TK3101 - SEPARATION PROCESS - FINAL EXAM - Compiled

TK3101 – Separation Process
Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 1




TK3101 Separation Process Final Exam 2021/2022
1. Feed solution of 35%-wt solute C in carrier A was extracted with pure solvent B in two-stage
batches. Feed F0 is divided into two, called F1 and B1.
Feed F1 was extracted with solvent S1 in stage #1 until the equilibrium conditions achieved and
flew out as extract E1 and Raffinate R1. The weight ratio between the solvent and the feed is S1 / F1
= 1/3
Feed B1 is combined with Raffinate R1, with a weight ratio of B1/R1 = 1/3, entering stage #2 as feed
F2 which is then extracted with solvent S2. The weight ratio between the solvent and the feed in
step 2 is S2/F2 = ½ (see the figure below).
Extraction Module
11 December 2020 (35 minutes for problem solving + 10 minutes for submission)
1. Feed solution of 35%-wt solute C in carrier A was extracted with pure solvent B in two-stage batches.
Feed F0 is divided into two, called F1 and B1.
Feed F1 was extracted with solvent S1 in stage #1 until the equilibrium conditions achieved and flew
out as extract E1 and Raffinate R1. The weight ratio between the solvent and the feed is S1 / F1 = 1/3
Feed B1 is combined with Raffinate R1, with a weight ratio of B1/R1 = 1/3, entering stage #2 as feed F2
which is then extracted with solvent S2. The weight ratio between the solvent and the feed in step 2 is
S2/F2 = ½ (see the figure below).

Please do the following:

a. Put the positions F0, F1, F2, S1, S2, B1, E1, E2, R1, and R2 in the "TK3101 Final Exam – Equilibrium
Diagram for Problem No.1",
Clue :
1. Graph given on the problem is a solvent B-free equilibrium diagram. Feed F0 is divided into B1
dan F1 (equal solute composition) so that XF0 =XF1 =XB1 = 0,35
2. S1 and S2 are pure B solvent hence NS1 = NS2 = ∞
3. Connect point F1 with point S1 (vertical line with a gradient of ∞)
4. Find NM1 using mass balance.
It is known that S1: F1 = 1 : 3. Assume F1 = 300 kg (A+C) and S1= 100 kg (B) , so
𝐵 100
𝑁𝑀1 = = = 0,33
𝐴 + 𝐶 300
Point M1 lies on the F1 S1 line.
5. Draw the tie line through M1, obtain E1 and R1.
6. Because F2 is a mixture of B1 and R1, connect Point B1 with R1, Point F2 lies on that line, by using
mass balance C, XF2. is obtained.
From the diagram, it is found that

𝐶
𝑋𝑅1 = 0,145 =
𝐴+𝐶
𝐵
𝑁𝑅1 = 0,05 =
𝐴+𝐶
Assume (A+C)R1 = 100 kg, so C = 14,5 kg , A = 85,5 kg, B = 5 kg , hence R1 = 105 kg

The mixture of B1 and R1 produces F2
Assume R1 = 105 kg,

𝐵1 1 1
= ; 𝐵1 = 𝑥 105 𝑘𝑔 = 35 𝑘𝑔
𝑅1 3 3
It is known that B1=Fo = 35% C and 65% A, thus B1 consists of 12,25 kg C and 22,75 kg A
B1 + R1 = F2 , so at F2:
A = 85 ,5 kg + 22,75 kg = 108,25 kg
B = 5 kg
C = 14,5 kg + 12,25 kg = 26,75 kg
F2 = 140 kg
C 26,75
X F2 = = = 0,198
A + C 108,25 + 26,75
B 5
NF2 = = = 0,037
A + C 108,25 + 26,75
7. Connect Point F2 and S2 (vertical line with a gradient of ∞)
8. Find NM2 using mass balance
It is known that S2:F2 = 1:2
𝑆2 1
= 𝑥 140 𝑘𝑔 = 70 𝑘𝑔 (𝐵)
𝐹2 2
𝐹2 + 𝑆2 = 𝑀2
𝐴 = 85 ,5 𝑘𝑔 + 22,75 𝑘𝑔 = 108,25 𝑘𝑔
𝐵 = 5 𝑘𝑔 + 70 𝑘𝑔 = 75 𝑘𝑔
𝐶 = 14,5 𝑘𝑔 + 12,25 𝑘𝑔 = 26,75 𝑘𝑔
𝑀2 = 210 𝑘𝑔
𝐵 75
𝑁𝑀2 = = = 0,556
𝐴 + 𝐶 108,25 + 26,75
9. Point M2 lies on the F2 S2 line.
10. Draw the tie line through M2, obtain E2 dan R2.
b. Calculate the weight of E1 (in kg), if F0 = 100 kg

Clue :
1. Write the mass balance equation for the first stage of extraction
𝐹0 = 𝐹1 + 𝐵1 ↔ 𝐵1 = 𝐹0 − 𝐹1 (1)
𝑆1 + 𝐹1 = 𝑅1 + 𝐸1 (2)
𝐵1 1
2. By using 𝑅1
= 3 and substituting equation (1) to (2) and obtain
𝐸1 = 𝑆1 + 𝐹1 − 3𝐵1 = 𝑆1 + 4𝐹1 − 3𝐹0
𝑆1 1
Substitute 𝐹1
= 3
,

𝐸1 = 4,33𝐹1 − 3𝐹0 (3)

3. Using the solvent-free lever rule
𝐸1
𝑅1 𝑀1 𝐸1′ 1 + 𝑁𝐸1
= =
𝑅1 𝐸1 𝑀1′ 𝑀1
1 + 𝑁𝑀1
𝑆 1
Substitute 𝑀1 = 𝑆1 + 𝐹1 using 𝐹1 = 3
1
𝐸1
3,04 𝑐𝑚 1 + 0,71
=
7,13 𝑐𝑚 4𝐹1
3
1 + 0,33
So, it is obtained the relation between F1 and E1
𝐹1 = 1,3715 𝐸1 (4)
4. Substitute Equation (4) to (3) and obtain
𝐸1 = 0,607 𝐹0 = 0,607.100 kg = 60,7 kg
Answer : 𝐸1 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟕 𝒌𝒈

c. Determine the composition of E1 (in %-weight A, B, and C)

Clue :
From the graph, it is found that 𝑁𝐸1 = 0,71, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌𝐸1 = 0,622, then calculate the compositions of
each component
1−𝑌 1−0,622
Composition of A = 1+𝑁𝐸1 𝑥 100% = 1+0,71
𝑥 100% = 22,1%
𝐸1
𝑁 0,71
Composition of B = 1+𝑁𝐸1 𝑥 100% = 1+0,71
𝑥 100% = 41,5%
𝐸1
𝑌
𝐸1 0,622
Composition of C = 1+𝑁 𝑥 100% = 1+0,71
𝑥 100% = 36,4%
𝐸1
Answer : Compositions : A = 22,1 %, B = 41,5 %, C = 36,4 %
For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segment 1-2 and Module 12 slides segment 2-3

2. Feed solution F containing 15% -wt. of solute C in carrier A was significantly concentrated. The
solution undergoes 2 stages of process, the first is the Extraction Stage with solvent S, which is pure
liquid B. The extraction is multi-stage with countercurrent flow, in order to obtain E1 extract containing
20 % solute C and raffinate RN which still contains 5% solute C weight. Next is the Purification Stage,
which treats the E1 extract with reflux liquid f to produce an e1 extract which contains 45% -weight C
solution. The process is also multi-stage with opposite flow.
The resulting extract e1 is completely separated from liquid B in a P separator. The separation results
are pure liquid B, s0, and a concentrated solution that does not contain liquid B. The concentrated
solution is partially used as reflux in the Purification Stage and the rest is taken as a product. Raffinate
from the Purification Stage, namely rm, is mixed with feed F which then becomes the feed of the
Extraction Stage (see the figure below).

Do the following:
a. Put the positions F, RN, E1 and S and e1, s0, f, and rm in "TK 3101 Final Exam – Equilibrium
Diagram for Problem No.2",
Clue :
1. Plot point F, S, E1 and RN, Point E1 lies on the extract phase of the equilibrium curve with
composition of C = 0,2 and Point RN lies on the raffinate phase of the equilibrium curve with
composition of C = 0,05
2. Since the composition of rm is unknown, assume the composition of C in solution of rm is
equal to the composition of C in solution of F = 0,15.
3. Plot point e1 on the extract phase of the equilibrium curve, obtain composition of e1 : A = 0,075,
B = 0,475, C = 0,45
4. Because of the separator (P), solvent B can be fully separated from the solution, hence
composition of f can be calculated from the solvent free (B) composition of e1
Composition of f =
𝐴
𝐴= = 0,143
𝐴+𝐶
𝐵=0
𝐶
𝐶= = 0,857
𝐴+𝐶
5. Plot f and s0 on the curve
Answer :

b. Calculate the ratio of the mass rate of E1/RN and e1/rm,

Clue :
1. Assume ratio F : rm = 1 : 1, so that the feed mixing point enters the extraction process in the
middle of F and rm (assumption can be reflux ratio of f to product. Reason of this assumption
is to easier describe the mixing point of F and rm on the diagram so calculation to determine
the ratio of F and rm is not needed.)
2. Connect the process enter points and exit points (purification dan extraction)
3. The intersection of the process entry and exit lines is the mixing point of the (M or m)
4. By using the lever rule
𝐸1 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝑅𝑁 𝑒1 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑟𝑚
= ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑅𝑁 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐸1 𝑀 𝑟𝑚 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑒1 𝑚
𝐸1 2,37 𝑒1 2,97
Answer : = = 0,61 and = = 10,2 (Answers can differ accordingly with the
𝑅𝑁 3,86 𝑟𝑚 0,29
assumption taken)

c. Count the number of equilibrium / theoretical steps in the Purification stage.

Clue :
1. Connect raffinate from purification (rm) with purification solvent which is the extract from the
extraction process (E1)
2. Connect purification feed(f) with purification extract(e1)
3. Extend the two lines until they intersect. The intersection point is ΔR
4. Draw the first operating line by connecting ΔR to e1, then draw the tie line from e1 to obtain the
raffinate of the first stage(r1)
5. Next, Draw the second operating line by connecting ΔR to r1, the operating line that intersects on
the extract phase is e2
6. Draw the tie line from e2 to obtain r2, and so on until desired raffinate is obtained (composition of
C on the raffinate is equal of less than the required/desired (rm))
7. The number of equilibrium stages = the number of operating lines = the number of tie lines.
Answer : 4 stages (answers can differ accordingly with the assumption taken)
For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segments 1-5

3. Feed solution F, which has a flow rate of 100 kg/minute and contains 25% -wt. of solute C in carrier
A, is extracted with solvent S which has a composition of A = 27%, B = 70%, and C = 3% -wt. The
extraction was carried out in a multi-stage continuous with the feed stream F and solvent S in opposite
directions. The solvent rate S is twice the minimum solvent rate (S-minimum).
Question correction: Ratio C/A in raffinate = 1/9
Please do the following things using the "TK3101 Final Exam – Equilibrium Diagram for Problem
No.3":
a. Calculate the minimum rate of solvent, S-minimum, in kg / min,
Clue :
1. Find value of N and X or Y of each point (F,S and RN)
𝐶 0,03 𝐵 0,7 𝐶 1
𝑌𝑆 = = = 0,1, 𝑁𝑆 = = = 2,33 ; 𝑋𝑅𝑁 = =
𝐴 + 𝐶 0,27 + 0,03 𝐴 + 𝐶 0,27 + 0,03 𝐴+𝐶 1+9
𝐶 25 𝐵 0
= 0,1 ; 𝑋𝐹 = = = 0,25 , 𝑁𝐹 = = =0
𝐴 + 𝐶 25 + 75 𝐴 + 𝐶 100
2. Plot Point F, S, dan raffinate (RN) on the equilibrium diagram (diagram given is solvent free)
3. Connect S with RN and extend the line
4. Draw a few tie lines from the conjugate curve around the operating area. Operating area is the
area on the equilibrium curve where extraction happens (from F to RN). To make the tie lines,
choose a point on the conjugate curve then draw a vertical line downwards to read the raffinate

phase, and pull the line horizontally to the right to read the extract phase. Then the tie line is the
line that connects the extract phase and the raffinate from a point on the conjugate curve.
5. Extend the tie line, find the tie line that intersects F and RN to mark the boundary of the operating
area, then extend the tie line so that it intersects S-RN curve
6. ΔRMIN is the intersection point of the tie line and the S-RN curve that produces maximum Smin
which is the furthest
7. Connect ΔRMIN with F then extend the line until it reaches the extract phase of the equilibrium
curve to obtain E1.
8. Draw a line that connects the exits points of the overall process (RN-E1) dan inlet points of the
overall process (S-F). The intersection point of those lines is the mixing point of the overall
process (M|S=SMIN)
9. Find SMIN using solvent-free lever rule
𝑆 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀′ 𝐹 ′ 3
= =
𝐹 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆′𝑀′ 9,5
3 𝑆
=
95 100
𝑆 ′ min = 31,58 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛 (solvent free)
𝐵 0,7 𝐵
𝑁𝑠 = = =
𝐴 + 𝐶 0,3 31,58
𝐵 = 73,69
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 31,58 + 73,69 = 105,27 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Answer : 𝑺𝑴𝑰𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏
b. Calculate the rate of produced extract, in kg / min,

Clue :
1. Find value of NM using mass balance equations of B dan A+C (note : S = 2 SMIN on problem
terms)
𝑁𝐹 𝑥 𝐹 𝑁𝑆 𝑥 𝑆 2,33 𝑥 212
𝐵 1 + 𝑁𝐹 + 1 + 𝑁𝑆 0+
1 + 2,33 148,34
𝑁𝑀 = = = = = 0,9
𝐴+𝐶 𝐹 𝑆 100 212 163,66
1 + 𝑁𝐹 + 1 + 𝑁𝑆 1 + 0 + 1 + 2,33
2. Plot Point M with NM = 0,9 and located on the S-F line.
3. Connect RN with M so that it intersects the extract phase of the equilibrium curve to obtain E1
4. Read NE1 on the curve and calculate E1 using solvent-free lever rule
𝑁𝐸1 = 1,86
𝑘𝑔
𝑆 = 2 𝑥 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝑥 105,27 = 210,54
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑆 ′ min = 2 𝑥𝑆 ′ min = 2𝑥 31,58 = 63,16
𝑚𝑖𝑛
′ ′ ′
𝑘𝑔
𝑀 = 𝑆 + 𝐹 = 63,16 + 100 = 163,16
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝑁 𝑀 𝐸1′ 2,3
= =
𝑅𝑁 𝐸1 𝑀′ 5,5
2,3 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐸1′ = 𝑥 163,16 = 68,23 (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒, 𝐴 + 𝐶 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦)
5,5 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
From the curve, it is found that
𝑁𝐸1 = 1,86
𝐵
1,86 =
𝐴+𝐶
𝑘𝑔
𝐵 = 1,86 𝑥 68,23 = 126,9
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝐸1 = 68,23 + 126,9 = 195, 1
𝑚𝑖𝑛
Answer : 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓, 𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏

c. Calculate the composition of the produced extract, in% -weight A, B, and C,

Clue :
Read the value of NE1 and YE1 on graph, then calculate the compositions of each E1 component.
NE1 = 1,86 , YE1 = 0,314
1−𝑌𝐸1 1−0,314
Composition of A = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 24%
1+𝑁𝐸1 1+1,86
𝑁𝐸1 1,86
Composition of B = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥100% = 65%
1+𝑁𝐸1 1+1,86
𝑌𝐸1 0,314
Composition of C = 1+𝑁𝐸1
𝑥 100% = 1+1,86
𝑥 100% = 11%
Answer : Compositions : A = 24%, B = 65%, C = 11%
d. Calculate the required number of equilibrium stages.

Clue :
1. Make a curve that connects Feed (F) with Extract (E1) and a curve that connects solvent (S) with
raffinate (RN) then extend both curves until they intersect (ΔR)
2. Draw the tie line to find R1 from E1 by connecting E1 with conjugate curve (horizontally) then
connect the conjugate curve to the raffinate phase of the equilibrium curve (vertically).
3. Draw the operating line by connecting ΔR with R1, then extending the line until it reaches the
extract phase of the equilibrium line to obtain E2, and so on until the composition of C on raffinate
is equal or less than RN.
Answer : 1 Stage
For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segments 1-5 and Module 12 slides segments 2-3.

4. Feed solution F containing 15% -wt. C in carrier A is continuously extracted in multi-stage

counterclockwise with residual solvent S1 which contains 10% -wt. of solute C and 90% -wt. of solvent
B. The extract obtained (stream E1) contains 30% -weight C and raffinate (RN flow) which still contain
10% -weight C.
The RN raffinate is then streamed to the solute C extraction unit (unit P), which is a one-step extraction
process with pure B solvent (in S2 stream). In this P unit, all solute C can be taken so that the raffinate
that comes out of this unit (Rp) can be considered not containing any solute C (see the figure below)

Please do the following:

a. Put the positions F, S1, RN, E1, S2, Ep, and Rp in the "TK3101 Final Exam – Equilibrium
Diagram for Problem No.4"
Clue :
1. Plot F, S1, E1, RN, Rp, and S2 on the equilibrium diagram
2. Draw the tie line that connects Rp with the extract phase of the equilibrium curve to obtain Ep
Answer :
b. Perform a quantitative analysis using the complete diagram in point a so that the recovery
percentage of solute C can be calculated in each extract streams (E1 extract stream and Ep
extract stream).
Clue :
1. Draw a line that connects the inlet points of the overall extraction process (F-S1) dan exit points
of the overall extraction process (RN-E1). The intersection point of those lines is the mixing
point of the overall process (M). Repeat to obtain mixing point of solute (P) extraction.
2. Write the mass balance of solute (C) in E1 dan M also in Ep and P
3. Find the recovery percentage of solute C in each extract E1 dan Ep
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑑𝑖 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝐸1 𝑥 𝐸1
%𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸1 = 𝑥100% = 𝑥 100%
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑑𝑖 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑀 𝑥 𝑀
Calculating the amount of C in product
In this case, product mentioned is E1
𝐹 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝑆1 5,2
= =
𝑆1 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑀 1,4

1,4 𝑘𝑔
𝑆1 = 𝑥 100 = 26,92
5,2 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑀 = 𝐹 + 𝑆1 = 100 + 26,92 = 126,92
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸1 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑁 𝑀 0,8
= =
𝑀 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝐸1 3,6
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑁 𝑀 0,8
𝐸1 = 𝑥𝑀= 𝑥 126,92 = 28,2 𝑘𝑔
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝐸1 3,6
Since the amount of C in E1 is 30%, so
𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝐸1 = 0,3 𝑥 28,2 𝑘𝑔 = 8,46 𝑘𝑔
Calculating amount of C in feed

Note that the extraction feed comes from a mixture of F and S1, so
𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑆1 = 0,1 𝑥 26,92 = 2,69 𝑘𝑔
𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝐹 = 0,15 𝑥 100 = 15 𝑘𝑔
𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑆1 + 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝐹 = 2,69 + 15 = 17,69 𝑘𝑔
Recovery percentage of solute on E1

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 8,46
%𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸1 = 𝑥100% = 𝑥 100% = 47,82 𝑘𝑔
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 17,69
(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑁 𝑀) 𝑥 𝑀 𝑥 𝐶𝐸1
(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑁 𝐸1)
%𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸1 = 𝑥100%
𝑀
𝑥((𝐶𝑆1 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑀) + (𝐶𝐹 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑀 𝑆1))
(𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑆1)
Recovery percentage of solute on Ep can be calculated the same way as before
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
%𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸𝑝 = 𝑥100%
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
Calculating amount of C in product

The product mentioned is Ep
From previous calculations, it is found that M =126,92 kg and E1 = 28,2 kg

𝑅𝑁 = 𝑀 − 𝐸1 = 126,92 − 28,2 = 98,72 𝑘𝑔
Mass balance of C:
𝐶𝑅𝑁 + 𝐶𝑆2 = 𝐶𝐸𝑝 + 𝐶𝑅𝑝
Because S2 and Rp is free of C, so
𝐶𝐸𝑝 = 𝐶𝑅𝑁 = 10% 𝑥 𝑅𝑁 = 0,1 𝑥 98,72 𝑘𝑔 = 9,872 𝑘𝑔
Calculating amount of C in feed

Feed mentioned is the mixture of S2 and RN, but because S2 is free of C, so
𝐶𝑅𝑁 = 10% 𝑥 𝑅𝑁 = 0,1 𝑥 98,72 𝑘𝑔 = 9,872 𝑘𝑔

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝐸𝑝 9,872

%𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸𝑝 = 𝑥100% = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 100%
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑅𝑁 9,872
Or other methods: because in the problem all C can be taken, so %recoveryEp = 100%
Answer : %𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸1 = 𝟒𝟕, 𝟖𝟐% dan %𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦𝐸𝑝 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%


Extraction Module
st
1 Semester Year 2019/2020
Soal No.1 (SO-1)

Liquid feed contains 35%-weight of solute C on solvent A. The liquid feed is extracted using pure B
solvent continuously and in stages. Rafinate containst the mass ratio of C/A : 5/95 kg/kg. The picture
below is the equilibrium diagram (N-XY) in solvent free basis. Determine :
a) The minimum flow rate of solvent, if the feed flow rate is 100kg/minute
b) The theoretical stages of extraction, if the ratio of feed flow rate and the solvent flow rate is
100/40 kg/kg
c) Extract composition ( %-weight A, %-weight B, dan %-weight C)

Answer :
a.) To answer question A, we must find line E1-F that coincide with tie line, because the definition of
minimum flow rate of solvent is the solvent amount that makes infinite stage of extraction. Because of that,
this is the step to solve the problem:
1. Draw some tie line that you think will be used to draw the line E1-F, if the solvent used is still
below 40 kg (on the question B, it is informed that 40 kg of solvent will be used for extraction
process, so we assume that 40 kg is still more than the minimum solvent needed)
2. Draw the line between F and one of the extracts (E’1) . E’1 is obtained from the tie line. Check if
the line is intersecting with R’1. If the line intersects R’1, the extraction stages will be infinite
number of times. Mark the E’1 that matches the condition above. (on next picture, the E’1 chosen
is marked with slightly thicker tie line)

3. Connect E’1 that is determined from second step with Rn so it forms a line : E’1 -Rn

4. Find the intersection point between lines that is obtained from step 3 with vertical line on F. That
intersection is called Mn.
5. From point Mn, measure its ordinate (N), so we can get the ratio between the minimum solvent
𝐵
flow rate and the feed. (remember, that N is 𝐴+𝐶

𝐵 32
From step 5, it is known that N from M’N is 0,32, which means that is . In other words, the
𝐴+𝐶 100
minimum solvent flow rate is 32 kg per 100 kg feed.
b.) To find the theoretical number of stages, follow these steps (Plot on the N vs X,Y diagram is shown
on the next page)
1. Determine MN point first
2. Draw the line from Rn to MN. Then extend it to the top part of the curve to obtain E1
3. Draw the line from E1 to F and extend it. This extension must intersect with the vertical line that
is drawn from Rn. The intersection between these two lines is Δ𝑅𝑛
4. Draw the line from Δ𝑅𝑛 to R1, and extend it to the top part of the curve to obtain E2
5. Use the conjugate curve to get R2
6. Draw the line from R2 to Δ𝑅𝑛 and extend it to the top part of the curve to obtain E3
7. Use the conjugate curve to get R3
8. R3 is over exceeding the raffinate composition (Rn). In other words, extraction process is
complete. It can be concluded that we need only 3 theoretical stages for this extraction process.
c.) Check E1 to get the extract composition that is produced, using the basis of A+C = 100 kg
B
N = 0,65 = → 𝐵 = 65 𝑘𝑔
𝐴+𝐶
C
Y = 0,55 = → C = 55 kg
A+C
𝐴 = 45 𝑘𝑔
Extract Composition :
A
%A=
A+B+C
B
%B=
A+B+C
C
%C =
A+B+C
The extract composition from the calculation : 27,28 %-A ; 39,39 %-B ; 33,33%-C
ANSWER :
a.) Minimum solvent flow rate: 32 kg pure solvent per 100 kg feed
b.) 3 stages
c.) Extract Composition : 27,28 %-A ; 39,39 %-B ; 33,33%-C
Plot untuk nomor 1b dan 1c : (on the next page)


Problem 2 (SO-1)
100 kg mixture that consist of 35%-w C solute in A solvent is extracted using pure B solvent. Batch
extraction is done in 2 stages. During each stage of extraction, the ratio between feed and solvent is
2/3.Calculate the weight (in kg) and the composition of the extract (in %-weight A, B and C) from the
second stage.
A Pelarut Umpan (asal)

B Pelarut Pengekstrak
C Zat Terlarut (solute)
P Plait Point
------------- tie line
Clue :
It is suggested that you have read the slide of Extraction Module on “Perpustakaan Diva HIMATEK-ITB”.
To determine the weight of extract and its composition from the second stage of extraction, then, we need
to know the point of E2 on the diagram. If the extraction is done in a two-stage batch, then the raffinate
from the first stage is going to be the feed for the second stage of extraction. Pure B solvent is used for the
first and second stage of extraction.
First, determine F point and solvent point (S1) from the information/composition that is provided from the
problem. First stage of extraction is between F and S1, connect those two points and then determine the
point M1 based on the weight that is provided and lever rule (FM1 and M1S1). After mixing, the extraction
then operates on equilibrium condition and then extract 1 and raffinate 1 is produced from extraction

process. The extraction is done using batch process, so you must find the tie line that goes through M1. If
there are none, just estimate the tie line that goes through M1 as accurate as possible. From both end of the
line, you will get E1 (Extract 1) and R1 (Raffinate 1). Raffinate 1 will be the feed for the second stage of
extraction.
The second stage is done by mixing R1 with pure B solvent (S2). S1 and S2 has the same position on the
diagram because they are the same compound, which is pure B solvent. The second stage of extraction is
between R1 and S2, connect those two points and determine the point M2 (the mixing result). Using the
same concept as before, we will get E2 and R2.
To calculate the composition of the E2, the %-w B can be determined from the bottom axis dan %-w C can
be determined from the vertical axis. %-w of A can be determined from the calculation (100% - [%w B] –
[%w C])
Answer : The composition from two stage extraction is about 7,5%-w A; 87,50%-w B; 5,00%-w C.
The plot that we used is drawn in the next page.
A Pelarut Umpan (asal)

B Pelarut Pengekstrak
C Zat Terlarut (solute)
P Plait Point
------------- tie line

Clue: To calculate the weight of extract 2 or E2, use the lever rule and the principle that line length ratio is
directly proportional to weight ratio.
Calculating the weight of M1
The ratio between feed/solvent is 2/3, so the mixed weight or M1 is

𝐹 2
𝑆
= 3 ; 𝐹 + 𝑆 = 𝑀1 , so
5
𝑀1 = 𝑥 100 = 250 𝑘𝑔
2
Next, determine the R1 weight from line length ratio between E1M1 and R1E1. You will get the weight of
R1 is about 57,38 kg.
𝑅1 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐸1 𝑀1 1,7
= =
𝑀1 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅1 𝐸1 7,3
1,7
𝑅1 = 𝑥 250 𝑘𝑔 = 58,22 𝑘𝑔
7,3
Use the same concept to get E2. With R1 is around 58,22 kg, you can calculate the weight of M2.
𝑅1 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆2 𝑀2 3,7
= =
𝑀2 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑅1 𝑆2 9,4
9,4
𝑀2 = 𝑥 58,22 𝑘𝑔 = 147,91 𝑘𝑔
3,7
Then, calculate the weight of E2.
𝐸2 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑅2 𝑀2 5,6

= =
𝑀2 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑅2 𝐸2 8,3
5,6
𝐸2 = 𝑥 147,91 𝑘𝑔 = 99, 79 𝑘𝑔
8,3
Answer: E2 weight is about 99,79 kg.
Problem 3 (SO-1)
There is a batch extraction process in an industry. The feed is a mixture of 30%-weight of solute C inside
A solvent. The extraction solution is pure B. There is a problem on the raw material delivery, so the stock
on B solvent is relatively limited. On extraction process, all the solvent (B) is mixed with 100 kg of feed.
After the extraction process reaches equilibrium, the raffinate and extract is separated. Determine :
a) The extract that is obtained from the process ? (in kg)
b) The extract composition, in (%-weight of A,B, and C)
c) Right now, the market demand on the extract with the composition of 60%-weight solute C is
very high with attractive price
c.1) Is the composition specification of the extract produced can fulfill the market demand?
c.2) If the specification is not fulfilled, give some suggestion that can enhanced the composition
of the product to 60%-w of solute C.
c.3) How much extract that is produced from the suggested process? (in kg)
c.4) What is the extract composition from the suggested process? (in %-weight A,B, and C)

Clue:
a.) This is a batch extraction, so we don’t need Δ𝑅 on the diagram. On batch extraction, find the 𝑀1 first.
𝑀1 is located on (0,3;0,3) in the graphic. Draw the tie line that intersects 𝑀1 , so we can get 𝐸1 and 𝑅1 .

𝐸1 composition can be calculated using the method below:

(Use basis : A+C = 100 kg)
B
N = 0,68 = → 𝐵 = 68 𝑘𝑔
𝐴+𝐶
C
𝑌 = 0,50 = → 𝐶 = 50 𝑘𝑔
𝐴+𝐶
𝐴 = 50 𝑘𝑔
Extract composition calculation :
𝐴
%𝐴=
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝐵
%𝐵 =
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝐶
%𝐶 =
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
From the calculation, we can get : 29,76 %-A ; 40,48 %-B ; 29,76 %-C
To determine the extract mass, we can use lever rule as written below :
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅1 𝑀1
𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × (𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 + 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑅1 𝐸1
Answer: From the calculation, the extract flow rate is 51,21 kg.
c. ) The extract composition doesn’t meet the specifications from the market (the solute C is just 29,76-
%). The suggested process is to do another extraction process. The solvent that will be used in the
second extraction process is the extract from the first extraction. The feed that will be used in the
second extraction is the feed that is stated in the problem. The second batch stage of extraction process
can be seen in the picture below:

After calculating the composition on the second batch of extraction (the calculation method is the same as
the first extraction process), The C composition on the extract (E2) increases to 35,8%.
The writer also tries the third batch extraction (the solvent used is the extract from second batch extraction),
and fourth batch extraction, and so on (please try this by yourself, the third and fourth extraction will not
be written in this solution). However, the extract still doesn’t meet the market specifications. From this trial
and error, we can conclude that we cannot get the extract that meets the market specification if we just use
extraction method alone. Another method that can be used is using solvent remover on the extract, so the
C composition will increase dramatically because the B composition in each of extract is quite a lot. (Note
: to find the value of M2,M3,M4, etc, you will need to calculate the mass of B in each extract that will be
used as solvent on the next process)
Answer:
a.) First extract composition : 29,76 %-A ; 40,48 %-B ; 29,76 %-C
b.) Extract mass from the first extraction : 51,21 kg
c.1) The extract doesn’t meet the market specification
c.2) After trying the method that the writer suggested, the extract still doesn’t meet the market
specification. Therefore, it is suggested to use solvent remover to remove B from the extract and
enhance the C composition on extract.
Problem 4 (SO-1)
A mixture with 85%-weight of solute C in solvent A (F0, The ratio of C/A = 85/15) is a mixture from simple
extraction process. That mixture is then refined to get the mass ratio of C/A to 95/5 (EN extract) using reflux
with feed (F2) continuously in stages . The configuration of the process is drawn on the picture below. F0 is
divided to 2 flows, which is F1 to be mixed with solvent S and will produce E0 (extract) dan R0 (raffinate).
F2 is used as reflux solution to enhance the mass ratio of C/A on E0 extract.
Solvent S has a low concentration of B, because the solvent is a mixture of solvent A and B with mass ratio
B/A = ¾. Because of that, the solvent flow rate must be bigger that the flow rate of F1. In this case, the
mass flow rate of S = 3,5 x the mass flow rate of F1. E0 extract is produced , and then contacted with F2 feed
gradually (secara bertahap) so the C/A mass ratio increase to 95/5 (EN extract). To operate this process
smoothly, the flow rate of F2 = 1,23 x the flow rate of E0.

The equilibrium diagram for A-B-C mixture system on the operating condition as stated in the problem
above is drawn on N-XY diagram, which is equilibrium diagram on solvent free basis (free from solvent
B) Equilibrium diagram in solvent B free basis.
Calculate:
a. The number of ideal stages to increase the mass ratio of C/A E0 extract to EN extract (the answer has
to be an integer number)
Clue:
It is suggested that you have read the slide of Extraction Module on “Perpustakaan Diva HIMATEK-
ITB”.
First, determine the position of S, F0 and EN. Assume the ratio of C/A on F1 and F2 is same, which is 85/15,
then the position of those two points will be the same as F0. Remember that this diagram is solvent free
basis (without solvent B). The simple extraction is done using S and F1. Then, connect the line between S
and F1 , then determine M0 using the line length ratio that is directly proportional to mass flow rate of S and
F1 (use the information from the problem given). If the extraction condition reach equilibrium, it will
produce extract 0 (E0) and raffinate 0 (R0).
Next, extract 0 (E0) is refluxed with F2 on a few stages. Then , Connect the line between E0 and F2. Determine
the M1 with line length ratio and mass ratio as explained before. Then , connect EN and M1, extend the line
to the equilibrium line to get R1. Find ΔR . ΔR is the intersection point where the extension of line EN and
F2 intersects with the extension of line E0 and R1 (if your work sheet is not enough, use another extra of
paper and extend the worksheet).

Look at the diagram below to understand the next part of this solution.
operasi
E’1
E0 and R1 is connected using operating line (the extension line from ΔR). Then, E1 and R1 have to be
connected with equilibrium line (tie line) because both point is a product after the condition is at
equilibrium. The same concept is used until EN is the same or less than point EN. (The similar concept can
be seen on Slide Kuliah OPD DA Ekstraksi 4)
Answer : 3 stages.
The diagram is shown on next page
b. Mass flow rate ratio of F1/F2.

Clue : Use mass balance on the simple extraction process or F1+S=E0+R0 , the mass flow rate ratio of S/F1,
and the line length ratio of E0M0/R0M0 to get the flow rate ratio of R0/E0. From the problem, it is known
that F1 = 3,68E0. The problem has also given the ratio for F2 with E0, then F1/F2 can be calculated.
𝐹1 + 𝑆 = 𝐸𝑜 + 𝑅𝑜
𝑆 = 3,5𝐹1
4,5𝐹1 = 𝐸𝑜 + 𝑅𝑜
𝐸𝑜 2,7
= ; 𝑅 = 0,52𝐸𝑜
𝑅𝑜 1,4 𝑜
4,5𝐹1 = 1,52𝐸𝑜
Because F2 = 1,23 x Eo
4,5 𝐹1 = 1,87 𝐹2
𝐹1 1,87
= = 0,415
𝐹2 4,5
Answer : The ratio of F1/F2 is about 0,415.
c. The flow rate of EN (in kg/hour) if F0 = 100 kg/minute.
Clue: Use the overall mass balance on reflux, which is E0+F2=EN+R1. E0 and F2 can be calculated using the
flow rate ratio that has been calculated before Use the mass flow rate ratio and line length ratio to get the
ratio of EN dan R1. Then, we will get the mass flow rate of EN. Don’t forget to convert the unit (kg/minute
to kg/hour)

𝐹𝑜 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2
100 = 1,415𝐹2
𝑘𝑔
𝐹2 = 70,67
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑘𝑔
𝐹1 = 29,33
𝐸𝑜 + 𝐹2 = 𝐸𝑁 + 𝑅1
4,5𝐹1 = 1,52 𝐸𝑜
4,5 𝑥 29,33 = 1,52 𝑥 𝐸𝑜
𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝑜 = 86,83
From the line length ration, you can get
𝐸𝑁 2
=
𝑅1 2,1
Then, the mass balance can be made as
𝐸𝑜 + 𝐹2 = 𝐸𝑁 + 𝑅1
86,83 + 70,67 = 2,05 𝐸𝑁
𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝑁 = 76,83 = 4609,76 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
Answer : EN = 4609,76 kg/hour
d. The composition of EN (state it on %-weight A, B and C)

Clue: The bottom axis is ratio of C with (A+C) and the vertical axis is ratio of B with (A+C). Then, we can
get the composition of EN. Make sure that the sum of the composition is 100%-weight.
Vertical axis
𝐵 𝐵
0,59 = = → 𝐵 = 59 𝑘𝑔
𝐴 + 𝐶 100
Bottom axis
𝐶 𝐶
0,95 = = → 𝐶 = 95 𝑘𝑔
𝐴 + 𝐶 100
Because (A+C) = 100, A =5 kg
𝐴 5
%𝐴 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 3,14%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 95 + 59 + 5
𝐵 59
%𝐵 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 37,11%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 95 + 59 + 5
𝐶 95
%𝐶 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 59,75%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 95 + 59 + 5
Answer : EN is consist of 3,14%-W A; 37,11%-w B and 59,75%-w C.

ΔR


Extraction Module
st
1 semester Year 2018/2029
Problem 1
Liquid feed is a mixture of A and C (the concentration is 30%-weight of C, and the rest is A). The
mixture is extracted (method : continuous extraction) using solvent B, which contains 5%-weight C.
The extraction process is occurred on multistage process, where the feed flow is counter-current with
the solvent . In this process, the raffinate that is produced from the extraction still has the concentration
5%-weight of C. This extraction operates with the feed flow of 5000 kg/hour and the solvent flow rate
is 1,5 times its minimum requirement.
Determine :
a. The extract composition , in %-weight A, B, and C
b. The extract flow in kg/h
c. The equilibrium stage needed for this extraction

Solution for Problem 1 :
1. Determining the minimum value of S

a. Put point F,S, and RN on the graphic
b. Connect S with RN as Line A
c. Draw tie line that goes through F =Line B
d. Draw all the tie line that is below Line B
e. Find the intersection between all the tie line and Line A
f. Find the intersection (ΔR) that is located on the far left = Min. Point
g. Connect the min. point with F so that it reach the extraction curve = E1,min point
h. Make the intersection between line F-S and line RN-E1 = Mmin point
g. Connect the min. point with F so that it reaches extraction curve = E1,min point
h. Find the intersection point with line F-S and RN-E1 = Mmin point
2. Determining solvent flow rate (S)

a. Determining the minimum of solvent flow rate (Smin) --> lever rule
𝑆 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐹 → 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
𝐹 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆 → 𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0,18 × 5000 = 900
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
b. Determining solvent flow rate (S)
𝑘𝑔
𝑆 = 1,5 × 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1350
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

3. Determining the extract composition

a. Determining point M --> lever rule
b. Connect Rn with M = E1
Extract Composition : 20% A, 35% B, 45% C
4. Determining the extract flow rate

Mass Balance
𝐹 × 𝑥𝐹 + 𝑆 × 𝑦𝑠 = 𝑅𝑁 × 𝑥𝑁 + 𝐸1 × 𝑦1
5000 × 0,3 + 1350 × 0,05 = (6350 − 𝐸1 ) × 0,05 + 𝐸1 × 0,45
𝒌𝒈
𝑬𝟏 = 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓
5. Determining the number of stages
a. Connect the equilibrium line and tie line
b. Connect the operating line with ΔR

Problem No. 2
The liquid feed in the form of solvent contains only 30%-wt of solute C in solvent A which is extracted
continuously using pure solvent B. The extraction is carried out in a multistage manner where the feed
flows in the opposite direction to the flow of the solvent. The mass flow rate of the extracting solvent is
1/3 of the feed mass flow rate. In this process, the raffinate exiting the multistage extraction system still
contains 5%-wt of C. Determine the number of equilibrium stages depicted on x-y diagram.
Clue:
It is recommended to have read the Slide Kuliah OPD Modul Ekstraksi which can be seen in the
Perpustakaan Diva HIMATEK-ITB. To find out the number of equilibrium stages needed on the x-y
diagram, information regarding the location of points F, S, M, RN, E1 must be obtained first. This problem
does not include tie line (equilibrium line) in the right-hand graph (weight fraction C vs weight fraction B),
so its equilibrium is shown on the equilibrium graph on the left side (which will be further explained).
The problem gave the information regarding the weight of solute C in solvent A, so point F can be directly
determined on the right-hand graph. The same goes for point S (pure solvent B) and point RN (raffinate
exiting the extraction system), which can be directly determined on the right-hand graph. To find out the
location of point E1 (produced extract), the information regarding the extractor mass flow rate to the feed
mass flow rate ratio that will determine point M (mixing point) which must be located on the SF line
(connect point S and F) is used. S/F is 1/3, hence the ratio of the length of the Fm line to the length of the
SF line is 1/3 (to make it easier to recall, remember “which solution is available in larger quantities?”
so pint M must be closer to the said solution. Just like mixing water with soap that is larger in quantity than
water, the resulting mixture has a composition closer to soap). That way point M can be determined.
Connect points RN and M, extend the line to the end of the equilibrium region, hence the E1 is obtained.
Draw a line between points F and E1, then make another line between RN and S. Connect the two lines by
extending the line to obtain the point of contact which will be named point ΔR. This point is the operating
reference point. The reason why a line is made between F and E1 is because they are both streams that have
an “operational” relationship. There are two relationships which are “equilibrium” and “operational”,
equilibrium is the result of the stages (in the form of raffinate and extract produce. d) where operational
is a relationship between the inlet and outlet streams in a certain part. To easily understand this,

observe the diagram below (applies for extraction processes in opposite directions and multistage) which
was obtained from Slide OPD Ekstraksi 4.
In the part where the feed F enters there is an outflow of E1, so they are connected by an operating line
(one). When an equilibrium state has been reached, an extract (E1 which will come out later) and R1 will be
formed, but we cannot directly determine where R1 is on the right-hand graph because there is no
information regarding the tie line (equilibrium line). Thus, the equilibrium chart on the left side will become
a great help.
Draw a line E1 up to the curved line on the left graph in a straight manner. The curved line is a line of
equilibrium. When the straight line from point E1 reaches the curved line, extend it downwards to the
diagonal line (x = y), then draw a straight line from the point on the diagonal line to the right-hand graph
where point R1 (first raffinate) will be obtained at the left boundary equilibrium region. Since R1 has been
obtained, just connect R1 with ΔR, extend the line until you get E2.
This stage is carried out repeatedly until the end point of the actual RN (which we obtained like the previous
stages) is at the point RN that we made at initially based on the information given in the problem or a located
a little more downwards which is fine. To calculate the number of equilibrium stages, count how many
steps are formed on the left-hand graph or how many pairs of extract-raffinate that are obtained.
Answer: 3 stages.
By following the directions above, the image obtained is as follows:

Soal No. 3
The liquid feed containing 25% by weight of solute C in solvent A is extracted using pure solvent B in
continuous steps. The feed mass flow rate to the solvent mass flow rate ratio is 100/30. The desired raffinate
has a mass ratio of C to A of 5/95. A suitable equilibrium diagram in the form of an N-X, Y diagram
equipped with a conjugate curve is listed below. Determine:
a. The number of theoretical stages needed.
b. Extract composition produced, expressed in %-wt A, %-wt B, and %-wt C.

Clue:
It is recommended to have read the Slide Kuliah OPD Modul Ekstraksi which can be seen in the
Perpustakaan Diva HIMATEK-ITB. To determine the composition of the resulting extract, it is necessary
to know where point E1 is on the graph. The number of equilibrium stages will be obtained by conducting
the following steps.
First, determine the points F and RN based on the information given in the problem, remember that graph
N-X, Y is a graph based on (A + C) and N is B / (A + C). Point S is far above the graph (something
divided by zero is infinite), so draw a straight line upwards (vertically) from point F. Determine point M
(result of mixing F and S) on the vertical line based on the information on the mass flow rate ratio of the
feed / solvent of 100/30, hence point M is at N = B / (A + C) = 0.3. Draw a line between RN and M, extend
it to the end of the equilibrium region to obtain the point E1 (which the composition will be later calculated).
Using the same concept ("operation" and "equilibrium") like in the previous problem, the number of
equilibrium stages can be obtained. Connect the points F and E1 then connect the points RN with S (infinite
point) so that they form a regular vertical line. Extend the two lines until there is a point of contact or
intersection named ΔR.
To obtain the point R1, an equilibrium line is needed. However, the graph of this problem does not have
a tie line (equilibrium line), so a conjugate curve will be very helpful. Draw a line horizontally (straight)
from point E1 to the conjugate curve, then extend it again to the lower end of the equilibrium region to
obtain point R1. R1 and E2 are the streams entering and exiting part 2, so make an operating line by drawing
a line from point ΔR to R1 and extending it to the upper end of the equilibrium region to obtain point E2.
Perform these steps so that you get the last raffinate which is at the point RN that was made earlier or located
a little more left (what matters is that the point is crossed). To calculate the number of equilibrium stages,
count how many pairs of extract-raffinate obtained.
Answer: 4 stages.

Clue: To determine the composition of the resulting extract or E1 (don't be fooled, it's not E4) drag the
lines horizontally and vertically to the left axis and to the axis below. Hence, the values for N and Y will
be obtained (not X, X is for raffinate). N = B / (A + C) and Y = C / (A + C), assuming A + C = 100 kg
thus, these equations are sufficient to determine the weight percent of A, B and C. Make sure that the sum
is 100% .
Vertical axis
𝐵 𝐵
0,65 = = → 𝐵 = 65 𝑘𝑔
𝐴 + 𝐶 100

Bottom axis
𝐶 𝐶
0,54 = = → 𝐶 = 54 𝑘𝑔
𝐴 + 𝐶 100
Because (A+C) = 100, A =46 kg
𝐴 46
%𝐴 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 27,80%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 46 + 65 + 54
𝐵 65
%𝐵 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 39%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 46 + 65 + 54
𝐶 54
%𝐶 = 𝑥 100% = 𝑥 100% = 32,75%
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 46 + 65 + 54
Answer: The resulting extract consists of 28.48%-wt A, 39.40%-wt B and 32.12%-wt C.
Problem No. 4
The liquid feed in the form of a solution containing 45%-wt C in solvent A was extracted continuously with
solvent B containing only 5%-wt C. The extraction was carried out in a multistage manner, where the feed
flowed in the opposite direction to the flow of the solvent. In this process, the raffinate that comes out of
the multistage extraction system still contains 5%-wt C, while the final extract contains 45%-wt C. The
right triangle diagram below is an equilibrium diagram corresponding to the above operating conditions.
Using the ABC system right triangle diagram, determine:
a. Ratio of solvent mass flow rate to feed mass flow rate
b. Number of equilibrium stages

Clue:
To determine the ratio of the solvent mass flow rate to feed mass flow rate, it is necessary to know that the
result of mixing F and S is point M. The points F (feed) and S (the extracting solvent rich in B) can be
directly determined on the graph. Since the information regarding the point RN (exiting raffinate) and the
point E1 (the final extract) is given in the problem, the two points can then be directly determined on the
graph. Connect the points F and S, then connect the points RN and E1. The point of intersection between the
two lines is point M. If you have worked/read the previous problem, then point M will provide information
about the ratio of F / S or RN/ E1. The FM/MS line-length ratio is the (requested) solvent / feed mass
rate ratio.
Answer: mass flow rate of solvent/feed is around 0,372.
Directions:
To determine the number of equilibrium stages, the first thing to do is connect points E1 and F (operation)
then connect points RN and S (operation). The two lines formed are straight horizontal lines. Thus, the
line of operation in this operating state is a straight horizontal line. The first equilibrium stage will produce
E1 and R1. From point E1, see where it is connected (the dotted line which is the tie line) to the left end of
the equilibrium region. If there is no tie line connecting, then draw a tie line independently as
proportionate as possible. Hence R1 is obtained, then make a straight horizontal line (operation) to the
right end of the equilibrium region to get point E2. This procedure is carried out until the last raffinate is

obtained which is at point RN that was made earlier or slightly downwards. To calculate the number of
equilibrium stages, count how many pairs of extract-raffinate obtained.
Answer: 3 stages.

TK3101 SEPARATION PROCESS FINAL EXAM 2014/2015

MODULE : EXTRACTION
2014/2015
LECTURER : Dr. Danu Ariono
DURATION : 150 MENIT
QUESTION 1 (liquid-liquid extraction)
Liquid feed is a mixture of A and C (the concentration is 30%-weight of C, and the rest is A). The mixture
is extracted (method : continuous extraction) using solvent B, which contains 5%-weight C. The extraction
process is occurred on multistage process, where the feed flow is counter-current with the solvent . In this
process, the raffinate that is produced from the extraction still has the concentration 5%-weight of C.
Determine the minimum flow rate of solvent (in kg/second) if the feed flow rate is 100 kg/second. The
equilibrium diagram that fits the operating condition above is on the next page.
Data Known:
Feed composition (F): 70%-weight A, 0%-weight B, dan 30%-weight C
Solvent Composition (S): 0%-weight A, 95%-weight B, 5%-weight C
Rafinate Composition (Rn): 5%-weight C
F = 100 kg/second
Dit: Smin?
Answer :

QUESTION 2 (Liquid-Liquid Extraction)
The feed is a solution, and the composition is 25%-weight of C and the solvent is A. The feed is extracted
using solvent B in a continuous extraction method. The C component concentration in solvent B is 5%-
weight of C. The extraction process is occurred on multistage process, where the feed flow is counter-
current with the solvent . The ratio between the solvent and the feed is : 5/14. In this process, the raffinate
produced has concentration : 5%-weight of C. Equilibrium diagram in x-y diagram and in right triangle
with phase dome (but without tie-line) are both provided in the answer sheet. Determine the
theoretical/equilibrium stage using x-y diagram.
Known :
Feed Composition (F): 75%-weight A, 0%-weight B, dan 25%-weight C
Solvent Composition (S): 0%-weight A, 95%-weight B, 5%-weight C
Raffinate Composition (Rn): 5%-weight C
Asked :
the theoretical/equilibrium stage?
Ans: (Look at the equilibrium Diagram on question 2)

There are 5 stages of equilibrium/theoretical stage


QUESTION 3 (Liquid-Liquid Extraction)

To obtain an extract with high purity, which is 90%-weight of C, without solvent B, the multistage
extraction process is equipped with enriching section (look at the picture below). Enriching section is
equipped with solvent separator (PM) so the extract e’1 that is produced from the enriching section has no
solvent content at all. Some part of the solvent-free solution is used as the reflux solution in the enriching
section, and the other part is extracted as the product ep. The flow rate of the feed (F) is 100 kg/hour,
contains 30%-weight C solute mixed with the raffinate rm in the enriching section, then extracted in the
extracting section using pure B solvent (S0) with the flow rate of 300 kg/hour. Extraction section raffinate
(Rn) still has C solute, the ratio between C and A is 5/95. On the no.3 answer sheet, there is an equilibrium
curve in N-X,Y diagram, along with the tie line. Determine :
a. The ideal stage in the extracting section (n) and in the enriching section (m’) (the answer must be
integer)
b. Extract/product ep flow rate (kg/hour)
c. The composition of solvent from separation on PM Sr, answer it in %-weight of A, B, dan C
d. The flow rate of solvent from separation on PM Sr,(kg/hour)
Information from the picture:

Extracting system in enriching section . F’: feed
Extracting section
1=first stage; n=last stage; E’1=extract; R’n=raffinate; R’0 = feed; S’0 = solvent extract
Enriching Section
PM=separator; 1’=first stage; m’=last stage; E’1=feed; r’m =raffinate.
S’r=Pure solvent from the separation process; e’p=product /extract.
Notes: the superscript means ‘ unit with solvent free basis”
Known :
Extraction
Feed composition (F): 70%-weight A, 0%-weight B, dan 30%-weight C; F = 100 kg/jam
Solvent Composition (S): 0%-weight A, 100%-weight B, 0%-weight C; S = 300 kg/jam
Raffinate Composition (Rn):
Product Composition (e’p): 10%-weight A, 0%-weight B, dan 90%-weight C

TK3101 SEPARATION PROCESS FINAL EXAM 2010/2011

MODULE : EXTRACTION
2010/2011
Question 1
is extracted (method : continuous extraction) using solvent B, which contains 5%-weight C. The product
concentration must be 40%-weight of C, and the raffinate that is produced from the extraction still has the
concentration 5%-weight of C. Using the right triangle that is provided on the next page, Determine :
a) The theoretical stage needed for this extraction process
b) The quantity of solvent B needed per 100 kg feed
c) The quantity of extract/product and raffinate that is produced per 100 kg feed
Question 2
is extracted (method : continuous extraction) using pure solvent B. The extraction process is occurred on
multistage process. In this process, the raffinate that is produced from the extraction still has the
concentration 5%-weight of C. The right triangle provided on the next page is equilibrium diagram for the
operating condition on question 2. Using the right triangle (of system A-B-C), determine the ratio between
minimum flow rate of the solvent and flow rate of the feed.
Question 3
is extracted (method : continuous extraction) using pure solvent B. The extraction process is occurred on
multistage process. The ratio between feed flow rate and solvent flow rate is 100/35. The ratio between C
and A on the raffinate is 5/95. Using the N-X,Y diagram and the conjugate curve , determine :
a. The number of theoretical stages

b. The composition of extract and raffinate (%-weight of A, B, and C)
Soal No.4
To obtain an extract with high purity, which is 90%-weight of C, without solvent B, the multistage
extraction process is equipped with enriching section (look at the picture below). Enriching section is
equipped with solvent separator (PM) so the extract e’1 that is produced from the enriching section has no
solvent content at all. Some part of the solvent-free solution is used as the reflux solution in the enriching
section, and the other part is extracted as the product ep.
The flow rate of the feed (F) is 100 kg/hour, contains 30%-weight C solute mixed with the raffinate rm in
the enriching section, then extracted in the extracting section using pure B solvent (S0) with the flow rate
of 300 kg/hour. Extraction section raffinate (Rn) still has C solute, the ratio between C and A is 5/95. On
the no.3 answer sheet, there is a equilibrium curve in N-X,Y diagram, along with the tie line. Determine :

a. The ideal stage in the extracting section (n) and in the enriching section (m’) (the answer must be
integer)
b. Extract/product ep flow rate (kg/hour)
c. The composition of solvent from separation on PM Sr, answer it in %-weight of A, B, dan C
d. The flow rate of solvent from separation on PM Sr,(kg/hour)
Information from the picture:

Extracting system in enriching section . F’: feed
Extracting section
1=first stage; n=last stage; E’1=extract; R’n=raffinate; R’0 = feed that goes to extracting section which is a
mixture of Rm and F ; S’0 = solvent extract
Enriching Section
PM=separator; 1’=first stage; m’=last stage; E’1=feed; r’m= raffinate;
S’r=Pure solvent from the separation process; e’p=product /extract with high purity content





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TK3101 – Separation Process

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 1

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 2

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 3

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 4

TK3101 Separation Process Final Exam 2021/2022

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 5

Please do the following:

From the diagram, it is found that

Assume (A+C)R1 = 100 kg, so C = 14,5 kg , A = 85,5 kg, B = 5 kg , hence R1 = 105 kg

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 6

The mixture of B1 and R1 produces F2

Assume R1 = 105 kg,

b. Calculate the weight of E1 (in kg), if F0 = 100 kg

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 7

𝐸1 = 4,33𝐹1 − 3𝐹0 (3)

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 8

c. Determine the composition of E1 (in %-weight A, B, and C)

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 9

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 10

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 11

b. Calculate the ratio of the mass rate of E1/RN and e1/rm,

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 12

c. Count the number of equilibrium / theoretical steps in the Purification stage.

For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segments 1-5

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 13

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 14

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 15

Answer : 𝑺𝑴𝑰𝑵 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏

b. Calculate the rate of produced extract, in kg / min,

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 16

Answer : 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓, 𝟏 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝒊𝒏

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 17

c. Calculate the composition of the produced extract, in% -weight A, B, and C,

d. Calculate the required number of equilibrium stages.

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 18

4. Feed solution F containing 15% -wt. C in carrier A is continuously extracted in multi-stage

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 19

Please do the following:

For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segments 1-5

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 20

Calculating amount of C in feed

Recovery percentage of solute on E1

Recovery percentage of solute on Ep can be calculated the same way as before

Calculating amount of C in product

From previous calculations, it is found that M =126,92 kg and E1 = 28,2 kg

Calculating amount of C in feed

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 21

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝐶𝐸𝑝 9,872

For further understanding, study Module 11 slides segments 1-5

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 22

TK3101 Separation Process Final Exam 2019/2020

Soal No.1 (SO-1)

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 23

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 24

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 25

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 26

Plot untuk nomor 1b dan 1c : (on the next page)

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 27

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 28

A Pelarut Umpan (asal)

Tim Divisi Akademik HIMATEK-ITB 2023/2024 29