THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
L1: POPULARIZING RIZAL & THE RIZAL LAW (RA 1425)
OUTLINE:
● Popularizing Rizal
● Rizal Law
POPULARIZING RIZAL
● The Americans who disguised themselves initially as
allies to the Filipino revolutionaries occupied Manila
and advanced in the provinces. In the following
months, the publication of the Treaty of Paris
(officially ended the period of Spanish colonization in
the Philippines and granted possession of Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United
States) and the shooting incident in San Juan Bridge
sparked the Philippine-American War.
● On December 20, 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo
issued a decree, recognizing December 30 as the
commemoration of the death of Rizal and other
Filipinos who have fallen victims to the oppressive
rule of the Spanish colonization. The date marked the
celebration of Rizal Day.
● Governor General William Howard Taft propagated
that Rizal was the official National Hero in 1901.
● Presidents Magsaysay, Garcia and Macapagal signed
executive orders during their administration which
promoted the significance of Rizal to the public.
Popularizing Rizal’s memory to the public included
renaming streets in Manila of the characters in the
Noli and El Fili. Filipinos associated with Rizal through
monuments, awards in the name of Rizal and other
ceremonies. The study of life and works of Rizal was
also required in universities and colleges.
RIZAL LAW OR RA 1425
● Senator Claro M. Recto sponsored Republic Act
1425 also known as “Rizal Law”.
● SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings
of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the
curricula of all schools, colleges and universities,
public or private
● SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools,
colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an
adequate number of copies of the original and
unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and
biography
● SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall
cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal
into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine
dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them
L2: CHANGES IN THE PHILIPPINES
DURING THE 19TH CENTURY
● Spain slowly changed its economic policies towards
the 19th century. Ports were opened to new trades.
The American and British merchants entered as new
players in the economy. Cheap agricultural produce
such as rice, sugar, hemp indigo and tobacco were
produced largely by machinery and loaded in ships
and trains. The Philippines was opened to world
commerce.
● Modern technology on communications and
transportations were invested in the islands, to name
a few, telegraph (1873), telephone and the train or
Ferrocaril de Manila a Dagupan (1890) and limited
distribution of electricity in the suburbs of Manila.
● The Suez Canal was opened in 1893. It improved
trade and communications by creating a shorter route
and travel time between Spain and the Philippines.
The opening of the Canal also allowed the influx of
migrants and increased activities in trade and
commerce. Progressive ideas, books and periodicals
and news from abroad were available to the public.
● The society was classified based on race.
PENINSULARES - Spaniards born in Spain
INSULARES - Spaniards born in the Philippines
MESTIZOS OR CREOLES - Half breeds
INDIO - the poor and uneducated class
● The 19th century ushered the economic standing
of the tenant-farmers who gained sufficient wealth to
educate their children in universities in the Philippines
and abroad. (GOOD 4 U PPL SANA NOW DIN)
● The middle class consists of the ilustrados or the
highly educated Filipinos who were still considered as
indios. Discrimination against them was prevalent in
the 19th century. They later pushed the idea of
equality amongst the Spaniards. These ilustrados
wanted reforms in administration of the Philippines. A
group of ilustrados was later known as the Reform
Movement or the Propaganda Movement.
● The appointment of Governor General Carlos Ma.
Dela Torre, a liberal Spanish official, abolished
censorship of the press; he abolished flogging as a
punishment and solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite.
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 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ

● Until a new Governor General Rafael Izquierdo was

L3: JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY, CHILDHOOD,
appointed. The new official was reactionary. He
AND EARLY EDUCATION
reversed the policies of Dela Torre and ended the
agrarian unrest in Cavite and secularization with the OUTLINE
capture and execution of the Filipinos in the 1872 ● Family
Cavite Mutiny. ● Biography (Childhood-College Education)
● The priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora or
GOMBURZA were implicated in the 1872 Cavite
Mutiny. They were found guilty of rebellion even
FAMILY
without evidence to support the charges. They were
publicly executed by garrote in the field of
Bagumbayan. Those who witnessed the execution
stirred feelings for unity and change. Rizal later
dedicated his El Filibusterismo to the martyred
priests.

● By 1882 to 1892, Filipinos were still discriminated

against by the Spaniards. They were also burdened
with heavy taxes. The growing discontent led to the
creation of an illustrado group called the Propaganda
Movement.
● important figures in the movement included Jose
Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo Del Pilar
to name a few. The main objective of this movement
was to assimilate the Philippines as a province of
Spain. In effect, the Philippines would have a
representative to the Spanish Cortes for redress of
grievances. Filipinos will also be treated like Spanish
citizens, and thus, enjoy the rights available to them. Jose Rizal described his father “Our father was a model
parent. He gave us an education which was suitable in a family
neither rich nor poor. He was thrifty. By careful saving, he was
● The Reform Movement was active in writing articles able to build a stone house.”
claiming for the changes in the Philippine Islands. The
articles in its newspaper, La Solidaridad, focused on
upholding the freedoms of speech, free press, His mother, “At nightfall, my mother had us all say our prayers
religion, and freedom to assemble. together...I shed tears only for my own faults, which my loving ,
prudent mother we all knew how to correct.”

● Another group formed in 1892, after the abolition of

Rizal’s La Liga Filipina, was the Katipunan. It had a SIBLING PROFILE
different objective, which was to gain absolute
independence from Spain through armed struggle or
revolution. Important figures in the Katipunan included 1. SATURNINA “NENENG” RIZAL - first-born, married
Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Pio Valenzuela Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas
to name a few. The Katipunan would wage a
revolution against Spain in August of 1896.
2. PACIANO RIZAL - studied at San Jose College, became a
farmer then a general in the revolution.

3. NARCISA “SISANG” RIZAL - married Antonio Lopez from

Morong; a teacher/musician.

4. OLYMPIA “YPIA” RIZAL - married Silvestre Ubaldo; died

in 1887 from childbirth.

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 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
5. LUCIA “LUCIA” RIZAL - married Mariano Herbosa;
6. MARIA “BIANG” RIZAL - married Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Binan, Laguna
7. JOSE “MOY/UTE/PEPE” RIZAL - 2nd son. Iconic king?
8. CONCEPCION “CONCHA” RIZAL - 8th child; died at the
age of three
9. JOSEFA “PANGGOY” RIZAL - an epileptic; unmarried
10. TRINIDAD “TRINING” RIZAL nickname unmarried; last of
the family to die
11. SOLEDAD CHOLENG” RIZAL - youngest child; married
Pantaleon Quintero
BIOGRAPHY
● Born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba, Laguna
● Baptized as JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO
with Rev. Rufino Collantes and Rev. Pedro Casañas
as sponsors;
● At age 4, he became fond of his Yaya Valentina
Alquitran of Mauban Quezon a.k.a . Yna
WHEN RIZAL WAS YOUNG:
1. BODY/HEALTH - He was “frail, sickly looking as a
boy and had wandering and eager eyes.”
● Change in Diet + Exercise (pull ups using
argolla or iron rings)
● Fresh air, love for animals: had a Pony
called ALIPATO and a black dog called
USMAN
2. EARLY READING AND WRITING SKILLS
● the 1st teacher was his mother; had a
religious inclination.
● Uncle Gregorio gave him candies and Jose
regular lessons; a habit of speedy
accomplishment.
● Drawing, use of clay for molding, wood for
sculpting.
RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION
● Early education started at age 3 to 7.
● First teacher was his mother then a number of private
tutors namely, Maestro Celestino, Lucas de Padua
and Don Leon Monroy.
● The parents decided to board Jose in his Aunt
Tomasa’s house in Biñan to attend the same school
as his older siblings near their house in Calamba.
● Cousins Leandro bullied Jose while Arcadia and
Florentina treated Jose like a brother and played with
him
● Near death experience: Leandro playfully pushed
Jose off the river bank. The fall and strong current
caught Jose off guard and he almost drowned until
some people saved him.
FORMAL SCHOOLING
● In Biñan, Rizal started formal schooling at age 9.
● Teacher was Justiniano Aquino Cruz - Used the
palmeta (wooden paddle) or baston (cane) on
students to instill discipline
“When I went out with my companions, they jokingly called me
nicknames. But individually they used to be so kind to me that I
thought little of their teasing. A few of them were very good
and always treated me well. Later, some of them were my
schoolmates in Manila and then it became my turn to tease.”
● In 1870, Jose Rizal’s formal schooling in Biñan ended
● When he arrived back in the Calamba house, he
learned of his mother’s charges of being an
accomplice in the poisoning of her sister-in-law. This
incident resulted in his distrust of people. The
Rizal-Mercado life was fast changing. The house
seemed empty without Jose’s mother.
HIGHSCHOOL
● The following year, Paciano asked Rizal to prepare
and take the entrance exam in San Juan de Letran.
Rizal passed the exam.
● Francisco Mercado decided that Jose should study in
Ateneo. Paciano and Jose went to Manila. In Ateneo,
Paciano introduced Jose to Fr. Magin Fernando for
the admission of his brother to school. Fr. Magin was
unwilling to admit Jose. The child seemed weak and
too small for his age of 11 years old. Paciano asked
again until Don Manuel Xeres Burgos (nephew of
Jose Burgos) spoke in his favor.
● Jose enrolled in Ateneo Municipal de Manila as Jose
Rizal. He did not like to use the surname because all
his siblings used Mercado. Paciano explained to him
that Ricial means “growing again”. He described how
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 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
fields regenerate when cut for fodder; how life
persists when one is injured or threatened. The
young Jose understood, little did he know that
Paciano wanted to protect his younger brother from
the ire of the priests. He believed was under
surveillance by the authorities.
● Paciano Mercado was a diligent and hardworking
student in college. However, he experienced
prejudice and humiliation from priests in school
because of his activism and ties with Fr. Jose
Burgos.
● In 1872, the Spanish authorities charged the friars
Gomez, Burgos and Zamora (GOMBURZA) of the
events leading to the Cavite Mutiny. The Filipino
priests were executed by garrotte y vil in a public
execution. Paciano decided to end his schooling and
worked in the fields as a farmer with his father.
● Lolay (mother of Rizal) decided to visit her friend Titay
who owned a house in Calle Caraballo Intramuros.
Titay owed Lolay 300 pesos in debt, and Lolay
decided to collect the money by sending Rizal to
Titay’s place as a boarder. Titay was unmarried and
gambled for long hours playing panguingge (Spanish
cards) with her friends. After school, Jose became
curious about the card game. He would quietly
observe the mechanics of the game and the
behaviour or habits of the players because Titay
prohibited him from playing.
After Titay left the table for a few minutes, Rizal took
her place on the table and played the card game. He
won several games. After which Titay allowed him to
play after school.
Francisco Mercado visited his son in his lodging
without notice. He was surprised to see the young
Jose Rizal playing cards on the table. Rizal was
transferred to another boarding place.
In his second year in Ateneo, Rizal lived with Doña
Pepay in Calle Magallanes Intramuros. In his third
year, Paciano lived with Jose which made it difficult
for Jose to join his friends after school because his
older brother would ask about his whereabouts. In
his fourth year, he lived in Calle Solana Intramuros.
ATENEO MUNICIPAL DE MANILA
● In Ateneo, schoolboys were grouped into two (2)
empires: the Romans and the Greeks. The leader of
each group was called “emperor.”
● Initially, Rizal had a hard time adjusting to school. He
was the smallest in class and barely spoke Spanish
but understood the language. He received teasing
from his classmates.
● At one time, Rizal had to wear “mustard plasters” to
relieve his stiff neck, a school bully hurled a heavy
and large book at another student who was able to
duck in his chair. The poor Jose received the blow of
the book to his face knocking him down from his
chair. He lost consciousness and spent a few days in
the school clinic.
● He rarely won except in one incident where he
punched a bully. The victory did not last long as other
bullies challenged him to fight them. Jose thought that
he could not always win in fighting bigger bullies. He
decided to say positive words instead. Bullies who
would tease or fight Jose would be greeted with
“Good day! Gentlemen.” The reaction of the bullies to
this gesture was quite awkward and they felt uneasy
beating Jose. Since then, they would leave Jose
alone.
● Jose would exert effort in studying longer hours than
he used to. After one month, he became the emperor
of his class. Later, he earned excellent marks in
physics, chemistry and natural history.
● He also worked harder to receive medals for his
mother so that she would be happy. At age 13, he
went to his jailed mother to show his medals and
prophesied his mother’s freedom. After a year, the
case against her was dismissed for lack of evidence
and she was released from imprisonment. At age 14,
he wrote Junto Al Pasig (first novel) and at 15, he
graduated with bachelor’s in arts in Ateneo.
● Rizal had a crush in Ateneo. He describes Segunda
Katigbak (sibling of his classmate Mariano): “She
was small, rosy cheeked with expressive eyes and
provocative smile and beautiful teeth. She was not
the most beautiful girl I had ever seen, but I have
never seen one more alluring and enchanting...We
have loved each other without having declared it
clearly, except with our glances.”
● Both liked each other a lot. Segunda gave Jose a
paper white rose and Jose in return, sketched
Segunda as a gift to her.
● Rizal was not outspoken about his feelings. He
would see Segunda and respond with “ceremonial
bows and silence.” Segunda checks on Jose and
asks him: “Do you have a sweetheart?” “Would you
like me to find you a girl?” Jose heard rumors that
Segunda was engaged with a man from Tanawan,
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 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
Batangas (Manuel Luz.). Her parents required her
to go home and meet the man. When he asked if she
would go to her province, she cried and confided that
if she had her own decision it would be to stay in
Manila.
BACK IN CALAMBA WITH FAMILY
● Jose returned to Calamba and learned of the news
about his father.
● An epidemic outbreak killed the turkeys, and he was
left with a few. The manager came up again and
asked for turkeys, but Francisco Mercado refused.
Since then, the land manager harassed Kikoy and
raised the rent by more than 1/3. Rizal’s father paid
the rent and increase without protest. After a few
months, the land manager doubled the rent. Kikoy
could not pay this amount of rent. He was summoned
in court and the alcalde ordered him to leave the land.
● This story of injustice he witnessed inspired Jose to
write a chapter entitled Kabesang Tales in his
second novel, El Filibusterismo.
● After his education in Ateneo, Lolay wanted her son
to stay at home. She warned Jose that learned men
often ended in the guillotine and the times were
dangerous for men who seek further knowledge. But
both Francisco and Paciano saw much potential in
Rizal to be simply kept at home. Francisco suggested
that he take metaphysics or law while Lolay
encouraged Jose to become a priest instead. Paciano
opposed both suggestions. Jose noticed that his
mother was losing her vision. He decided to take up
medicine to cure his mother’s condition.
STUDYING MEDICINE IN UST
● Jose Rizal enrolled in the Dominican run
Universidad de Santo Tomás (UST). He
immediately noticed that the Dominican friars
encouraged memorization of books and humiliated
indio/Filipino students in class. He was disheartened
with the educational system in UST. He received
average grades in medicine. He missed the arts and
Ateneo. He joined and won in the following literary
contests:
○ 1. Liceo Literario-Artistico sponsored a
poetry contest: Rizal won with his “A la
Juventud Filipina.”
○ 2. Same organization sponsored a contest in
honor of Cervantes: Rizal wrote his “El
consejo de los dioses” under a pseudonym.
The audience thought that a Spaniard wrote the piece
of “El Consejo”, but they were dismayed when Jose
Rizal, an indio, who used a pseudonym won the first
prize. The audience jeered him when he accepted the
prize on stage.
● Paciano observed the restlessness and anger in
Rizal. The professors in UST constantly insulted
indio/Filipino students in his classes. Rizal would miss
his classes in UST and often end up in a brawl. Also,
a lieutenant Civil guard beat and injured Jose when
the latter failed to salute before him in Calamba.
Paciano decided to board Jose in Casa Rivera. Their
Uncle Antonio Rivera owned the house in which
Leonor Rivera also lived.
● Jose Rizal courted two Leonors
○ Leonor Valenzuela as La Leonor de Sta.
Cruz - Rizal sent her love notes written in
invisible ink, that could only be deciphered
over the warmth of the lamp or candle.
When she learned that Rizal was courting
another Leonor, they ended as friends.
○ Leonor Rivera as La Cuestion de Oriente -
To hide their relationship, Jose and Leonor
used secret letters and codes to write to
each other. Taimis referred to Leonor. A
photograph of Leonor was given to Jose with
a dedication: “To Jose from his faithful
cousin.” But the second dedication was in
secret code: “To my unforgettable and
dearest lover, this picture is dedicated to his
devoted Leonor.” The relationship lasted
eleven (11) years.
● But Paciano asked Jose to leave immediately for
Spain. Jose was sad that he could not bid Leonor a
proper farewell. When Jose was in Spain, he wrote
letters to Leonor but many of the letters remained
unanswered. The mother of Leonor disapproved of
the relationship and hid the letters of Jose from her
daughter. Leonor in her sad girl era.
● On April 23, 1891, Jose Rizal wrote to Ferdinand
Blumentritt about his sadness about Leoner
marrying an Englishman, an engineer of the railroad
(Henry Kipping).
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 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
L4: TRAVELS ABROAD - HIGHER EDUCATION
OUTLINE
● Brother’s Pact
● Sister’s Concern
● On hIs Own JOurney
● Rizal in Spain, Rizal in Paris
● Rizal in Germany, Berlin, Switzerland
● Return to Manila and the Noli- Effect
BROTHER’S PACT
● PACIANO - stayed to take cacre of the family
● RIZAL - flew to Spain to expose the abuses of
the Spaniards in the Philippines. The pretense
was that he's studying medicine abroad.
➢ They both didn’t tell their parents/friends about
this pact. Paciano gave Jose 3000 pesos which
was Paciano’s savings for a year as a farmer.
Uncle Antonio Rivera provided the passport and
ticket.
● On May 4, 1882, Jose Rizal boarded the ship
Salvadora to Spain.
● Rizal’s classmate reported him as missing due
to having not seen him in their usual hangout
places. Guarda Civiles inquired this to the Rizal
family.
● Paciano later revealed to the family that Jose is
otw to Spain. To their surprise, their parents
didn't talk to Paciano for a long time.
SISTER’S CONCERN
● Saturnina wrote a letter to Rizal dated
September 26, 1882. It contains:
➢ “I have read that you wish to hear the Tagalog
language, our language, so you will not forget
your history, as well as we, your siblings.
➢ “Father is worried that you might not see each
other before he dies”
➢ Before Rizal left for Spain, he dropped by to see
Saturnina but she was asleep. Hence, they
didn’t get to meet. This made her sad.
➢ “We (mother) know you have little money, I want
to send you a diamond ring to help you get
through.”
➢ “The family is well and healthy. But I’m anxious
about what's to come.”
ON HIS OWN JOURNEY
● On May 9-13,1882, Rizal arrived in Singapore.
Still seasick, he spent the night at Hotel dela
Paz. He went around the town of Singapore
and made some observations.
➢ observed architecture of its buildings, dragon
motifs, bright colors, and painted idols with the
dominance of the Chinese architecture.
➢ cleanliness of canals and greenery.
➢ The rice was inferior compared to the
Philippines and so was the pineapple and
bananas.
● On May 9, he boarded the ship Djemnah from
Singapore to continue his trip to Spain.
➢ He found the boat clean and well-kept and had a
conversation with the passengers of the boat.
He conversed in Spanish and French and
regretted not knowing English.
● High-class ship - facilities, furnitures, service
● Rizal’s bad dreams during the voyage of
Djemnah.
A. he was traveling with Neneng
(Saturnina) and their path was blocked
by snakes;
B. he dreamt he returned to Calamba and
after meeting his parents who did not
talk to him
C. Paciano died. Rizal was so sad and
broken-hearted because of this dream..
● On May 14, Djemnah reached Punta de Galles,
Colombo.
● To keep himself busy, he went around and had
breakfast and lunch in Grand Hotel Oriente.
● On May 27, Djemnah reached Aden at and was
headed towards the Suez Canal.
➢ Bored, he sketched the mountains of Aden and
wrote a letter to his parents describing Aden and
the Suez Canal.
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● On June 11, Rizal went around the City of
Naples with a guide for one hour. At 10 p.m.M
the boat anchored at Marseilles then he boarded
at the Noalles Hotel. He left Marseilles for
Barcelona in an express train.
RIZAL IN SPAIN
● On June 16, Rizal arrived at Barcelona and
boarded the Fonda De España.
● Fr. Leoncio Lopez of Calamba issued a certified
copy of Rizal’s birth certificate- he rqstd this to
prove he has parents in PH.
● His 1st article abroad "Amor Patrio" was
published in the Diariong Tagalog, a Manila
newspaper, edited by Basilio Teodoro.
● In October 1882, Rizal enrolled in both
Medicina and Filosofia y Letrasin Central
University of Madrid. He finished Medicine in
June 1884 and Philosophy in June 1885;
earning grades of sobresaliente in both
courses.
● He then became the clinical assistant of Dr.
Louis de Weckert, a Parisian occultist.
● In his remaining months in Spain (1884), he
studied how to establish fortifications/kuta
with drawings/ illustrations and explanations:
● travelled to Andalucia and Valencia, Spain to
understand the land and culture of the people.
He joined student demonstrations in November
1884 along with Miguel Morayta. The
demonstrations declared liberal views which
were condemned by the Spanish bishops.
RIZAL IN PARIS (JUST A VISIT)
● On June 25, 1883, Rizal went to Paris, France
for the first time. He visited the Arch of Triumph,
Opera House and beautiful parks and
boulevards.
● In 1884, he visited France again, this time with
Filipino friends who were part of the Propaganda
Movement (pro-assimilation with Spain).
● On June 25, 1884, Rizal had a speech delivered
addressed to an Ilocano painter Juan Luna and
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo.
● After Rizal’s speech, this was followed by Lopez
Jaena (who spoke against the frailes) and more
speeches from notable attendees.
RIZAL IN GERMANY, SWITZERLAND, ITALY
● In 1886, he travelled to Germany. Had goals of:
1. He wanted to further his studies in
Opthalmology;
2. Further his studies of the German and
French languages
3. Meet ups with scholars/ scientists in
Germany including Blumentritt.
● While in Germany, he translated the works of
Schiller William “Tell and the Fairytales of Hans
Christian Andersen” from German to Tagalog.
● In 1887, he went to Berlin where he met Dr.
Rudolf Virchow. Rizal became a member of the
“Sociedad Anthropologica Berlines” or Berlin
Anthropological Society where he met Dr. Adolf
Meyer, a filipinologist and director of the Museo
Etnografico.
● He lodged in the house of his friend Ferdinand
Blumentritt for almost a month.
● Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in
1887 and published it the same year.
● He then travelled to Switzerland then to Italy.
Rizal travelled to Prague, Vienna, Nuremberg
and Munich, Germany, Lausanne, Switzerland,
Milan, Venice, Florence, Rome at Génova to
Marseilles, Italy.
● From Marseilles, he boarded the ship Djemnah
which proceeded to Saigon in June 1887. From
Saigon, he boarded the ship Haiphong which
proceeded to Manila.
RETURN TO MANILA AND THE NOLI-EFFECT
● In the Philippines, the copy of Noli Me Tangere
was read by Archbishop Pedro Payo.
○ August 18, 1887, he sent a copy to Fr.
Gregorio Echevarria, rector of the Real
y Pontificia Universidad de Santo Tomas
de Manila to investigate the novel with
the Council of Dominican friars.
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○ On August 30, 1887, Archbishop Payo
with the Council declared the Noli a
heresy; anti-cleric/ religion, anti-Spain.
He writes to capitan general Don Emilio
Terrero to decide on the matter. Terrero
sends the Noli copy to "Comisión
Permanente de Censura” headed by Fr.
Salvador Font.
○ Decision: “Si Rizal ay isáng "han~gal"
na waláng pagpalagyan sa catacsilán at
samá. Ang Noli me Tangere, ay isang
paglabág at pamumusóng sa Religión
ng España;...upang ipagbawal ng
mahigpít ang dito'y paglaganap ng
librong itó…”
● The decision of Fr. Salvador Font made the
Noli quite popular though limited in the number
of copies.
1. “At lumálakí nang lumálakí ang
bulung-bulungan, ang sabihana'y ang librong
iyó'y cakilakilabot,..”
2. Limited distribution of the Noli due to
censorship resulted in overpricing of the book.
● The teniente of the Guardia Civil, Jose Taviel
de Andrade, accompanied Rizal when he
arrived in Manila.
● Rizal went to Ateneo and was greeted by Fr.
Pablo Ramon and Fr. Federico Faura. In
Calamba, he wrote a petition letter on behalf of
the people of Calamba against the increase in
the exaction of taxes by the Dominican
friars.
L5: TRAVELS ABROAD
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND WRITINGS
OUTLINE:
● Leaving Early
● Rizal in Japan, England, USA
● Rizal in England
● Rizal in Paris
● Rizal in Spain and Belgium
● El Fili and His Return to Manila
LEAVING EARLY
● After six (6) months of his stay in Manila, his
family and friends advised Rizal to leave the
country to avoid persecution of the friars.
● He travelled to Hongkong. Rizal met a certain
Balbino Mauricio who was imprisoned because
of the 1872 Mutiny.
● He stayed in the house of Don Jose M. Basa.
Rizal studied Chinese language while in
Hongkong and observed that the Dominican
friars dominated the arsenal there.
● Rizal was interested in investments,
theatre/drama, and education developed by the
British Colony.
● On March 1, 1888, a “procesion civica” was
established along Escolta with a petition signed
by Filipinos to expel the friars in the Philippines.
The petition was called the Manifestation of
1888. It was handed to the Civil Governor Jose
Centeno.
RIZAL IN JAPAN, ENGLAND and the U.S.A
● Rizal was offered to stay in Spain in exchange
for a high position but he refused and went to
Japoan.
● On February 22, 1888, Rizal boarded the ship
"Oceanic” and reached Yokohama, Japan on
the 28th.
● Rizal studied the Japanese language, social
classes and culture.
● O Sei San, a Japanese samurai’s daughter,
taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known
as su-mie. She also helped Rizal improve his
knowledge of Japanese language.
● Consuelo Reyes was Rizal’s A la Senorita
C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems.
Consuelo asked him for romantic verses. He
backed out because he wanted to remain loyal
to Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy
his friendship with Eduardode Lete.
● On April 13, 1888, Rizal left Yokohama on
board the Belgic, bound for the United States.
○ On board he met Suehiro Tetcho, who
would later write a Japanese novel set
8
 THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL
ʚɞ PSY 2-2 ❀ SEM 1 ❀ MIDTERM ❀ NOTES ʚɞ
in the Philippines that was influenced
by both Noli and Rizal's own
biography. He also met a couple
named Jackson who had read the Noli.
● On the 28th of April, the ship docked in San
Francisco but the passengers were quarantined.
Hongkong confirmed that there was no cholera
outbreak and no reason for the quarantine and
that the US was being strict about migration
policies. After the first-class passengers were
allowed to land, he went to the Palace Hotel.
● Fascinated with the houses, electricity and the
Niagara Falls and the Hudson River.
● He observed the industriousness of the
working class but learned that in many states
blacks and whites were not allowed to marry.
RIZAL IN ENGLAND
● On May 16, 1888, he boarded “City of Rome”
and proceeded to Liverpool, England. He visited
Don Antonio Maria Regidor. He was a doctor
who was implicated in the ‘72 Mutiny.
● He stayed at the Beckett house and annotated
Morga’s Succesos. Mr. Beckett toured Rizal in
zoological gardens and the British Museum.
Hemet his three daughters and used “hand
tricks/magic” to their delight.
● Gertrude Beckett, a blue-eyed and buxom girl
was the oldest of the three Beckett daughters.
She fell in love with Rizal. She waited for him
after school and cleaned his room. But Rizal
suddenly left London for Paris to avoid Gertrude.
He gave the group carving to Gertrude as a sign
of their brief relationship.
RIZAL IN PARIS (ONCE AGAIN)
● Rizal proceeded to Paris, France. He’s hosted
by Eduardo Boustead who had 2 lovely
daughters.
● Antonio Luna courted Nellie but she was
deeply infatuated with Rizal. In a party, the
drunken Antonio Luna uttered unsavory
remarks against Nellie Boustead. This
prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel.
Fortunately, Luna apologized to Rizal (OK but
did he apologize to Nellie?! That’s THE
question), thus, averting tragedy for the
compatriots.
● Nellie and RIzal didn’t work because Rizal
refused to be converted to the Protestant faith,
as Nellie demanded as requested by her
mother- as a way of testing Rizal’s love. Nellie’s
mother did not like a physician without enough
paying clientele to be a son-in-law.
RIZAL IN SPAIN AND BELGIUM
● On February 15, 1889, La Solidaridad was
founded to advance the Propaganda in Spain,
and was published in Barcelona. Graciano
Lopez Jaena served briefly as chief editor.
● The first issue of La Sol was printed in Madrid.
● Marcelo H. Del Pilar served as the new editor
in chief until the newspaper’s last issue in 1895.
● Rizal moved to Brussels in 1890 because of
the high cost of living in Paris. In Brussels, he
lived in the boarding house of the two Jacoby
sisters.
● Suzanne cried when Rizal left Brussels and
wrote to him when he was in Madrid. He joined
the Kidlat Club and Indios Bravos. He and
other Filipino expatriates attended the Paris
Exposition.
EL FILI AND HIS RETURN TO MANILA
● By September 1890 - the El Filibusterismo, the
second novel was published in Ghent, Belgium.
● The following month, Rizal’s annotation of
Morga bears the publication of 1890, came to
the press.
● Rizal received the following news in Calamba:
1. Lucia’s husband died and the
corpse was refused internment in
consecrated ground;
2. Deportation of some family
members in the provinces. Rizal
writes his decision to return to the
country for good. “The field of battle is
the Philippines: that’s where we should
meet.” He left for Hong Kong then to
Manila (?).