NUMERICALS – Q1

To evaluate the bending moment (BM) envelope for a two-span simply supported
beam carrying a uniform distributed load (UDL) according to IS 456, let's follow these
steps:

Given Parameters:

• Span length �l
• UDL �w kN/m
• Max span moment �1=9��2128M1=1289wl2
• Mid-support moments �2=��28M2=8wl2

Elastic Analysis:

Bending Moment at Supports:

1. Support A (at x = 0):

• ��=��28MA=8wl2
2. Support B (at x = L):
• ��=��28MB=8wl2

Bending Moment at Mid-Span (x = L/2):

• �mid=5��232Mmid=325wl2

Points of Inflection:

• In a simply supported beam under a UDL, points of inflection occur at mid-

span and at the supports.

Bending Moment Envelope:

• The bending moment envelope between supports is parabolic, reaching a

maximum at mid-span.

Limit Analysis:

Maximum Bending Moment:

• �max=9��2128Mmax=1289wl2
Bending Moment at Supports:

1. Support A (at x = 0):

• �A,limit=9��2128MA,limit=1289wl2
2. Support B (at x = L):
• �B,limit=9��2128MB,limit=1289wl2

Bending Moment at Mid-Span (x = L/2):

• �mid,limit=9��2256Mmid,limit=2569wl2

Points of Inflection:

• Points of inflection remain the same in limit analysis as in elastic analysis.

Bending Moment Envelope:

• The bending moment envelope is also parabolic, reaching a maximum at mid-

span.

Suggestions for Adopted Bending Moment:

1. Mid-Span Moment (Elastic Analysis):

• �adopted=5��232Madopted=325wl2
This is often adopted to provide a balance between a reasonable
•
amount of reinforcement at mid-span and to avoid congestion at
supports.
2. Mid-Span Moment (Limit Analysis):
• �adopted=9��2256Madopted=2569wl2
• This is a conservative choice, considering the limit analysis value to
ensure safety.

Drawing the Bending Moment Envelope:

• The Bending Moment envelope can be plotted graphically, with the x-axis
representing the beam's length and the y-axis representing the bending
moment. The envelope will be a parabolic curve, reaching a maximum at mid-
span.
• Points of inflection, where the bending moment changes sign, will occur at
mid-span and at the supports.
• Plot the elastic and limit analysis values for comparison.
Q4

Given Parameters:

• Building dimensions: 30 m×40 m30m×40m

• Building height: 60 m60m
• Location: Mumbai (which falls under Zone III as per IS 875-3)
• Design return period: 5050 years

Steps to Calculate Wind Load:

1. Determine the Risk Factor (�1k1):

• For a design return period of 5050 years, the risk factor is �1=0.15k1
=0.15 (for Mumbai under Zone III).
2. Determine the Terrain Factor (�2k2):
• Mumbai is generally considered to be on level terrain. For level terrain,
the terrain factor is �2=1.0k2=1.0.
3. Determine the Topographical Factor (�3k3):
• For level terrain, the topographical factor is �3=1.0k3=1.0.
4. Calculate the Basic Wind Speed (��Vb):
• The basic wind speed for Mumbai under Zone III is typically
��=39 m/sVb=39m/s for a return period of 5050 years.
5. Calculate the Wind Pressure (�P):
• The wind pressure (�P) is given by the formula �=12×�×�2P=21
×ρ×V2, where �ρ is the air density (approximately
1.225 kg/m31.225kg/m3) and �V is the wind speed.
6. Calculate the Wind Load on the Building:
• The wind load (�W) on the building is calculated using the formula
�=�×�W=P×A, where �A is the effective wind area of the
building.

Calculation:

1. Risk Factor (�1k1):

• �1=0.15k1=0.15 (for a 50-year return period in Zone III).
2. Terrain Factor (�2k2):
• �2=1.0k2=1.0 (for level terrain).
3. Topographical Factor (�3k3):
• �3=1.0k3=1.0 (for level terrain).
4. Basic Wind Speed (��Vb):
• ��=39 m/sVb=39m/s (for Mumbai in Zone III, 50-year return
period).
5. Wind Pressure (�P):
• �=12×1.225×392P=21×1.225×392 (assuming air density
�=1.225 kg/m3ρ=1.225kg/m3).
• �≈470.176 N/m2P≈470.176N/m2 .
6. Effective Wind Area (�A):
• Assuming a simple rectangular building,
�=Perimeter×HeightA=Perimeter×Height.
• Perimeter = 2×(30+40)2×(30+40) (since it's a rectangular building).
• �=2×(30+40)×60A=2×(30+40)×60 .
• �=7200 m2A=7200m2 .
7. Wind Load (�W):
• �=�×�W=P×A.
• �≈470.176×7200W≈470.176×7200 .
• �≈3,385,459.2 NW≈3,385,459.2N or 3.39 MN3.39MN.