n Element Size (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa)

1 0.05 5.00044 3.50839

2 0.03 5.00044 3.75843
3 0.01 5.00057 4.22248
4
5
 Error
Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Inlet Velocity Inlet Pressure
4.51252 0.0107315
4.45394 0.00718086 0% 7%
4.4327 0.00664527 0% 11%
Outlet Velocity Outlet Pressure
Velocity Convergence
-1% -49% 6
0% -8%
5

Velocity (m/s)
3 Inlet
Outl
2

0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
Mesh Size (m)

Presure Convergence
4.5
4
3.5
3
Pressure (m/s)

2.5 Inlet
2 Outl
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055
Mesh Size (m)
nvergence

Inlet V
Outlet V

.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055

m)

nvergence

Inlet P
Outlet P

0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055

m)
n No. of Layers Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s)
1 3 5.00045 5.2759 3.97078
2 5 5.00045 5.57776 3.94472
3 10 5.00045 5.76159 3.9952
4 20 5.00045 5.95504 3.99047
5
Outlet Pressure (Pa) Inlet Velocity Inlet Pressure Outlet Velocity
0.00466432
0.00167976 0% 5% -1%
-0.000359485 0% 3% 1%
-0.00118105 0% 3% 0%
Outlet Pressure
Velocity Convergence
-178% 6
567%
70% 5

Velocity (m/s)
3 Inlet V
Outlet V
2

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Number of Layers

Presure Convergence
7
6
5
Pressure (m/s)

4
Inlet P
3 Outlet P
2
1
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-1
Number of Layers
 Inlet V
Outlet V

22

Inlet P
Outlet P

22
n No. of Iterations Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s)
1
2 30 5.00048 6.02172 3.63529
3 50 5.00046 5.77179 3.98489
4 100 5.00045 5.76159 3.9952
5 300 5.0045 5.76158 3.99519
Outlet Pressure (Pa) Inlet Velocity Inlet Pressure Outlet Velocity

-0.00266613
-0.0096567 0% -4% 9%
-0.000359485 0% 0% 0%
-0.000357897 0% 0% 0%
Outlet Pressure
Velocity Convergence
6
72%
-2586% 5

0% 4

Velocity (m/s)
3 Inlet V
Outlet V
2

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Number of Iterations

Presure Convergence
7
6
5
Pressure (m/s)

4
Inlet P
3 Outlet P
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-1
Number of Iterations
 Inlet V
Outlet V

350

Inlet P
Outlet P

350
n Height of Object (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa)
1 0.1 5.00045 5.76159
2 0.3 5.00044 20.0002
3 0.5 5.00045 66.7532
4 0.8 5.00045 634.536
5 0.9 5.00042 3158.17

Constant Length: 0.1m

Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa)
3.9952 -0.000359485 Velocity
3.51775 -0.0574144 6
2.67505 -0.26638
5
1.68716 -0.775747
1.36224 -1.02463 4

Velocity (m/s)
3

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Height of Object (m)

Pressure
3500
3000
2500
Pressure (Pa)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-500
Height of Object (m)
city

Inlet Velocity
Outlet Velocity

6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

(m)

sure

Inlet Pressure
Outlet Pressure

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

(m)
n Length of Object (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa)
1 0.1 5.00045 5.76159
2 0.5 5.00044 4.92886
3 2.5 5.00045 5.76098
4 5 5.00044 6.58161
5 9 4.96556 8.96441

Constant Height: 0.1m

Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa)
3.99519 -0.000359485 Velocity
4.27232 0.00649673 6
4.03373 -0.0120355
5
3.58007 -0.0367862
2.9689 0.0627577 4

Velocity (m/s)
3

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Length of Object (m)

Pressure
10

6
Pressure (Pa)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
Length of Object (m)
city

Inlet Velocity
Outlet Velocity

7 8 9 10
(m)

sure

Inlet Pressure
Outlet Pressure

6 7 8 9 10

(m)
A Constant Length: 0.1m
n Height of Object (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s)
0 0 5
1 0.1 5
2 0.3 5
3 0.5 5
4 0.7 5

B Constant Height: 0.1m

n Length of Object (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s)
0 0 5
1 0.1 5
2 1 5
3 5 5
4 9 5

C Circular Object
n Diameter of Object (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s)
0 0 5
1 0.1 5
2 0.3 5
3 0.5 5
4 0.7 5

D Fillet Rectangle (0.5mx0.5m)

n Fillet Radius (m) Inlet Velocity (m/s)
0 0.01 5
1 0.05 5
2 0.1 5
3 0.2 5
4 0.25 5

E Rectangle (Length 0.1m x Height 0.3m)

n Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa)
0 1 0.837107
1 3 7.43787
2 5 20.6157
3 10 82.2921
4 15 184.935
Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Pressure Drop (Pa)
1.30505 5.20799 0 1.30505
5.83173 3.97224 0 5.83173
20.6157 3.37286 0 20.6157
67.9959 2.3336 0 67.9959
265.294 1.91384 0 265.294

Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Pressure Drop (Pa)
1.30505 5.20799 0 1.30505
5.83173 3.97224 0 5.83173
5.16731 4.18027 0 5.16731
6.61225 3.55685 0 6.61225
9.24788 2.60559 0 9.24788

Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Pressure Drop (Pa)
1.30505 5.20799 0 1.30505
2.52614 4.50288 0 2.52614
6.07811 4.17696 0 6.07811
14.1027 3.74201 0 14.1027
66.7843 2.61971 0 66.7843

Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Pressure Drop (Pa)
35.9573 3.13982 0 35.9573
20.4575 3.48101 0 20.4575
17.8572 3.56054 0 17.8572
14.9038 3.692 0 14.9038
14.1027 3.74201 0 14.1027

Outlet Velocity (m/s) Outlet Pressure (Pa) Pressure Drop (Pa)

0.710518 0 0.837107
2.0451 0 7.43787
3.37286 0 20.6157
6.65966 0 82.2921
9.93685 0 184.935
Velocity Drop (m/s)
-0.20799 Constant Length Rectangle
1.02776 3.5 300
1.62714 3 250
2.6664
2.5
3.08616 200

Velocity (m/s)

Pressure (Pa)
2
150 Velocity Drop
1.5 Pressure Drop
Velocity Drop (m/s) 1
100
-0.20799
0.5 50
1.02776
0.81973 0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
1.44315
Height of Object (m)
2.39441

Velocity Drop (m/s) Constant Height Rectangle

-0.20799 3 10
0.49712 9
2.5
0.82304 8
1.25799 2 7
Velocity (m/s)

Pressure (Pa)
6
2.38029 Velocity Drop
1.5 5
4 Pressure Drop
1
3
Velocity Drop (m/s) 2
0.5
1.86018 1
1.51899 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.43946
Length of Object (m)
1.308
1.25799

Circular Object
Velocity Drop (m/s) 2.5 80
0.289482 70
0.9549 2
60
1.62714
Velocity (m/s)

50
Pressure (Pa)

1.5
3.34034 Velocity Drop
40
5.06315 Pressure Drop
1 30
20
0.5
10
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Object Diameter (m)

Filleted Rectangle
2 40
1.8 35
1.6
30
 Filleted Rectangle
2 40
1.8 35
1.6
30
1.4

Velocity (m/s)
25

Pressure (Pa)
1.2
1 20 Velocity Drop
0.8
Pressure Drop
15
0.6
10
0.4
0.2 5
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Fillet Radius (m)

Variabe Flow Rate

6 200
180
5 160
Outlet Velocity (m/s)

140

Inlet Pressure (Pa)

4
120
3 100 Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop
80
2 60
1 40
20
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Inlet Velocity (m/s)
Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop

Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop

Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop
Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop

Velocity Drop
Pressure Drop
A Conventional Set-Up (Simplified)
n Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s)
0 3 5.45745 2.31213
1 5 14.8943 3.8153
2 7 28.9031 5.30214

B Conventional Set-Up
n Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s)
0 3 5.52299 2.51807
1 5 15.0549 4.1816
2 7 29.3197 5.83606

C Proposed Set-Up
n Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (Pa) Outlet Velocity (m/s)
0 3 1.49614 3.38236
1 5 3.8943 5.59959
2 7 7.35728 7.81028

D Comparison
n Inlet Velocity (m/s) Inlet Pressure (C/B) Outlet Velocity (C/B)
0 3 27% 134%
1 5 26% 134%
2 7 25% 134%
Outlet Pressure (Pa) Conventional vs. Proposed (Pressure)
0 35
0
30
0
25

Pressure Drop (Pa)

20
Outlet Pressure (Pa) 15
0
10
0
0 5

0
3 5 7
Inlet Velocity (m/s)
Outlet Pressure (Pa)
0
0
0
Conventional vs. Proposed (Velocity)
9
% Improvement (P) % Improvement (V) 8
73% 34% 7
Outlet Velocity (m/s)

74% 34% 6
75% 34% 5
4
3
2
1
0
3 5 7
Inlet Velocity (m/s)
oposed (Pressure)

Conventional
Proposed

7
/s)

oposed (Velocity)

Conventional
Proposed

7
/s)