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This article aims to discuss the significance, structure and causes of depletion of the ozone layer in
detail. Phytoplankton proliferate in Antarctic coastal waters during spring and summer where,
directly or indirectly, they support the wealth of marine life for which Antarctica is renown. Sign up
for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when
they're released. For the first time the CFCs were identi- fied as a major culprit and CFCs-11, 12, 13,
114 and 115 and Halons-1211, 1301 and 2402 were targeted for re- duction. The solar maxima of the
sun-spot cycle are responsible for increased UV-C radiation whic h stimulates the formation of
stratospheric ozone. The mechanism involved for the induction of these cancers by UV light includes
absorption of UV-B radia- tion causes the pyrimidine bases in the DNA molecule to form dimers,
resulting in transcriptional errors during DNA replication. This surface allows for the reaction of HCl
and ClONO2 to form Nitric acid and Chlorine. Earlier studies report the loss of 50% crop plants in
European countries due to UV-radiations that enter the earth’s surface. UVB radiation has been
found to cause damage to early developmental stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians, and other
marine animals. Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair these effects and an ability to adapt to
increased levels of UVB, plant growth can be directly affected by UVB radiation. UV radiation
imposes a significant influence on the growth and development of fungi, plants and hu- mans.
Phytoplankton productivity is limited to the euphotic zone, the upper layer of the water column in
which there is sufficient sunlight to support net productivity. This depletion of Ozone is called an
Ozone hole in the upper atmosphere. The Montreal Protocol, ratified in 1987, was the first of several
comprehensive international agreements enacted to halt the production and use of ozone-depleting
chemicals. The optical centre of a lens is a point inside the lens on the principal axis. It is used in the
laboratory for the ozonolysis of organic compounds. They determine what patterns in wind changes
were unlikely because of natural changes and what could be attributed to human-related factors, such
as changes in carbon dioxide. Ozone acts as an umbrella and restricts the entrance of harmful UV
rays on the Earth’s surface. Responses of the individual species of microbes to UV exposure varied
from increased growth to mortality. Independence Day Essay in English For Class ??Children.
MOVING MOUNTAINS Mount Everest now even TALLER as China and Nepal finally agree on
height FOR YOUR EYES ONLY You can watch 20 James Bond films for FREE on YouTube right
now. It is used as a disinfectant and a germicide for water sterilisation due to its oxidising activity. b.
It can be used to bleach delicate fabrics, oils, starch, ivory, flour, and starch, among other things. c. It
is used to clean the air in crowded places such as movie theatres, subway stations, tunnels, mines,
slaughterhouses, etc. d. It is used as an oxidising agent in the production of artificial silk, synthetic
camphor, potassium permanganate, and other similar products. Register for a free account to start
saving and receiving special member only perks. In addition, UVB has been linked to the
development of cataracts, a clouding of the eye’s lens. Not all chlorine and bromine sources
contribute to ozone layer depletion. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go
directly to that page in the book. So all the angles that have the same measure will be known as. The
potential effects on humans and the environment have led to international resolutions designed to
gradually phase out production of ozone-depleting substances. The UV-B radia- tions play a vital
role in the synthesis of vitamin D, which involves two steps: formation of pre-vitamin D and its
thermo conversion. Although there are still inconc lusive observations of UV induced photo-
morphogenesis particularly with regard to signal transduction and other early stage responses.
It is used to detect the position of a double bond in unsaturated organic compounds. ABSTRACT
Ozone (O 3 ) is a stratospheric layer that plays important role in providing support to humans for
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the right resource. However, traces of Ozone can be found in the lower atmosphere. Em physema,
bronchitis, asthma and even obstruction of lungs may be caused on exposure of UV light to human
beings. Write a review Update existing review Submit review Cancel It's good to leave some
feedback. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Farman,
Brian G. Gardiner, and Jonathan D. Shanklin. Beginning in the late 1970s, a large and rapid decrease
in total ozone, often by more than 60 percent relative to the global average, has been observed in the
springtime (September to November) over Antarctica. This is an open access article distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distributio n, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Ans: When ozone is
present on the Earth’s surface, it is a very dangerous gas, which is why it is referred to as “bad.”.
These potential changes would contribute to the biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks that attenuate or
reinforce the atmospheric build-up of these gases. The UV rays are of shorter wavelengths ranging
from 100 - 280 nm (UV-C), 280 - 315 nm (UV-B) to 315 - 400 nm (UV-A). The UV-B radia- tions
play a vital role in the synthesis of vitamin D, which involves two steps: formation of pre-vitamin D
and its thermo conversion. A total of 197 countries, including the U.S. under former President
Ronald Reagan, are signatories of the Montreal Protocol. Since the world also recognises ozone
depletion as a serious threat, the Montreal Protocol of the United Nations Environment Programme
1989, aimed to phase out CFC products and since then, non-CFC sprays etc have been launched in
the market. It is also useful for any environmental studies, Biology and even Geography at all levels.
Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem because it increases the amount of ultraviolet
(UV) radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, which increases the rate of skin cancer, eye cataracts,
and genetic and immune system damage. It is used as a disinfectant and a germicide for water
sterilisation due to its oxidising activity. b. It can be used to bleach delicate fabrics, oils, starch,
ivory, flour, and starch, among other things. c. It is used to clean the air in crowded places such as
movie theatres, subway stations, tunnels, mines, slaughterhouses, etc. d. It is used as an oxidising
agent in the production of artificial silk, synthetic camphor, potassium permanganate, and other
similar products. The strato- spheric ozone layer protects life on earth by absorbing the damaging,
high-energy UV-C radiation. Ozone, a variant of oxygen is a poi- sonous gas; and its formation and
destruction is a conti- nuous phenomenon. Cold air in the stratosphere can either weaken or boost the
ozone layer, depending on altitude and latitude. At high tempera- ture, they can degrade to more
acutely toxic gases such as chlorine and phosgene. The solar UV radiations stimulate the enzymes
such as PAL (Phenylalanine Ammonium Lyase) and CHS (Chalcone Synthase) that catalyses
transformation of phenylalanine to trans -cinnamic acid. Now, with continued compliance, we expect
recovery of the ozone layer in the late 21 st century. Depletion of stratospheric ozone increases the
concentration of terres- trial ozone, which is considered harmful for health. The ROS so formed can
actually lead to oxidative damage of DNA by the formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguano-
sine and thymidine glycol, lipid peroxidation, and by cross-linking of proteins such as collagen. The
ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from
reaching the planet's surface. Besides morphological variations in response to UV-B, anatomical
changes in plants such as injury or death of epidermal cells have also been reported. ODS that release
chlorine include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), carbon
tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been found to be the main
cause of ozone depletion and have many health impacts.
The ozone depletion resulted in secondary production of an ozone layer near the ground (terrestrial
ozone layer), which is responsible for adverse effects on plants, humans and environment with
increased number of bronchial diseases in humans. Besides, the UV rays are expected to exert many
other unfavourable effects. Human exposure to UV-B depends upon an individual's location
(latitude and altitude), the duration and timing of outdoor activities (time of day, season of the year),
and precautionary behavior (use of sunscreen, sunglasses, or protective clothing). These protocols
banned the use of ozone depleting substances (ODSs) in both developed and developing countries.
Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated in a layer in the stratosphere, about 9 to 18 miles (15 to 30
km) above the Earth's surface (see the figure below). Recent depletion of stratospheric ozone could
lead to significant increases in UV-B reaching the Earth's surface. These potential changes would
contribute to the biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks that attenuate or reinforce the atmospheric build-
up of these gases. The Kyoto takes 1990 as the base year for green-house gases emission levels
(GHGs). Malignant melano- ma, a type of skin cancer is also caused by UV exposure which is less
common but far more dangerous. Besides producing vi- tamin D, UV-B radiation itself is correlated
with skin cancer, photoaging, immuno-suppression and cataracts, to mention just a few of the
harmful effects. Ozone acts as an umbrella and restricts the entrance of harmful UV rays on the
Earth’s surface. These substances are non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-reactive with other
chemical compounds. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page
in the book. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain
on the planet, is only about 5.6 miles (9 km) high. The next layer, the stratosphere, continues from 6
miles (10 km) to about 31 miles (50 km). Not only has it affected human life but also had other
repercussions. Cold air in the stratosphere can either weaken or boost the ozone layer, depending on
altitude and latitude. Air pollutants enhance the production of ground ozone. It addressed the im-
portance of conservation of Ozone layer and established global mechanism for research, monitoring
and exchange of information. Ozone absorbs UV radiation between the wavelengths of 220-290 nm,
protecting the Earth and its inhabitants from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. One
chlorine or CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. Besides morphological variations in
response to UV-B, anatomical changes in plants such as injury or death of epidermal cells have also
been reported. The susceptibility to cancer is often conspicuous in xeroderma pigmentosum, a
disorder leading to extreme photosensitivity and early onset of cutaneous malignancies. Finally, we
answered some frequently asked questions on ozone topic. Farman, Brian G. Gardiner, and Jonathan
D. Shanklin. Beginning in the late 1970s, a large and rapid decrease in total ozone, often by more
than 60 percent relative to the global average, has been observed in the springtime (September to
November) over Antarctica. Most importantly, it absorbs the portion of UV light called UVB.
Exposure to solar UV- B radiation has been shown to affect both orientation me- chanisms and
mortality in phytoplankton, resulting in re- duced survival rates for these organisms. Solar UV-B ra-
diation has also been found to cause damage to the early developmental stages of fish, shrimp, crab,
amphibians and other animals. In the case of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluoro- carbons
(PFCs) it is 1995. However, UV radiation is required in optimum intensity for both plants and
animals. For this purpose, dif- ferent conventions and protocols have been adopted to control ozone
depletion and its impacts on all life forms. These include Vienna Convention in 1985 followed by the
Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. You also learnt about the benefits and
harm of ozone in our daily life.
Ozone depletion is not limited to the area over the South Pole. The solar maxima of the sun-spot
cycle are responsible for increased UV-C radiation whic h stimulates the formation of stratospheric
ozone. Do you know what type of cell division takes place in our germ cells? Is it. Young bud and
leaves are considered more susceptible than the mature plant parts. For this purpose, dif- ferent
conventions and protocols have been adopted to control ozone depletion and its impacts on all life
forms. These include Vienna Convention in 1985 followed by the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the
Kyoto Protocol in 1997. Initially we have published 500 word article for Ozone Layer Depletion.
Alternatives to CFCs HCFCs (hydrochloroflurocarbons) Positive aspect -break down more quickly
in the atmosphere posing less danger to the ozone layer Negative aspect -if overused they could
cause damage to the ozone layer in the same way as CFC’s. Depletion of stratospheric ozone
increases the concentration of terres- trial ozone, which is considered harmful for health. The
stratospheric ozone helps in limiting the influx of harmful UV-B and green- house gas. Ozone (O3) is
an allotropic form of oxygen with three atoms in each molecul. Despite mechanisms to reduce or
repair these effects and an ability to adapt to increased levels of UVB, plant growth can be directly
affected by UVB radiation. The Kyoto Protocol sought reduction of CO 2 emissions and was signed
in 1997. Ground ozone concentration is lower in Polar and equatorial regions. The resulting increase
in ultraviolet radiation at Earth's surface can increase the incidences of skin cancer and eye cataracts.
Although there are still inconc lusive observations of UV induced photo-morphogenesis particularly
with regard to signal transduction and other early stage responses. The original Montreal Protocol,
signed in 1987, was the first step in international efforts to protect stratospheric ozone. Chemical
reactions that take place on PSC particles convert less-reactive chlorine-containing molecules to
more-reactive forms such as molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ) that accumulate during the polar night.
(Bromine compounds and nitrogen oxides can also react with these cloud particles.) When day
returns to Antarctica in the early spring, sunlight breaks the molecular chlorine into single chlorine
atoms that can react with and destroy ozone. The in- crease in terrestrial ozone particulates results in
their en- hanced scattering and improved absorption of UV-B ra- diations, which contributes to
global warming by acting as a greenhouse gas and also shows harmful effects on both animals and
plants. Terrestrial ozone acts as a green-house gas and leads to global warming by the absorption of
so- lar UV-B radiations. 4. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. P. Hemalatha
Reddy, Principal (Sri Venkateswara College) University of Delhi for providing institutional support.
Exposure to pressurized CFCs can cause frostbites to the skin and to the upper airway if inhaled. The
ozone depletion over the Antarctic has been no- ticed since 1970s and the Arctic region has also been
wit- nessing the occurrence of an ozone-hole during the last decade. This article aims to discuss the
significance, structure and causes of depletion of the ozone layer in detail. There is a burgeoning
need to reduce the production of industrial products causing ozone depletion and global warming. A
total of 197 countries, including the U.S. under former President Ronald Reagan, are signatories of
the Montreal Protocol. You may review and change your preferences at any time.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potential replacements for CFCs that contain no chlorine, have been
evaluated for potential effects of fluorine compounds on ozone destruction. As a result, the scientific
and industrial communities have collaborated to find safe and economical replacements for
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the manmade chemicals implicated in ozone loss. In plants, UV
radiations resulted in reduced plant height, fresh-weight, dry-weight, seed ger- mination and
seedling growth. The total amount has remained relatively stable during the decades that it has been
measured. The signato- ries have been given ten year time for total phase out for enlisted ODSs.
These do not bind to soil strongly and thus they can easily leach to the groundwater. Terrestrial ozone
acts as a green-house gas and leads to global warming by the absorption of so- lar UV-B radiations.
4. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. P. Hemalatha Reddy, Principal (Sri
Venkateswara College) University of Delhi for providing institutional support. Today's materials are
somewhat protected from UVB by special additives. The principal international policy instrument for
protecting the stratospheric ozone layer is the. Since the world also recognises ozone depletion as a
serious threat, the Montreal Protocol of the United Nations Environment Programme 1989, aimed to
phase out CFC products and since then, non-CFC sprays etc have been launched in the market. One
chlorine or CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. See a more detailed explanation of
health effects linked to UVB exposure. Crutzen, Molina, and Rowland received the Nobel Prize for
Chemistry in 1995 for their efforts. These trends were linked to growing production and use of
chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) for refrigeration and air conditioning, foam blowing, and
industrial cleaning. To what extent could stratospheric ozone depletion decrease the carrying
capacity of an area. Antarctic ozone hole The most severe case of ozone depletion was first
documented in 1985 in a paper by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists Joseph C. A newly
published study notes that the ozone layer is continuing to heal and could recover completely, thanks
to the global actions from the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Sherwood Rowland of the University of
California at Irvine recognized that human-produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)— molecules
containing only carbon, fluorine, and chlorine atoms—could be a major source of chlorine in the
stratosphere. Ans: Chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxide, Atomic oxygen and reactive hydroxyl
radicals are called Ozone-depleting substances. The total amount has remained relatively stable
during the decades that it has been measured. ABSTRACT Ozone (O 3 ) is a stratospheric layer that
plays important role in providing support to humans for their survival. Halocarbons are produced by
industry for a variety of uses, such as refrigerants (in refrigerators, air conditioners, and large
chillers), propellants for aerosol cans, blowing agents for making plastic foams, firefighting agents,
and solvents for dry cleaning and degreasing. Not until significant losses of ozone were reported in
1985, however, did ozone depletion become an important international issue. Farman and his
colleagues first documented this phenomenon over their BAS station at Halley Bay, Antarctica. In
1985, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone layer formalised international
cooperation on this issue. CFCs are also found to have health effects which in- clude short-term
(acute) and long-term (chronic) effects. If these chemicals escape into the environment, they drift up
the stratosphere where Cl and Br radicals are liberated by the action of ultraviolet light on their
molecule and act as a catalyst affecting the ozone layer at ? 78. It has been inferred that plant cells
receive da- mage from exposure to UV-B as it induces change in the proteins and nuclear DNA. UV
radiation may even damage the genetic material, DNA, leading to mutation. Disturbances in heart
rhythm can occur at very high con- centrations and had even caused some deaths from inten- tional
sniffing. These desirable safety characteristics, along with their stable thermodynamic properties,
make them ideal for many applications--as coolants for commercial and home refrigeration units,
aerosol propellants, electronic cleaning solvents, and blowing agents. The earth is the only planet that
sup- ports life, and thus preserving ozone layer and reducing the release of greenhouse gasses are the
essential steps required for the protection of life. These rays will result in skin cancer as well as
tissue damage in both animals and plants. Young bud and leaves are considered more susceptible
than the mature plant parts. UV radiation imposes a significant influence on the growth and
development of fungi, plants and hu- mans.