Lecture on

Translational Kinematics

Motion in One and Two Dimensions

 DISPLACEMENT, TIME AND
VELOCITY

11/7/22 2
 Convention

For motion in one dimension (1D), we adapt:

x to be the dimension in consideration
i to be the unit vector
Motion to the right to be the positive direction
Motion to the left to be the negative direction

+x
-x
11/7/22 3
 Displacement vs. Distance
Displacement: vector quantity; Distance: scalar
Displacement: the direct separation between initial to final points;
Distance: the actual path traversed.
For a one way travel, the magnitude of the
Drayber 1: One Way displacement is equal to the distance

0 +x
Note: Drayber 1 can be represented
xi by a single point. J Dx xf

Displacement: Distance:

Dx = x f - xi = (x f - xi )iˆ d = x f - xi = (x f - xi )

11/7/22 4
 Displacement vs. Distance
Displacement: vector quantity; Distance: scalar
Displacement: the direct separation between initial to final points;
Distance: the actual path traversed.
For a roundtrip travel, the displacement and the
Drayber 2: Round trip total distance are not equal

0 xi +x
Dx x2
xf
Dx
Displacement: Distance:
!"
! !" !" ! !" !
Dx = x f - xi = 0 d = x2 − xi + x f − x2 = 2 ( x2 − xi )

11/7/22 5
 Displacement vs. Distance
Displacement
Vector quantity
Needs info on chosen origin
and positive direction
No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative (opposite
to the chosen positive
direction)
11/7/22
Distance
Scalar quantity
No need for origin and chosen
positive direction
Needs actual path traversed
Cannot be negative
(magnitude is always positive)
6
 Velocity and Speed

When motion is timed, we can talk of

velocity and speed

These quantities refer to the

rate of change in object’s position

11/7/22 7
 Average Velocity vs. Average Speed

Average Velocity, vav = Net displacement/Time

Average Speed, vav = Total distance/Time

Standard unit : meter/second (m/s)

11/7/22 8
 Average Velocity vs. Average Speed

Average Velocity, vav = Net displacement/Time

Average Speed, vav = Total distance/Time
Drayber 1: One way
Average Velocity
(magnitude and direction)
!
! Δx (3 − 0)km 3 km
vav = = =
xi = 0 km
xf = 3 km
Δt 5 min 5 min
Δt = 5 min
Average Speed
[(0 - 0 )km]iˆ
vav =only)
(magnitude =0
For a one way travel , the 10 min
velocity and speed are equal Δx (3 − 0)km 3 km
vav = = =
Δt 5 min 5 min

11/7/22 9
 Average Velocity vs. Average Speed

Average Velocity, vav = Net displacement/Time

Average Speed, vav = Total distance/Time
Drayber 2: Round trip
Average Velocity
(magnitude and direction)
!
! Δx (0 − 0)km km
vav = = =0
xi = 0 km
xf = 0 km
Δt 5 min min
Δt = 10 min
Average Speed
[(0 - 0 )km]iˆ
vav =only)
(magnitude =0
For a round trip travel , the 10 min
velocity and speed are not equal Δx 2(3 − 0)km 3 km
vav = = =
Δt 10 min 5 min

11/7/22 10
 Average Velocity vs. Average Speed
Average Velocity
Vector quantity
Needs info on chosen origin
and positive direction
No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative (opposite
to the chosen positive
direction)
11/7/22
Average Speed
Scalar quantity
No need for origin and
chosen positive direction
Needs actual path
traversed
Cannot be negative
11
 Average Velocity
Typical Velocity Magnitudes

11/7/22 12
 Problem: Lyceum
You jog around the Intramuros grounds starting
from Lyceum. Your total jogging distance is 2.20 km
long. After 25.0 minutes, you have completed your
run and you’re back at Lyceum.
What is your average speed (in m/s)?
What is your average velocity (in m/s)?

11/7/22 13
 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

11/7/22 14
 Average to Instantaneous Velocity
Drayber 1: One Way

0 +x
xi x1 x2 x3 xf
ity

ity

ity

ity
loc

loc

loc

loc
ve

ve

ve

ve
e

e
Start Split Split Split Stop
ag

ag

ag

ag
er

er

er

er
Av

Av

Av

Av
Average velocity for the total trip
Now assume your timer has a split function
 x f - xi (or, equivalently, you have multiple timers)
vav = We can get the average velocity for each segment
Dt
11/7/22 15
 Average to Instantaneous Velocity
Drayber 1: One way

xi
Dx x1 Dx x2 Dx x3 Dx xf
Dt Dt Dt Dt
Start Split Split Split Stop
v1 v2 v3 v4

    UNIFORM VELOCITY
v1 = v2 = v3 = v4 •only if the car covers the same displacements at the
same amounts of time.
•The velocity in each segment is maintained.

11/7/22 16
 Average to Instantaneous Velocity
Drayber 1: One way

xi Dx x1 Dx x2 Dx x3 Dx xf

Start Dt Split
Dt
Split
Dt
Split
Dt
Stop
v1 v2 v3 v4
VARYING VELOCITY
    Otherwise, the velocity changes everytime
v1 ¹ v2 ¹ v3 ¹ v4 and is not constant in each segment
Time interval between each segment differs
decreases so that the velocity increases .

11/7/22 17
 Average to Instantaneous Velocity
Drayber 1: One way

xi x1 x2 x3 xf

Start Stop

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
 x f - xi
v inst = lim Dt ® 0
Dt
If the time interval is made very small, then the motion
of the objects becomes instantaneous
The rate of change in the position happens in an INSTANT
(similar to a cup noodle or coffee. J )

11/7/22 18
 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS:
AVERAGE AND
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
11/7/22 19
 Graphical presentation
Velocity/Speed is presented by plotting:
Displacement/Distance in vertical axis
Time in horizontal axis

Dx / d
Note: This is not the actual path. The car
xf is not climbing! Its displacement is just
increasing over time.

xi
The slope of the line Dx
between two points is v av =
0 Δt t
the average velocity Dt

11/7/22 20
 Graphical presentation
Velocity/Speed is the SLOPE of the ff plot:
Displacement/Distance in vertical axis
Time in horizontal axis

Dx / d
xf UNIFORM VELOCITY
x3
x2 The slope of the line for each
x1 segment is the same
xi
   
v1 = v2 = v3 = v4
Δt Δt Δt Δt
t

11/7/22 21
 Graphical presentation
When velocity is not uniform (varying)
Slope changes at every instant of time

Dx / d
VARYING VELOCITY
xf
x3 The slope of the line for each
x2
x1 segment is different
xi    
v1 ¹ v2 ¹ v3 ¹ v4
Δt Δt Δt Δt
t

11/7/22 22
 From average to instantaneous

x KEYWORD: ENDPOINTS

xf
The slope of the line is
the average velocity
xi
x f - xi
v av =
t f - ti

ti tf time

11/7/22 23
 From average to instantaneous

x KEYWORD: time very small

xf
For instantaneous
velocity, we make
xi
x f - xi
v inst = lim Dt ® 0
t f - ti

ti tf time

11/7/22 24
 Instantaneous velocity
Slope of the Tangent Line (STL) at any point
Recall: Tangent line passes through only one point

Dx / d
Reducing the time interval further,
we are reduced to a point

Draw a line tangent to the point.

The SLOPE of the TANGENT LINE is the
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

t
11/7/22 25
 Analyzing Graphs

Faster/Greater Velocity
The LARGER THE SLOPE, the greater is the velocity

x
Dx C
vav = B

Dt A vBC

Large change in x v AB t
Small change in time
v AB > vBC Steeper slope

11/7/22 26
 Analyzing Graphs

Positive/Negative Velocity
NEGATIVE SLOPE means moving in the opposite of the
positive direction
x
Dx
B

vav = C

Dt A vBC
v AB t
Negative change in x
The object moves to the right from A to B
Change in time is positive
The object moves to the left from B to C

11/7/22 27
 Instantaneous motion of Drayber 2

A B C

11/7/22 28
 Test Your Understanding

These are
position vs. time
graphs for several x x
objects.
Which object is
moving with t t
constant speed? A B
Which reverses
direction? x x
Which starts
slowly and then
speeds up?
C t D t

11/7/22 29
 Think about it...
Can you have:
Zero instantaneous velocity and nonzero average
Yes. It stopped at one moment in time, but continued later on.
velocity?
Zero average velocity and nonzero instantaneous
velocity? Yes. It returned to its initial location.

Negative net displacement and zero average velocity?

No. Average velocity is the net displacement
divided by total time needed to cover it.
Negative net displacement and positive instantaneous
velocity? Yes. At one instant, it moved to the right, but the final position is
to the left of the initial position.

11/7/22 30
 ACCELERATION

11/7/22 31
 Acceleration
Rate of change in velocity with time
Vector quantity
 Dv
No special name for equivalent scalar a=
quantity Dt
AVERAGE ACCELERATION
 
 v f - vi Standard unit:

aav = m/s 2
Dt
11/7/22 32
 Average Acceleration
Similar to average velocity
Keyword: Endpoints
vi is the velocity of the object at xi
vf is the velocity of the object at xf

0 xi xf +x
 
v f - vi
vi vf

aav =
Dt
Start Stop

11/7/22 33
 Average Acceleration
velocity
• PLOT OF THE VELOCITY versus TIME
v

vf
The slope of the line is the
average acceleration
vi
Dv
aav =
Dt

ti tf time

11/7/22 34
 Instantaneous Acceleration
Similar to instantaneous velocity
Keyword: Instant
Graphically: STL of velocity vs. time plot
velocity
Dx /vd

Draw a line tangent to the point.

The SLOPE of the TANGENT LINE is the
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION

t
time
t
11/7/22 35
 Analyzing Graphs

Faster/Greater ACCELERATION
LARGER SLOPE means FASTER CHANGE IN VELOCITY

v
Dv C

aav =
B

Dt A aBC

Large change in v a AB t
Small change in time
a AB > aBC Faster change from A to B
NOT Slowing down

11/7/22 36
 Analyzing Graphs
Positive/Negative Acceleration
POSITIVE SLOPE means SPEEDING UP
NEGATIVE SLOPE means SLOWING DOWN

v B

Dv C
aav = A aBC
Dt a AB t
Negative change in x The object speeds up from A to B
Change in time is positive The object slows down from B to C

11/7/22 37
 MOTION WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION

11/7/22 38
 Warning! Warning! Warning!
The following slides contain equations not suitable
for motion with changing acceleration. Proper
understanding in advised.

Ang mga slide na ito ay naglalaman ng mga

equation na hindi angkop para sa paggalaw na may
nagbabagong acceleration. Tamang pang-unawa ay
kailangan.

11/7/22 39
 Kinematics of a particle moving under
constant acceleration
In this section, there is no other way but to
memorize the following equations.

Let x, v and a be the magnitudes of the position,

velocity and acceleration of a particle.
Warning! Warning! Warning! a should be constant

11/7/22 40
 Kinematics of a particle moving under
constant acceleration

1 2 v 2 -v1
1 x 2 = x1 + v1 t 2 + at 2 3 a º constant =
2 t 2 -t1
2 v 2 = v1 + at 2 v 2 = v12 + 2a ( x 2 - x1 )
2
4

0 x1 x2 +x
t1 v1 t2 v2

11/7/22 41
 Hints in using equations 1-4
YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND the problem
You have to realize all the given quantities in the
problem
Based on the given quantities, you can identify which
of the four equations you will be using.

11/7/22 42
 Hints in using equations 1-4
DRAW the schematic of the problem
Assign the positions of the objects along the x axis
• One position pertains to where you are solving an unknown.
To know the sign of the velocity, find out if the object
moves towards positive or negative direction
• RIGHTWARD and UPWARD are POSITIVE
• LEFTWARD and DOWNWARD are NEGATIVE

0 +x
X1, Y1, t1, V1 X2, Y2, t2, V2
11/7/22 43
 Hints in using equations 1-4
Setting X, Y, V and t
When the initial position is not specified, it can well be taken
as zero; X1 = 0.
The ground is usually set as Y1 = 0.
When the object is “at rest” or “stops” its motion, then the
velocity is zero; V =0, at that position
Initial time t1 =0 if the initial time is not specified.

0 +x
X1, Y1, t1, V1 X2, Y2, t2, V2
11/7/22 44
 Problem solving 1
As I jog along the Intramuros grounds from Lyceum
to Letran, my friend passed me by, running. Not to
be outdone, I chased after her to try to outrun her.
If in 8 seconds I went from 3 m/s to 6 m/s, what is
my acceleration?
v 2 = v1 + at 2
1
x 2 = x1 + v1 t 2 + at 22
2
v 2 -v1
x2 a=
t
t 2 -t1
v 22 = v1 + 22a ( x 2 - x1 )
2

11/7/22 45
 Problem solving 1
As I jog along the Intramuros grounds from Lyceum
to Letran, my friend passed me by, running. Not to
be outdone, I chased after her to try to outrun her.
If in 8 seconds I went from 3 m/s to 6 m/s, what is
my acceleration?
v 2 = v1 + at 2
a =? +x

v 2 -v1
x1=0 m x1=? x2 a=
t1=0 s t2=8 s t2
t 2 -t1
v1=3 m/s v2=6 m/s
11/7/22 46
 Problem solving 2
I let my book slide over the table for it to reach my
borrowing classmate 0.50 m away. With what initial
velocity should I push the book for it to stop in front
if my classmate if I know that the table will make it
slow down at a rate of -1.00 m/s2?
v 2 = v1 + at 2
1
x 2 = x1 + v1 t 2 + at 22
2
v 2 -v1
x2 a=
t
t 2 -t1
v 22 = v1 + 22a ( x 2 - x1 )
2

11/7/22 47
 Problem solving 2
I let my book slide over the table for it to reach my
borrowing classmate 0.50 m away. With what initial
velocity should I push the book for it to stop in front
if my classmate if I know that the table will make it
slow down at a rate of -1.00 m/s2?

a =-1 m/s +x

x1=0 m x1=0.5 m
t1=0 s t2=? x2
t2 (
2a x 2 - x1 )
2
v1=? v
v2=0 m/s (stops) 2
2
= v 1 +

11/7/22 48
 Special case: Earth

NEAR THE EARTH’s SURFACE

Almost constant acceleration downward;
called acceleration due to gravity g

11/7/22 49
 Acceleration due to gravity, g
The Acceleration is CONSTANT.
Given a negative sign, since the commonly chosen
positive direction is upward.

 
a = - g = -9.81 m/s ĵ

11/7/22 50
 Kinematics of a particle moving under g

+y
1 2 1
The change of
y2 = y1 + v1 t - gt position from x
2 to y is arbitrary.
Since gravity
y2 v2 works along the
v 2 = v1 - gt 2 2 t2 vertical (y-axis)

a º -g =
v 2 -v1
3 g = 9.81m/s 2

t 2 -t1
y1
v1
v = v - 2 g ( y2 - y1 )
2
2
2
1
4 0
t1

11/7/22 51
 Free fall
Note: The term “free fall” is the general term used
not only for falling bodies but for bodies affected
by the almost constant acceleration due to
gravity of the Earth. J

A ball thrown upward is still free-falling. J

11/7/22 52
 Problem Solving 3: Free Fall
Imagine if the projector we are using right now
suddenly got unscrewed and fell to the ground
from rest. What would be its speed immediately
before hitting the floor 2.5 m below?

v 2 = v1 + at 2
1
y2 = y1 + v1 t2 + at22
2
v2 - v1
a=
t2 - t1
v22 = v1 2 + 2a ( y2 − y1 )

11/7/22 53
 Problem Solving 3: Free Fall
Imagine if the projector we are using right now
suddenly got unscrewed and fell to the ground
from rest. What would be its speed immediately
before hitting the floor 2.5 m below?
y1= 2.5 m, t1= 0 s
v1= 0 m/s (from rest)

a = -g = -9.81 m/s2

y2= 0 m, t2= ?
v2 = ? v22 = v1 2 + 2a ( y2 − y1 )

11/7/22 54
 Problem Solving 3: Free Fall
Imagine if the projector we are using right now
suddenly got unscrewed and fell to the ground
from rest. What would be its speed immediately
before hitting the floor 2.5 m below?

V2 = 7.0 m/s
The speed is just before
hitting the ground, so it
is NOT ZERO
v22 = v1 2 + 2a ( y2 − y1 )

11/7/22 55
Motion in Two/Three Dimensions
 Velocity and Acceleration in 2D/3D

6/5/10 5757
 Recall: Vectors
The instantaneous velocity in 3D (3-dimensions)

Δx Δy Δz
vx = vy = vz =
Δt Δt Δt
These three components are INDEPENDENT
of each other.
11/7/22 58
 Recall: Vectors
The instantaneous acceleration in 3D

Δvx Δv y Δv z
ax = ay = az =
Δt Δt Δt

11/7/22 59
 Recall: Vectors
The instantaneous acceleration in 3D

Slope of the tangent Slope of the tangent

Slope of the tangent
line of x vs t line of z vs t
line of y vs t

FREEFALL case: !
ax = 0, az = 0 a = −9.81 m/s ĵ
11/7/22 60
 Special examples of 2D motion
Projectile motion
•Acceleration parallel to y-component of v
•Acceleration perpendicular to x-component of v

Uniform circular motion

•Acceleration always perpendicular to velocity

6/5/10 6161
 PROJECTILE MOTION

6/5/10 6262
 Visualization

Object follows a
parabolic path

6/5/10 6363
 Kinematics along 2D/3D
Decompose the position and the
velocity into x- and y- components

2 x2, y2, t2,V2x, V2y

v x = v cos a 0
v y = v sin a 0

1
x1, y1, t1,V1x, V1y

6/5/10 6464
 Kinematics along 2D/3D
Then we assert INDEPENDENCE of each
component from each other
x y z
x y z
vx vy vz
ax ay az
11/7/22 65
 Projectile Motion
A type of 2D motion
The constant acceleration of the object is DUE
TO GRAVITY which is along the vertical

ax = 0 ay = -g
The velocity along x is constant
g = 9.81 m/s 2

v x = v ix
6/5/10 6666
 Kinematics along x and y axes
We can then write our expression INDEPENDENTLY for each component

1 2
1 x 2 = x1 + v1 x t 2 y2 = y1 + v1 y t 2 - gt 2
2

2 v 2 x = v1 x v 2 y = v1 y - gt 2
v 2 y -v1 y
3 v 2 x = v1 x -g =
t 2 -t1

4 v 2
2x =v 2
1x
v 22 y = v12y - 2 g ( y2 - y1 )
11/7/22 67
 Examples of Projectile Motion
Ball games
Baseball, basketball, golf, tennis
Jackstone
Missiles
Fireworks, missiles, fragments ejected from volcanoes
Other objects on earth with parabolic path
Leaping dolphins
Humans leaping or clearing gaps

6/5/10 6868
 Why parabolic?
Imagine a ball experiencing
y acceleration due to gravity.

It experiences velocity
components along x and y axes

!
ˆ
v = vx i + vy ĵ
y component: Will be affected
by the acceleration due to
gravity.
x component: Will remain the
same throughout.

x
6/5/10 6969
 Side view (Red side)

Free fall motion!

Same as if it falls
along the y-axis only

6/5/10 7070
 Top view (Green side)

Uniform velocity!
x

6/5/10 RCBatac Physics 71 Lecture 7171

 Problem solving tips
As a consequence of their independence
y
•If horizontal motion is needed: No need to
solve for vertical components, and vice versa. As
a consequence of their independence
Time has no x- and y-components.
•We might need to solve x to get the time and
use this to get y.

6/5/10 7272
 Keys to Analyzing Projectile Motion
At max height v 2 = v 22x + v 22 y = v 2 x
v2 y = 0 v1 x = v 2 x
v1
v1 x = v1 cos q q
v1 y = v1 sin q
a y = -9.81 m/s 2
ax = 0

Velocity is NOT ZERO at maximum height, Vx ≠ 0

7373
 Keys to Analyzing Projectile Motion
Horizontal component of velocity is CONSTANT.
v1 x

v2 x
v3 x
v4 x
v5 x
v1 x = v 2 x = v 3 x = v 4 x = v 5 x
7474
 Horizontal distance (Range R)
If the vertical distance of the two positions are equal
(y1 = y2) then the total horizontal distance (Range)
is:

v sin 2a 0
2
R= 1
g
6/5/10 7575
 Max height
At max height, the vertical speed is zero, v2y = 0.

ymax =
v 2
1y
=
(v1 sin a 0 )
2

2g 2g
6/5/10 7676
 Problem: Straight Line
A car, initially at rest, travels 20 m in 4 s along a
straight line with constant acceleration. The
acceleration of the car is:
A. 0.5 m/s2
B. 1.3 m/s2
C. 2.5 m/s2
D. 4.9 m/s2
E. 9.8 m/s2
11/7/22 77
 Problem: Straight Line
A car, initially at rest, travels 20 m in 4 s along a
straight line with constant acceleration. The
acceleration of the car is:
A. 0.5 m/s2
B. 1.3 m/s2
C. 2.5 m/s2
D. 4.9 m/s2
E. 9.8 m/s2
11/7/22 78
 Problem: Constant acceleration
An object starts from rest at the origin and
moves along the x axis with a constant
acceleration of 4 m/s2. Its average velocity as it
goes from x=2 m to x=8 m is:
A. 1 m/s
B. 2 m/s
C. 3 m/s
D. 5 m/s
E. 6 m/s
11/7/22 79
 Problem: Constant acceleration
An object starts from rest at the origin and
moves along the x axis with a constant
acceleration of 4 m/s2. Its average velocity as it
goes from x=2 m to x=8 m is:
A. 1 m/s
B. 2 m/s
C. 3 m/s
D. 5 m/s
E. 6 m/s
11/7/22 80
 Problem: Velocity of a Projectile
The velocity of a projectile equals its initial
velocity plus ______.

A. A constant horizontal velocity

B. A constant vertical velocity
C. An increasing horizontal velocity
D. An increasing downward velocity
E. A constant velocity directed to the target

11/7/22 81
 Problem: Velocity of a Projectile
The velocity of a projectile equals its initial
velocity plus ______.

A. A constant horizontal velocity

B. A constant vertical velocity
C. An increasing horizontal velocity
D. An increasing downward velocity
E. A constant velocity directed to the target

11/7/22 82
 Problem: Cliff
A stone is thrown outward from the top of a 59.4m high
cliff with an upward velocity component of 19.5 m/s.
How long is the stone in the air, i.e. until just before it
touches the ground?

A. 4.0 s
B. 5.0 s
C. 6.0 s
D. 7.0 s
E. 8.0 s
11/7/22 83
 Problem: Cliff
A stone is thrown outward from the top of a 59.4m high
cliff with an upward velocity component of 19.5 m/s.
How long is the stone in the air, i.e. until just before it
touches the ground?

A. 4.0 s
B. 5.0 s
C. 6.0 s
D. 7.0 s
E. 8.0 s
11/7/22 84
 Problem: Cannon
A large cannon is fired from ground level over level
ground at an angle 300 above the horizontal . The
muzzle speed is 980 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, the
projectile will travel with what horizontal distance
before striking the ground?
A. 4.3 km
B. 8.5 km
C. 43 km
D. 85 km
E. 170 km
11/7/22 85
 Problem: Cannon
A large cannon is fired from ground level over level
ground at an angle 300 above the horizontal . The
muzzle speed is 980 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, the
projectile will travel with what horizontal distance
before striking the ground?
A. 4.3 km
B. 8.5 km
C. 43 km
D. 85 km
E. 170 km
11/7/22 86
 Problem: Boy on the edge
A boy on the edge of a vertical cliff 20 m high throws a
stone horizontally outward with a speed of 20 m/s. It
strikes the ground at what horizontal distance from the
foot of the cliff?

A. 10 m
B. 40 m
C. 50 m
D. 60 m
E. 80 m
11/7/22 87
 Problem: Boy on the edge
A boy on the edge of a vertical cliff 20 m high throws a
stone horizontally outward with a speed of 20 m/s. It
strikes the ground at what horizontal distance from the
foot of the cliff?

A. 10 m
B. 40 m
C. 50 m
D. 60 m
E. 80 m
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 MOTION WITH NON-
CONSTANT ACCELERATION

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 If the acceleration is not constant
We use the differential and integral forms of the
position, velocity and acceleration.

 d   d   d  2
v= x a= v a= 2 x
dt dt dt
t2 t2

Dx = ò vdt Dv = ò adt
t1 t1
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 Problem: Non-Constant acceleration
At t =0s, a car has a velocity of 16 m/s. It slows
down with acceleration a = -0.5t2, in m/s2, for t in
seconds. The car stops at t= ___.

A. 4s
B. 8s
C. 16 s
D. 32 s
E. 64 s
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 Problem: Non-Constant acceleration
At t =0s, a car has a velocity of 16 m/s. It slows
down with acceleration a = -0.5t2, in m/s2, for t in
seconds. The car stops at t= ___.

A. 4s
B. 8s
C. 16 s
D. 32 s
E. 64 s
11/7/22 92