PHYSIOLOGY CHANTING BY DR.

PARAS

REVIEWED & VERIFIED BY DR.ASHISH KUMAR

* CNS

☆ GLIAL CELL = 4 TYPES

1. ASTROCYTE -
MAKE BBB
2. MICROVILLI -

PHAGOCYTOSIS OF BACTERIA
3. EPENDYMER CELLS -
THEY LINE THE VENTRICLES
4. OLIGODENDROCYTES -
MAKE MYELIN SHEATH in CNS
BUT IN PNS -
SCHWAN CELLS MAKE MYELIN

* CSF
•
150mL .

DAILY PRODUCTION 500mL /

Day
•
=

•
SECRETION -
CHOROID PLEXUS
•
ABSORPTION -

ARACHNOID PLEXUS

* NEURON

→ AXON HILOCK =

•
AP GENRATED due -10min THRESHOLD
.

.
.

•
MAIN ION = Cq2t , Nat
HILLOCK

•
RMP GEN RATED
-

AT REST
MAIN A -1pct
•

30N =

RMP •
NEURON =
-70mV
•
SKELETAL & CARDIAC MUSCLE =
-90mV
•
SMOOTH MUSCLE = -50mV
•
RODS & CONES = -30 to -40mV
• RBC = -12mV
•

Kᵗ& d- makes membrane more -

ve HYPERPOLARIZATION
GABA & GLYCINE ( N T)
EXAMPLE - -

•
Nato cat makes membrane less V1 DEPOLARIZATION -

EXAMPLE GLUTAMATE CN :-C)

-

☆ Nat 4kt PUMP PLAY MAIN ROLE

NOKIA 3 Nat OUT

] Both use ATP
•
-

2kt IN
•
Nat ↑ OUTSIDE → CREATE AP
•
K+ ↑ INSIDE → CREATE RMP

* CORTICAL CENTRE = HELPS IN MEMORY FORMATION

•
•

MEMORY STORED IN SYNAPSES OF NEURON →

NEOCORTEX
••
↑ MEMORY DUE To ↑ NEUROTRANSMITTER &
↑ RECEPTOR AT SYNAPSE =
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
• SHORT TERM MEMORY IS CONVERTED TO LONG TERM
M{MORT -

CA 1
-

NEURON OF HIPPOCAMPUS

* CORTICAL AREA
• AUDITORY -

41,42
•
SPEECH -

44,45 Has → BROCA 'S AREA

•
LANGUAGE -
22 Klas → WERNICKE as AREA
 * TASTE
1- SALTY = Nat /Kt
2. SOUR = Ht / Acid
3. SWEET =
9- PROTEIN RECEPTOR
4. BITTER =
G- PROTEIN RECEPTOR
5. UMAMI = MONO SODIUM GLUTAMATE
-

•
CHILLY /SPICE =
NOT TASTE BUT PAIN SENSATION
↳ RECEPTOR - VANILLOID RECEPTOR
↳
SENSATION -
HOT ,
BURNING ,
PAIN FULL SENSATION

☆ SSS -
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
•
SENSATION FROM BODY -
SKIN , JOINTS MUSCLE etc .

PAIN ,
temp gtoveh
•

.
.

☆ SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM RECEPTOR

1. MEISSNER 'S CORPUSCLES

•
TIP OF DERMAL PAPULE
•
RAPIDLY ADAPTING ,
LOW THRESHOLD TOUCH
Receptor
•
FINE
TOUCH & 2 POINT DISCRIMINATION
LOW
FREQUENCY
•
VIBRATION
2. PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
•
ONION SHAPE
•
HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION IN JOINTS
•
PRESSURE IN DEEP DERMIS & DERMIS
3. MERKEL DISK 'S
SLOW
•
ADAPTING TOUCH RECEPTOR
• HELPS BLIND PEOPLE TO READ DENSITY .

• BEST 2 POINT DISCRIMINATION BCZ MAX RECEPTOR ~ '

.

4. RUFFINI ENDING 'S 5- *RANSE END BULBS

↓
WARM TOLD

•
SLOW ADAPTING
•
SENSE → PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE

6. FREE NERVE ENDING

PAIN
•
TEMP , SEXUAL SENSATION & ITCHING
,
↳ PAIN -
nt IN BRAIN & VISCERA int → .
Hollow ORGAN]

↳ PAIN tnt IN OUTER COVERING

ZTYPES OF PAIN

/
FAST PAIN SLOW PAIN

• A DENA MYELINATED • c- UNMYELINATED

SOMATIC N .
FIBRE N FIBRE
.

SKIN VISCERA Ctleart , intestine]

Eg eg
- -

•
SHARP & WELL LOCALIZED • DULL 4 DIFFUSED
☆ ASCENDING SENSORY TRACTS → SPINAL CORD

1. ANTERIOR SPINO THALMIC TRACT CARRY

=
ITCHING &
CRUDE TOUCH / PRESSURE .

2. LATERAL SPINO TNALMK TRACT = CARRY PAIN & TEMP .

3- DORSAL COLUMN TRACT =

REST ALL

☆ NERVE INJURY

•
LMN LESION •
UMN LESION
↓ ↓
•
FLACCID PARALYSIS •
SPASTIC PARALYSIS
•
↓ TONE •
ATONE

•
MUSCLE LENGTH SENSED & MAINTAINED BY
MUSCLE SPINDLE = STRETCH REFLEX /DEEP TENDON REFLEX

•
MUSCLE TENSION SENSED BY 90291 TENDON ORGAN

☆ CEREBELLUM =
COORDINATION & CORRECTION OF MOVEMENT
☆ BASAL GANGLIA =
PLANNING & PROGRAMMING OF MOVEMENT
☆ LIMBIC SYSTEM
=
EMOTIONS GENESIS
☆ FRONTAL LOBE =
COGNITION & CONTROL OF EMOTIONS
 ☆ HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTION =

1. CONTROL ANS SYMPATHETIC

→ -
Lat .

hypothalamus
PARASYMPATHETIC
→ -
Ant
Hypothalamus
.

2. THIRST CENTRE → ↓ BLOOD & ↑ SALT

Trigger By
→ NERVE = LATERAL PREOPTIC NERVE

3- CIRCADIAN RHYTHM → BY SUPRACHIASMATIC NERVE

Cantors cint clock)
cycle ) .

4. HUNGER CENTRE

HUNGER SATIETY
N -

NEUROPEPTIDE LEPTIN
G- Ghrelin
0 Ooexins
-

5. TEMP . REGULATION

ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
• COOLS BODY • WARMS BODY
 KIDNEY =

•
FUNCTIONAL UNIT →
NEPHRON [ 1-1.3 million / KIDNEY]
BOWMAN 'S CAPSULE

^⑨=EF macula DENSA

= REGULATE
GFR BY
, TUB GLOMERULAR FEEDBA#

CORTEX
t -

IT
-

[
-
-
- - - - - - - -

- -

MEDVLA

LOOP OF HENLE

☆ GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES @ c)
=

•
CONTAIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS & PODOCYTES
↓ ↓
OPENINGS = ENDOTHELIAL CELL FILTRATION 52172
size = 70 -90hm to-20hm

FILTRATION MEMBRANE
for PLASMA
= 4 -8hm

< Ynm
•
SIZE EASILY FILTER
CAN

4- 8hm DEPENDS ON CHARGE C- ]

cant FILTER
•

EXAMPLE → SIZE 7am

recharge
ALBUMIN BUT
rely chahged
= -
-

•
> 8mm CANT FILTER
☆ URINE FORMATION HAS 3 STEPS

I. FILTER AT / ON = ALL SUBSTANCE GET FILTERED

& comes IN PCT

2. REABSORPTION = GOOD SOLUTES LIKE Natgda Glucose

,
Cosine to BLOOD] Watch etc GO BACK TO BLOOD
BY PERI TUBULAR CAPILLARIES

3. SECRET ON = BAD SOLUTES LIKE URIC ACID , DRUG'S

/ ,
CBLOOD to URINE] TOXIN 'S CREATININE etc will COME
,
OUT FROM BODY WITH URINE .

☆ PCT =

•
MAX . REABSORPTION = MAX REABSORPTION OF ALL
SUBSTANCE
'

"
EXCEPT in ASCENDING LOOP
mg
=

•
MAX SECRETION =
MAX SECRETION OF ALL
SUBSTANCE
EXCEPT K+ = 4 Urea
↓ ↓
IN CDLIDCT IN THIN LOOP
☆ MEDULLA =

• HIGH OSMOLORITY ( HYPERTONIC)= 1200 mosm /L

r

☆ COUNTER CURRENT SYSTEM

MULTIPLIER EXCHANGER
↓ ↓
ASCENDING LOOP VASA RETA
capillaries
↓ ↓
TRANSPORT SOLUTES REABSORPTION WATER

☆ DCT

1. Nat & d- REABSORPTION

↳ BY Nat d- SYMPORT
↳ BLOCKED BY THIAZIDE

2. K -1 P CELLS [ PRINCIPLE CELLS]

SECRETION BY -

↳ A -1 SECRETION 4 Nat REABSORPTION BY ENAC CHANNEL

↳ BLOCKED BY AMILORIDE

☆ CD HAS 2 TYPES OF CELLS

↳ P CELL
-
→ At SECRETION
↳ I CELL
-
→ ACID SECRETION & MAKE URINE ACIDIC
↳ CD HAS V2 RECEPTOR OF ADM [Anti Diuretic Hormone]

ADH ↑ REABSORPTION & MAKE

•

WATER
URINE CONCENTRATED .

•
IF ADM IS &
&
URINE OUTPUT POLYURIA
]
↳A __
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
↳↑ DRINKING POLYDIPSIA
=

☆ GLUCOSE =

•
100% REABSORBED IN PCT BY SGLT -2 & GLUT-2
'

☆ TMG = TRANSPORT MAX . OF GLUCOSE

•
IT IS MAX . GLUCOSE AMOUNT THAT CAN BE
,
REABSORBED PER MIN .

TMG
375mg / min
•
=

☆ FL =
FILTER LOAD
•
AMOUNT GETTING FILTERED PER MINUTE

☆ IN ⑨ PERSON =
TMG 77 FL

☆ IF FL TMG = THEN SOME GLUCOSE IS

LEFT UNABSORBED & IT COMES

IN URINE
↓
GLYCOSURIA
☆ CLEARANCE = AMOUNT OF PLASMA CLEARED PER MIN

BY KIDNEY BY FILTERATION & SECRETION

CL = GFR : ONLY FILTERAT/ ON -

INULIN
> GFR FILTERATION & SECRETION PAH [ParaAmina
CL : -

Hippwa
& CREATININE
CL < GFR : FILTH REABSORPTION -
GLUCOSE GAA

☆ GFR =

• MOST ACCURATE METHOD → INULIN

• MC USED → CREATININE

* RPF RENAL PLASMA FLOW

=

•
ESTIMATED BY PAN PARA AMINO HIPPURK ACID -

☆ JUXTA GLOMERULAR APPARATUS

3 TYPES OF CELLS

1.39 CELLS → +Nt IN AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

-

2. LAGS CELLS → HERPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS

3. MACULA DENSA → REGULATE GFR

•
IG -

CELLS → •+ nt
IN AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
•
THEY SENSE RENAL BLOOD FLOW 1250mL/min =

•
IF FLOW IS POOR = RENIN RELEASED
&
RAAS ACTIVATED
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

→ EXCHANGE ZONE -
GEN RATION 17-23
→ CONDUCTION ZONE - GEN RATION 0-16
M DILATION
→
RECEPTOR -
H
, Ba m3
d ↳ CONSTRICTION
CONSTRICTION

Plz
→
LAW
BOYLE 'S ✓
Eg BALOON
- -

•
INSPIRATION
→ ACTIVE PROCESS & NEED ATP FOR MUSCLE CONT.

→ MUSCLE USED -
DIAPHRAGM 75% & EXT INTER . COASTAL 25%

•
EXPIRATION
→ PASSIVE PROCESS & NO ATP NEEDED FOR ANY MUSCLE
→ IT IS DUE TO ELASTIC RECOIL OF THE LUNG

•
FORCE FULL EXPIRATION
→ ACTIVE PROCESS
→
MUSCLE USED -

ABDOMINAL MUSCLE & INT INTERCOASTAL

.

91 NO MUSCLE USED FOR →

92 Into INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE →

93 Ext INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE →

.

94 ABDOMEN AL MUSCLE →
95 DIAPHRAGM →
 Bagg

* INTRA ALVEOLAR PRESSURE oooo

→ AT REST → 0
mmHg Las BEATTIE
DURING INSPIRATION → /
mmHg
→
-

STEPS OF INSPIRATION
→ END 0
INSPIRATION →
mmHg
OF 1. MUSCLE CONTRACT
→ → -11
DURING EXPIRATION 2- EXPAND THORAX
mmhg 3. -
VE PRESSURE
☆ INTRA PLEURAL PRESSURE 4. AIR ENTER

→ AT REST → -2mm Hg
→ NORMAL QUIET INSPIRATION → -6
mmHg
→ NORMAL QUIET EXPIRATION → -2
mmHg
→ FORCEFUL INSPIRATION -20
→
mmHg
→ FORCEFUL EXPIRATION → +20
mmHg
☆ COMPLIANCE
D¥ CHANGE IN VOLUME
-

[ STRETCHING ] CHANGE IN PRESSURE

•
RLD =
RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE
→ SMALL LUNG BCZ . NO COMPLIANCE
EXAMPLE → LUNG FIBROSIS .

• OLD =
OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
→ BIG LUNG Bez GOOD COMPLIANCE & POOR RECOIL
.

EXAMPLE → EMPHYSEMA
☆ SURFACTANT

→ PRODUCED BY TYPE # PNEUMOCYTES & CLARA CELL

→ FUNCTION -
& SURFACE TENSION
→ 70% DPPC -
DI PALMITOYL PHOSPHO DIL CHOLINE
↳ LECITHIN
↳ SPHINGOMYLIN
→ LIS RATIO - > 2④
→ PRODUCT ON -
START AT 18 WKS OF FETAL LIFE
→ SECRETION & ACTION INSIDE ALVEOLI -
28 Wks
→ MAX SECRETION 4 FUNCTION -
34-35 wks

☆ LUNG VOLUMES

1. TIDAL VOLUME TV 500mL -

-

2. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME IRV - - 3- 3.5L

3. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME ERU - -
1.3L
4. RESIDUAL VOLUME -
RU -

1.2L

☆ LUNG CAPACITIES

1. INSPIRATORY CAPACITY -
IRV + TV
-

3-3.5-1 500mL = 3.5 -4L

2. EXPIRATORY CAPACITY -
ERV + TV
-
1.3 -1500mL = 1.8 L
3- FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY -

ERV -1 RV
-
1.3 -11.2 = 2.5L
4. VITAL CAPACITY - IRV -1 ERV -1 TV

[g FEMALE
MALE 4.8L
-

-
3.2L
NOTE -
SPIROMETER CANNOT MEASURE RV ,
SO FRC ALSO NOT GIVEN BY SPIROMETER
Bcz FRC = ERVTRV

•
FRC
MEASURED BY
1. HELIUM DILUTION METHOD
2. SINGLE BREATH NITROGEN WASHOUT METHOD
OR
FOWLER METHOD
B. PLETHYSMOGRAPMY IN PT WITH OLD

•
BEST IX. TO DIFF .
OLD FROM RLD -

FEVI %

/
VC Fell / % IRV RV Fev ,% → 7580% OF Tvc

•
RLD ↓↓ N ↓ & Fevzi # → 95% OF TVC

•
OLD N /↑ ↓ N/↑ ↑ Focus :/ → 98% OF TVC

•
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
= IRV -1 TV -1 ERV + RV

AIR IN ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE -150mL

AIR GET EXCHANGED -

350mL
 •
V /§ RATIO AIR FOR EXCHANGE
= COMING = £
BLOOD COMING FOR EXCHANGE

→ IDEAL V/ RATIO -
I
→
NORMAL V1 :O RATIO -0.8
APEX v10, RATIO 1.3 = MAX POOR PERFUSION
"

→ - =

→ BASE HOT RATIO -0.8 __ MIN ! =

HIGH PERFUSION

•
DALTONS LAW FOR PP
→ % OF GAS IN A MIXTURE ✗ TOTAL PRESSURE

•
GAS EXCHANGE DEPENDS ON 3 FACTORS
→DEPENDS ON MEMBRANE
→ pp
→ GAS

•
HENRY LAW
→ Pa 02 DEPEND ON DISSOLVED 02 NOT Hb BOUND 02

☆ NOTE -

→ 1h6 CAN BIND - 4 OXYGEN MOLECULE

→
Igm Hb CARRY -
1.33mL OXYGEN
→ DISSOLVED 02 IS ONLY 1%
?⃝
☆ OXYGEN Hb DISSOCIATION CURVE

-
HALDANE EFFECT

↑ PH

= BOHR EFFECT

* PACE MAKER OF RESPIRATION

→ PRE BOTZINGER COMPLEX

•
PONS → MAINTAIN RESPIRATION IN PROPER WAY
•
MEDULA → MAKE RESPIRATION
↳ MEDULA LESION
-
NO RESPIRATION / APNEA
↳ PONS LESION -

IRREGULAR RESPIRATION

•
(02 ACT ON BOTH PERIPHERAL 4 CENTRAL RECEPTOR
↳ MAIN STIMULUS FOR REGULATION OF RESPIRATION
 CVS

•
PACE MAKER → SA NODE → MAX FREQUENCY

•
SA NODE CAN MAKE IOOAP IN 60sec
• AV NODE CAN MAKE GOAP IN 60sec

SLOWEST CONDUCTION AV NODE -0.05m, / SEC

•
FASTEST CONDUCTION PURKINJE{ FIBRES -

4m /SEC

☆ CARDIAC CYCLE = 0.8sec

SYSTOLE DIASTOLE
ATRIA 0.1sec 0.7sec
VENTRICLES 0.3 SEC 0.5sec

☆ HEART SOUND

Sl -

Av -
VALVES CLOSE
52 -
SL -

VALVES CLOSE

53 -

EARLY DIASTOLE / RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING

54 LATE LATE VENTRICULAR FILLING
_

DIASTOLE /

☆ JVP -
JUGLARVELN PRESSURE

ATRIA CONTRACT

-
VENTRICLE CONTRACT

ATRIAL FILLING

ATRIA RELAX
-
VENTRICULAR FILLING
☆ VOLUME

I. END DIASTOLE VOLUME → 120 -130mL

2. STROKE VOLUME → 70 -80mL
ERECTION FRACTION
g¥
3. → 65%
✗ too =

4- END SYSTOLIC VOLUME → EDV -

SV = 40 -50mL

☆ CO -
CARDIAC OUTPUT
→ BLOOD PUMPED BY EACH VENTRICLE PER MINUTE
Sv ✗ HR 70×72
→ = =
54min

☆ FRANK STARLING CURVE

•
CORONARY BLOOD FLOW = 250mL /min
↳ MAX IN DIASTOLE
↳ MIN IN SYSTOLE

• MAX CROSS SECTIONAL AREA = CAPILLARIES

☆ TYPE OF VESSEL

1. WIND KESSEL VESSEL

→ LARGE ELASTIC VESSEL HAVE ECESTIC RECOIL
EXAMPLE -

AORTA

2. CAPACITANCE VESSEL
→ STRETCH & STORE BLOOD
THEY
EXAMPLE SYSTEMIC VEINS [STORE -50-60%
- OF BLOOD]

3. EXCHANGE VESSEL
→
CAPILLARIES

4. RESISTANCE VESSEL
→ MUSCULAR ARTERIES & ARTERIOLES

☆ FLOW PRESSURE RELATIONSHIP

FLOW = PRESSURE
RESISTANCE

☆ 4th POWER EFFECT FOR RADIUS

↳ IF WE ↑ RADIUS BY 271 MES

↓
↳ RESISTANCE WILL ↓ 24 TIMES = 16 TIMES
• PULSE PRESSURE
↳ SBP DBP 120-80=40
mmHg
-
=

•
MEAN BP
95 -100mm
↳
3- DBP +
↳ SBP =
My
•
CVS REGULATORY CENTERS 1- nt IN MEDULLA

MEDULLA
< >
VASO MOTOR CENTRE [VMC] CARDIO VAGAL CENTRE [CVG
↑ HR co
,
BP ↓ HR ,
co
, BP
,

•
BARO RECPTOR 'S
-

↳ LOCATION
1.
AORTIC SINUS BR → ARCH OF AORTA
2. CAROTID SINUS BR → BIFURCATION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

↳ FUNCTION → THEY ACT AS BREAK 'S

⑦ CVC & ③ VMC
 GIT
• 4 LAYER 'S OF GIT -

1. MUCOSA
↳ VILLI & MICROVILLI Tnt ↑ AREA OF ABSORPTION

2. SUB MUCOSA
↳ CONTAIN BLOOD VESSEL NERVE LYMPHATIC
, , g
GLANDS

3. MUSCULAR IS
↳ MUSCLE CONTRACT & PROVIDE MOVEMENT [PERISTALSIS]

4. SEROSA
↳ FOR ATTACHMENT & STABILITY
↳ nt IN
-
ESOPHAGUS

•
GIT FUNCTIONSARE CONTROLLED BY ENTERIC Nervous SYSTEM
↳ PARASYMPATHETIC RECEPTOR Mlg M2gM3gM4 , Ms
-
-

↳ SYMPATHETIC RECEPTOR ✗ 1,42 Big

-

, P2gP3
•
PACEMAKER OF GIT -

INTESTINAL CELLS OF CAJAL

✓ FOOD IS STIMULUS
CAJAL BER CRESTING
•
CURRENT]
↓
[ACTIVE SPIKE =↑ca2+
]
CURRENT
CALMODULIN ⊕
☆
BREAK ATP
ACTIVATE MICK →

→ CONTRACTION
☆ TYPES OF GIT MOVEMENTS

1. PERISTALSIS
•
MOVE BOLUS FORWARD IN GIT

]MM → No RELAX / OPEN EGIT

③nTe~É→y→v,p
→ Ach

↳ CONTRACT / COUSE
GIT

2. REVERSE PERISTALSIS
EX -
VOMITING

3. MMC [ MIGRATORY MOTOR COMPLEX ]

OR
[ HUNGER PANGS ]
→ THEY ARE PRODUCED BY EMPTY STOMACH
→ pyas BROOM STICK OF 91T
→ PREPARE GIT FOR NEXT MEAL
→ DURATION = 90-100 MINUTES

4. MASS MOVEMENT
→ FOR DEFICATION
→ ⑨ = 3. TIMES / DAY
→ > 3. TIMES -

DIARRHOEA
→ PACEMAKER -
GANGLIONIC CELL OF COLON
[ AUERBACH PLEXUS]
•
MAX K+ CONC .
→ COLON
•
MAX tst SECRETION → SALIVA

•
MAX GIT SECRETION → INTESTINE -
2- 2.2L / DAY
•
MIN GIT SECRETION → BILE -
0.5 -0.8L / DAY

MOST SECRETION → GASTRIC 1. 5-

ACIDIC
2pm
•
-

MOST ALKALINE SECRETION →

PACREATIC
8pm
• -

•
BRUNNER GLAND IS + nt IN DUODENUM

•
PARIETAL / OXYNTICCELLCMAX AT FUNDUS ]
↳ HCL

•
CHIEF / ZYMOGEN CELLS
not
↳ PEPSINOGEN PEPSIN

•
MECHANISM OF HCL SECRETION

CO2 -1420 ← 4263 [ CARBONIC -

ACID ]

L J

Ht HC05µ
-

[ EXCHANGE]

> L

HCL
•
MOST POTENT CHOLERETIC → BILE SALT > BILE ACID
 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
•
CELL MEMBRANE HAS
↳ 40 -45% LIPID & 50 -55% PROTEINS

•
POLAR SUBSTANCE ARE WATER SOLUBLE
•
NON POLAR SUBSTANCE ARE FAT SOLUBLE
•
UNIVERSAL SOLVANT → WATER

ION 'S Nat I gA+gCa2+ CAN'T CROSS LIPID CM

-
•

SO THEY USE PROTEIN AS ION CHANNEL

WATER USE AQUA PORINS FOR TRANSPORT

•
•

•
WATER SOLUBLE SOLUTES EX SUGAR
.
,
AMINO ACID etc
THEY REQUIRE GLUT
•
TOTAL BODY WATER IS 60% = 36L OF 60L

L J

ICF ECF
2133rd = 24L 1/3 = 12L

L >

PLASMA INTERSTITIAL FLUID

44th = 3L 314M = 9L

•
DYE DOLUTION METHOD FOR VOLUME ESTIMATION

→ TBW =
Dao , -120
→ ECF =
INULIN g SUCROSE
→ PLASMA = 2125 3131
,
→ ICF
=
TBW -

ECF

•
ACTIVE TRANSPORT •
1° ACTIVE TRANSPORT
→ ANA INST GRADIENT ↳ DIRECT USE OF ENERGY
→ USE ATP ↳ EXAMPLE pump
→ Pump [ Nat , K+ , ATPase ] 2° TRANSPORT
Eg ACTIVE
•

↳ INDIRECT USE OF ENERGY

↳ EXAMPLE -
Nat GLUCOSE SYMPORT
Nat AA SYMPORT
•
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
→ ALONG GRADIENT
→ NO ENERGY REQUIRED
→ EXAMPLE -
OSMOSIS [ WATER]
DIFFUSION CSOLUTES & GASES]