1.

Disorder in Form of Thought:

Refers to the arrangement of parts in thinking.
Involves disruptions in logical connections between ideas.

2. Formal Thought Disorder:

Disorder of conceptual or abstract thinking.
Occurs in conditions like Schizophrenia and coarse brain diseases.
Characterized by abnormalities in the mechanism of thinking.

3. Types of Formal Thought Disorder:

Negative Type: Loss of ability to produce concepts.
Positive Type: Production of false concepts by blending incongruous
elements.

4. Loosening of Association:
Characteristic of Schizophrenic thinking.
Involves disorder in the logical progression of thoughts.
Manifested as a failure to communicate verbally adequately.

5. Types of Loosening of Association:

Knight’s Move Thinking: Odd tangential associations between ideas.
Talking Past the Point: Skirting around the main point without reaching it.
Verbigeration: Senseless repetition of sounds and phrases.

6. Derailment:
Speech pattern where ideas shift unrelatedly.
Occurs between sentences or clauses.
Breakdown in logical connection and goal directedness.
 7. Neologism:
Creation of new words in Schizophrenia.
Fills a semantic gap.
Involves inventing new words or using conventional words uniquely.

8. Over Inclusion:
Widening of concept boundaries.
Grouping together unrelated things.

9. Possession:
Normal sense of personal possession and control of thinking.
Loss of control or sense of possession in some psychiatric illnesses.

10.Obsession:
Persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts.
Involuntary and ego dystonic.
Awareness of irrationality or senselessness.

11.Forms of Obsessions:
Thoughts, images, ruminations, doubts, impulses, phobias, fear of illnesses,
slowness.

12.Rumination:
Unproductive, prolonged train of thoughts.
Linked to abnormal emotion.
Seen in OCD, depression, melancholia.
Depressive Rumination:
Focuses on everyday events.
Contrasted with obsessive thoughts unrelated to the individual.
Typically involves past incidents.

a) Compulsion:
Obsessional motor acts.
Result from obsessional impulses or mental images.
Stereotyped behaviors in response to obsessions.

b) Thought Alienation:
Experience of thoughts being under external control.
Breakdown in discerning boundaries between self and outer world.

c) Thought Insertion:
Experience of thoughts being put in the mind from outside.
Delusion that thoughts are implanted by external forces.

d) Thought Withdrawal:
Thoughts taken away against one's will.
Accompanies thought blocking.
Delusion that thoughts have been removed by external forces.

e) Thought Broadcasting:
Thoughts described as leaving and diffusing widely.
Passive experience of thoughts being broadcasted to others.
 f) Thought Echo:
Auditory hallucination of hearing one's thoughts spoken aloud.
First rank symptom of Schizophrenia.
Describes hearing thoughts echoed immediately or shortly after occurrence.