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A 100?GeV superconducting (SC) linac generates the multi-bunch pulse structure needed to drive
the energy-gain plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) modules, each of which has an energy gain of
100?GeV. In the absence of a coordinated approach, the diversity of the applications and of the
science tends to diffuse the focus of both. Als je dit aan of uit zet, doe je dat alleen voor het
apparaat waar je dan op zit. Electron energies in the GeV range have been achievable with this
technique for some time. One such idea is the marriage between Direct Laser Acceleration (DLA)
and PWFA. The problem, however is creating this pulse of energy. With the help of a highly
sensitive camera and complex algorithms, the team succeeded in measuring the lateral beam size in
the range of a few micrometres. The tubes are used to generate and confine plasmas and to accelerate
electrons. Collaboration. N. Vafaei-Najafabadi, C.E. Clayton, K.A. Marsh, W. An, W. Lu, W.B.
Mori, C.Joshi. E. Adli. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only
perks. David Katerndahl, M.D.,M.A. University United Methodist Church. Let us hope that
technology will be out of laboratory soon and will be used for practical applications. Met cookies en
vergelijkbare technieken verzamelen we ook je bol.com surfgedrag. Doen we natuurlijk niet als je
tracking of cookies uit hebt gezet op je toestel of in je browser. Allen Caldwell Max-Planck-Institut
fur Physik EuroNNAC Workshop, CERN May 4, 2011. In the longitudinal direction, the adaptive
step size is shown by the red ticks which are denser at the back of the bubble. (b) The multigrid
approach shown is a hierarchy of grids in one subdomain with different mesh sizes. This could
greatly expand their use in areas such as medicine, national security, industry, and high-energy
physics research. Understanding this problem requires knowledge and expertise drawn from plasma
physics, atomic physics, condensed matter physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, electrical
engineering, materials science, computer science, and computer engineering. While wakefield
acceleration has succeeded in making high quality, high energy electron beams, multi-terawatt lasers
have generally been required, and the number of accelerated electrons is relatively low. Pisin Chen
Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Stanford University Introduction A Brief History of Plasma Wakefields Plasma Wakefield
Excitation by Alfven Shocks Simulations on Alfven Plasma Wakefields. Again, for high-energy
physics applications each module should be designed to add the order of 100?GeV energy to the
accelerating beam. Leader: Sergei Tochitsky, UCLA Co-leader: Manuel Hegeleich, LANL.
Additionally, the set of dose measurements employing IBA CC04 ionisation chamber has been
presented. Schematic layout and description of the AWAKE experimental facility, beams and
diagnostics. This may contradict, or seem to contradict, the religious faith of some. The wakefield
can accelerate an appropriately phased trailing beam at ultra-high gradients. Als je hiervoor
toestemming geeft, kunnen we info uit je bestellingen samenvoegen met je favorieten, algemene
klantinfo en gegevens van anderen als je ze hier toestemming voor hebt gegeven. Laser wakefield
acceleration of electrons in plasma provides a way of shrinking the size of accelerators because lasers
are capable of producing enormous fields, and there is no damage threshold in a plasma. To assess
radiation protection and safety handling issues, the generation of neutrons, induced activity and
equivalent doses have been evaluated. For studying plasma-surface interactions, there is an urgent
need for in situ analytical tools that provide information on surface composition, electronic structure,
and material properties. James Holloway University College London, London, UK PhD Supervisors:
Professor Matthew wing University College London, London, UK Professor Peter Norreys Central
Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK.
Although it is unlikely that detailed, quantitative, first-principles-based simulation tools will be
available for process design in the near future, design aids such as expert systems, which can be used
to guide engineers in selecting initial conditions from which the final process is derived, could be
developed if gaps in our fundamental understanding of plasma chemistry were filled. The chemical
and physical complexity of plasma-surface interactions has so far eluded the accurate numerical
simulation that would enable process design. Our group has earlier demonstrated that the self-
evolution of the laser pulse can inject electrons into the plasma bubble, using a semi-analytic
Hamiltonian framework. Je kan het dus bijvoorbeeld aanzetten op je smartphone en uitzetten op je
laptop. These properties present a challenge to the plasma scientist and an opportunity to the
technologist. On one side, a high-power laser pulse passes through a gas, ionizing it and sending a
plasma wave into a sheet of steel foil. Plasma processing of materials is also a critical technology in
the aerospace, automotive, steel, biomedical, and toxic waste management industries. But he thinks
we haven't yet reached the equivalent of the 1969 Moon landing. An Efficient, Viable Technology
Previous experiments had demonstrated multi-bunch acceleration, but the team at SLAC was the
first to reach the high energies of the blowout regime, where maximum energy gains at maximum
efficiencies can be found. Collaboration. N. Vafaei-Najafabadi, C.E. Clayton, K.A. Marsh, W. An,
W. Lu, W.B. Mori, C.Joshi. E. Adli. There has been significant progress in achieving both of these
goals in the past couple of years. Although an impressive arsenal of both experimental and numerical
tools has been developed, significant gaps in understanding and lack of instrumentation limit
progress. Intro to religion. Defining terms. Religion: a system of beliefs and practices primarily
centered around a transcendent reality, either personal or impersonal, which provides ultimate
meaning and purpose to human life. This may contradict, or seem to contradict, the religious faith of
some. Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. By contrast, both Japan and
France have national initiatives that support education and research in plasma processing. Spencer
Gessner 5 th SAREC Review September 15 th, 2014. In the laser-driven case (top), a strong laser
pulse is fired into a preformed plasma. The electrons draw off the wakefield's energy to pick up more
speed, just like a surfer can pick up speed skimming down the face of a wave. According to laser
polarization, periodically modulated or flat current beam (bunch density in yellow) can be generated.
These deficiencies are a direct result of low-level funding for graduate research in plasma processing
and low-energy plasmas. A 100?GeV superconducting (SC) linac generates the multi-bunch pulse
structure needed to drive the energy-gain plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) modules, each of
which has an energy gain of 100?GeV. Achteraf aanpassen kan altijd, bij ons privacybeleid. The
resulting wakefield structure is 3D and the longitudinal wakefield is highly nonlinear (figure 1b).
Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Everything of
God gets expressed in him, so you can see and hear him clearly. However, the United States is seeing
a serious decline in plasma reactor development that is critical to plasma processing steps in the
manufacture of VLSI microelectronic circuits. The phase velocity of the wakefield is tied to the
group velocity of the drive beam, which is approximately the velocity of light, c. The central
scientific problem underlying plasma processing concerns the interaction of low-energy collisional
plasmas with solid surfaces. Moreover, the parametric models needed to relate diagnostic data to
process variables are also lacking.
First, as the radially blown-out plasma electrons rush back toward the axis, a significant number of
them are trapped by the longitudinal field of the wake. At first pupils found lots of information
about it. A 100?GeV superconducting (SC) linac generates the multi-bunch pulse structure needed to
drive the energy-gain plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) modules, each of which has an energy
gain of 100?GeV. Similarly, plasma reactors have also been developed by trial and error. However,
the electron bunches produced in this way have so far been too small and too poorly focused to use
the synchrotron radiation they emit, an intense, coherent light that is used for research in many
different disciplines. Each pulse drives one stage of the plasma-wakefield accelerator from which
the accelerating beam gains 100?GeV energy (Yakimenko and Ischebeck 2006). We have
demonstrated the synergy of DLA with Laser-driven Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) and beam-
driven plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA). Most of the electrons in the drive pulse lose energy in
exciting the wake, but some electrons in the back of the same pulse can gain energy from the
wakefield as the wakefield changes its sign. Here the drive pulse is so intense that it expels all of the
plasma electrons for which subsequent trajectories enclose a “bubble” of ions. Just as computers once
filled entire rooms and now fit neatly into laptops, tablets, and smart phones, the idea is to ultimately
use micro-fabrication techniques to build a handheld particle accelerator (although the associated
radiation would make holding the device in one's hand unfeasible). Then they injected a pulse of
laser light to carve out a channel in the ionized gas to contain the pulse—similar to how fiber-optic
cables channel light. To assess radiation protection and safety handling issues, the generation of
neutrons, induced activity and equivalent doses have been evaluated. This process continues until a
substantial number of electrons are injected into the wake and accelerated, even when our laser
power on target is well below a terawatt. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Marilyn Chung.
Their experiments offer a possible path for the future of particle accelerators. Plasmas alter the
normal pathways through which chemical systems evolve from one stable state to another, thus
providing the potential to produce materials with properties that are not attainable by any other
means. Subsequently, the book proposes a two-color laser ionization injection scheme for generating
high-quality beams, and assesses it using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. Electron energies in the
GeV range have been achievable with this technique for some time. From the outset it was clear that
developing an entirely new concept for accelerating charged particles would be a multi-disciplinary
endeavour, requiring a sustained research effort of several decades to come to fruition (HEPAP
1980). Jubilees Hydrothermal vents Chemosynthesis Giant marine life off Antarctic. Jubilee. Low
levels of dissolved oxygen in the water can cause marine life to become very lethargic. Unitarianism.
Barely 0.03% of Christianity. Unitarianism. Principles of Unitarianism. Subsequently, several research
groups have realized approximations to such a device, and now Irman, Hidding and colleagues have,
for the first time, demonstrated a machine that can actually accelerate electrons. In the proton-driven
scenario (bottom), a high-energy proton bunch is sent into a gas. In particular, comprehensive studies
using 3D Particle-In-Cell modelling are conducted to better understand the growth and interplay of
different modes of instability in extreme beam-plasma systems. This work is conducted in close
collaboration with CEA in France. While being analog to the E-305 experiment, in this case the
unstable system consists of forward-directed laser-accelerated fast electrons and current-neutralizing,
cold plasma electrons, and as such is intrinsically related to the instability-driving laser pulse. So they
tinkered with their set-up a bit more, borrowing a technique from the 1990s: shooting an eight-
nanosecond laser pulse into the tube right after the discharge (420 nanoseconds after, to be precise).
Based on the aspects above, a preliminary design study on X-ray free-electron lasers driven by
plasma accelerators is presented. It may be worthwhile accelerating positrons in linear plasma wakes
generated by an electron pulse or by wakefields induced in a hollow channel, but this needs to be
demonstrated. Our lab has developed a novel, cryogenically cooled, high density gas jet which
enables laser wakefield acceleration of electrons with much lower laser powers, as related in our
paper in Physical Review Letters. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland is the largest
ever built, with a 16-mile ring of superconducting magnets serving to boost electrons to near-light
speeds.
In Chapter 2, the panel categorizes different kinds of plasmas and focuses on properties of man-
made low-energy, highly collisional plasmas that are particularly useful in materials processing
applications. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. In
particular, we have recently published a scalable, in-house simulation code using Quasistatic
approximation. The resulting wakefield structure is 3D and the longitudinal wakefield is highly
nonlinear (figure 1b). Als je dit aan of uit zet, doe je dat alleen voor het apparaat waar je dan op zit.
The rapid development of ultra-compact laser-plasma wakefield accelerators (LWFAs) is now
providing a potential low cost device for VHEE radiotherapy. According to laser polarization,
periodically modulated or flat current beam (bunch density in yellow) can be generated. This ion
cavity has ideal properties to accelerate the main electron beam, the “trailing” electron bunch, and
the near-speed-of-light phase velocity of the plasma wave prevents dephasing between the trailing
bunch and the plasma wave and therefore enables acceleration over longer distances in comparison
to LWFA. Recent work in our lab on wakefield acceleration in dense plasma jets opens up the
opportunity to shrink accelerators even further, using lower energy laser pulses. Our lab has
developed a novel, cryogenically cooled, high density gas jet which enables laser wakefield
acceleration of electrons with much lower laser powers, as related in our paper in Physical Review
Letters. However, the United States is seeing a serious decline in plasma reactor development that is
critical to plasma processing steps in the manufacture of VLSI microelectronic circuits. Earlier this
month, CERN's Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Experiment
(AWAKE)—which uses a high-energy proton bunch as the driver to create the wake, rather than a
laser pulse like the LBNL experiment—managed to accelerate electrons to 2 GeV. The insert panel
on the bottom left shows a schematic of the spatial and temporal alignment of the proton, laser and
electron bunch entering the vapor source; the bottom middle panel shows a schematic of the
transverse and longitudinal proton microbunch density structure in plasma (after the self-modulation
process saturated); the panel on the top right shows an experimental image obtained by the
spectrometer camera, for when electrons were accelerated. These beams have characteristics unlike
any other beams currently used for radiotherapy: femotosecond radiation pulses, small field size and
energies that exceed electron energies currently used in clinical applications. In our solar system, it is
the fourth-largest planet by size, and third densest. The red line indicates the measured density
gradient for each event. In this experiment, researchers sent pairs of electron bunches containing 5
billion to 6 billion electrons each into a laser-generated column of plasma inside an oven of hot
lithium gas. Recently the group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in collaboration with
Oxford University, has used a plasma discharge in a 3.3?cm long capillary tube to produce a
hydrogen plasma channel. A laser pulse driven by a near single cycle pulse or steepened pulse
executes periodic transverse undulations according to the evolution of laser phase at the peak
intensity. Such accelerators could increase the number of high-energy particle physics facilities
around the world, or be used to create free electron lasers that are used by a wide range of scientific
disciplines. An Efficient, Viable Technology Previous experiments had demonstrated multi-bunch
acceleration, but the team at SLAC was the first to reach the high energies of the blowout regime,
where maximum energy gains at maximum efficiencies can be found. Subsequently, the book
proposes a two-color laser ionization injection scheme for generating high-quality beams, and
assesses it using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The electrons in the bulk of the pulse that lost
energy in driving the wake are mostly dispersed out of the field of view of the spectrometer camera
and so are not seen in the spectrum. Note the change on the maximum number of counts between the
two images. The LRGF will support Josh over four years and will include residencies at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory. They used an electrical discharge to create a plasma out of gas
contained within a short, thin tube. Just as important, energy was transferred to the electrons much
more efficiently than in previous experiments. When an electron propagating in a focusing field can
interact resonantly with a co-propagating laser field, the laser can directly gain energy from the
laser’s transverse electric field. This is due, in part, to the fact that reactor design is intimately
intertwined with the materials process for which it will be used. Subscribe SciTechDaily: Home of
the best science and technology news since 1998.
Industrial-university links can also help to impart a much needed, longer-term view to industrial
research efforts. As a result, the detailed descriptions required to guide the transfer of processes
from one reactor to another or to scale processes from a small to a large reactor are not available. In
Japan, on the other hand, equipment vendors and device manufacturers are tightly linked and are
often parts of the same company. The drive pulses are first separated from one another and
subsequently brought back to be colinear with the accelerating beam. Note that integrated signals
below 1000 counts are cut from the image. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Marilyn Chung.
Plasma processing is now indispensable to the fabrication of electronic components and is widely
used in the aerospace industry and other industries. Als je hiervoor toestemming geeft, kunnen we
info uit je bestellingen samenvoegen met je favorieten, algemene klantinfo en gegevens van anderen
als je ze hier toestemming voor hebt gegeven. Since the calculation is linear, the resulting wakefield
amplitudes are the same. The outstanding properties of most plasmas applied to processing of
materials are associated with nonequilibrium conditions. As a result accelerator facilities are
becoming large, expensive and inaccessible to the vast majority of physicists. Lastly, an important
type of numerical noise—the numerical Cherenkov instabilities in particle-in-cell codes—is
systematically studied. The resulting wakefield structure is 3D and the longitudinal wakefield is
highly nonlinear (figure 1b). In the laser-driven case (top), a strong laser pulse is fired into a
preformed plasma. Thus Chapter 3 further elucidates plasma processing of electronic materials and,
in particular, the use of plasmas in fabricating microelectronic components. Moreover, the parametric
models needed to relate diagnostic data to process variables are also lacking. The 2D transverse
plane is partitioned into square subdomains. However, poor coordination and inefficient transfer of
insights gained from this research have inhibited its use in the design of new plasma reactors and
processes. Recently the group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in collaboration with
Oxford University, has used a plasma discharge in a 3.3?cm long capillary tube to produce a
hydrogen plasma channel. Recent work in our lab on wakefield acceleration in dense plasma jets
opens up the opportunity to shrink accelerators even further, using lower energy laser pulses. This
book describes the relationship between plasma processes and the many industrial applications,
examines in detail plasma processing in the electronics industry, highlights the scientific foundation
underlying this technology, and discusses education issues in this multidisciplinary field. PTB's
storage ring, the Metrology Light Source (MLS), allows the generation of small electron bunches in
flexible research operation, which are very similar to those of laser wakefield accelerators, but whose
properties can be set and varied very reproducibly and precisely. These beams have characteristics
unlike any other beams currently used for radiotherapy: femotosecond radiation pulses, small field
size and energies that exceed electron energies currently used in clinical applications. Leave a
comment Cancel reply Email address is optional. Conventional accelerators use radio-frequency
electric fields, but the risk of damaging components through arc discharge, or even simply melting
them by overheating, limits the maximum field one can apply. Both electrons and positrons can be
accelerated in this manner. Colors in (c) represent the electron kinetic energy in electron rest mass
energy. This is due, in part, to the fact that reactor design is intimately intertwined with the materials
process for which it will be used. Then there is the issue of the possible degradation of the beam
quality because of collisions and, possibly, ion motion. On the other hand, plasma processes in use
today have been developed using a combination of intuition, empiricism, and statistical optimization.
These deficiencies are a direct result of low-level funding for graduate research in plasma processing
and low-energy plasmas. When you come to him, that fullness comes together for you, too. So they
tinkered with their set-up a bit more, borrowing a technique from the 1990s: shooting an eight-
nanosecond laser pulse into the tube right after the discharge (420 nanoseconds after, to be precise).
The LRGF will support Josh over four years and will include residencies at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory. A 100?GeV superconducting (SC) linac generates the multi-bunch pulse
structure needed to drive the energy-gain plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA) modules, each of
which has an energy gain of 100?GeV. This crucial combination of energy and efficiency had never
been reached before. David Katerndahl, M.D.,M.A. University United Methodist Church. We have
demonstrated the synergy of DLA with Laser-driven Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) and beam-
driven plasma wakefield accelerator (PWFA). The resulting wakefield structure is 3D and the
longitudinal wakefield is highly nonlinear (figure 1b). This is a remarkable result when one realises
that while it takes the full 3?km length of the SLAC linac to accelerate electrons to 42?GeV, some of
these electrons can be made to double their energy in less than a metre. Physicists are keen to build a
viable tabletop version capable of accelerating particles over mere centimeters. A laser pulse driven
by a near single cycle pulse or steepened pulse executes periodic transverse undulations according to
the evolution of laser phase at the peak intensity. As the trapped electrons are accelerated their
energy initially increases monotonically. The outstanding properties of most plasmas applied to
processing of materials are associated with nonequilibrium conditions. Most of the electrons in the
drive pulse lose energy in exciting the wake, but some electrons in the back of the same pulse can
gain energy from the wakefield as the wakefield changes its sign. The plasma-wakefield accelerator
experiments that led to the energy doubling of 42?GeV electrons were carried out at the Final Focus
Test Beam (FFTB) at SLAC, which has been recently decommissioned to make way for the Linac
Coherent Light Source. Als je dit aan of uit zet, doe je dat alleen voor het apparaat waar je dan op
zit. English Espanol Francais Hrvatski Italiano. From the outset it was clear that developing an
entirely new concept for accelerating charged particles would be a multi-disciplinary endeavour,
requiring a sustained research effort of several decades to come to fruition (HEPAP 1980). Je kan het
dus bijvoorbeeld aanzetten op je smartphone en uitzetten op je laptop. On one side, a high-power
laser pulse passes through a gas, ionizing it and sending a plasma wave into a sheet of steel foil.
Zakladna skola J. Lipskeho s MS Trencianske Stankovce Slovakia - 2011. At both facilities, different
fields of application are to be developed, ranging from a compact free-electron laser to novel
medical applications and new applications in nuclear and particle physics. For plasma-surface
interactions, in particular, lack of data has precluded the formation of mechanistic models on which
simulation tools are based. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if
available. Similarly, plasma reactors have also been developed by trial and error. Subsequently,
several research groups have realized approximations to such a device, and now Irman, Hidding and
colleagues have, for the first time, demonstrated a machine that can actually accelerate electrons.
However, the electron bunches produced in this way have so far been too small and too poorly
focused to use the synchrotron radiation they emit, an intense, coherent light that is used for research
in many different disciplines. Advanced algorithms enabling simulation of Direct Laser Acceleration
or in-situ computation of X-ray radiation from the high-energy electrons are implemented. Writing in
Physics, Florian Gruner of the University of Hamburg notes that the pivotal 2004 achievement of
100-MeV energies essentially launched this new field of plasma wakefield acceleration.
Our group has earlier demonstrated that the self-evolution of the laser pulse can inject electrons into
the plasma bubble, using a semi-analytic Hamiltonian framework. The red line indicates the
measured density gradient for each event. The central scientific problem underlying plasma
processing concerns the interaction of low-energy collisional plasmas with solid surfaces. This
research is conducted in the context of the E-300 experiment at SLAC. In particular, comprehensive
studies using 3D Particle-In-Cell modelling are conducted to better understand the growth and
interplay of different modes of instability in extreme beam-plasma systems. This work is conducted
in close collaboration with CEA in France. However, eventually the electrons in the front dephase
and begin to lose energy, while the electrons behind them continue to gain energy (phase-space
rotation). The first beam-driven plasma-wakefield experiments were carried out at the Argonne
Wakefield Accelerator Facility in the 1980s. Due to the largely empirical nature of many aspects of
plasma processing, proper training in the traditional scientific method, as provided in laboratory
classes, is a necessary component of undergraduate education. Just as computers once filled entire
rooms and now fit neatly into laptops, tablets, and smart phones, the idea is to ultimately use micro-
fabrication techniques to build a handheld particle accelerator (although the associated radiation
would make holding the device in one's hand unfeasible). Ars may earn compensation on sales from
links on this site. According to laser polarization, periodically modulated or flat current beam (bunch
density in yellow) can be generated. The chemical and physical complexity of plasma-surface
interactions has so far eluded the accurate numerical simulation that would enable process design. To
optimizeinteraction length and maximize energy gain, operation at low plasma density isthe most
promising regime for achieving ultra-relativistic energies. Allen Caldwell Max-Planck-Institut fur
Physik EuroNNAC Workshop, CERN May 4, 2011. When an electron propagating in a focusing
field can interact resonantly with a co-propagating laser field, the laser can directly gain energy from
the laser’s transverse electric field. Claes-Goran Wahlstrom Department of Physics, Lund University
and Lund Laser Centre. Electrons. Protons. X-rays. Lund - an old city with a large university. The
answer depends on the availability of one or more suitable experimental facilities to do the next
phase of research that I have outlined. Note that integrated signals below 1000 counts are cut from
the image. The LRGF will support Josh over four years and will include residencies at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory. The tubes are used to generate and confine plasmas and to accelerate
electrons. Als je dit aan of uit zet, doe je dat alleen voor het apparaat waar je dan op zit. To eliminate
emittance growth when the beam propagates between plasma accelerators and traditional accelerator
components, a method using longitudinally tailored plasma structures as phase space matching
components is proposed. The drive pulses are first separated from one another and subsequently
brought back to be colinear with the accelerating beam. When an electron propagating in a focusing
field can interact resonantly with a co-propagating laser field, the laser can directly gain energy from
the laser’s transverse electric field. They want to drag you off into endless arguments that never
amount to anything. They needed to show that plasma accelerators could produce a “monoenergetic
beam” of electrons and that the high-gradient acceleration could be maintained over scales of a
metre. Met cookies en vergelijkbare technieken verzamelen we ook je bol.com surfgedrag. Doen we
natuurlijk niet als je tracking of cookies uit hebt gezet op je toestel of in je browser. Waterfall plot of
vertically summed spectrometer images during a change of plasma electrons density gradient. In a
beam-driven plasma accelerator a different plasma-electron trapping mechanism, called ionization
trapping, could generate a perfectly phased sub-micrometre beam suitable for multi-stage
acceleration, with an extremely low emittance and a narrow energy spread. In our solar system, it is
the fourth-largest planet by size, and third densest.