Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ,17(5(1*

0LFUR*ULG'HYHORSPHQW8VLQJ$UWLILFLDO1HXUDO1HWZRUNIRU
5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\)RUHFDVWDQG6\VWHP&RQWURO
.DURO\5RQD\D 'RULQ%LFDE&DOLQ0XQWHDQXD
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, PhD School, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania
b
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, “Petru Maior” University, Tîrgu-Mureú, Romania

$EVWUDFW

7KLVDUWLFOHSUHVHQWVDQDSSURDFKWRGHYHORSDQHOHFWULFDOPLFURJULGZLWKPRUHWKDQRQHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFH7KHPLFUR
JULG LV FRQVLGHUHG DVD GLVFUHWH SRZHU V\VWHP FRPSRVHG RI GLVWULEXWHGHQHUJ\VRXUFHVDQG GLIIHUHQW NLQG RI V\VWHP ORDGV 7KH
ORDGV RI WKH PLFURJULG FDQ RSHUDWH LQ DORQJVLGH ZLWK WKH JULG RU FDQ VZLWFK WR RWKHU SRZHU V\VWHP WR VXSSO\ FRQWLQXDOO\ WKH
HOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\RWKHUZLVHWKHPLFURJULGSRZHUV\VWHPFDQVZLWFKWRDQDFFXPXODWLQJUHVHUYHVXFKDVEDWWHU\EDQNVIXHOFHOOV
RURWKHUDOORFDWHGUHVHUYH2SHUDWLRQRIWKHPLFURJULGUHOLHVRQGHPDQGVWRUDJHDQGHQHUJ\JHQHUDWLRQPDQDJHPHQW,QWKLVFDVH
WKHHQHUJ\VXSSO\FRPHVIURPWKHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\V\VWHPRUIURPWKHDFFXPXODWHGHQHUJ\UHVHUYHV7KHSURSRVHGGHYHORSPHQW
FRPSUHKHQGVWKHXVHRIDVHULHVRIGDWDIURPWKHPRQLWRULQJDQGGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQXQLWSURFHVVWKHGDWDE\FRQVWUXFWLQJDQGWUDLQ
WKH QHXUDO QHWZRUN ZLWK WKLV GDWD $IWHU WKH YDOLGDWLRQ RI QHXUDO QHWZRUN HUURU UDWH ZH XVH WKHQHWZRUN IXQFWLRQ WR HVWLPDWH D
VKRUWWHUPWLPHVHULHVSUHGLFWLRQ7KHGDWDLQSXWLVDGDLO\VRODUHQHUJ\YDOXHZKLFKZDVPHDVXUHGDSHULRGRIWLPH)URPWKLV
GDWD ZH WU\ WR IRUHFDVW WKH HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ YDOXH IRU WKH QH[W GD\ 7KH SUHGLFWHG YDOXH PD\ VHUYH WR FRQWURO WKH UHQHZDEOH
HQHUJ\EDVHGSRZHUV\VWHPLQIXQFWLRQRIHQHUJ\GHPDQG,QWKHVWXGLHGV\VWHPZHKDYHDFRPELQHGK\EULGSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ
XQLWDVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFDQGDPLFURK\GURZKHUHWKHPDLQVXEV\VWHPLVWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFDQGWKHPLFURK\GURLVVHUYLQJ
DVDQDFFXPXODWLYHUHVHUYHSDUWLDOO\FRQWUROOHGE\WKHHVWLPDWHGSUHGLFWHGGDWD

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,17(5(1*
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
Keywords:WLPHVHULHVSUHGLFWLRQDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNPDWODEQQWRROPLFURJULGFRQWUROHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQPRGHOOLQJIRUHFDVW


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:URQD\NDURO\#VWXGXSPUR

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of INTER-ENG 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.472
 Karoly Ronay et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823 819

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KLVUHVHDUFKSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDPLFURJULGZLWKDGLVWULEXWHGJHQHUDWLRQFRQVLVWLQJRIDVRODU
SKRWRYROWDLF39DQGDPLFURK\GURWXUELQHSRZHUV\VWHP7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWRIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPLVWKHVRODU39
V\VWHP VXSSO\LQJ HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ WKUX D JULG FRQQHFWHG LQYHUWHU WR WKH PLFURJULG 7KH PLFUR K\GUR WXUELQH LV
FRQVLGHUHG DV DQ DUWLILFLDOO\ DFFXPXODWHG SRZHU V\VWHP DV D VODYH V\VWHP WR WKH PDLQ PDVWHU SKRWRYROWDLF 7KH
IXQFWLRQLQJPHFKDQLVPRIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPLVWKDWDSDUWRIWKHJHQHUDWHGSKRWRYROWDLFVRODUHQHUJ\LVXVHGIRU
VWRULQJ DV K\GURVWDWLF SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ 7KLV PHWKRG RI FRQVHUYLQJ DV NLQHWLF DQG SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ KDV D
GLVDGYDQWDJH7KHRYHUDOOHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\RIWKHK\GURWXUELQHV\VWHPLVORZGXHWRWKHILUVWSKDVHRIWKH
VWRULQJDQGSXPSLQJZDWHUWRWKHVWRUDJHUHVHUYRLU,QWKLVFDVHWKHZDWHUKDVWREHSXPSHGWRDVSHFLILFKHLJKWDQG
LQWKHRYHUDOOHQHUJ\WKLVLQFOXGHVWKHUHTXLUHGSRZHUIRUWKHWDVNDQGWKHHOHFWULFDOPDFKLQHHIILFLHQF\7KHVHFRQG
SKDVH LV WKH DFFXPXODWHG K\GURVWDWLF SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ GLVFKDUJH DQG WUDLQLQJ RI WKH WXUELQH ZKHUH WKH HOHFWULFDO
PDFKLQHJHQHUDWRUHIILFLHQF\LVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHJOREDOHQHUJ\HIILFLHQF\
7KHSDSHUDLPVIRUWKHSUHGLFWLRQRIDVKRUWWLPHVHULHVRIVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQYDOXHLQRUGHUWR
HQVXUH DQG PDQDJH WKH UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ SRZHU V\VWHP WR EH DW D VWDEOH VWDWH PRUH H[DFWO\ WR HQVXUH WKH SRZHU
VXSSO\DFFRUGLQJWRWKHGDLO\VRODUHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQSURILOH,IDQHXUDOQHWZRUN>@FDQSUHGLFWWKHHVWLPDWHG
YDOXHVIRUWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQWKHQWKHPLFURK\GURWXUELQHFDQSUHSDUHLQWLPHIRUDQ
HYHQWXDOV\VWHPGRZQWLPHFDXVHGLQWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHP>@GXHWRLQVXIILFLHQWVRODUUDGLDWLRQRUFORXG\
ZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQV

0LFURJULGGHYHORSPHQW

2.1. General aspects of the micro-grid system

%DVHGRQWKHOD\RXWGLDJUDPRI)LJWKHSUHVHQWHGPLFURJULGLQYROYHPXOWLSOHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHVDVD
PHWKRGRILQFRUSRUDWLQJUHQHZDEOHSRZHULQWRWKHGLVWULEXWLRQJULG7KHPDLQSXUSRVHRIWKHPLFURJULGLVWRHQVXUH
UHOLDEOHDQGDIIRUGDEOHHQHUJ\VROXWLRQIRUFRPPXQLWLHVZKLOHDOVRSURYLGLQJVROXWLRQVIRUHQHUJ\VWRUDJH



)LJ7KHJHQHUDOOD\RXWGLDJUDPRIWKHPLFURJULGZLWKUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHEDVHGSRZHUV\VWHP
820 Karoly Ronay et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823

7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVIRUWKHSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQLQWKHJULGDUHWKHSKRWRYROWDLFVRODUDQGWKHPLFURK\GURWXUELQH
V\VWHP ZKLFK VXSSO\ SRZHU WR WKH JULG WKUX D JULG FRQQHFWHG LQYHUWHU 7KH SRZHU LQYHUWHU IURP LW FRQVWUXFWLYH
SHUVSHFWLYH FDQ EH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH N9 ORZ YROWDJH JULG RU WR WKH PHGLXP YROWDJH JULG E\ XVLQJ D VWHS XS
WUDQVIRUPHU H[DPSOH N9 )RU VXSSO\LQJ SRZHU WR WKH PLFURJULG >@ D JULG FRQQHFWHG SRZHU LQYHUWHU LV
DGYLVHGZKHUHWKHLQYHUWHUSRZHUUDWLQJPD\YDU\IURPN:WRN:N:LQIXQFWLRQRIWKHLQVWDOOHGSRZHU
IURPWKHWZRUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHV
7KHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPLVIRUPHGE\WKHDUUD\FRQQHFWHGWRDSRZHUHOHFWURQLFVVZLWFKLQJGHYLFHZKHUH
WKHIROORZLQJVDXWRPDWLRQSURFHVVHVDUHWDNLQJSODFHDSDUWRIWKHJHQHUDWHGVRODUSRZHUDUHXVHGIRUSXPSLQJXS
ZDWHULVWKHUHVHUYRLUIRUODWHUXVHWRJHQHUDWHHQHUJ\E\WUDLQLQJWKHWXUELQH

2.2. Design of the proposed system

,QWKH)LJWKHSURSRVHGPLFURJULGV\VWHPJHQHUDOVFKHPDWLFLVSUHVHQWHG,WLVFRPSRVHGIURPDPDLQSRZHU
OLQH ZLWK GLIIHUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI FRQVXPHUV UHVLGHQWLDO DQG LQGXVWULDOV DV ZHOO 7KH SRZHU OLQH LV FRQQHFWHG WR D
VXEVWDWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ D KLJKORZ YROWDJH WUDQVIRUPHU DQG HOHFWULFDO HTXLSPHQW VXFK DV VDIHW\ IXVHV DQG FLUFXLW
EUHDNHUV7KHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHGLVWULEXWHGJHQHUDWLRQLVWKHJULGFRQQHFWHGVRODUSKRWRYROWDLF>@DQGWKH
PLFURK\GURWXUELQHSRZHUV\VWHPDVVRFLDWHGWRWKHHOHFWULFQHWZRUNWKUXDJULGWLHSRZHULQYHUWHU
:HDLPWRGHVLJQDUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\SRZHUV\VWHPZKLFKLVVXVWDLQDEOHDQGFDQEHLQWHJUDWHGDPLFURJULG7KH
QRYHOW\RIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPFRQVLVWVLQWKHGHVLJQRIWKHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\EDVHGSRZHUV\VWHPWKHSODQQLQJDQG
RSHUDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPVRXUFHVE\XVLQJDIRUHFDVWPHWKRG
7KHRSWLPXPIXQFWLRQLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHZKHQWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPLVDWIXOOSRWHQWLDOGHOLYHUVHQHUJ\WR
WKH JULG $ SDUW RI WKH JHQHUDWHG HQHUJ\ LV IRU HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH LQ WKH IRUP RI K\GURVWDWLF SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ 7KH
IRUHFDVWGDWDLVXVHGIRUPDQDJLQJWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFDQGPLFURK\GURWXUELQHV\VWHP(QHUJ\OHYHOGURSVIURP
WKHPDLQVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPVFDQEHVXSSOHPHQWHGZLWKWKHVWRUHGHQHUJ\LQWKHUHVHUYRLURIWKHK\GURWXUELQH
V\VWHP


)LJ7KHSURSRVHGPLFURJULGGHYHORSPHQWZLWKPXOWLSOHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHV
 Karoly Ronay et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823 821

7KHJHQHUDWHGVRODUSRZHULQWKLVFDVHFDQEHZULWWHQDV

Psolar ImpVmpKinverter (1)

ZKHUH
x ImpLVWKHGHOLYHUHGPD[LPXPFXUUHQW
x VmpLVWKHPD[LPXPSRZHUSRLQWYROWDJH
x ȘinverterWKHSRZHULQYHUWHUHIILFLHQF\

)RUWKHPLFURK\GURWXUELQHWKHJHQHUDWHGSRZHUHTXDWLRQLVJLYHQE\

Phydro Khydrototal U gQHKG M (2)

ZKHUH
x ȘhydrototalLVWKHK\GUDXOLFHIILFLHQF\FRHIILFLHQW
x ȡLVWKHIOXLGGHQVLW\
x QUHSUHVHQWVWKHIORZUDWH
x ȘG/MLVWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHHOHFWULFDOJHQHUDWRU
x g LVWKH JUDYLWDWLRQDODFFHOHUDWLRQ
x HLVWKHSHQVWRFNKHLJKW

7KHJHQHUDWHGSRZHUIURPWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPZKHQVXSSO\LQJWKHQHFHVVDU\SRZHUWRSXPSWKHZDWHULQ
WKHUHVHUYRLULVJLYHQE\

PDG PsolarKinverter KhydrototalKM U gQH (3)

7KHWRWDOJHQHUDWHGSRZHUDWDJLYHQWLPHZKHQWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPLVVXSSO\LQJHQHUJ\WRWKHJULGZLWK
WKHPLFURK\GURWXUELQHV\VWHPLVJLYHQE\

PDG Psolar  Phydro Kinverter (4)

7KHRYHUDOOHQHUJ\VXSSOLHGWRWKHJULGE\WKHUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\V\VWHPFDQEHZULWWHQDV

EDG Psolar  Phydro 't (5)

7KH PLFURFRQWUROOHU PRQLWRULQJ DQG FRQWURO V\VWHP JDWKHUV WKH GDWD IURP WKH FXUUHQW DQG YROWDJH VHQVRUV DQG
SURFHVVLQWRLQIRUPDWLRQ SRZHUHQHUJ\ IRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVDQGV\VWHPFRQWURO)URPWKLVGDWDWKHV\VWHPRSHUDWRU
FDQ FKHFN GDWD IRU HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ DQG ORDG SURILOHV > @ 7KH PHDVXUHG GDWD FDQ EH XVHG IRU WLPH VHULHV
DQDO\VLV7KHREWDLQHGLQIRUPDWLRQFDQEHH[WUDFWHGDQGXVHGIRUWLPHVHULHVSUHGLFWLRQLQGHGLFDWHGVRIWZDUH
7KHIRUHFDVWLVPDLQO\XVHIXOIRUWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHHQHUJ\PDUNHWIRUWKHRSHUDWRUDQGIRUWKHORFDORSWLPDO
V\VWHP FRQWURO LQ FDVHRI PRPHQWDU\ HQHUJ\ GHSOHWLRQ IURP RQH RI WKHUHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ V\VWHP ,QWKLVFDVH WKH
PLFURK\GURWXUELQHLVIRUFRPSHQVDWHWKHHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQIURPWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFLQFDVHRIWKHDEVHQFHRI
WKHSULPDU\HQHUJ\VRXUFH>@
822 Karoly Ronay et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823

1HXUDOQHWZRUNWLPHVHULHVSUHGLFWLRQDQGSURILOLQJ

7KHDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUWKHWLPHVHULHVSUHGLFWLRQEHJLQVZLWKWKHJDWKHULQJRIWKHGDWDIURP
WKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPLQWKHPLFURJULGGHYHORSPHQWFKDSWHU7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGVLPXODWLRQRIWKHQHXUDOQHWZRUN
ZDV PDGH LQ 0DWODE VRIWZDUH XVLQJ WKH QHXUDO QHWZRUN WRRO nntool. )URP WKH REWDLQHG GDWD D WLPH VHULHV RI 
PHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSURSRVHGUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQRIWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPIRURYHUDPRQWK
7KH LQSXW GDWD LV WKH WLPH VHULHV RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH WDUJHW GDWD LV WKH YDOXHV ZKLFK LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DQ
RSWLPDOHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQIRUDVSHFLILFWLPH7KHQHWZRUNW\SHLVDIHHGIRUZDUGZLWKWKH/HYHQEHUJ0DUTXDUGW
EDFN SURSDJDWLRQ WUDLQLQJ IXQFWLRQ DQG ZLWK D QXPEHU RI  QHXURQV DQG  RXWSXW OD\HUV 7KH WUDQVIHU IXQFWLRQ
FKRVHQIRUWKHQHXUDOQHWZRUNWUDLQLQJLVDK\SHUEROLFWDQJHQWVLJPRLGWUDQVIHUIXQFWLRQ7KHEHVWUHVXOWRIWKHQHXUDO
QHWZRUN WUDLQLQJ UHJUHVVLRQ 5  DQG WKH YDOLGDWLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH QHXUDO QHWZRUN H[SUHVVHG LQ PHDQ
VTXDUHGHUURU06( 7KHRXWSXWYDOXHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJ

dƌĂŝŶŝŶŐƌĞƐƵůƚƐ
ϵϬ͘Ϭ
ŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ΀ŬtŚ΁

ϴϬ͘Ϭ
ϳϬ͘Ϭ
ϲϬ͘Ϭ
ϱϬ͘Ϭ
ϰϬ͘Ϭ
ϯϬ͘Ϭ
ϮϬ͘Ϭ
ϭϬ͘Ϭ
Ϭ͘Ϭ
ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭϬ ϭϭ ϭϮ ϭϯ ϭϰ ϭϱ ϭϲ ϭϳ ϭϴ ϭϵ ϮϬ Ϯϭ ϮϮ Ϯϯ Ϯϰ Ϯϱ Ϯϲ Ϯϳ Ϯϴ Ϯϵ ϯϬ ϯϭ
Ŷƌ͘ŽĨĚĂLJƐ

/ŶƉƵƚĚĂƚĂ;ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚͿ EĞƵƌĂůŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽƵƚƉƵƚ

)LJ7KHQHXUDOQHWZRUNRXWSXWYDOXHVDIWHUWKHQHWZRUNWUDLQLQJ

7KHQHWZRUNLVWUDLQHGXQWLOZHREWDLQDVDWLVI\LQJUHJUHVVLRQSORW'XHWRDUHODWLYHVPDOOQXPEHURILQSXWGDWDLW
LVGLIILFXOWWRREWDLQDJRRGUHVSRQVHIURPWKHUHJUHVVLRQDQGSHUIRUPDQFHSORW7KHQXPEHURIHSRFKLVVHWWR
LWHUDWLRQ DQG DIWHU WKH WUDLQLQJ RI WKH QHWZRUN WKH QXPEHU RI YDOLGDWLRQ FKHFNV KDV WR EH FORVH WR WKH LWHUDWLRQ
QXPEHUWRJHWDJRRGSHUIRUPDQFHIURPWKHWUDLQHGQHWZRUN$VLPXODWLRQUHVXOWLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKH)LJ

^ŝŵƵůĂƚĞĚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ
ϵϬ͘Ϭ
ŶĞƌŐLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ΀ŬtŚ΁

ϴϬ͘Ϭ
ϳϬ͘Ϭ
ϲϬ͘Ϭ
ϱϬ͘Ϭ
ϰϬ͘Ϭ
ϯϬ͘Ϭ
ϮϬ͘Ϭ
ϭϬ͘Ϭ
Ϭ͘Ϭ
ϭ ϯ ϱ ϳ ϵ ϭϭ ϭϯ ϭϱ ϭϳ ϭϵ Ϯϭ Ϯϯ Ϯϱ Ϯϳ Ϯϵ ϯϭ ϯϯ ϯϱ
Ŷƌ͘ŽĨĚĂLJƐ

/ŶƉƵƚĚĂƚĂ;ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚͿ KƵƚƉƵƚƉƌĞĚŝĐƚĞĚĚĂƚĂ

)LJ7KHSUHGLFWHGQH[WILYHYDOXHVLQWKHWLPHVHULHV
 Karoly Ronay et al. / Procedia Engineering 181 (2017) 818 – 823 823

$WLPHVHULHVRIVRODUHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQFDQEHVHHQDVWKHLQSXWGDWD EOXH DQGIURPWKHVWYDOXHDVHULHVRI

ILYHYDOXHVZKHUHHVWLPDWHG UHG XVLQJWKHQHXUDOQHWZRUNDQGSORWWHGDVFRQWLQXXPRIWKHFKDUW
7KHREWDLQHGYDOXHV DUH LQ WKH SURSHUYDOXH UDQJHFRPSDUHG WRWKHSUHYLRXVYDOXHVEXWUHDO HUURU UDWH LV RQO\
GHWHUPLQHG DIWHU REWDLQLQJ WKH UHDO PHDVXUHG YDOXHV RI WKH WLPH VHULHV )RU D PRUH DFFXUDWH IRUHFDVWLQJ VRPH
DGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQPD\KHOSWRLPSURYHWKHQHXUDOQHWZRUNDOJRULWKP

5HVXOWGLVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ

:LWK WKHSUHGLFWHG WLPH VHULHV ZH FDQ DFKLHYH WZR PDMRUREMHFWLYHV 2QH LV WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKHHVWLPDWHG
HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKDW VSHFLILF WLPH VWDPS RI IRUHFDVWLQJ ZKLFK LV LPSRUWDQW LI WKDW PLFURJULG LV SDUW RI WKH
QDWLRQDOSRZHUJULGDQGLWLVDSDUWLFLSDQWLQWKHHQHUJ\WUDQVLWLRQPDUNHWZKHUHWKHIRUHFDVWLVLPSRUWDQWWRWKHODUJH
DQGVPDOOVFDOHHQHUJ\VXSSOLHUVDVZHOO
7KHVHFRQGPDMRUREMHFWLYHLVWKHORFDOJULGRSHUDWLRQDOPDQDJHPHQWSUHVHQWHGLQWKHPLFURJULGGHYHORSPHQW
FKDSWHUZLWKDVHFRQGFRQWUROOHGGLVWULEXWHGHQHUJ\VRXUFHWRKHOSWKHHQHUJ\SURYLVLRQWRWKHJULGLQFDVHRIVXSSO\
VKRUWDJHIURPWKHVRODUSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHP,IZHNQRZWKHVRODUHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQIRUHFDVWDQGLWWKHWLPHVHULHV
DQ HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ GURS LV HVWLPDWHG WKHQ WKH ZDWHU UHVHUYRLU RI WKH PLFUR K\GUR WXUELQH LV ILOOHG XS DQG WKH
HQHUJ\ JHQHUDWLRQ SURFHHGLQJ RI WKH WXUELQH VWDUWV ZLWK WKH FRQWURO RI WKH QHHGOH YDOYH LQ IXQFWLRQ RI WKH GHILQHG
VLWXDWLRQ 7KH VLWXDWLRQ FDQ EH WKH SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG HQHUJ\ SURGXFWLRQ GURS GXH WR ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV RU
XQH[SHFWHGKLJKHQHUJ\GHPDQGIURPRIWKHPLFURJULG

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 0*DYULODV*K*HRUJHVFX&RQVXPHUFDWHJRU\LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHORDGVIURPHOHFWULFGLVWULEXWLRQV\VWHPVXVLQJDUWLILFLDOQHXUDO
QHWZRUNV%XOHWLQXO,QVWLWXWXOXL3ROLWHKQLF,DVL6HFWLD,,,(OHFWURWHKQLFD(QHUJHWLFD(OHFWURQLFD7RPXO;/ ;/,9 )DVFSS

>@ *K&DUWLQD&%RQFLX*K*HRUJHVFX0*DYULODV2SWLPL]DWLRQ$OJRULWKPVIRU$UWLILFLDO1HXUDO1HWZRUNV7UDLQLQJ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH
WK6\PSRVLXPRQ$XWRPDWLF&RQWURODQG&RPSXWHU6FLHQFH6$&&6 2FW,DVLYROSS
>@ &''XPLWUX$*OLJRU&(QDFKHVFX6RODU3KRWRYROWDLF(QHUJ\3URGXFWLRQ)RUHFDVW8VLQJ1HXUDO1HWZRUNV3URFHGLD7HFKQRORJ\
 
>@ '%LFD0'XODX3KRWRYROWDLF3RZHU3ODQW*ULG,QWHJUDWLRQLQWKH5RPDQLDQ6\VWHP±7HFKQLFDO$SSURDFKHV
>@ &''XPLWUX$*OLJRU6&$'$%DVHG6RIWZDUHIRU5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\0DQDJHPHQW6\VWHP(PHUJLQJ0DUNHWV4XHULHVLQ)LQDQFHDQG
%XVLQHVV3URFHGLD(FRQRPLFVDQG)LQDQFH  ±
>@ -/X;&KHQJ4=KDQJ&;X2SWLPDOFRQILJXUDWLRQRISRZHUVRXUFHLQPLFURJULGV\VWHPLQWHJUDWHGZLQGDQG39SRZHU
>@ 77XUF$*OLJRU&RPPXQLFDWLRQ5HVRXUFH3ODQQLQJIRU0RQLWRULQJDQG&RQWURO6\VWHPV%DVHGRQ'LVWULEXWHG9LUWXDO,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
1HWZRUNV3URFHGLD7HFKQRORJ\  
>@ /'XODX0$EUXGHDQ'%LFD'LVWULEXWHGJHQHUDWLRQDQGYLUWXDOSRZHUSODQWV,Q3RZHU(QJLQHHULQJ&RQIHUHQFH 83(& WK
,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLWLHV,(((SS
>@ .6RWHULV6RODU(QHUJ\(QJLQHHULQJ3URFHVVHVDQG6\VWHPVVW(GLWLRQ(OVHYLHU$FDGHPLF3UHVV8.
>@0*DYULODVHWDO0RGHOLQJORDGVLQHOHFWULFDOQHWZRUNV9RO,,DVL