21st Century Literature

● Gemino Abad -” Poetry is the root and crown of language"

● Uyayi - song for lullaby
● Soliranin- song for travelers
● Kumintang- song for war
● Maluway- song for collective labor
● Kundiman- song for courtship
● Pamamanhikan- song of the bridegroom to his bride asking for her hand for
marriage.
● Image- the use of figurative language to represent objects, etc.
- Sense impressions; visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile
● Meter- the basic rhythmic structure of a line in poetry
- The defining characteristic of poetry
● Allusion- the figure of speech that refers to another work
● Dramatic situation- a situation that calls for the audience to relate emotionally.
● Theme- the underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or
indirectly.
● Expansion - the possibility of words to go beyond their original meaning.
● Figurative Language- when words or phrases go beyond the literal meaning and
convey a different meaning.
- Such as; simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, metonymy
● Pag-ibig sa tinubuang bayan- a poem written by Andres Bonifacio.
● Pasyon
- an epic wherein the characters were replaced with Jesus Christ.
- popularized by Gaspar Aquino de Belen and perpetrated by Mariano Pilapil
● Angela Manalang and Jose Garcia Villa challenged established conventions in
both form and content.
● Americans introduced English as the new medium for education.

MAYON by: Kristian Sendon Cordero

Setting: Camarines Sur
Kristian Cordero was once described by poet Marne Kilates as the “enfant terrible"
Enfant Terrible- a person who is controversial by being innovative and questioning.
Image of death- implies possibility and life
Corrido- a metered romance
Comedia- a play performed in front of a local audience
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Negative Capability (JOHN KEATS) - capability to be faced with uncertainty and not
grapple with what it means.
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THIRD WORLD GEOGRAPHY by Cirilo F. Bautista

Setting: Manila

● Oppression- unfair and injustice way of treating people especially the less
privileged ones
● Oppression was very common in the NOLI ME TANGERE and EL FILIBUSTERISMO
● Persona- poems present dramatic situations via a speaker in the poem that the
author uses as the “voice” in the poem.
● Dramatic Situations- lead us to a greater understanding of the issues at hand.
● Bautista presents us an allegorical not literal situation that can represent other
ideas or personalities.
● He also uses personification in writing his work
● THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES- countries not aligned with NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organization). These countries are in poverty and economic lack. Over the
years, it was replaced by “emerging economies" , “least developed countries",
“Global South" etc. These countries still rely on First world countries in other words.
● Bautista's poem is rich with imagery, figures of speech, and allegory
● The allegorical images:
- Country - The Philippines
- Man who watches over it- Marcos
- Feather - light duty
● Dramatic monologue- the persona is referring to someone else who may or may
not be the reader.
● Allegory and Symbol are related but are not exactly similar. Allegories are more
specific and are particular to one point of reference . Symbols refer to more than
one point of reference.
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● The hope in the poem has been stolen from the people.
● The feathers are the burden of government
● “You kneel on parched earth and pray for rice" means the people are
hungry.
● The persona speaking in the poem is the author.
● Canon- refers to the collection of works determined by society to have a
significant value or importance.
● The works of Bautista are known to be canonical.
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HOME OF THE ASHFALL by John Jack Wigley
Setting: Pampanga

● The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Zambales last June 15, 1991

● It was the second largest volcanic eruption in the modern era
● It changed the lives of many people
● The context of those affected were changed as well
● Context- the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs
● The region of the people also determines their context
● Essay- a short piece of writing that tells a person's thoughts about a subject.
- As long as a writing is short and it is about a subject, it can be considered
an essay
- If done beyond its meaning of being just “a short piece of writing", an
essay becomes literary.
● Style - the writer's skills in writing and language to produce a unique effect in the
reader.
● Tone- the attitude being conveyed by the language used by the writer.
- Tone carries more than just feeling, it can direct a reader to meaning.
● The eruption of Mount Pinatubo even affected Vietnam and Malaysia
● It was further aggravated by the Typhoon Yunya
● Ed Calupitan- John's fellow Pizza HUt crew member.
● Mount Pinatubo is found in the Zambales Mountain Range (Cabusilan
Mountains” of Zambales
● He thought mount Arayat was the one to erupt because it was found in the
“heart of Pampanga"
● He watched " Hihintayin Kita sa Langit”, an adaptation of Bronte's “Wuthering
Heights" starring Richard Gomez and Dawn Zulueta.
● He was initially scared when he saw the ashes
● His legs shook when he saw the devastation of the eruption
● He felt embarrassed for being carried because he thought he was being
mocked for his weight.
● 10 pesos was charged for the crossing service
● Wigley's tone is clearly humorous
● The pampango language added color to the essay
● Scenes- divisions in written works where an action takes place without a beak.
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The Major Scenes in Home of the Ashfall:
● Manila
● Abacan River
● His mother's house

● He compared the poor to fungi that morph during a catastrophe

● Kapampangans are known to be proud people

Literary Works are seen to be well written and have a long lasting value.
Context is the collection of interrelated conditions in which something occurs
Style is a unique way of expressing oneself
Humor is a funny or amusing quality to something

VOICE TAPE by: Ariel S. Tabag

Setting: Rural Cagayan
VOICE TAPE
Author : Ariel S. Tabag ( August 16,1978 Sta. Teresita Cagayan )
Characters : Dante- Nanang’s son and Renato’s nephew
Uncle Renato- Dante’s uncle who commits suicide
Magdalena- Wife of uncle ato
Nanang- Dante’s Mother
Boying- Dante’s friend who always late like him
Uncle Mulong- No read No write
Uncle Ceferino- Abducted by the NPA
Lilong Martin- Man who does circumcision
CAFGU- The bald man

Summary : This story starts when Dante and his mother Nanang go back to their old
house to find his certificates for being best in math in elementary and high school but
instead of certificate, they saw a voice tape owned by his uncle Ato. He still remember
the things happened to his uncle. By the time, his uncle decided to get married until
they build a small house for his family. They live with a simple life until his wife decided to
go to Abu Dhabi to work.

Settings : At the place of the author in Sta. Teresita Cagayan

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Plot : Introduction : Dante and his mother Nanang has gone back to their old house to
get his certificates for being best at Mathematics.

Rising Action : They saw a voice tape owned by his Uncle Ato and he remembered
everything about his uncle.

Climax: Uncle Ato died after being hit by a bus near Dante''s school.

Falling Action :Dante's friend told him that his uncle intentionally jump within the running
bus. He thought about the reason why would his uncle do that.

Resolution: Since Dante reach his right age, his mother let him hear what's in the voice
tape. He had knew that his uncle did suicide because his wife was maltreated abroad
and he didn't have anything to do about the situation.

Symbolism : Voice Tape is used to be the main instrument to delivered well the story
and to know what is the real reason why uncle ato commit suicide.

Plot Type : Flashback Technique

POV : First person

● Fiction- written stories about people or events that are not real
● Ilocos Region- one of the richest sources of Filipino fiction.
● Kurditan Samtoy- Ilocano writing which roughly means “our language, written
here"
● Bannawag Magazine- the greatest contribution of Ilocano literature to
Philippines writing .
- It was also the magazine found in uncle Ato's things
- THe Philippine Weekly Magazine
- Published by: Liwayway Publications Inc.
● Story- an account of telling of events
● Plot- sequence of events that are found in a story
- The most common relationship in a typical fiction plot is casual.

● They are looking for Dante's BEST IN MATH CERTIFICATE

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● Nakarolyo sa isa sa mga apat na piraso Ng buhok na pinaglagyan ni Nanang
Ng kanilang birth cert
● Voice tape- 4 my one & onli lab ATO
● It was found beneath the pillow of uncle Ato
● Death of Uncle Ato: February 16, 1992
● Harap Ng Pook Tactac
● St. Francis Academy - paaralan ni Dante noong hayskul
● Si Angkel Ceferino (pang-lima sa kanilang magkakapatid) ang nadukot Ng mga
NPA
● Angkel Mulong-lumaking lasenggo
● Apat ang mga naging anak ni Angkel Ato at
● Sister Caridad- prinsipal nina Dante sa paaralan.
● Sotelo- apelyido Ng ama nila Nanang
Two practices during wakes:
1. DON'T SWEEP THE FLOOR
2. THE COFFIN SHOULD NOT FACE THE DOOR OR THE WINDOWS
3. WHEN CARRYING THE CASKET FROM THE CHURCH, IT SHOULD BE FEET FIRST
● Kaltik- plastic na basyo ng langis nd Caltex
● Plot Devices- techniques used by an author to creatively move the events in the
story forward.
● FLASHBACKS- allows the writer to begin at a different point in the story
● FORESHADOWING- gives clues to events that may happen in the future
● NARRATIVE- the way by which a story is told
● CHDF - CIVILIAN HOME DEFENSE FORCE