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2 Referencing, Citations, and Literature Mapping

Tuesday, 25 January 2022 7:35 am

Literature
- It is a text published by recognized experts on a chosen topic as a foundation for a new or
extended research (Manansala, et. al., 2018).
- Creswell (2009) suggests that it is used to substantiate the qualitative research problem.

Referencing
- a reproduction of others work without plagiarizing
- A.K.A. documentation
- It adds depth and credibility to your writing.
- It the reproduction of other works without plagiarizing.

Referencing Strategies:
▪ Summarizing
▪ Paraphrasing
▪ Direct Quoting

a. Summarizing
- It should be brief, concise and complete (Plata, et. al, 2013).
- You can summarize a whole article or condense selected parts to achieve your purpose.
- Compact, or condensed version and there should be the main points only

▪ Selection and deletion - Mark key words that are essential to the study, and crossout or
delete the words
▪ Note-taking - Take note of the main ideas of each section then look for the connection of
each paragraph to the central idea

How to Summarize Effectively?

1. Read and understand the text carefully.
2. Think about the purpose of the text.
3. Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.
4. Find the main ideas - what is important.
5. Change the structure of the text.
6. Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences.
7. Check your work.

b. Paraphrasing
- A paraphrase retains the length of the original text and expresses the original author's ideas in
your own words (Manansala, et. al., 2018).
- the ability in paraphrasing for you to rewrite your content and reclarify

Edit vs Revise
▪ Edit - spelling, punctuation, and
▪ Revise - improving the structure and word choice

Strategies in Paraphrasing
1. Switching the voice from active to passive (or vice versa)
Active Voice Passive Voice

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 Active Voice Passive Voice
Tells us what a person or thing does. Tells us what is done to someone or something.
The subject performs the action (verb) The subject is being acted upon.
on the object
Object + verb + subject
Subject + verb + object
Example:
Example:  The house was painted by Anna.
 Anna painted the house  The students' questions are answered by the
 The teacher always answers the teacher.
students' questions.  The video was posted online by All.
 All posted the video online
2. Using synonyms
That pile of snow is BIG. → That pile of snow is HUGE.
Christina's dog is BIGGER then Sam's. → Christina's dog is LARGER then Sam's.
3. Changing patterns of sentences
The chef cooked. Pattern: Subject + Verb
The creative chef cooked. Pattern: Adjective + Subject + Verb
The creative chef methodically cooked. Pattern: Adjective + Subject + Adverb + Verb
The creative chef methodically cooked Pattern: Adjective + Subject + Adverb + Verb +
in the kitchen. Prepositional Phrase
4. Revising the order of ideas

How to Paraphrase Effectively?

1. Read the passage several times to fully understand the meaning
2. Note down key concepts
3. Write your version of the text without looking at the original
4. Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor adjustments to
phrases that remain too similar
5. Cite the source where you found the idea

c. Direct Quoting
- A direct quotation copies the exact words of the original author.
- Use it when the author's language something memorable or interesting to the topic
- Use it when summarizing or paraphrasing is not effective to the line of the author
- Use it when the author has a solid reputation to the topic such as the founder of the theory

Strategies in Direct Quoting

1. Using appropriate quoting format
 Strong-author orientation - starts the text by acknowledging the author
□ Example:
□ Brown and Kristiansen (1998) found that seed production rates are inversely
related to seed size in many grassland plants.
 Weak-author orientation - enclose the discerning at the end of the sentence;
prioritizes the text over the author
□ Example:
□ Seed production rates have been found to be inversely related to seed size in
many grassland plants (Brown & Kristiansen, 1998).

Developing a Literature Map

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Developing a Literature Map
Synthesizing Your Sources in an Organized Way

Literature Map
A literature map is a visual picture (or figure) of the research literature on a topic that illustrates how a
particular study contributes to the literature (Creswell, 2009).

Types of Literature Map

a. Hierarchical
- top-down presentation of the literature, ending at the bottom with the proposed study
- read from top to botton; the top will have all the literature studies that is related to the topic
whereas the bottom is the conclusion on how it is related to the study

b. Flowchart
- literature is understood as unfolding from left to right with the farthest right-hand section
advancing a proposed study

c. Series of circles
- each circle represents a body of literature and the intersection shows the place in which
future research is indicated

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 future research is indicated
- as long as the main study is in the middle of the figure

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