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Normal Values in Pediatric Ultrasound
Normal Values in Pediatric Ultrasound
Normal Values in Pediatric Ultrasound
Publicationdate 2018-02-09
Adrenal
Appendix
In this ultrasonographic study 146 consecutive patients (62 boys and 84 girls; mean age, 7
years; age range, 2-15 years) were included.
Children with cystic fibrosis, acute abdominal pain, with previous appendectomy and below
the age of 2 years (because of difficulty in performing the examination) were excluded.
Appendicitis
Cystic fibrosis
Lymphoid hypertrophy (Immune deficiency, viral enteritis)
Intraluminal gas, mucus of faeces
Mucocele
Bladder
Adapted from reference 17
Bladder volume
The total number of patients does not add up to the total number of patients in this study
because not all age-subgroups were included in the table.
The bladder volume was calculated first by measuring the maximum length (L) of the urinary
bladder on the longitudinal scan, which was obtained from the neck to the fundus of the
bladder.
Depth (D) was measured, perpendicular to the first plane at the level of the maximum area, in
the midline from the anterior to posterior mucosal surface of the bladder.
The width (W) was taken perpendicular to D at its mid-point.
Bladder volume as presented in the table was recalculated from the data in this study using
the equation for an ellipsoïd: L×D×W (in centimetres) x 0.523.
cystitis
dysfunctional voiding
urethral valves
The bladder wall thickness was measured from a zoomed image of the transverse plane of the
voided bladder at 3 points: anterolaterally, laterally and posterolaterally (figure). The mean
was taken for these three measurements.
The bladder wall thickness depends on the degree of filling of the bladder and its capacity.
Therefore the bladder wall thickness is expressed as the bladder volume wall thickness index
(BVWI).
Bowel
Adapted from reference 13
The study population consisted of 128 patients (57 male and 71 female).
Of this population 86 were between the ages of 1-19 years (only data pertaining to this
selection is presented).
Bowel wall thickness was measured on transverse sections and comprised of mucosa, lamina
propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria.
In the same study the wall thickness of the colon was measured.
One hundred and seventy-three consecutive children, referred for abdominal ultrasonography
not related to hepato-biliary pathology, were included in this study (100 boys and 73 girls),
age range 1 day - 13 years (median age 5.0 years).
The diameter of the common bile duct was ≤ 3.3 mm in all patients.
Transverse ultrasonographic image of common bile duct and surrounding anatomy
Galbladder
Data were collected soon after delivery and at 6-h fasting, and at the age of 5-7 days at 3-h
and 6-h fastening following regular milk feeding.
Biliary atresia
Fatty meal
Hip
Anterior recess
Ultrasonographic study of 58 healthy children and 105 children with unilateral transient
synovitis (age range 1.7-12.8 years).
The children were examined in the supine position with hips in neutral position.
There was no statistically significant correlation between age and thickness of the anterior
joint capsule.
Transient synovitis
Septic arthritis
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Adapted from reference 23
Graf's classification
Type I:
Mature centred hip joint.
Well developed acetabular roof.
Angular or slightly blunt bony rim.
Type II:
Centred joint.
Deficiently developed acetabular roof Rounded bony rim
Type III:
Decentred joint.
Poorly developed acetabular roof. Flattened bony rim.
Normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the hip joint in the coronal plane (a).
Measurement of α angle (b)
Kidney
Note the increased echogenicity of the renal parenchyma compared to liver parenchyma.
This is normal at this age.
Adapted from reference 16
Children
Two hundred and three patients were included in this ultrasonography study.
Patients were excluded if they had a history of malignancy, use of steroids, upper urinary
tract abnormality, VUR greater than grade I, urological surgery or if sonography of the
kidney was regarded as abnormal.
On average the left kidney was 1.9 mm larger than the right kidney.
In this study, the total renal volume was obtained by adding together both kidney volumes but
without mentioning the separate values for the left and right kidney.
The values in the table were obtained by dividing the total renal volume by two.
Kidney volume is calculated using the ellipsoid formula as Length x Width x Depth x 0.523.
Adapted from reference 18
Liver
Craniocaudal dimension of the liver on the midclavicular line was measured with
ultrasonography (figure).
Causes of hepatomegaly
Leukemia
Storage diseases
(neonatal) Hepatitis
Newborns
Material and methods
US study in 261 healthy newborn infants. Craniocaudal dimension of the liver on the
midclavicular line was determined with ultrasonography.
Children
Reference values for the hepatic hilum portal vein peak systolic velocity, hepatic artery peak
systolic velocity, and hepatic artery resistive index in children were established (reference).
Portal vein peak systolic velocity is not age-dependent, whereas hepatic artery peak systolic
velocity and hepatic artery resistive index decrease when children get older.
In this retrospective study in 61 children (36 boys and 25 girls, mean age 10.7 years, range
1.1-17.3 years) who underwent non-contrast abdominal CT examination for evaluation of
suspected or known renal stones abdominal lymph node size was evaluated.
Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (short axis > 5 mm) were found in 33 (54%) of the 61
children.
The majority of the enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were found in the right lower quadrant
(88%).
Based on their findings the authors state that: using a short-axis diameter of >8 mm might be
a more appropriate definition for mesenteric lymphadenopathy in children.
False-positive rate for enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes with varying lymph node threshold
size is seen in the table.
Intestinal lymphoma
Lymphogenic metastasis
Specific enteritis (e.g. TBC)
Ovary
Adapted from reference 20
Ultrasonographic measurement of uterine and ovarian volume was performed in 178 healthy
girls.
Precocious puberty
Ovarian torsion
Polycystic ovarian disease
Teratoma/dermoid
Ovarian volume is calculated using the formula:
Pancreas
Two hundred and seventy-three patients (differentiation in sex not mentioned) were included
in this retrospective ultrasonography study.
The maximum anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the head, body and tail of the pancreas were
measured on transverse/oblique images.
Echogenicity was low in 27 (10%), isoechoic in 145 (53%) and high in 101 (37%).
The maximum anteroposterior (AP) diameters of the head, body and tail of the pancreas were
measured on transverse/oblique images.
Traumatic pancreatitis
Viral pancreatitis
Drug-induced pancreatitis
Portal vein
Adapted from reference 9
One hundred and fifty children aged 0-16 years, without clinical evidence of liver or
intestinal disease, which were referred for abdominal ultrasound were included in the study.
Measurement of portal vein diameter
The portal vein is visualized in the longitudinal axis from the splenomesenteric junction to
the liver hilum.
The greatest anteroposterior diameter is measured at the site where the hepatic artery crosses
the portal vein.
Spleen
Children
These ultrasonography studies comprised of 512 healthy children - 238 boys and 274 girls -
with ages ranging from 1 day (full-term neonate) to 17 years and 96 premature infants with
gestational ages from 25-35 weeks.
None of the children had a problem that could affect spleen size.
Ultrasonography was performed using standard probes matched for age.
Causes of splenomegaly:
Portal hypertension
Leukemia
Systemic infections (e.g. EBV or CMV)
Hematologic disease (e.g. spherocystosis or thalassemia)
Storage diseases
The measurement of spleen length is the optically maximal distance -ideally at the hilum - on
the longitudinal coronal view between the most superomedial and the most inferolateral
points (figure).
Subarachnoid space
Adapted from reference 5
The subarachnoid space was assessed using ultrasonography in 278 full-term healthy Chinese
infants. Measurements were taken in the coronal plane at the level of the foramen of Monro
(figures)
The mean values in the table were calculated from the equations given in the article, the 95%
confidence levels were derived from the graphs in the article.
Ultrasonographic coronal representation of the subarchnoid space at the level of the foramen
of Monro.
Testicle
Adapted from reference 19
Leukemia
Precocious puberty
Testicular torsion
Epididymo-orchitis
Mediastinal ultrasonography was performed in 151 infants (79 boys and 72 girls).
All children were healthy and had no stress factors affecting their thymic size.
The thymic index was calculated by multiplying the transverse diameter (a) by the largest
sagittal area (b).
Thyroid
Adapted from reference 1-3
US study in 100 English newborn infants in the first week of life, a subset of iodine sufficient
European children from a study of 5709 children, aged 6-15 years 1 and a subset of German
children from a study of 252 children aged 2-4 years 2 [1-3].
The thyroid volume was the sum of the volumes of both lobes.
Uterus
Ultrasonographic measurement of uterine and ovarian volume was performed in 178 healthy
girls.
Precocious puberty
Hydro(hemato)metrocolpos
Ventricles
Causes of ventriculomegaly:
The anterior horn width and the ventriculo-hemspheric ratio is measured on the coronal view
at the level of the foramen of Monro.
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