Ch 4.

Reactions of Ions and

Molecules in Aqueous Solutions

Brady & Senese 5th Ed.

1
Link to Sections
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water
4.3. Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special
properties
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted
4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry
4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution
stoichiometry

2
Solutions

• solution –a homogeneous mixture in which the

two or more components mix freely
• solvent - the component present in the largest
amount
• solute – the substance dissolved in the solvent.
The solution is named by the solute.
• concentration - a solute-to-solvent ratio
describing the composition of the mixture

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 3

Relative concentration terms

The dilute
solution on the
left has less
solute per unit
volume than the
(more)
concentrated
solution on the
right
4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 4
Solubility
• saturated –no more solute can be dissolved at the
current temperature in the given amount of solvent
• solubility - the amount of solute that can dissolve in
the specified amount of solvent at a given
temperature (usually g solute/ 100 g solvent or
moles solute/L solution)
• unsaturated - contains less solute than the
solubility allows
• supersaturated- contains more solute than
solubility predicts

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 5

Your turn!

The solubility of NaCl is 39.0 g / 100 g water at

100 ºC. If 10.0 g are dissolved in 50.0 g water at this
temperature, the solution is:
A. saturated
B. unsaturated
C. supersaturated
D. none of these

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 6

Supersaturated solutions are unstable

• Most solid solutes are more soluble at higher

temperatures.
• Careful cooling of saturated solutions may result
in a supersaturated solution
• often form a precipitate (ppt.)

4.1. Special terminology applies to solutions 7

Ionic compounds in water

• Water molecules arrange themselves around the

ions and dissociate them from the lattice.
• The separated ions are “hydrated” and conduct
electrical current (act as electrolytes)
• Polyatomic ions remain intact in the dissociation
process.

4.2 Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity When Dissolved in Water 8

Molecular compounds in water
• The solute particles are surrounded by the water,
but the molecules are not dissociated

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 9

Electrical conductivity
• Strong electrolyte – aqueous solution that
conducts electricity because solute is 100%
dissociated into ions
• Weak electrolyte –aqueous solution that weakly
conducts electricity due to low ionization
• Non-electrolyte – an aqueous solution that
doesn’t conduct electricity because solute does
not dissociate into ions

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 10

Ionic equations show dissociated ions

• hydrated ions, with the symbol (aq), are written

separately
• Na2SO4(s) → 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
• you might encounter the equation as:
• Na2SO4(s) → 2Na+ + SO42-
▪ Accepted because only 2 states allow for dissociated
ions (plasma and aqueous). Aqueous is far more
common
▪ It is vague and not preferred

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 11

Learning check
Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation of the
following:
• Na3PO4(aq)→ 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
• Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42-(aq)
• CaCl2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
• Ca(MnO4)2(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + 2MnO4-(aq)

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 12

Your turn!

Which of the following would not be expected to

produce Cl-(aq) when dissolved?
A. PCl3(aq)
B. NaCl(aq)
C. HCl(aq)
D. none of the above
E. all produce Cl-(aq)

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 13

Your turn!

How many ions form on the dissociation of Na3PO4?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. none of the above

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 14

Your turn!

How many ions form on the dissociation of

Al2(SO4)3?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. none of the above

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 15

Writing chemical equations

• Molecular equation:
▪ Balanced, shows states, all substances electrically neutral
▪ AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) →AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
• Ionic equation:
▪ Balanced, shows states, shows strong electrolytes as
dissociated ions, net charges balance
▪ Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s) + K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
• Net ionic equation:
▪ Balanced, shows states, eliminates spectator ions from the
ionic equation, net charges balance
▪ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s)
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 16
Writing ionic equations

Since strong electrolytes exist as dissociated ions in

solution, we can show this in an equation.
1. identify the strong electrolytes
2. distinguish counting subscripts (those present
only to make charges cancel) from characteristic
subscripts-- counting subscripts become
multipliers
3. separate the ions in the strong electrolytes
4. show the states as recorded in the molecular
equations

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 17

Learning check:

• Write the ionic equations for each:

• BaCl2(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)→PbCl2(s) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)
• Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) →PbCl2(s) +
Ba2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)
• Na2CO3(aq) +CaCl2(aq) →CaCO3(s) +2NaCl(aq)
• 2Na+(aq) + 2CO32-(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) → CaCO3(s)
+ 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 18

Writing net ionic equations

• Show only those ions that were changed by the

process
• Omits spectator ions:
▪ When we compare the reactant to product, spectator
ions are those ions that are not changed in any way

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 19

Learning check:

• Write the following as net ionic equations:

• Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I-(aq) →PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s)

• Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl-
(aq)
Ba2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq) → BaSO4(s)

• 2Na+(aq) )+ 2Cl-(aq) + Hg22+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) → 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) +

Hg2Cl2(s) -
2Cl (aq) + Hg2 2+
(aq) → Hg2Cl2(s)

4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 20

Your turn!

Consider the following reaction :

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) →2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Which is the correct total ionic equation?
A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+2Cl-(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42- (aq) + Ba2+(aq)+ Cl22-(aq) → 2Na+(aq)
+2Cl-(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42-(s)
D. None of these
4.2. Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water 21
The Arrhenius definition of acids

• An acid is a substance that ionizes in a reaction with

water to form the hydronium ion, H3O+
• Strong acids are 100% ionized when dissolved,
whereas weak acids are far less efficiently ionized

HCl( g ) + H 2 O(l) → H 3O + ( aq ) + Cl - ( aq ) (strong)

HC2H3O2(aq) + H 2 O(l) H 3O + ( aq ) + C2H3O2 - (aq)(weak)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 22

What is H(aq)+?
• It is common to encounter the hydrogen ion (H+)
instead of the hydronium ion
• The previous ionization is, for simplicity, also
written as: +
HCl (g) ⎯⎯
⎯
H O
2
→H -
(aq) + Cl (aq)
H+ does not ever exist in aqueous solution- it is
always attached to a water molecule as the
hydronium ion

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 23

Nonmetal oxides can be acids

• Nonmetal oxides, or “acidic anhydrides” react

with water to form acid solutions
• SO2(g) + H2O(l) →H2SO3(aq)
• CO2(g) + H2O(l) →H2CO3(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 24

Arrhenius bases
• Base- substance that produces hydroxide ions in
water
• Molecular bases undergo an ionization
(hydrolysis) reaction to form the hydroxide ions,
and are weak bases
• Many N-compounds are molecular bases
▪ B(aq) + H2O(l) HB+(aq) + OH-(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 25

Metal oxides and hydroxides are bases
• Metal hydroxide solutions dissociate into metal
and hydroxide ions and are strong bases.
• NaOH(s)→Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
• Soluble metal oxides “basic anhydrides” react
with water to form metal hydroxides that are strong
bases
• CaO(s) +H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 26

Strong vs. weak
• Some acids ionize 100% in water, and are termed
“strong acids” and are also “strong electrolytes”
▪ HCl, HClO4, HNO3, HBr, HI, H2SO4
• The very soluble metal hydroxides are strong
electrolytes and “strong bases”.
▪ Ia hydroxides and Ca, Ba, and Sr hydroxides.

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 27

Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 28

Naming binary acids (aqueous)
• prefix hydro- + nonmetal stem + the suffix –ic,
followed by the word acid
• Stem is first syllable of element name. i.e. Chlorine
• P and S stems use 2 syllables phosphorus, sulfur
• the name of the (aq) form differs from other states
due to the ionization that occurs in water

Molecular compound Aqueous Binary Acid

HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric acid

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 29

Your turn!

Which of the following is not named as an

hydro___ic acid?
A. HCl
B. H2S
C. HNO3
D. HF
E. all are named in this way

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 30

 Oxoacids (aqueous)
• named according to the anion suffix
▪ anion ends in -ite, the acid name is -ous acid
▪ ends in -ate, the acid name is -ic acid

-ate anion acids -ite anion acids

HNO3(aq) nitric acid HClO2(aq) chlorous acid

H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid H2PO3(aq) phosphorous acid

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 31

Learning check:
Name each aqueous acid

• HNO2 • nitrous acid

• HCN • hydrocyanic acid
• HClO4 • perchloric acid
• HF • hydrofluoric acid
• HMnO4 • permanganic acid
• H2CO3 • carbonic acid

4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 32

Your turn!

Which of the following is the correct name for

HClO4(aq)?
A. chloric acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. perchloric acid
D. none of the above

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 33

Your turn!

Which of the following is the correct name for

H2SO3(aq)?
A. sulfuric acid
B. sulfurous acid
C. hydrosulfuric acid
D. none of the above

4.3.Acids and bases are classes of compounds with special properties 34

Acid salts
• polyprotic acids can be partially neutralized to form
acid salts
• acidic salt- contains an anion that is capable of
furnishing additional hydrogen ions
• The number of hydrogen atoms that can still be
neutralized is also indicated in the name

NaHSO 4 sodium hydrogen sulfate

Na 2 HPO 4 sodium hydrogen phosphate
NaH 2 PO 4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate
4.4. Naming acids and bases follows a system 35
A reaction will exist if…

• A precipitate (insoluble product) forms from

soluble reactants
• An acid reacts with a base
• A weak electrolyte product is formed from strong
electrolyte reactants
• A gas is formed from a mixture of reactions

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 36

Metathesis (double replacement) reactions

• AB + CD → AD + CB
• Cations change partners
• Charges on each ion don’t change
• Formulas of the products are determined by the
charges of the reactant ions
• Metathesis reactions occur only if they form a
weak electrolyte or non-electrolyte as a product
(otherwise, all ions are spectator ions)

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 37

Predicting metathesis reactions
• Identify the ions involved:
▪ Do not confuse counting subscripts (those present only
to make charges cancel) with those that are
characteristic of a polyatomic ion
• Swap partners and make neutral with appropriate
subscripts
• Assign states using solubility rules
• Balance the equation
counting subscript

2 HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq)

+ 2H2O (l)

ions: H+, Cl- Ca2+ , OH-

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 38

Solubility rules: soluble compounds
A general idea as to whether a fair amount of solid will dissolve is achieved
using solubility rules

1. All compounds of the alkali metals (Group IA)

2. All salts containing NH4+, NO3−, ClO4−, ClO3−, and
C2H3O2−
3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides (salts
containing Cl−, Br−, or I−) except when combined
with Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
4. All sulfates (salts containing SO42−) except those of
Pb2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Hg22+, and Ba2+
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 39
Solubility rules: insoluble compounds
5. All metal hydroxides (ionic compounds containing
OH−) and all metal oxides (ionic compounds
containing O2−) are insoluble except those of Group
IA and of Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+
When metal oxides dissolve, they react with water to form
hydroxides. The oxide ion, O2−, does not exist in water.
For example, Na2O(s) +H2O(l)→ 2NaOH(aq)

6. All salts that contain PO43−, CO32−, SO32−, and S2−

are insoluble, except those of Group IA and NH4+.

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 40

Learning check:
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?

Ca(C2H3O2)2 Yes
FeCO3 No
AgCl No

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 41

 Learning Check:
Predict the products of the following:

• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

• BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → BaCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)
• Na3PO4(aq) + Hg2(NO3)2(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + (Hg2)3(PO4) 2(s)
• NaCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
NR (No reaction)

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 42

Your turn!

Which of the following will be the solid product of

the reaction of Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) →?
A. CaCO3
B. NaNO3
C. Na(NO3)2
D. Na2(NO3)2
E. None of the above

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 43

Predicting acid-base reactions

• Neutralization: metathesis reaction in which acid

+ metal hydroxide or metal oxide forms water and
salt
▪ NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) →H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
• Acid-base reaction: reaction of weak base and
acid transferring a H+ ion, driven by the formation
of a weaker acid.
▪ HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) →NH4Cl(aq)

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 44

 Learning check

Determine the molecular, total ionic and net ionic

equations
• Molecular Equation
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)

• Total Ionic Equation (TIE)

2H+(aq)+2Cl-(aq)+ Ca2+ (aq) +2OH- (aq) →2H2O(l) + Ca 2+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq)
• Net Ionic Equation (NIE)
H+(aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O(l)
4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 45
Your turn!

Which of the following is not a product of the

reaction: NH3(aq) +HCN(aq) →?
A. NH3CN(aq)
B. NH4+(aq)
C. CN-(aq)
D. None of the above

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 46

Your turn!

Which is the net ionic equation for the reaction:

NaOH(aq) + HF(aq)→?
A. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + H+(aq) + F-(aq) →H2O(l) + NaF(aq)
B. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) →H2O(l)
C. OH-(aq) + HF(aq) →H2O(l) + F-(aq)
D. Na+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + HF(aq) →H2O(l) + NaF(aq)
E. None of the above

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 47

Metathesis and gas formation

• If the product of a metathesis reaction is one of the

following, formation of a gas is a driving force.
• Gases formed by metathesis: H2S, HCN
• Unstable compounds that decompose and form a
gas:
▪ H2CO3 (H2O & CO2(g))
▪ NH4OH (H2O & NH3(g))
▪ H2SO3 (H2O & SO2(g))

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 48

Metathesis overview

• Precipitation: 2 solutions form solid product

• Neutralization: acid + metal hydroxide or oxide
form water and a salt
• Gas-forming: metathesis reaction forms one of
these products:
▪ HCN, H2S, H2CO3(aq), H2SO3(aq), NH4OH(aq)
• Check for a driving force: formation of weak
electrolyte or non-electrolyte

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 49

Your turn!

Which of the following combinations will not react?

A. Na2CO3 (aq) + HCl(aq)
B. Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)
C. NaCl(aq) + H2C3O2(aq)
D. None of these
E. All of these

4.5. Ionic reactions can often be predicted 50

Molar concentrations

• In solutions, solutes are dispersed in a larger

volume
• Molarity expresses the relationship between the
moles of solute and the volume of the solution
• Molarity (M)=moles solute/L solution
▪ Hence, a 6.0M solution of HCl contains 6.0 mole HCl
in a liter of solution

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 51

Learning check:

• What is the molarity of a solution created by

dissolving 10.2g KNO3 in enough water to make
350 mL solution?
 0.10089 mol KNO3 
  = M KNO3 0.29 M
 0.350 L soln 

• What mass of KNO3 are found in 25.33 mL of

.0500M KNO3 solution?
 0.0500 mol KNO3   101.1033g KNO3 
2.533  10 − 2 L    =
 L soln   mol KNO3 

0.128 g
MM KNO3 = 101.1033 g/mol
4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 52
Your turn!

If 10.0 g NaCl (58.443 g/mol) are dissolved in 75.0

mL. What is the molarity?
A. 0.133 M
B. 2.28 M
C. 7.5 M
D. 0.00228M
E. None of the above

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 53

Dilution
• Adding solvent to a solution creates
a less concentrated solution
• moles of solute do not change, hence
CstockVstock= CnewVnew
▪ C=concentration
▪ V=volume
• Using volumetric glassware ensures
that the volumes are known
precisely

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 54

Dilution allows molecules more room
• Adding solvent does not change how many moles of
solute are present
• The total volume does change
• The concentration of the solution is decreased while
the actual amount of solute is unchanged

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 55

Dilution of K2Cr2O7

• A volumetric pipette is used to transfer the stock

solution
• A volumetric flask is used to receive the final
solution

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 56

Learning Check

• What volume of 12.1M HCl are needed to create

250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
Vstock 12.1 M = 250. mL  3.2M 66 mL

• 25 mL of 6 M HCl are diluted to 500 mL with

water. What is the molarity of the resulting
solution?

25 mL  6 M = 500 mL  Vnew 0.3 M

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 57

Your Turn!

When 20.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl are added to 15.00

mL of water, what is the resulting concentration?
A. 1.77 M
B. 4.15 M
C. 1.33 M
D. None of these

4.6. The composition of a solution is described by its concentration 58

Solution stoichiometry

• A balanced equation is needed to start any

stoichiometry problem
• If we are given starting quantities of more than
one reactant, must determine the limiting reagent
• The difference arises in how we calculate moles of
reacting substance

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 59

 Solution stoichiometry

• What volume of 2M HCl is needed to react 25.2 g Na2CO3

(MM=105.9887) completely?
25.2 g Na2CO3 1 mol Na2CO3 2 mol HCl L
   = 0.238 L
1 105.9887g 1 mol Na2CO3 2 mol HCl

• How many moles of BaSO4 will form if 20.0 mL of 0.600

M BaCl2 is mixed with 30.0 mL of 0.500 M MgSO4?
• BaCl2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) →BaSO4(s) + MgCl2(aq)
0.0200 L 0.600 mol BaCl2 1 mol BaSO4
  = 0.0120 mol BaSO4
1 L 1 mol BaCl2
0.0300 L 0.500 mol MgSO 4 1 mol BaSO4 0.0120 mol
  = 0.0150 mol BaSO4
1 L 1 mol MgSO 4
4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 60
Your turn!

What mass of Na2CO3 (MM=105.9887) can be

neutralized with 25.00 mL of 3.11 M HCl?
A. 53.0 g
B. 1.65(102) g
C. 8.24 g
D. 4.12 g
E. None of these

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 61

Ion Concentrations
• The chemical formula for a strong electrolyte
relates the moles of ions that will be released on
dissociation to the chemical formula
• Thus, the formula can be used to relate the ion
concentration to the solution concentration
• Learning check: What is the concentration of Cl-
in 0.600 M BaCl2?

0.600 mol BaCl2 2mol Cl −

x = 1.20 M Cl −
L soln 1mol BaCl2

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 62

Learning check:
What volume of solution containing 0.5M Ag+ will be
required to react 100.0mL of 0.0075M Cl-?

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) →AgCl(s)

moles 0.0075M*0.100L=7.5×10-4 mol Cl-
stoichiometry: 7.5×10-4mol Cl- ×(1molAg+ / 1 mol Cl-)
 L soln
−4 
7.5  10 mol *  +

 0.5 mol Ag 

1.5×10-3 L = 2 mL

4.7. Molarity is used for problems in solution stoichiometry 63

Titration

• Is the controlled addition of one reactant

(titrant) to a known quantity of another (titrate)
until the reaction is complete
• Often, an indicator is used to signal the reaction
completion
.
• Endpoint: the volume of titrant required to
complete the reaction

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 64

Titration in practice:

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 65

Solving titration problems

• Write the balanced equation

• Calculate the moles of the known component
▪ M ×L = moles or mass/MM=moles
• Use stoichiometry to determine moles of the
unknown
• Convert moles to desired quantity

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 66

Path for working titration problems

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 67

Learning Check:
• 25.00 mL of HCl are titrated with 75.00 mL of 1.30M
Ca(OH)2. What is the concentration of HCl?
• 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)→CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
0.07500 L 1.30 mol Ca(OH)2 2 mol HCl 1
   =
1 L 1 mol Ca(OH)2 0.02500L

7.80 M HCl

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 68

Learning Check:
A sample of metal ore is reacted according to the
following reaction: Fe(s) + 2H+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + H2(g).
If 25.00 mL of 2.3M HCl are used, what mass of Fe
was in the ore?
0.02500 L 2.3 mol HCl 1 mol H + 1 mol Fe 55.845 g
    = 1.6g
1 L 1 mol HCl 2 mol H + mol Fe

4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 69

Your Turn!

The CO32- content of rock is determined by titration

with acid according to the reaction :
CO32- + 2H+ →.CO2(g)_+H2O(l)
If 12.50 mL of 3.5 M H2SO4 are required to titrate
the carbonate in the rock, what mass of CaCO3
(MM=100.089) is present in the sample?
A. 4.38 g
B. 0.0428 g
C. 9.76 g
D. none of these
4.8. Chemical analysis and titration are applications of solution stoichiometry 70