1.

The term "National Socialism" arose out of attempts to create a nationalist

redefinition of socialism, as an alternative to both Marxist international socialism and
free-market capitalism.
2. He adopted principle of maintaining status quo in Europe i.e. he was in favour of
peace. After becoming Chancellor of Germany, he declared that Germany was a
continental country and not a colonial country.
3. The Continental System was Napoleon's strategy to weaken Britain's economy by
banning trade between Britain and states occupied by or allied with France, which
proved largely ineffective and eventually led to Napoleon's fall.
4. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to
enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, and provide an army when
needed. However, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so.
5. The polity of the Early Vedic period was basically a tribal polity with the tribal chief in
the centre which was transformed towards Monarchy in later Vedic period.
6. The Delhi Sultanate made significant contributions to Indian art and architecture,
such as the development of the Indo-Islamic style, the use of red sandstone and
marble, and the fusion of Islamic, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain influences.

11. He simplified administrative divisions, the abolished feudal system, and freed peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and
communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers
enjoyed the newfound freedom.

12. The philosophers played an important role in the French revolution. They inspired the
common mass of France with their revolutionary ideas and prepared them to fight against
injustices. Among them were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Diderot.

13. The unification of Italy was started in 1815 in Vienna and 1871, Rome became the new
capital of Italy then the total process of unification was completed. It was a two-step
procedure; first was to gain freedom from Austria and second was the process of
independent states of Italy into a single domain.

14. The Social condition of France during the eighteenth century was very miserable. The
then French Society was divided into three classes— the Clergy, Nobles and Common
People. The economic condition of France formed another cause for the outbreak of the
French Revolution. During the eighteen the Century France was the centre of autocratic
monarchy.