BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

BRICK MASONRY
 Definition of Masonry
• Masonry may be defined as the art of construction in which building units,
such as clay bricks, sand-lime, bricks, stones, etc are arranged systematically
and bonded together to form a homogeneous mass in such a way that they
can with stand point to other loads and transmit them through the mass
without fail or disintegration.

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BRICK Masonry
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TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
• Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made with the object of
forming a key for the mortar. Depth of frog 10-20 mm

• Course: .
A course is a horizontal layer of bricks stones

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

• Face:
– The exterior of the wall exposed to weather is known as
face. The material used in the facing of wall is known
as facing.
• Back:
– The inner surface of wall not exposed to weather is called

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back. the material forming back is known as backing.
• Hearting:
– It is the interior portion of a wall between facing and
backing.
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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
• Quoins:
• The stones used for the corners of walls of structure.

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

Closer:
• It is the portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its one long face
remains uncut.
• Queen closer:

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• King closer:
• Beveled closer:
• Mitred closer:
 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
1) Queen closer:
• It is the portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick
length-wise into two portions.

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Queen Closer
(Quarter)
When the queen closer
Queen Closer (Half)
is cut in half, then it is
The piece of brick taken by
called a queen closer
cutting a brick lengthwise into
quarter.
two parts.
 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
• 2) King closer: It is the portion of brick obtained by
cutting off the triangular piece between the centre of
one end and the centre of one side.
• A brick cut a corner & joining middle points of width and
length of the brick.

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

• 3) Bevelled closer: It is the portion of a brick in which

the whole length of the brick is bevelled for maintaining
half width at one end and full width at the other.

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

• 4) Mitred Closure

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TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

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 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

Bat: It is a portion of a brick cut across the width.

1. THREE QUARTER BAT : A brick cut to three-quarters of its length,
and laid with its long, narrow side exposed.
2. HALF BAT: A brick cut in half across its width and laid in the wall
structure.

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3. QUARTER BAT: A brick cut to a quarter of its length.
 TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
BULL NOSE
• A bull nose brick is a type of brick that has one or some of its corners rounded off.
• The are typically used to build soft and attractive curved edges to steps, ledges, or in
capping walls.
• There are many types of bull nose bricks.

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Double Bull Nose Cow Nose
Single Bull Nose
Two corners of the Also called double bull
One corner of the
brick are rounded nose; it has both
brick is rounded
off. corners of the brick
off.
rounded off at one of
the ends.
TERMS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

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 BOND
• The method of arranging bricks in a pattern so that the
individual units are tied together.
• It is an arrangement of brick or stone to avoid continuous vertical joint
• Bonding is crucial to eliminate consecutive vertical joints both in the body as

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well as on the face of the wall, as this will create a weak brick structure.
• It is also referred as the adhesion between mortar and brick or stone units
and when attaching several types of masonry walls by overlapping masonry
units.
 ORIENTATION OF BRICKS
1) STRETCHER: A brick laid horizontally with its long narrow side exposed.

2) HEADER: A brick laid flat with its width at the face of the wall.

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3) SOLDIER: A brick laid vertically with the long narrow side of the
brick exposed.
• 4) SAILOR: A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick
exposed.

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 various types of bonds generally found in brick
work.
1) Stretcher bond
2) Header bond
3) Facing bond
4) English bond

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5) Flemish bond
6) Dutch bond
7) English cross bond
8) Brick on edge bond
9) Raking bond
10) Zigzag bond
11) Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond / running bond

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 2. Header bond

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A three-quarter bat is used in every other
course as quoins and to properly overlap
 3.English bond
• Alternate courses of stretchers and
headers.
• Considered the strongest bond in
brickwork.
• The second and the previous to last is a

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queen closer for all the heading courses.
Alternate color shades are used for
aesthetics.
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3.English bond
 4.Flemish bond
• An alternate course of bricks that are composed of one header to one
stretcher.
• It can also have several stretches in a row.
• Many times, the stretcher and headers will be of different color to create

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patterns.
• Good appearance
• Less strength than English bond
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Flemish bond
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 5.Dutch bond
• Modified form of English bond.
• In this bond the corner of the wall are strengthened.
• Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as in English bond.
• Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a 3/4 bat.
• Every alternate stretcher course, a header is placed next to the 3/4 brick bat provided at

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the quoin.
 6.English cross bond
• This is a modification of English
bond, used to improve the appearance
of the wall.
• In this bond, alternate courses of
headers and stretchers are provided as

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in English bond.
• Queen closers are placed next to
quoin headers.
• A header is introduced next to the
quoin stretcher in every alternate
stretcher course
 7. Raking bond
• Generally used in thick wall.
• In this type of bond, the bonding bricks are kept at an inclination to the
direction of the wall.
• Due to this, the longitudinal stability of thick wall built in English bond is
very much increased.

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• This bond introduced at certain intervals along the height of the wall.
 Raking bond
• FEATURES:-
– The bricks are arranged in inclined direction, in the space
between the external stretchers of the wall.
– The raking of inclination should be in opposite direction in

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alternate courses of raking bond.

Raking bonds are of two types

1) Diagonal bond
2) 2) Herring – bone bond.
7.1 ) Diagonal bond:
• In this type of bond bricks are arranged at 45° in such a way
that extreme corners of the series remain in contact with the
external line of stretchers.
• Brick cut to triangular shapes and of suitable sizes are
packed in the small triangular spaces at the ends.

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• This bond is best suitable for walls which are 2 to 4 bricks
thick. The bond is introduced at regular vertical interval,
generally at every fifth or seventh course.
• In every alternate course of the bond the direction of bricks
is reversed.
 7. 2) Herring-bone bond:-
• This bond is more suitable for walls which are thicker than four bricks thick.
• Bricks are arranged at 45° in two opposite directions from the centre of the wall thickness.
• The bond is introduced in the wall at regular vertical interval.
• In every alternate course the direction of bricks are changed.
• The bond is also used for ornamental finish to the face work, and also for brick flooring.

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 7.3) Zigzag bond
• This bond is similar to herring-bone
bond, except that the bricks are laid in
zigzag fashion.
• This bond is commonly used for

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making ornamental panels in the
brick flooring or walls.
 8. Garden wall bond
• This type of bond is used for construction of garden walls, boundary walls,
compound walls, where the thickness of the wall is one brick
• the height does not exceed 2 meters.
• This type of bond is not so strong as English bond, but is more attractive.

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• Garden wall bonds are of three types:
• 1) Garden wall English bond
• 2) Garden wall Flemish bond
• 3) Garden wall Monk bond
 8.1) Garden wall English bond
• In this bond, the header course is provided only after 3 to 5
stretchers courses.
• In each header course, a queen closer is placed next to the
quoin header, to provide necessary lap.
• In stretcher courses, quoin header are placed in alternate

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courses.
 8.2) Garden wall Flemish bond / sussex bond.
• Each course contain one header after 3 to 5 stretchers
continuously placed, through out the length of the course.
• Each alternate course contains a ¾ brick bat placed next to the
quoin header, develop necessary lap, and a header laid over the

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middle of each central stretcher.
• Also known as scotch bond and sussex bond.
 8.3) Garden wall Monk bond
• This is special type of garden wall Flemish bond in which each course
contains one header after 2 successive stretchers.
• Every alternate course contains a quoin header followed by a ¾ brick bat.
• Due to this, the header rests the joint between two successive stretchers.

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 9)Brick on edge bond
• Bricks are placed on edge such that cavities are formed inside
• Types
1. Silver-cocked bond

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2. Rat trap bond
 Brick on edge bond
9.1) ) Silverlock’s Bond or Soldier’s course
• Brick on Edge Bond (Silverlock’s
Bond or Soldier’s course)
• This bond is inspired by English
bond
• But in this bond the stretcher

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courses are replaced by laying
the brick on edges and header
courses laid on the beds.
• Queen closer is provided after
quoin header in the header
course.
 Brick on edge bond
•
9.2)
All bricks are laid on edge
Rat trap bond
• Alternate headers and stretchers are used in same course
• It is type of Flemish bond
• A cavity is formed inside the course

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• It is strong, sound and heat proof
 10.Stack Bond
• Pattern when all courses are
perfectly aligned.
• This type of bond is used for
decorative purposes as it is a

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weak masonry structure with
no strength.
 11.RAKING BACK
A wall terminated stepped in fashion

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Adopted at the end of a day’s work
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12.TOOTHING
 GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF BRICK MASONRY
• The bricks selected for brick masonry should be hard, well burnt,
sound with uniform colour shape and size
• Brick should be properly soaked in water for at least two hours,
before they are used in the construction work. It makes brick clean

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from klin dust and prevents the absorption of water from mortar.
• No part of the wall should preferably rise more than 1 meter than
rest of it
• Height of construction of brick masonry should not exceed 1.5 m in
one day
• If planned to increase the length of wall, wall should end with a
toothed end