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STRUCTURAL THEORY I

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Analysis of Statically
Determinate
Structures
CHAPTER 2

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Objectives

At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to:

1. Idealize real structures to obtain analytical models

2. Analyze determinate structures by applying various structural
analysis theorems and principles
3. Identify the state of determinacy and stability of determinate
structures (beam, frame, cable and arch) under static loads and
moving loads

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Content

1. Idealized Structure
2. Principle of Superposition
3. Equations of Equilibrium
4. Determinacy and Stability of Structures

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2.1 Idealized Structure

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Idealized Models

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Hinge Support

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Roller Support

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pin- and/ or roller-
supported
connections.

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Jib Crane and Trolley
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Tributary Loadings

When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or

roofs are supported by a structural frame, it
is necessary to determine how the load on
these surfaces is transmitted to the various
structural elements used for their support.

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One-Way System

A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members by one-way action, is often referred to as a one-way
slab.

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To illustrate the method of load transmission, consider the framing
system shown in Fig. 2–11a where the beams AB, CD, and EF rest on
the girders AE and BF.

tributary area

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Member CD

𝑤𝐶𝐷 =(100 lb/ft)(5 𝑓𝑡 2 ) = 500 lb/ft

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Girders AE and BF

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𝑃𝐴𝐸 =(500 lb/ft)(10 ft) / 2= 2500 lb

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One-Way Slab

➢ For some floor systems the beams and

girders are connected to the columns at
the same elevation, as in Fig. 2–12a.
➢ The slab is reinforced concrete with
reinforcement in only one direction
➢ The concrete is poured on a corrugated
metal deck, then one-way action of load

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transmission can be assumed.
Fig. 2–12a

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If 𝑳𝟐 > 𝑳𝟏 and if the span ratio (𝑳𝟐 /𝑳𝟏 ) > 2, the slab will behave as a one-
way slab, since as 𝑳𝟏 becomes smaller, the beams AB, CD, and EF provide the
greater stiffness to carry the load (American Concrete Institute, ACI 318)

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Two-Way Slab
If 𝑳𝟐 > 𝑳𝟏 and if the span ratio (𝑳𝟐 /𝑳𝟏 ) ≤2, the slab will behave as a two-way
slab, the load is assumed to be delivered to the supporting beams and girders in
two directions.(American Concrete Institute, ACI 318)

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See Sample Problems in the Hibbeler Textbook.

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2.2 Principle of Superposition
The principle of superposition forms the basis for much of the theory of structural

analysis. It may be stated as follows: The total displacement or internal loadings

(stress) at a point in a structure subjected to several external loadings can be

determined by adding together the displacements or internal loadings (stress)

caused by each of the external loads acting separately.

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2.3 Equations of equilibrium

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2.4 Determinacy and Stability of Structures

Determinacy
When all the forces in a structure can be determined strictly from equilibrium equations,
the structure is referred to as statically determinate. Structures having more unknown
forces than available equilibrium equations are called statically indeterminate.

For a coplanar structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for each part, so
that if there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction components, we have

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2.4 Determinacy and Stability of Structures

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𝐢𝐞 = 𝐫 − 𝟑𝐧 (𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠)

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Example 2.1

Classify each of the beams shown in Fig. 2–19a through 2–19d as statically
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external
loading.

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Example 2.2
Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in Fig. 2–20a through 2–20d as
statically determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
number of degrees of indeterminacy. The structures are subjected to arbitrary external
loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the structures.

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Example 2.3
(Frame) Classify each of the frames shown in Fig. 2–21a and 2–21b as statically
determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of
degrees of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are
assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.

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In general, a structure will be geometrically unstable—that is, it
will move slightly or collapse—if there are fewer reactive forces
than equations of equilibrium; or if there are enough reactions,
instability will occur if the lines of action of the reactive forces
intersect at a common point or are parallel to one another.

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Partial Constraints

The equation σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 will not be

satisfied for the loading conditions
and therefore the member will be
unstable.

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Improper Constraints

All the support

reactions are concurrent
at a point.

Reactive forces are all parallel.

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(b)
(a)

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r < 3 Externally Statically Unstable r = 3, But improper arrangement of
supports lead to external geometric
instability in plane structures

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Conclusion:

In order for a plane internally stable structure to be

geometrically stable (externally), it must be supported
by at least three reactions that cannot be all parallel nor
concurrent.

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Example 2.4
Classify each of the structures in the figures below as externally unstable,
statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. Determine degree of external
indeterminacy.

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Applications of the Equations of Equilibrium

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 Example 2.6

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 Example 2.5

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 Example 2.6

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 Example 2.7

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 Example 2.8

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 Example 2.9

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Analysis of Shear Diaphragm and Shear Wall Systems

Treating the diaphragm as a beam

allows you to calculate the shear
wall forces and apply the
principles of a beam to the
diaphragm, with and without roof
openings or irregular roof or
building geometry.

The load distribution in a basic

rectangle-shaped building is as
follows.

➢ The roof diaphragm is oriented

horizontally and carries loads to

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the endwall (shear wall) and
then to the foundation.
➢ The side walls carry the load to
the roof diaphragm on top and
the foundation at the bottom.
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 Example 2.10

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