After coronary artery disease, hypertension is the greatest cause of death among people of

working age all over the world. In 2010, hypertension was responsible for 5.3 million deaths,
which is equivalent to one out of every 10 deaths that occurred globally. Since 1990, there has
been a consistent annual increase in the total number of persons affected by hypertension, as well
as an increase in the number of impaired stroke survivors and fatalities that can be attributed to
stroke. If things keep going the way they are, it is anticipated that by the year 2030, there will be
20 million stroke-related fatalities annually and 70 million stroke survivors across the globe.
Worldwide, raised blood pressure is estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of the total of all
deaths. This accounts for 57 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS) or 3.7% of total DALYS.

Disease burden of stroke in rural South Africa: an estimate of incidence,

mortality and disability adjusted life years
Introduction

Stroke is responsible for around 25,000 deaths and 95,000 years of disability each year in South
Africa [5]. Nonetheless, few published research describe the epidemiology of stroke in rural
areas. Analysis of data from 1992 to 1995 revealed that 6% of all deaths in the Agincourt
subdistrict of rural North-Eastern South Africa were caused by stroke.

Objective

The major objective of this research is to contribute to the understanding of stroke prevalence in
rural South Africa. Information generated from this research is intended to guide the planning of
health services for stroke prevention and management.

Method

Model

Dismod II was used to figure out how often and for how long a stroke-related disability happened. It
shows how a person goes from being healthy to getting a certain disease to dying from that disease or
from something else. If users give DisMod II three parameters, like remission, case fatality, and
prevalence, it can make estimates of disease incidence based on age and gender. Because "remission" in
Dismod means "cure," stroke survivors can't have remission, which means that their condition gets
better from the start. So, estimates of incidence and duration were made based on the prevalence (from
the SASPI study in 2001), the relative risk of death after 28 days, and a remission rate of 0.
Data

Since 1992, a new census update has been done every year to collect detailed information about deaths
and their causes, births, and migration both in and out of the country. At different points in time, more
information about work participation and education status has been collected to add to demographic
data and give more context.

We looked at all the studies done in rural South Africa that looked at how often strokes happen. The
search turned up only one study: the Southern African Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) study, which
was done in 2001 with people from Agincourt. In that study, fieldworkers talked to each person in the
household and asked, "Has (person) ever had weakness on one side of the body?" and "Has (person)
ever had a stroke?" They did this using a questionnaire that had already been tested and found to be
accurate. If the answer to either question was "yes," a clinician or neurologist went to check on people
older than 15 to see if they might have had a stroke by doing a thorough evaluation.

The best available data chosen as input parameters was based on a prospective study conducted in a
rural demographic surveillance site in Hai district, Tanzania between June 2003 and June 2006. The
results of poststroke case fatality relate to follow up until June 2009, which is at least 3 years of follow-
up amongst the cases. The best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first published data of post stroke
mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, based on an incident population and that reports on long-term case
fatality.

Results

We think that 168 strokes (72.7 of them in men) happen every year in the Agincourt sub-district (Table
2). This gives a crude incidence rate of 244 per 100,000 person years and an age-adjusted rate of 349
per 100,000 person years. It shows that at least 33,500 strokes occurred in 2011. This gives a crude
incidence rate of 259 cases per 100,000 person years. Of these, 20,800 were in females.

Burden of stroke in YLLs, YLDs and DALYs: From an incidence-based point of view, we thought that
stroke caused 1,550 DALYs to be lost for every 100,000 people . When the simplified DALY method was
used, the number of DALYs lost because of stroke went up to 2,200 per 100,000 person-years. In both
cases, less than 10% of the DALYs lost were due to YLDs. But the ratio was much lower for YLD that was
based on how often it happened (3.3% vs. 8.7%).

Conclusion

The first estimate of the total burden of stroke in a rural South African population was made by them.
The results show that South Africa's rural areas are having more strokes, even though HIV/AIDS is a huge
problem there. Furthermore, the study highlights the critical role played by in-depth studies in
understanding the burden of disease in countries where health information systems are not adequate.
Deaths, disability-adjusted life years and years of life lost due to elevated
systolic blood pressure in Poland: estimates for the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2016

Introduction
A well-known risk factor for serious unfavorable cardiovascular events, such as stroke,
myocardial infarction, heart failure, and peripheral arterial disease, is elevated systolic blood
pressure (SBP). High systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a well-known risk factor for major adverse
cardiovascular out comes. DALYs measurement is a common index to quantitate overall burden of
disease, expressed as the number of years of life lost (YLLs) and the years lived with disability (YLD)

Methods

This report is part of the Global Burden of Disease 2016 Comparative Risk Assessment, which
looks at how health loss is caused by different risk factors [12–15]. The GBD project is different
from cross-sectional or primary studies that look at individual records to figure out how many
people have high or normal SBP and how much it hurts them.

provides a descriptive meta-analysis of the available study results and other medical records.
So, the GBD data aren't direct estimates for a specific sample, but rather projections for the
whole population. They should be judged based on the availability and reliability of primary
data for a given country (or region) and year, the uncertainty of the pooled estimates, and the
modeling and assumptions as a whole.