INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY - CERN, european organization for

nuclear research
Benjamin Franklin
- 380,000 years, to universe to cool
- conduct extensive research on and slow down the electrons to be
electricity 18th C. able captured by nuclei and form
atoms
- Flies a kite with a key during
thunderstorms - Atomic Particles, protons and
neutrons are heavier than electrons.
Michael Faraday

- English scientist, contributes in study

of electromagnetism and
electrochemistry.

- Discovered electromagnetic
induction, diagmanetism ,electrolysis

- Most famous experiment (1831), the

creation of magnetic field through
coil and battery.

- Invented Transformers,
Generation of electricity.

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio

Volta
- Italian physicist, invented the electric
battery
- Animal Electricity
ELECTRICITY - set of physical phenomena
associated with the presence and motion of
matter that has electric charge.
- Related to magnetism
- Used for Electric power (energize
equipment) and Electronicsb (deals
w/ electrical circuits involving
electrical components)
STATIC ELECTRICITY - electrical charge
caused by imbalance of electrons on the
surface material
MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY - spinning
of eletrons around nucleus of an atom
creating tiny magnetic fields.
- 2 poles; North/South-seeking poles
- “Opposite attracts”
RENEWABLE ENERGY - clean energy,
constantly replenished natural sources
1. HYDROPOWER - energy in moving
water

ATOMS 2. GEOTHERMAL POWER - Heat

from the earth, accessed by drilling
- made up of nucleus, protons, & water or steam wells in a similar
electrons. process of drilling for oil
- Basic units of matter
3. SOLAR POWER - Energy from the
- Defining structure of elements sun
- Greek word for “invisible”

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 4. WIND POWER - Energy from wind ground, cant be used as
by turbines energy source until refined

5. BIOMASS POWER - energy from b. Oil refineries - separating

plant and animal sources. Types of crude oil into diff. Fuels and
biomass: by-products

a. Garbage c. Gasoline - main prod. From

b. Wood
c. Landfill gas
d. Crops
e. Alcohol fuels
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY- sources
eventually run out. Takes years or centuries
to replenish.
1. COAL - combustible black/brownish-
black sedimentary rock. A fossil fuel
comes from the remains of plants
that died about 100-400 million
years ago
oil, used as fuel for vehicles
3. NATURAL GAS - aka “fossil gas,”
also comes from remains of died sea
plants and animals. 90% composed
of methane
Propane - gas comes from natural
gas and petroleum.
4. NUCLEAR ENERGY - comes from
the nucleus of atoms. The energy is
released by nuclear fusion or fission.
Nuclear plants use nuclear fission
of uranium (radioactive element) to
generate energy

Types of Coal

Anthracite - highest rank coal. Hard,

brittle, shiny, black lustrous coal

Bituminious - middle rank coal.

Usually has high heating value. Most
common type of coal used in
electricity generation.

Subbituminious - dull black coal with

higher heating value than lignite

Lignite Coal - aka “coal”, lowest

grade & least concentration of
carbon

2. OIL - aka “petroleum,” fossil fuel

formed from remains of tine sea
plants and animals. Can make
products such as gasoline, diesel,
and jet fuel ENERGY-RELATED LAWS

a. Crude oil - form of oil when RA. 9513 ‘Renewable energy act of 2008’
first removed from the

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 - Affirms the government’s
commitment to accelerate the
utilization of renewable energy
RA. 9729 of 2009 ‘The Climate Change Act’
- Philippines’ vulnerability to climate
change and the need for appropriate
adaptation measures.
PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE
- National basis for safeguarding
persons, buildings and its contents
from hazards of usage of electricity.
ELECTRICAL TERMS AND UNITS
AMPERE (A) - unit of electrical current,
named after Andre-Marie Ampere
ALTERNATING CURRENT - Voltage forces
electrons to flor in directions quickly
CABLE - bundle or group of multiple wires,
conductors carrying electrical current.
CIRCUIT - system of conducting elements
CURRENT - flow of free electrons, SI unit is
Ampere
CONVENTIONAL FLOW - Theory stating
that electrons flow from positive to negative
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DIRECT CURRENT - electrons flow
continuously in one direction through closed
circuit
ELECTRICITY - form of energy
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT - complete conducting
path that carries current
ELECTRON FLOW - theory, electrons flow
from negative to positive
ELECTRIC POWER - electric current is
used to energize equipment
ELECTRICAL ENERGY - generated by
movement of electrons from one point
another
ION - small particle, molecule or atom w/
net electrical charge
TRANSFORMER - electrical machines
convey and shift electricity from one
particular circuit to another
VOLT - unit describing electric potential
difference between 2 points in the circuit
VOLTAGE - force applied to a conductor
freeing electrons, measured in Volts (V)
WATT (W) - unit of power, named after
James Watt
WIRE - made of single electrical conductor
that carries electric current.
OHM’S LAW
- Named after Georg Ohm– german
physicist
- States that relationship between
electric current and potential
difference,
- Current-voltage relationship; V=IR,
ohm’s law equation
V = voltage
I = current
R = resistance
 - Ohm’s law – voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through it

Formula:

Ohm’s Law:

PARALLEL CIRCUIT - electric current has

multiple paths to flow through

Power:

SERIES CIRCUIT - same current flows

through all the components in the circuit.
Current has only one path.
CONDUCTORS - materials allow the free
flow of electrons from one particle to
another (human body, aqueous solution of
salts and metals)

INSULATORS - restricts the flow of

electrons (Plastic, Rubber, wood and glass)

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ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES
Cables Labels
➢ 14-2G - contains 2 insulated wires
and a ground wire; 14-gauge/each
wire
➢ 14-3G - 3 insulated wires & a ground
wire; 14-gauge/each
➢ 12-2G - 2 insulated wires & a ground
wire; 12-gauge/each
➢ 12-3G - 3 insulated wires & a
ground wire; 12-gauge/each
➢ 600 V - cable is rated for 600 V max,
commonly used NM cable for home
wiring.
➢ TYPE NM-B - NM (non-metallic)
sheathed cable of type-B, commonly
used for wiring appliances and
devices in home
Residential Wiring Cables
1. Service Drop Cable - the cable
between utility pole and consumer’s
premises or bldg.
- an overhead electrical line from the
pole to the service Weatherhead of a
house.
Types of service drop cable:
- Main Feeder Wires - supply the
power from the service
Weatherhead, 600V THHN, solid or
stranded w/ 25% rating cable
- Panel Feed Wires - supplies power
to the main distribution junction box.
Usually 25% rating black insulted
THHN cables
- Non-metallic Sheathed Wires - used
for in-house writing
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- Single Conductor Wire - most
popular choice for electrical layout
inside a home
CABLES AND WIRES
1. Communications Cable - used for
communication or signal
transmission purposes
- transmit information
Coaxial Cables
Twisted Pair Cables
Fiber Optic Cables
2. Direct-Buried (DBC) - used for
communication and power
transmission.
- buried directly underground w/o
extra insulation, sheathing or piping
- bundles of fiber optic cables w/
thick metal
3. Non-Metallic Sheathed Cable -
known as “ROMEX,” commonly
used for residential wiring. Outer
sheath is made of plastic protects
inside conductors
4. Metallic Sheathed Cable - metallic
protection over insulated conductors.
- conductors separately unsulated w/
plastic
- mostly known by AC (armored
cable) BX cable or MC (metal Clad)
Armored Cable (AC)
Metal Clad (MC) Cable
5. Single Conductor Wire - most
popular choice for residential wiring
Single Stranded Wire
Single Solid Wire
 6. Flexible Cables - cables can - Bends
withstand continuous bending.
- T-shapes
- used un automation industries
- C-shapes
CABLE RACEWAY - provide surface-
mounted pathway for wiring. - L-shapes, etc.

- Great tool routing and concealing Conduit Types:

cables
1. Electrical Metal Conduits
Types of Cable Raceway 2. Non-Metallic Conduits

1. Latching - aka surface raceways. OUTLET

2. Corner Duct - ideal for residential - Aka “electrical sockets” “plugs” “wall
use, fit into wall corners plugs”

3. Overfloor - protection of wires on - Philippines operates 220V supply

floor and 60 HZ

4. Exterior Wire Guards - known as - Partners of plugs

outdoor wire guards. Commonly
found at outdoor concerts or - Philippines uses type A,B,C,G
festivals, covers and protects large Grounding pin - reduce risk of
cables electrocution and/or fire
5. Flexible Wire Duct - versatile
wiring, can be used both industrial
and commercial.

Cable Raceway use cases

1. Industrial Use

2. Commercial Use

3. Residential Use

4. Aviation Use

CONDUITS - piping system used to carry

electrical wiring in domestic, commercial, & Socket Outlet Type in Philippines
industrial use.
1. Parallel Outlet
- Protect the enclosed wiring from
fires, mechanical damages, & - Can be used for TYPE A
corrosion - Most common socket outlet
- Comes in diff. Sizes with
accessories: - Appliances from US, Japan,
- Junctions Canada, and Mexico typically
have same configuration
- Clamps
2. Parallel Outlet w/ Ground

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 - Used for TYPE A & B
- Similar to type A socket
outlet, 2 parallel flat prongs
w/ third prong serves as
grounding pin
3. Two-way Outlet (Round & Parallel)
- Can use for TYPE A & C
- Philippines does not use type
C but intentionally used
- Commonly known “Europlug”
- Accepts 2 types of plugs, no
grounding protection
4. Two-way Outlet w/ Ground
- Used for TYPE A,B,C
- Similar to 2-way, but has
grounding pin
5. Universal Outlet
- Most common plus (A,B,C,G)
- Accepts most kinds of plugs
- Less sturdy grip
JUNCTION BOX - enclose the connection
points of created splits and branches in
wiring connections
- outdoor junction box - protects sensitive
electrical connection in any environment
can also be used indoor.
ELECTRICAL SWITCHES - wall-mounted
light switch, may function diff. Ways depend
on the kind of switch
Single-pole Switch - simplest type of
switch, 2 terminals; (1) incoming hot wire;
(2) outgoing hot wire connected to device.
Commonly used for small rooms with only
few light sources
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Double-pole Switch - has 4 terminals,
used to control higher-demand appliances
and machines.
Three-way Switch - can be used to control
devices from two different locations. 3
terminals. Can use to light stairwell or long
hallways
Four-way Switch - control a device from
three or more locations. No on and off
markings, 4 terminals and a ground
terminal. Good option for large rooms with
several entrances.
RECEPTACLE - intended to hold electric
light bulb
CIRCUIT BREAKER BOX - main
distribution point for electrical circuits
- main power source for homes
- usually provides bet. 100 and 200 amps of
total power
CIRCUIT BREAKER - essentially switches
installed inside a breaker box, protecting
electrical components from overheating or
catching fire
Three basic circuit breaker
Standard Breakers - cant always detect arcs
Single-Pole - often found in homes.
To monitor the current of single wire
& trip in the event of short/ electrical
overload.
Accommodate bet. 15 and 30 amps
Deliver 120 V to circuit
Double-Pole - monitor two wires
simultaneously. A single breaker
with 2 interlinked, side-by-side
switches
Accomodate bet. 15-200 amps
Deliver 240 V or 120-240 V to circuit
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
Circuit Breakers

- Designed to protect against a line-to-

ground fault.

- Offer protection against electrical

short or overloaded current

- Requires some electrical codes for

areas that can be wet

Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI) Circuit

Breakers

- Designed to trip when arcing is COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

detected within electrical wiring
INTRODUCTION OF HVAC
- Its coating becomes too thin and
- Heating, Ventilation, And Air
presents a serious risk of fire when
Conditioning (HVAC)
damaged
- Building mechanical systems
- Newer houses requires it as part of
providing thermal comfort for indoor
electrical code
occupants
ELECTRIC METER - device measuring
Basic Components of an HVAC System
electrical energy uisage of a building/
structure 1. Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air ctrl
2. Air Filter
Analog Meters - for monitoring electricity
3. Supply Fan
use on periodic basis & checking accuracy
4. Exhaust or Relief fans and air outlet
of electrical bills from month to month
5. Outdoor air intake
6. Ducts
7. Terminal Devices
8. Return air system
9. Heating and cooling coils
10. Self-contained heating or cooling
unit
11. Cooling Tower
12. Boiler
13. Control
14. Water Chiller
15. Humidification and dehumidification
equipment
Digital / smart meters - records daily
Classification of HVAC Systems - major
electricity use, share consumption info bet.
classification is central system and
Users and electricity suppliers over wireless
decentralized or local system.
digital radio frequency networks

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Criteria Central System Decentralized or Local System

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Temperature, humidity, and Fulfilling any or all of the design
space pressure requirements parameters
● Considering HVAC
Capacity requirements
diversity factors to
reduce the installed
equipment capacity
● Significant first cost
and operating cost
Redundancy Standby equipment is No backup or standby
accommodated for equipment
troubleshooting and maintenance
An equipment room is located
Special requirements outside the conditioned area, or
adjacent to or remote from the
building
Installing secondary equipment
for the air and water distribution
which requires additional cost
More significant energy efficient
First cost primary equipment
A proposed operating system
which saves operating cost
Maintenance cost Accessible to the equipment
room for maintenance and saving
equipment in excellent condition,
which saves maintenance cost
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Fulfilling any or all of the design
parameters
● Maximum capacity is
required for each
equipment
● Equipment sizing
diversity is limited
Possible of no equipment room
is needed
Equipment may be located on
the roof and the ground adjacent
to the building
Less energy efficient primary
equipment
Various energy peaks due to
occupants’ preference
Higher operating cost
Accessible to equipment to be
located in the basement or the
living space. However, it is
difficult for roof location due to
bad weather
Reliability
Flexibility
HVAC SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
1. CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEM - may serve
one or more thermal zones, its major
equipment located outside of the served
zone(s)
- Must condition zones = thermal load
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Central system equipment can be Reliable equipment, although the
an attractive benefit when estimated equipment service life
considering its long service life may be less
electing standby equipment to Placed in numerous locations to
provide an alternative source of be more flexible
HVAC or backup
- Will have several control points
(thermostats) for each zone.
All-air systems - thermal energy transfer
medium through the bldg. Delivery systems
air.
 Single Zone - consists of:
- air handling unit
- heat & cooling source
- distribution ductwork
-appropriate delivery devices
Multi-Zone - individual supply air
ducts are available each zone in
bldg
Terminal Reheat - a multiple zone,
which considers an adaptation of
single zone system
Dual Duct - terminal-controlled
modification of multi-zone concept.
All-water Systems - heated & cooled water
is distributed from a central system to
conditioned spaces. This type of is system
is relatively small due to use of pipes as
distribution containers, and so on
- hybrid system combining advantages of
all-air and all-water systems. 80-90% of
water is responsible carrying thermal load in
bldg.
Fan-Coil Units - small unit used for
heating & cooling coils, circulation
fan, and proper control system.
Induction Units - externally same to
fan-coil, internally different. Induction
unit induces the air flow in a room
through cabinet by using high-
velocity airflow from a central air
handling unit
Water-source Heat Pumps - used to
provide considerable energy savings for
large building under extreme cold weather
2. DECENTRALIZED/LOCAL HVAC
SYSTEM
AC SYSTEM
- Ac/refrigerator, top 10 greatest M.E
achievement (in 2000)
- Ac has roots in 2nd c. China,
inventor named Ding Huane crafted
a manually powered rotary fan,
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- Willis Carrier: Father of the Air
Conditioner, engineer experimented
w/ laws of humidity control
- 1902, first modern ac, made by willis
- 1933, Carrier comp. Developed ac
uses a belt-driven condensing unit
and associated blower, mechanical
chontrols, and evaporator coil
- Energy efficiency standards set by
the US department of energy drives
improvements of av systems.
“Requires manufacturers to optimize
systems reducing energy
consumption”
- Manufacturer compliance have
successfully increased Seasonal
Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) to
16/18
SMART TECHNOLOGIES
- Develope microprocessor-based
diagnostic and control kits automate
the operation of the compressor and
air-flow system
- 80% american households have ac,
mostly Centralized System
AIR CONDITIONING
Definition
- Simultaneous control of
temperature, humidity, motion and
purty
- The process of altering air’s
properties to favorable conditions
- Control these conditions to maintain
health and comfort/ meet req. of
industrial processes irrespective of
the external climatic conditions
Principles
- To achieve more comfortable interior
environment and space making it
conducive for human activity
 - To cool and dehumidify rooms filled used. Silent operation and elegant
with heat-producing electronic looking.
devices (computer servers, power
amplifiers, etc.) - Don’t have to make a large hole in
the wall
- To display and store some delicate
products (such as artworks, etc.)

Inverter AC - energy saving, which FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

eliminates wasted operation in ac by Components of Split-Type AC system
efficiently controlling motor speed. Ac
maintain set temperature automatically 1. Outdoor Unit - houses components
(compressor, condenser, fan and
Non-Inverter AC - provides fix heating or expansion valve)
cooling by a fixed power w/ compressor
running at a fixed speed - Compressor - most important
part, compresses the
Types of ACU refrigerant & increases its
pressure before sending to
1. Window Type condenser
- Most common and cheapest acu

- Need a space slot in the wall with

open space behind the wall for
install

- Reliable and simple to install

- Condenser - the coiled

copper tubing with one or
more. High temp. and
pressure from condenser
goes here. Condenser also
covered w. Aluminum fins to
remove the heat from
refrigerant faster.

2. Split Type

- one of
the most
widely

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- Condenser Cooling Fan -
ordinary fan w/ 3-4 blades
driven by motor. Acts as
exhaustion fans.
- Expansion Valve - usually a
copper capillary tubing w/
several rounds of coils.
Bigger Thermostatic
expansion valve used for
split ac.
High pressure and mid-temp
refrigerant from condenser
goes here and temp &
pressure suddenly drops
Types of Split-Type AC
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-
2. Indoor Unit - comprises evaporator/
cooling coil, filter, cooling fan &
louvers/fins
- Evaporator/ Cooling Coil -
copper coil made of number
turns of the copper tubing.
Cooling coil is covered with
aluminum fins to transfer the
maximum amount heat to the
air inside room
- Air Filter - important part.
Removes dirt, helps
supplying clean air to the
room.
- Cooling Fan/ Blower -
induced type of blower.
Sucks hot & unclean air from
room & supplies cool and
clean air.
- Louvers/ Fin - air from blower
goes out through this part.
Helps changing angle or
direction of air.
 1. Wall-mounted - Cooling capacity is measured in
either kJ/hr or British Thermal Unit
(BTU)

Room floor area x 500 = Aircon Capacity

(Kj/hr.)

Broad Estimation of AC H.P. Rating - HP

is used to measure motor’s power.

2. Floor Standing/ Floor-mounted

1hp = 9,495 kJ/hr

OTHER FACTORS TO CONSIDER

● Room Size

● Number of Occupants

● “ “ People

● “ “ Appliances

● Calculation of SHADE - +10% to

room’s cooling capacity when
3. Ceiling-mounted/ Cassette-Type subjected to direct sunlight,-10%
when not/shaded

● Calculation of Occupants - if used by

more than2 people, +633 kJ/hr
each additional person

ACU ENERGY SAVING IDEAS

1. Choose the size and style suited for

the room
2. Choose model with the highest EER,
higher EER = more efficient, check
the energy guide (yellow label) on
AIRCON’S CAPACITY TO ROOM SIZE
the unit

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 3. Estimate the need for energy used.
Bigger watt rating = higher energy
consumption
4. Installation of ACU should not face
the sun unless its shaded
5. ACU shall have access to outside
air, but not from garage or whatnot.
6. Maximum efficacy, set ACU to
recirculate cool air instead pulling
warmer air in from outside
7. Avoid change in thermostat settings
8. Increase temperature by 1 deg.
Celsius
9. Keep doors and windows closed
10. Close curtains to prevent up to 16%
of heat transfer through
glass/windows.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
- Fire Safety, integral part of bldg.
- Types of fire protection systems:
- Fire suppression system
- Smoke detectors
- sprinkler system
- Detecting fire and protect the
building, occupants, and valuables is
the common goal
- Common fire protection system is a
smoke detector and a sprinkler, this
is effective
- Automatic fire suppression systems
using clean agents are more
effective
- Another benefit is some fire
protection systems can immediately
suppress fire whilst notifying
authorities to send emergency
professionals to the location
The Bureau of Fire Protection
- Govenment Fire service of the
Philippines
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- Under jurisdiction of Department of
the Interior and Local Governemnt.
- Founded on January 29, 1991
- Current Director: Louie S. Puraca,
CEO IV
BFP functions and mandates:
Republic Act No. 9514
- “AN ACT ESTABLISHING A
COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF
THE PHILIPPINES, REPEALING
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.
1185, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES."
- Policy of the state ensures public
safety
- Promote economic development
through prevention and suppression
of all kinds of destructive fires
- Promote professionalization of the
fire service as profession.
- State shall enforce all laws, rules
and regulations ensuring adherence
to standard fire prevention and
safety measures, & promote
accountability in the fire protection
and prevention service
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
(FDAS)
- Key aspect, to identify a developing
fire emergency in timely manner
 alerting bldg’s occupants & fire
emergency organizations.
- These systems can provide many
main functions
- May also incorporated a remote
signal system that acn alert the fire
brigade via central station
Diff. parts of FDAS
1. Control Panel Unit
- Brain of FDAS
- responsible formonitoring
various alarm input devices
(a/m detection components)
then activates output devices
(horns, bells, etc.)
- Central hub for all detector
signals to be wired &
provides users status
indication
- Can stimulate an alarm fo fire
and evacuation drills
2. Fire Alarm Detectors
- Core of fire alarm system
Different types/ groups:
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HEAT DETECTOR - can work fixed
temp. Basis or rate of change in
temp. Contains eutectic alloy(heat
sensitive) turns to liquid and triggers
the alarm
SMOKE “ - 3 basic types:
● Ionization smoke detector,
contains 2 chambers; (1)
reference to compensate
changes in ambient temp,
humi, pressure; (2) contains
radioactive source
● Light Scattering “ “ - operates
on Tyndall Effect
● Light Obscurring “ “ - smoke
interferes the light beam bet.
Light source and photocell.
Can be used for large-area
protection.
CARBON MONOXIDE “
 - aka “CO fire detectors,”
electronic detectors used to
indicate outbreak of fire by
sensing C.O.
CO - poisonous gas from
combustion
- Used in home
- Responds more quickly
- More Sensitive
Diff. Types of Fire Alarm Systems
MULTI-SENSOR “
- combines inputs from optical
and heat sensors
- Designed to be sensitive to a
wide range of fires
MANUAL CALL POINTS “
- or Break glass call point,
- Enables personnel to raise
alarm by breaking the
frangible element of the
fascia triggering the alarm
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION (PFP)
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3. Alarm Devices
4. Wiring / Circuitry
1. Conventional - physical cabling
used to interconnect several call
points and detectors
2. Addressable - same with
Conventional except each detector
is given a set address (usually by
means of a dip-switch) & control
panel can determine the point of first
initiated alarm
3. Intelligent - each detector
effectively incorporates its own
computer evaluating the environmet
and communicates to control panel
whether there is a fire, fault or
detector head needs to be cleaned
4. Wireless - effective alternative to
wired FAS. utilizes secure, license-
free radio communications to
interconnect the sensors and
devices w/ the controllers
- Provides tons unique benefits & is
a full intelligent fire detection system
w/o needs for clabling
- Components of structural fire
protection & fire safety in a building
 - Use of fire-resistant walls and floors, 15. Industrial fire shutters and curtains
limiting the spread of fire, heat, and
smoke 16. Fire fighting shafts and stairwells

- Protect escape routes 17. Fire-resisting dampers (mechanical

or intumescent) used in horizontal &
- Provide vital escape time for vertical air distribution ducts
occupants
18. Fire-Resisting ductwork & service
- Protect bldg’s critical structural ducts and shafts
members
19. Linear Gap seals
- Protect bldg’s assets
20. Penetration seals (for pipes, cables
Passive Fire Protection products and other services)

1. Fire Doors 21. Cavity barriers

2. Fire resisting walls, floors, ceilings, 22. Fire-resisting air transfer grilles
ducts (mechanical / intumescent)

3. Firestopping and fire protection 23. Fire-resistant Building envelope

structural members
24. Reaction to fire coatings
4. Fire-resistant epoxy coatings (can
spray applied) 25. Hydrocarbon structural fire
protection system
5. PFP sheet
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
6. Fire-protective boxes/wardrobes
- Action-focused when stopping fire
7. Vital Equipment Protection (such as
first-aid boxes, oil or gas tanks, other - Two categories of it; Manual/
volatile sites) preventing the risk of Automatic Fire Suppression (FS)
explosion
- Manual FS - manual controlled
*Supplied by the The Association for suppress/kill fire
Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP)
- Auto FS - auto. extinguish fires
8. Fire protection to bldgs. Structural
frame Diff. Manual FS

9. Fire-resisting doors and fire door 1. Fire Blanket

furniture and hardware - Used to extinguish small fires
10. Fire shutters - Can used to wrap around
11. Compartment walls & Floors person’s clothes that caught
alight
12. Fire-resisting walls and pa
- Best store in or adjacent to
13. Suspended ceilings kitchen but not close to
potential hazard (e.g. above
14. Fire-resisting glazing stove)

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 - Varies in sizes
2. Fire Extinguisher
- Portable or movable
apparatus
- Extinguish small fire by direct
its substance to coll burning
materials
- Deprives flame of oxygen
- Interferes w/ chemical
reactions reoccur in flame
Classification and usage of Fire
Extinguisher
3. Fire Extinguisher Ball
- Round-shaped fire
extinguisher
Prepared by “students support students”
- self-activates , 3-5 secs
within fire exposure
- Non-toxic extinguishing
chemicals, can extinguish
within 3 cb.m-radius
- Not intended to replace the
standard extinguisher,
intended as additional
protection and safety
- No need for special
maintenance
- Safe and Effective,
completely harmless to the
human body
- Covers 360 deg. Ange area,
can extinguish solid, liquid,
electrical class of fire
- Suitable for cars, private
home kitchen, factory,
warehouse, electrical
cabinets, commercial
purposes, etc.
4. Standpipes
- Series of pipes which
connect a water supply to
hose
- Extension of fire hydrant
system
- To provide pre-piped water
system for bldg. Occupants /
fire dept.
Stand pipes system:
Dry systems - most of stand pipes, can not
be used by public
- requires fire engine to pump water into the
system
- dont have pre-connected hoses & require
firefighters to bring in hose
Wet systems - always have water and
hoses in pipes, anyone can use. Becomes
less common due to sprinklers

AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION

Sprinkler Systems

- Shall be partnered with FDAS

- Active fire protection method

- Consists water supply system,

providing adequate pressure and
flowrate to a water distribution piping
system, onto which fire sprinklers
are connected

- Most useful tool

- Douse the fire & minimizes water

damage

Fire Sprinkler Head Types:

Pendents

Uprights

Prepared by “students support students”

 - 1835, “teagle”, steam/belt-driven&
counterweighted elevator, built by
Frost and Stutt

- 1846, the invention of the Hydraulic

crane - William Armstrong

- 1870s, replacement of hydraulic bt

steam-powered elevators
Sidewalls
- Elisha Otis, american inventor,
creator of the elevator’s new safety
device (1854)

3 TYPES OF CONVOYING METHOD

● Elevators/ Lift
● Escalators
● Ramps
- Werner Von Siemens, created first
electric elevator (1880)
ELEVATOR SYSTEM
- “Lift” in British - Alexander Miles, patented his
elevator (1887)
- Moves in a vertical shaft or steel
frame - Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre’s
Elevator - Fastest elevator, 1260
- Freight/ Carry passengers from one m/mins.
level to another level
Measures of Effectiveness
- Generally powered by electric
motors that either drive traction 1. Reliability - time and use, should
cables or counterweight systems continue the way it did first installed

- Around 300 BC, the invention of 2. Cost - cost efficient

primitive elevators (powered by
water, animals, or people) 3. Performance - ability to do its job.

- 1743, built for King Louis XV, the 4. Safety - effective safety system,
first human-powered designed to protect riders with
counterweighted personal elevator, multiple backup systems. Easy to
in the apartment in Versailles maintain with the control room

- Significantly advance 19th C. Classification of Elevators

- 1823, “ascending room” built by 1. Passenger Elevator - can vary bet.

Burton and Homer 5-25 people

Prepared by “students support students”

 2. Freight Elevator/Service Elevator - necessary fluid has traditionally
indented for transportation of goods, been oil-
materials, equipment, and vehicles. based but can
Load can vary 2000-4500 kg. be replaced
with vegetable
3. Dumbwaiter - Small elevator used oil
for food and other kitchen materials.
Often used in hotels, restaurants,
and cruise

4. Construction Hoist - used on

construction site, commonly
powered by diesel engines or
electric motors

Types of Elevator Systems

1. TRACTION ELEVATORS - Car is

raised and lowered by traction steel
ropes or belts on a pulley system.
Most common type of elevator
● Uses less energy
● Serve mid to high-rise buildings
● Ride smoother
● More affordable to install
● Less expensive to maintain and
repair
● Better for transporting heavy
loads
● Intended for low-rise applications

- Geared Traction Elevator - can reach - Operate slower

speeds up to 500 ft./min. have a middle-of-
the-road cost in terms of initial investment,
maintenance costs, and energy
consumption.
gearbox attached to the motor that
drives the wheel and moves the ropes.
- Gearless Traction Elevator - can reach
speeds up to 2,000 ft./min. High initial cost
investment, average maintenance costs.
More energy-efficient
- Holed Hydraulic Elevators -
hydraulic cylinders placed inside of a
drilled hole and allows up to 60’ of
travel.
- Holeless Hydraulic Elevators - don’t
require a drilled hole. ideal for
existing buildings or in areas where
drilling would be too difficult or
expensive.

the wheel attached directly to the motor.

2. HYDRAULICS ELEVATORS - don’t

use overhead hoisting machinery.

PARTS OF AN ELEVATOR

Prepared by “students support students”

Prepared by “students support students”
ELEVATOR SAFETY FEATURES

Prepared by “students support students”

 1. CONTROLLER - brains of the
system

5. SAFETIES - Located in the car itself,

grabs the hoistway rails when
activated

2. MACHINE - sheave drives the

cables attached to the elevator car
and counterweight.

6. BUFFER - positioned at the bottom

of hoistway, can absorb and
dissipate energy of descending
elevator.
3. BREAKS - Modern elevators use
friction breaks

4. GOVERNOR - monitors car’s speed.

7. OTHER SAFETY FEATURES:

a. Door sensors

Prepared by “students support students”

 b. Emergency evacuation
feature
c. Emergency alarm button
d. Emergency telephones or
communications devices
e. Emergency lighting
f. Emergency power
g. Fire emergency systems.
PREVENTIVE AND MAINTENANCE OF
ESCALATOR AND ELEVATOR
1. Ride Quality - from the user’s point
of experience
2. Safety - examination of all safety
mechanisms and related devices
3. Operation - detailed inspection of
the electronics and software
4. Machinery - cleaning, lubrication,
adjustment of devices, inspection of
leaks
5. Cleanliness - inspection and
cleaning of all areas adjacent to the
equipment.
ESCALATOR SYSTEM
- Power-driven stairway
- Also called “moving stairway”
- Commonly used in buildings with a
large volume of people’s movement
required.
- Souder & Nathan Ames (mid-19th
C.)- patented the first escalator
PARTS OF AN ELEVATOR
Prepared by “students support students”
- Early 20th C. produce of working
prototype designed by Charles
Seeburger and Jessse Reno.
1910, Sold their invention to Otis
elevator company
- First installed in NYC dept. Store.
ESCALATOR CONFIGURATIONS
1. Parallel - positioned side-by-side,
moving in opposite directions
2. Criss-crossed - moving in one
direction, “stacked”
ESCALATOR COMPONENTS
1. Landing Platforms - has curved
sections of tracks, in addition to
gears and motors
2. Truss - skeletal steel body frame
3. Balustrade - supports the handrail,
can be made of metal, sandwich
panels, or glass.
4. Handrail - chain connected to the
main drivers, generally made from
blend of synthetic polymers &
rubbers
5. Tracks - step-wheel track, forms the
steps into staircase
6. Steps - typically solid & made of die-
cast aluminum/ steel. Linked by a
continuous metal chain
7. Motor - drives the escalator.
PROPER INCLINATION
30-35 deg. Inclinations (international
standard)
OPTIMAL PALLETS
1000 mm width - used mainly in shopping
centers, groceries and railway stations.
1000 mm - moving walk width. Generally
recommended
Pallets should always 400 MM wider than
shopping carts
OPTIMAL SPEED
0.5 m/s - continuous customer flow
0.6-0.65 m/s - intermittent transportation
req. (railway stations/ subway stations),
BALUSTRADE HEIGHT
900, 1000, & 1100 mm.
SAFETY FEATURES
● Sensors to trigger an automatic
shutdown if a component is outside
of its normal position
● Skirt brushes to help prevent objects
from being caught in the escalator
● Handrail motion detectors
● Step integrity monitors
● Missing step monitors
● Combplate detectors

Longer horizontal runs & larger transition ● Step level monitors

curves
● Skirt switches
0.75-0.9 m/s - extreme transportation
capacity ● Emergency stop buttons
Not recommended, dangerous for children ● Controlled stop braking
and elders, can trip or fall in landing areas
● Understep lighting

Prepared by “students support students”

 ● Yellow combfingers

● Handrail guards

Prepared by “students support students”