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Classical

Genetics
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01 Lesson 2

Classical Genetics
Understand the laws of inheritance and
concept of sex linkage by solving
problems involving pedigree analysis
prediction of genotypes and phenotypes
and identifying the population
frequencies
MODULE 01 mendel and he's peas

Mendel crossed true-

breeding plants that
differed for a given
character.

Pollen from true-

breeding pea plants
with purple flowers was
placed on stigmas of
true-breeding plants
with white flowers.
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The F1 seeds were all purple; the white flower trait failed to appear at all.
Because the purple flower trait completely masks the white flower trait when
true-breeding plants are crossed.

The F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate.

The progeny, called F2, were examined: roughly
1/4 were white, and 3/4 were purple.

F1 -First filial generation

First generation of offspring produced
by a set of parents.

F2 -Second filial generation

The result of a cross between two F1
individuals
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Probability of Inheritance

The Punnett Square

Is a useful tool for predicting the genotypes and

phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross
involving Mendelian traits.

Reginald Punnett
British geneticist
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Probability of Inheritance
Monohybrid
One trait cross
Flower color: AA, Aa, aa

Dihybrid
Two trait cross
Demonstrates law of
independent assortment
Fur color and tail: SSBB, SsBB,
SSBb, SsBb, SSbb, ssBB, ssBb
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Probability of Inheritance
Can you curl your tongue up on the sides?
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monohybrid cross
Tongue-curling in humans is a dominant genetic trait.

Suppose a man who is Tt

for tongue-curling marries
a woman who is also Tt
for this trait. What are the
possible genotypes and
phenotypes of their
children and the percent
chance for each?
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monohybrid cross

Tongue-curling T t
Father - Heterozygous

Tt
T
Mother - Heterozygous

Tt

t
What will be the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their
children and the percent chance for each?
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monohybrid cross

Tongue-curling
Father - Heterozygous
T t
Tt

Mother - Heterozygous

Tt T TT Tt

t Tt tt
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monohybrid cross

Genotype Phenotype
T t
25% TT 75% Can roll their

T TT Tt 50% Tt
tongue

25% tt 25% Doesn't have

tongue trait
t Tt tt

Phenotypic Ratio
3:1
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Dihybrid cross
A true breeding is a kind of breeding
wherein the parents would produce
offspring that would carry the same
phenotype.

This means that the parents are

homozygous for every trait.

Seed shape and Seed Colour

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Dihybrid cross
Seed shape and Seed Colour

Dominant trait
YYRR
YYRR yyrr

YR YR yr yr

F1 Generation
YyRr
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Dihybrid cross

YR Yr yR yr
F1 Generation
YyRr

YR YYRR

Yr
YyRr YyRr
yR
yr
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Dihybrid cross

YR Yr yR yr
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr Determine the genotype and phenotype

yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

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Dihybrid cross

YR Yr yR yr
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

Determine the genotype and phenotype

yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

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Dihybrid cross

YR Yr yR yr Genotype
1/16 YYRR
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr 2/16 YYRr
1/16 YYrr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr 2/16 YyRR

4/16 YyRr
2/16 Yyrr
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr 1/16 yyRR
2/16 yyRr
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr 1/16 yyrr
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Dihybrid cross

YR Yr yR yr Genotype
1/16 YYRR
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr 2/16 YYRr
1/16 YYrr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

2/16 YyRR
4/16 YyRr
2/16 Yyrr
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
1/16 yyRR
2/16 yyRr
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr 1/16 yyrr
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Dihybrid cross

Genotype Phenotype
YR Yr yR yr
1/16 YYRR
2/16 YYRr YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
1/16 YYrr 9/16 Yellow & Round
2/16 YyRR
4/16 YyRr
Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr 3/16 Yellow & Wrinkled
3/16 Green & Round
2/16 Yyrr
1/16 yyRR
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr 1/16 Green & Wrinkled

2/16 yyRr
1/16 yyrr
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
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Dihybrid cross
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Dihybrid cross
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Dihybrid cross

Phenotypic Ratio
9:3:3:1
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sex-linked Traits
Karyotype
Is an individual's collection of
chromosomes.

But how do we know its sex based on

chromosomes?
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sex-linked Traits
Sex Chromosome
The 23rd pair of Chromosomes determine
the sex of an individual

How to determine female and male based on

their chromosome?
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sex-linked Traits
Sex Chromosome
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sex-linked Traits

X and Y's
XX XY
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sex-linked Traits
X and Y's

XX XY
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sex-linked Traits
What are sex linked traits?
These are traits that are found on either one of the
chromosomes that determine sex.

The term generally refers to traits that are

influenced by genes on the X chromosome

but why?
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sex-linked Traits
What are sex linked traits?
These are traits that are found on either one of the
chromosomes that determine sex.

The term generally refers to traits that are

influenced by genes on the X chromosome

but why?
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sex-linked Traits
The X chromosome is large and contains many more
genes than the smaller Y chromosome.

In a sex-linked disease, it is usually

males who are affected because
they have a single copy of X
chromosome that carries the
mutation. In females, the effect of
the mutation may be masked by the
second healthy copy of the X
chromosome.

Sex-linked diseases are usually recessive

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sex-linked Traits

Give examples of common sex-

linked diseases
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sex-linked Traits
COMMON SEX-LINKED DISEASES

Hemophilia High blood pressure

Red-green color
blindness
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sex-linked Traits
COMMON SEX-LINKED DISEASES

Duchenne muscular
dystrophy

Fragile X
syndrome
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Questions?