SOUNDS

IN
LANGUAGE
Evidence for the existence of SEGMENTS

Speech errors .sRh9 jdHm. for ‘key chain’

.jn-sRn-k`-sd. for ‘chocolate’
.jn-oh-sn. for ‘poquito’

Phonological processes .l`-m`-m`.

.o`-Y`-Rn.

Spelling systems
1. Speech errors are evidence that supports the idea that
the flow of language is made up of discrete segments.
Katamba mentions ‘spoonerisms’. Can you provide
examples from Spanish?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

a b c d e f g h i j k l

m n o p q r s t u v

w x y z
The speech sounds may have different values
for different languages

For English speakers, /p/ in ‘pin’ and ‘spin’ is the same sound.

Though Zpç\andZp\are phonetically different, native

English speakers overlook this difference.
A native speaker of Hindi, however, could not ignore this

difference. To a speaker of Hindi Zpç\is as different

fromZp\as Zpç\is from Zb\to English ears.

Zjç?k\ ‘wicked person’

Zj?k\ ‘yesterday’
Zj`oh\ ‘copy’
Zj`oçh\ ‘ample’
Zoç?k\ ‘fruit’
Zo?k\ ‘moment’
Za?k\ ‘strength’
Because of the different ways in which Zp\, Zpç\ and

Zb\ lead to meaning distinctions in English and Hindi,

these sounds have different values in the phonological

systems of the two languages.

DICTATION:

Two Kinds of People

.C?q?q !?Tmkh st9 j`Hmcy ?u !oh9ok.
Pm 29S s?!cdH.
.st9 j`Hmcy ?u !oh9ok.
m?T lN9 s? rdH.
.mPs C? qHsR ?m C? oN9.
e? s? m?T ? l_zmy vdkS.
it l?rs e29rs m?T C? rsdHs.
?u gHy !jPmR?mr ?m gdkS.
.mPs C? !gzoh ?m rzc.
e?q Hm k`Her !o@9rHM iH?y.
h9sR gzy gHy !k@9es?.
?m h9sR gzy gHy sH?y.
.m?T. C? j`Hmcy ?u !oh9ok Pm 29S `H lh9m.
? C? !oh9ok gt kHes.
?m C? !oh9ok gt kh9m..
Hm vHsR jk@9r ? it9.
? it !kHesHM C? k?Tc.
?u r?l $?Tu?!szjrs !kHes?.
gty !f?THM c`Tm C? q?Tc.
N9q @9 it ? !kh9m?.
gt kdsr !UC?y Rd?.
iN9 !oN9Rm ?u sNHk.
?m !kdHa?q ?m jd?.
.C?q?q !?Tmkh sçt9 jç`Hmcy ?ufi !oçh9o4.
Pm 29S s?!cdH.
.sçt9 jç`Hmcy ?ufi !oçh9o4.
m?T lN9 s? rdH.
.mPsŒ C? qHsR ?mŒ C? oçN9.
e? s? m?T ? l_zmy vd4ŒS.
it l?rs e29rs m?T C? rsdHs.
?ufi gHyfi !jçPmR?mr ?m gd4ŒS.
.mPsΠC? !gzoh ?m rzcfi.
e?q Hm k`Her !oç@9rHM iH?yfi.
h9sR gzyfi gHy !k@9es?.
?m h9sR gzyfi gHyfi sçH?yfi.
.m?T. C? jç`Hmcy ?ufi !oçh9o4 Pm 29S `H
lh9m.
? C? !oçh9o4 gt kHes.
?mŒ C? !oçh9o4 gt kh9m..
Hm vHsR jkfi@9r ? it9.
? it !kHesHM C? k?Tcfi.
?ufi r?l $?Tu?!sçzjrs !kHes?.
gty !f?THM c`TmΠC? q?Tcfi.
N9q @9 it ? !kh9m?.
gt kdsr !UC?yfi Rd?.
iN9 !oçN9Rm ?ufi sçNH4.
?m !kdHa?q ?m jçd?.