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Module 4
Module 4
Module 4
d d dy 3 3θ−2 dθ
[ f ( y)] = [ f ( y)] × (1) = e
dx dy dx 5 dx
Exercise 14. Differentiation of implicit d 3y
Problem 4. Find .
functions dx 2x
B. Differentiating Implicit
In the quotient rule of differentiation let u = 3y and
Functions containing Products v = 2x.
and Quotients (2x) d (3y) − (3y) d (2x)
The product and quotient rules of differentiation d 3y dx dx
Thus =
must be applied when differentiating functions con- dx 2x (2x)2
taining products and quotients of two variables.
dy
(2x) 3 − (3y)(2)
d 2 d d dx
For example, (x y) = (x 2 ) (y) + (y) (x 2 ), =
dx dx dx 4x 2
by the product rule dy
6x − 6y
dy dx 3 dy
= (x ) 1
2
+ y(2x), = = 2 x −y
dx 4x 2 2x dx
by using equation (1)
dy
= x2 + 2xy Problem 5. Differentiate z = x 2 + 3x cos 3y
dx with respect to y.
d
Problem 3. Determine (2x 3 y2 ).
dx
dy
Problem 7. Determine the values of when
dx
x = 4 given that x 2 + y2 = 25.
−3
Gradient Problem 9. Find the gradients of the tangents
−5 = 43
drawn to the circle x 2 + y2 − 2x − 2y = 3 at
x = 2.
Figure 19 dy
The gradient of the tangent is given by
Above, x 2 + y2 = 25 was differentiated implicitly; dx
actually, the equation could be transposed to Differentiating each term in turn with respect to x
y = (25 − x 2 ) and differentiated using the function gives:
of a function rule. This gives d 2 d d d d
−1
(x ) + (y2 ) − (2x) − (2y) = (3)
dy 1 x dx dx dx dx dx
= (25 − x 2 ) 2 (−2x) = −
dx 2 (25 − x 2 ) dy dy
i.e. 2x + 2y −2−2 =0
dy 4 4 dx dx
and when x = 4, = − =± as dy
dx (25 − 42 ) 3 Hence = 2 − 2x,
(2y − 2)
obtained above. dx
dy 2 − 2x 1−x
from which = =
Problem 8. dx 2y − 2 y−1
dy The value of y when x = 2 is determined from the
(a) Find in terms of x and y given original equation
dx
4x + 2xy3 − 5y2 = 0.
2
dy Hence (2)2 + y2 − 2(2) − 2y = 3
(b) Evaluate when x = 1 and y = 2.
dx i.e. 4 + y2 − 4 − 2y = 3
or y2 − 2y − 3 = 0
(a) Differentiating each term in turn with respect to
x gives: Factorising gives: (y + 1)(y − 3) = 0, from which
y = −1 or y = 3
d d d d
(4x 2 ) + (2xy3 ) − (5y2 ) = (0) When x = 2 and y = −1,
dx dx dx dx
dy 1−x 1−2 −1 1
= = = =
dx y−1 −1 − 1 −2 2
2 dy
i.e. 8x + (2x) 3y + (y )(2)
3
dx When x = 2 and y = 3,
dy dy 1−2 −1
− 10y=0 = =
dx dx 3−1 2
dy dy 1
i.e. 8x + 6xy2 + 2y3 − 10y =0 Hence the gradients of the tangents are ±
dx dx 2
y
Gradient Exercise 16. Implicit differentiation
4 = − 12
x 2+ y 2− 2x −2y = 3 3
2
r=√
5
1
0 1 2 4 x
−1
Gradient
−2 = 12
Figure 20
k
Since pvγ = k, then p = = kv−γ
vγ
dp dp dv
= ×
dt dv dt
by the function of a function rule
dp d
= (kv−γ )
dv dv
−γk
= −γkv−γ−1 =
vγ+1
dp −γk dv
= γ+1 ×
dt v dt
Since k = pvγ ,
dp −γ(pvγ ) dv −γpvγ dv
= =
dt vγ+1 dt vγ v1 dt
dp p dv
i.e. = −γ
dt v dt