create a single-point-failure leak in each car.
2. Ignite the leaking fuel.
Time: Leaking and 1 second before flame ignition.

Hydrogen leak rate 2100 Cu.ft/min. Gasoline leak rate 680 cc/min.
Hydrogen Gasoline
Time: 3 seconds after ignition of fuel leaks on both cars

Time: 1 minute
Hydrogen Gasoline
Time: 1 minute
Hydrogen Gasoline
Highest temperature in test:

117F on window.
Like Palm Springs in August.
Time: 1 minute
Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds
Total hydrogen leak: 1.5 kg H2 Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.)
(1.5 gal gasoline equivalent)
Hydrogen Gasoline
Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds

Total hydrogen leak: 1.5 kg H2 Total gasoline leak: 0.62 gal gasoline (After 3.5 minutes.)
(1.5 gal gasoline equivalent)
When the energy
storage part of a
battery car catches
fire, it can be
similar to a
gasoline car fire.
How the heck did
these PEM fuel
cells get started?
How the heck did
these PEM fuel
cells get started?
We owe it to 2 things:
How the heck did
these PEM fuel
cells get started?
1) Powerful atom bombs
How the heck did
these PEM fuel
cells get started?
1) Powerful atom bombs
and
2) Itty bitty rockets.
In the 1940s and 50s the U.S. nuclear weapons
labs developed very powerful nuclear bombs
that were much lighter and smaller than Soviet
bombs of the same destructive power.
(We had more boom per pound.)
We both needed to send the same destructive
power the same distance, BUT with our smaller
and lighter A-bombs, the U.S. did not need to
develop very powerful rockets, so we didn’t,
but the Soviets did.
but the Soviets did.
Then, on Oct. 4, 1957 a VERY large Soviet rocket
launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite.
USSR Good Ole USA
1957-1966 1958-1966
R-7 Rocket
Sputnik 1
Sputnik 2, with dog.
Vostok 1 with
1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA
1957-1966 1958-1966
R-7 Rocket
Sputnik 1
Sputnik 2, with dog.
Vostok 1 with
1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA
1957-1966 1958-1966
R-7 Rocket Vanguard 1 Jupiter C Redstone Atlas D Titan II

Sputnik 1 Exploded on Explorer 1 Mercury capsule Mercury capsule Gemini capsule
launch st
1 US satellite with 1 astronaut with 1 astronaut
Sputnik 2, with dog. with 2 astronauts
Vostok 1 with (sub-orbital) (orbital) (orbital)
1 cosmonaut
USSR Good Ole USA
1957-1966 1958-1966
R-7 Rocket Vanguard 1 Jupiter C Redstone Atlas D Titan II

Sputnik 1 Exploded on Explorer 1 Mercury capsule Mercury capsule Gemini capsule
launch st
1 US satellite with 1 astronaut with 1 astronaut
Sputnik 2, with dog. with 2 astronauts
Vostok 1 with (sub-orbital) (orbital) (orbital)
1 cosmonaut
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early
Soviet
Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts
1.75 hours 1 astronaut

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early
Soviet
Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Redstone
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Redstone
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
The PEM fuel cell was developed in US industry and was N-1
Space Shuttle
U.S.
almost ready in 1959 to 1961. 1962-1963
Russia
1981 - 2011
NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights

beginning with Gemini 5, Aug 21, 1965 to Aug 29, 1965.
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity

5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
and byproduct water on all long missions.

Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
U.S.
Russia
1981 - 2011

1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours

5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
and byproduct water on long missions.

That’s because fuel cells were much smaller, lighter and
Redstone
Titan 2
more easily reenergized than batteries.

Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
U.S.
Russia
1981 - 2011

1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours

5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
and byproduct water on long missions.

That’s because fuel cells were much smaller, lighter and
Redstone
Titan 2
more easily reenergized than batteries, and still are.

Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S.
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
Where electrical
1 to 3
cosmonauts power was required for
to
5 days
1961 to 1969
duration of mission.
4 to 34 hours
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Soviet U.S. Fuel cells
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Early Early
Rockets Rockets
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1962-1963 1981 - 2011
2 to 7 astronauts
2 to 18 days
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
Saturn 5
Redstone
Titan 2
Atlas
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Space Shuttle
N-1
U.S.
Russia
1981 - 2011
1 to 3
cosmonauts

to 4 to 34 hours
5 days
1961 to 1969
1957 - 1961 1960 - 1963 1964 - 1966 1967 - 1973 1969 - 1972 1981 - 2011
Russians rushing to N-1

Russia
Space Shuttle
U.S.
1981 - 2011
make and launch the

biggest rocket in
1 to 3
cosmonauts
history.
1.75 hours
to
5 days
1961 to 1969
1 astronaut
4 to 34 hours
How can that work out?

4 Attempts.
The MOST successful Soviet N1 Moon rocket test flight.
Test Flight 1, Looking good . . .
10 Million pounds of thrust
2 seconds later
2 seconds later
2 seconds later
The next 3 test flights did not do THIS well.
2 seconds later
17 days after their 2nd explosion. . .

2 seconds later
17 days after their 2nd explosion,

explosion. we
..
landed at Tranquility Base!!!
2 seconds later
17 days after their 2nd explosion, we

landed at Tranquility Base!!!
Fuel cells powered all the missions.
Here they come!
First ever shipment of fuel cell cars for sale/lease in USA.
October 2015
Sooooooo . . . .
How will we know when we are “there”?
When a kid goes to a junk yard and gets the fuel cell system from a wreck,
and installs it into an old fuel cell car with modified power electronics and
electric motor to double the horsepower and wins at the drags.
OH . . .
Just so ya know . . . .
Just so ya know . . . .
Hydrogen fueled, fuel-cell powered,

electric-drive airplane.
Thank you!
Glenn Rambach
FuelCellPlace@aol.com

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Fuel cell powered cars

and hydrogen as a fuel

• A picture from the future, where electric vehicles replace

• A picture from the future, where electric vehicles replace

Energy Storage: Power

Energy Storage: Power

Fuel cell electric car

Energy Storage: Power

Fuel cell electric car

Driving Range Max Available Power

Energy Storage: Power

Driving Range AND Max Available Power

Driving Range Max Available Power

• Liquid hydrogen transfer tube.

BMW Hydrogen-7 dual-fuel, V-12 engine.

Sulfuric Acid Solution

Four fuel cells

Sulfuric Acid Solution

Four fuel cells

Sulfuric Acid Solution

Fuel cell stack

114 kW (153 HP) fuel cell

Fuel cell stack

114 kW (153 HP) fuel cell

Energy Partners’ Green Car

Honda Clarity FCX

Toyota Mirai (1st Retail FCEV on market)

Honda Clarity Fuel Cell

Hyundai Nexo Fuel Cell SUV

Toyota Mirai (2nd generation)

BMW ix5 Hydrogen (100 unit demo fleet)

The era of the The era of the

The era of the The era of the

Ford Fusion Hydrogen 999

Porous carbon Proton Exchange

Fuel cell MEA Piston-cylinder

Fuel cell MEA Piston-cylinder

Courtesy: W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.

Example: The thickness of

Fuel cells are assembled

Source: Electrochem Source: Energy Partners

370 Cell stack

The Infrastructure Challenge

Planned, in construction or in permitting

2. Ignite the leaking fuel.

Time: Leaking and 1 second before flame ignition.

Time: 3 seconds after ignition of fuel leaks on both cars

Highest temperature in test:

Time: 1 minute, 30 seconds

R-7 Rocket Vanguard 1 Jupiter C Redstone Atlas D Titan II

R-7 Rocket Vanguard 1 Jupiter C Redstone Atlas D Titan II

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights

1.75 hours 1 astronaut

From then on fuel cells provided spacecraft electricity

and byproduct water on all long missions.

NASA contracted for fuel cell systems for Gemini flights