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y y y y y y = x5
y=x y = x2 y = x3 y = x4

1 1 1 1 1
x
x x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1

Graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined for - q 6 x 6 q.

y
y

y = 1x y = 12
x
1
x
0 1 1
Domain: x ≠ 0 x
Range: y ≠ 0 0 1
Domain: x ≠ 0
Range: y > 0

(a) (b)

FIGURE 1.16 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for part (a) a = -1
and for part (b) a = - 2.

y y = log 2 x
y = log 3 x

x
0 1
y = log5 x 1
−1 y = log10 x
x
−1 0 1

Graphs of four logarithmic functions. Graph of a catenary or hanging cable.

(The Latin word catena means “chain.”)

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y
y y
y = !x y = x 32

y = !x
3 y = x 23
1
1 1 1
x x x x
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞ Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞
Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: −∞ < y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞
1 3 2
1 , , , and .
Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for a = 3 2 3
2

3 x2 1
y = x − − 2x +
3 2 3
y
4 y
y y = (x − 2)4(x + 1)3(x − 1)
y= 8x 4 − 14x 3 − 9x 2 + 11x − 1
16
2 2
x
−1 1 2
x −2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 x
−1 0 1 2
−6
−2
−8
−10
−16
−4 −12
(a) (b) (c)

Graphs of three polynomial functions.

y
y 8
y 2 y = 11x3 + 2
4 y = 5x +2 8x − 3 6 2x − 1
3x + 2
2
2
4
y = 2x − 3 2 Line y = 5
7x + 4 1 3 2

x x x
−4 −2 2 4 −5 0 5 10 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−1 −2
−2
−4
−2
NOT TO SCALE
−4 −6

−8
(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE 1.19 Graphs of three rational functions. The straight red lines approached by the graphs are called
asymptotes and are not part of the graphs. We discuss asymptotes in Section 2.6.

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y y = x 13(x − 4)
y y = x(1 − x)25
4 y = 3 (x 2 − 1) 23
4
3 y
2 1
1
x x x
−1 4 −1 0 1 0 5 1
−1 7
−2 −1
−3

(a) (b) (c)

Graphs of three algebraic functions.

y y

1 1 3p 5p
3p − p2 2 2
x x
−p 0 p 2p 0 p
−1 −1 2

(a) f (x) = sin x (b) f(x) = cos x

Graphs of the sine and cosine functions.

y y
y= 10 x y= 10 –x
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 y= 3 –x 6
y = 3x
4 4
2 2
y = 2x y = 2 –x
x x
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
(a) (b)

FIGURE 1.22 Graphs of exponential functions.

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