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Chapter5e Friction UCMotion 2022 2e
Chapter5e Friction UCMotion 2022 2e
Chapter 5
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Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you’ll learn…
• how to use Newton’s first law to solve problems involving
the forces that act on an object in equilibrium.
• how to use Newton’s second law to solve problems
involving the forces that act on an accelerating object.
• The nature of the different types of friction forces and how
to solve problems that involve these forces.
• How to solve problems involving the forces that act on an
object moving along a circular path.
• the key properties of the four fundamental forces of nature.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Introduction
• Newton’s three laws of motion can be stated very
simply, but applying these laws to real-life situations
requires analytical skills and problem-solving
techniques.
• In this chapter we’ll begin with equilibrium problems,
in which we analyze the forces that act on an object
that is at rest or moving with constant velocity.
• We’ll then consider objects that are not in equilibrium,
for which we’ll have to deal with the relationship
between forces and motion.
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Why doesn’t the roller coaster fall its loop-the loop track?
Ans. The downward net force is just enough to make it move in a circular path.
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dp
F
dt
d dm dv
m v vm
dt dt dt
dv
For a constant mass: m F ma
dt
Units: Mass has SI units of kg, and acceleration has SI units of m/s2.
We define SI unit of force as: 1 newton = 1 kg. 1 kg m/s2.
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nx Fg x m ax
N
Fnet Fi n Fg m a
i ny Fg y m a y
n 0 , ny Fg m g sin , cos a ax , 0
F
i
ix m g sin m ax
F
n
iy n y m g cos 0
a i
x n ny 65 kg 9.8 m / s 2 cos 32 540 N
Fg
N
Fnet Fi T1 T2 Fg m a 0 since a0
i
T1 T1 cos , sin
Fg 0 , m g
T2 T2 cos , sin
F ix T1 cos T2 cos 0
T1 T2 T
y i
mg
T2 T1 F
i
iy T1 sin T2 sin m g 0 T
2 sin
x
17 kg 9.8 m / s 2 220 N
Fg T
2 sin 22
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Frock Tr Fg r n mr a r ac ar a
Fclimber Tc Fg c mc a c Tc Tr T
Tr Tr , 0 Fg r 0 , mr g n 0 , n a r ar , 0
Tc 0 , Tc Fg c 0 , mc g ac 0 , ac
Tr mr ar mr g n 0 T mr a mr g n 0
Tc mc g mc ac T mc g mc a
mc
T mr a mr g n 0 a g
mr mc
T mc g mc a
70 kg
940 kg 70 kg
9.8 m / s 2
0.679 m / s 2
1 2
x x0 v0 t at
2 2 x x0 2 51 m 12 s
t
x x0 51 m a 0.679 m / s 2
v0 0
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Frictional Forces (1 of 3)
• There is friction between the feet of this caterpillar (the
larval stage of a butterfly of the family Papilionidae)
and the surfaces over which it walks.
• Without friction, the caterpillar could not move forward
or climb over obstacles.
Frictional Forces (2 of 3)
• When an object rests or slides on a surface, the
friction force is parallel to the surface.
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Frictional Forces (3 of 3)
• Friction between two surfaces arises from interactions
between molecules on the surfaces.
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Frictional Forces
Pushing a trunk:
1.Nothing happens unless force is great enough.
2.Force can be reduced once trunk is going.
Kinetic f k k n v0
friction
k = coefficient of kinetic friction
k s
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Application of Friction
Walking & driving require static friction.
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n 0 , n f k k n , 0
Fg 0 , m g T T cos , sin
F F
y
ix k n T cos 0 iy n m g T sin 0
i i
n T T T
n cos cos m g T sin 0
k k
fk
x mg m g k
T
cos cos k sin
sin
Fg k
N a a , 0
Fnet Fi n Fg f f m a
n 0 , n
n , 0
i
ff
Fg 0 , m g
F
i
ix n m a F i
iy nm g 0
n
a g
m
25 m / s
2
v02
(a) = s : x 36 m
v 2 v02 2 a x x0 2s g 2 0.89 9.8 m / s 2
v02
25 m / s
2
v0 x v02
(b) = k : x 52 m
2 0.61 9.8 m / s 2
2a
2k g
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F ix s n m
v2
F iy nm g 0
i r i
s r n
v s r g
m
F n F
i
i g fs m a a0
n 0 , n
fs s n , 0
Fg m g sin , cos
y
n
F ix m g sin s n 0 F iy n m g cos 0
fs i i
tan s
x tan 1 s tan 1 0.46 25
Fg
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3
k tan
5
Draw a free-body diagram of the block going up
and going down the incline (see figure).
x : mg sin f k madown
adown g sin k g cos
y : n mg cos 0
Similarly, as the block slides down the same distance, it returns to the bottom with speed
vdown 2adown L
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Example 5.11. You are lowering two boxes, one on top of the other, down
a ramp by pulling on a rope parallel to the surface of the ramp (Fig.
E5.33). Both boxes move together at a constant speed of 15.0 cm>s. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the ramp and the lower box is
0.444, and the coefficient of static friction between the two boxes is 0.800.
(a) What force do you need to exert to accomplish this?
(b) What a re the magnitude and direction of the friction force on the
upper box?
f k k mtot g cos .
Fx max , f k T mtot g sin 0
Let +x axis be up the incline. The free-body T (sin k cos )mtot g
diagrams for the composite object and for the upper (sin 27.76 [0.444]cos 27.76 )(80.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2 ) 57.1 N.
box are given in Figure 5.33. The slope angle
You must apply of 57.1 N, directed up the ramp.
2.50 m
tan , =22.760
4.75 m
(b)
Since the boxes move down the ramp, the kinetic fs mg sin
friction force exerted on the lower box by the ramp (32.0 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )sin 27.76 146 N,
is directed up the incline.
y
N
x For the two-block system, there is no friction on the
f fr
system, and so F=(M+m)a describes the horizontal
motion of the system.
Thus the upper block has a vertical acceleration of 0
mg and a horizontal acceleration of
a= F/(M+m)
mg
F y
N cos f fr sin mg N cos sin mg 0 N
cos sin
F
F x
N sin f fr cos N sin cos ma m
M m
M m mg M m
F N sin cos sin cos
m cos sin m
sin cos
F M m g
cos sin
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Example 5.12.
Two blocks of masses m 1 =12kg and
m2=18kg are placed in contact with each
other on a horizontal surface (Fig.). The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the
blocks of mass m1 and m2 and table are
1, and 2, respectively. A constant
horizontal force F=68 N is applied to m1 as
shown.
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Solve the two equations in two unknowns for the acceleration a of the blocks in
terms of the masses, the applied force F, the coefficients of friction, and g.
(e) Find the magnitude T of the contact force between the blocks.
T f1 m1a 1.29m / s 2 11.8N 27.2N
Example 5.13 . Block A in Fig. P5.79 weighs 1.20 N, and block B weighs 3.60 N. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between all surfaces is 0.300. Find the magnitude of the
horizontal force F is necessary to drag block B to the left at constant speed (a) if A rests on
B and moves with it (Fig. P5.79a), (b) if A is held at rest (Fig. P5.79b).
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• Figure (a) shows the correct free-body • Figure (b) shows a common error.
diagram for a body in uniform circular
motion.
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v2
2nd law: Fnet m a m centripetal
r
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Fg 0 , m g m gjˆ a a , 0 aiˆ
F iy T sin m g 0 T m g
y i sin
F ix T cos m a
T i
T v2
a cos g cot
m r
a x
v ar g L cot cos
Fg
Figure 5.34
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v2
F ix n sin m
r
tan v 2 / rg
a x i
25 m / s
2
v2
tan 0.32 18
r g 200 m 9.8 m / s 2
Fg
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n mg / cos
mv 2
F n sin ma
r c
R
v2
n sin m
R
v2
tan
Rg
v Rg tan
July 18, 2022
mv 2
F n sin f cos ma
r c
R
n sin n cos
mv max 2 vmax ? R, ,
R
R(sin cos )n
v max
m
F y n cos mg f sin 0
n cos mg nsin 0 f
mg
n
cos sin
gR(sin cos )
v max
cos sin
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mv 2
F n sin f cos ma
r c
R
mv min 2
n sin n cos
R vmin ? R, ,
R(sin cos )n
v min
m
f
F y n cos mg f sin 0
n cos mg nsin 0
mg
n
cos sin
gR(sin cos )
v min
sin cos
v2 v2
F i
ir n m g m
r
F
i
ir n m g m
r
v2 v2
n m g m nm gm
r r
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Example 5.20. Looping the Loop Radius at top is 6.3 m. What’s the minimum
speed for a roller-coaster car to stay on track there?
N
Fnet Fi n Fg m a
i
n 0 , n v2
a 0 ,
r
Fg 0 , m g
v2
F
i
ir n m g m
r
Minimum speed n = 0
v gr
Example 5.20. A roller-coaster car has a mass of 500 kg when fully loaded
with passengers. (a) If the vehicle has a speed of 20.0 m/s at point A, what is
the force exerted by the track on the car at this point? (b) What is the
maximum speed the vehicle can have at point B and still remain on the track?
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Fnet , x Fx max 0
v2 v2
Fnet , y Fy N mg ma y m N mg m
r r
v2 (20m / s ) 2
N mg m 500kg (9.8m / s 2 ) 24900 N 24.9kN
r 10m
mg
v2 v2 vmax 2
N mg m mg N m mg m
r r r
mg
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