826 Subject index

manipulation 227, 776 morale 327, 492 ‘multiple-stakeholders-inclusive-

covert power 765 Hawthorne studies 328 agenda’ view, of organizational
managing resistance to change 658 organizational culture 117 behaviour 5
man-made disasters 7–11, 20 Taylorism 459 multiple team membership 371
manual tasks 87 morality 64 multiskilling 42
Marks & Spencer 64 illusion of 698 multi-teaming 331–2
masculinity 512 see also ethics music 39, 653
mass production 461, 463, 544 morning people 178, 365–7 mutual pair or mutual trio 351, 352
matrix organization structures 566 Morning Star 533, 590–1 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
matrix structure 568–9, 733 motion study 460 179–80, 200
problems 570 motivating potential score (MPS) 297 MySpace 54
Mattell Corporation 48 motivation 12, 158, 276–304, 282–3 myths/legends 109, 110, 123
maximizing 685 autonomous 284
McDonaldization 466–9 Baby Boomers 54 narrow AI 79
McDonald’s 56, 107, 130, 161, 423, Bath model of HRM 26–8 NASA (National Aeronautics and
466–7, 468–9, 520, 662 behaviour change 155, 159, 160 Space Administration) 417–18,
McJob debate 468 change 649 429, 578
McKinsey 46 content theories 281, 283–8 national cultures 129–32
meaning quotient 297 hierarchy of needs theory 285–8 behaviour modification 169
mechanistic organization structure self-determination theory 283–5 clash 134
550–1 controlled 284 dimensions 131
media 531, 564, 766 definition 282 innovation 663
mediating technology 545, 546 drives and 281–2 teams 436
mediation 726 emotional intelligence 234 National Health Service (NHS) 654
medium-skill jobs 478 engagement and high performance natural language processing 79
memory 15, 149, 197 300–4 nature-nurture debate 178, 181
mentoring 30 financial rewards 277 near-field communication (NFC)
Mercedes-Benz 567 Generation Y 55 technology 73
mesomorphs 179, 180 gig economy 280–1 needs 10, 11, 17, 258
metamorphosis stage of Hawthorne studies 327 for achievement 184, 196–7, 775
socialization 116 job definition 495 for affiliation 196, 775
meta-organization 564, 565 job enrichment 281 for change 646–51
micro business units (MBUs) 574 leadership 615 hierarchy of needs theory 285–8
microdivisionalization 574–5 organization politics 781 ostracism 397
Microsoft 107, 129 organization structure 492 for power 197, 775
migration 48 perception 255, 257 psychological 459
Millennials see Generation and performance 277 self-determination theory 283–5
Y/millennials presenteeism 278–80 Taylorism 459
mind-guards 698 process theories 281, 288–94 negative emotions 727
mindset equity theory 288–90 negative feedback 702
fixed 151 expectancy theory 290–2 negative reinforcement 152, 157
growth 151 goal-setting theory 292–3 neglectees 351
virtual teams 355 inner work life theory 293–4 negotiation 135–6, 658, 759
Minecraft 74 rewards and 277 conflict resolution and 739–41
Minerals Management Service 9 social process of 294–9 and culture 741
mining 417–18 status 282, 348 definition 739
minority domination 695 teamworking 367 pluralist frame of reference on
minority influence 404–5 Theory X 276, 278 conflict 720
mirroring Theory Y 276, 278 Nestlé 64
gesture 227 motivator factors 295–6 networked individualism 371
posture 227 motives networked organizations 564, 610
mission 7, 259, 436 definition 282 networking
statements 111 drives vs 283 ability, as political skill
mission statements 565 inner work life theory 293–4 dimension 773
Mitsubishi 582–3 Motorola 110–11 gender 781–2
mobile revolution 371 mottoes 109, 110 as political tactic 774, 781
smartphones see separate entry Mozilla Foundation 584 skill, of women 621
mobile robots 77, 78 MTV 54 social see separate entry
modularity, participatory architecture multicultural virtual teams 427–8 networks 29
design 597 multigenerational workforce 53–6 communication 322
modular organization structure 578–9 multiloading, acceleration trap disciplinary power 767
MOEX Offshore 7 pattern 649 groups 322, 351–2
Mojang 74 multiple questions 221–2 meta-organizations 564
money 277, 285, 291 multiple stakeholders 5 power and politics 757, 760, 781–2

social network analysis 351–2
sociometry 351–2, 351–2
neurophysiology 15, 178
neuroplasticity 166
neuroscience, learning and 166–8
neuroticism 182, 189, 190, 191
new leadership 611, 612, 631–5
new media literacy 97
new power 768–9
next practice 24
Nike 65, 86, 576, 578
Nintendo 166
Nissan 582–3
nodding 228
noise 217
Nokia 43
nominal group technique 702
nomothetic methods 177, 181, 198
non-decision making 765
non-financial rewards 278
non-routine technology 548–9
non-routine work 87
non-substitutability, and power 764
non-verbal behaviour (NVB) 223–8
closed/negative pattern 226
context 226
modes of 223–5
open/positive pattern 226
reading 225
non-verbal communication 260, 266
appearance see separate entry
definition 217
power tells 227, 759, 760
norming 338, 441
norms 17, 162, 564, 779
body language 728
communication 357–8
cultural diversity 219
gender 780
in gourmet cuisines 393
group see separate entry
institutional power 764, 765
multicultural virtual teams 427
organizational culture 109, 110
peripheral 393
personal space 226
pivotal 393
team 441
novel and adapting thinking 97
Nucor 533
nurture-nature debate 178, 181
obedience 397
observable culture 108
oculesics 224
offshoring 576
offshoring and outsourcing 47
olfactics 224
omitters 656
onboarding stage of socialization 115
open communication climate 236
openness 188, 190, 390
to change 655
creative organization climate 668
open plan offices, interaction in 218
open postures 759
open questions 219, 220
operant/Skinnerian conditioning
154–6
operational definitions 19–22
operational innovation 664
operations management 613
opportunity 26–7
orchestras 619
order, organizational cultures and
leadership style 126
organic organization structure 550–1
organizational architecture 563–98
agile organizations 586–9
collaboration 581–5
with competitors 583
with super-consumers 585
with suppliers 583
with users 584
definition 565
eras 565
boundaryless 575–81
horizontal 570–4
self-contained 566–9
holacratic organization 591–5
outsourcing 576–80
problems 564
self-organization 589–95
organizational behaviour
defined 3–5
definition 3–7
evidence-based management
22–5, 29
explaining 19–22
field map 11–14
historical perspectives 4
management practice 4–5
management practice and 4–5
man-made disasters 7–11, 20
‘multiple-stakeholders-inclusive-
agenda’ view of 5
social science 14–18
organizational change 778
organizational choice 74–6
organizational citizenship
behaviour 746
organizational communication 219,
235–8
organizational conflict 719, 722
organizational culture 106–36
appropriate 128–9
banks 106–7
basic assumptions 113
change 129, 742
definition 107
disintegration 133–6
and escalation 703
frames 119–20
innovation 663
integrative 667
leadership 120–3, 742
and leadership 124–7
national cultures 129–32
Subject index 827
OBMod 158
organizational performance and
strength of 117
perspectives contrasted 117–23
power and politics 782
socialization 114–16
strong 127–8
surface manifestations 108–11
teams 436
types and traits of 123–7
values 111–13
weak 127–8
organizational decision making 704–7
organizational dilemma 9–11
health service management
dilemmas 10
organizational effectiveness 11, 13,
20, 26
organizational justice 722, 743–6
components of 743
consequences
for employees 745
for managers 745
for organization 745–6
definition 743
distributive justice 743, 744
interactional justice 744
procedural justice 743, 744
organizational learning/learning
organization 149, 157
organizational socialization
114–16, 400
organizational support, as citizenship
behaviour 746
organizational values 111–13
definition 111
sources 112–13
organizational work behaviours
746–7
counter-productive work behaviour
746–7
organizational citizenship
behaviour 746
organization chart 496–7, 506
organization design 528–56
bureaucracy 530–4
contingency approach 541–2
environmental determinism
549–52
strategic choice 552–5
technological determinism and
543–9
definition 529
management roles 538–40
managerial activities 535–6
strategic choice 552–5
organization hierarchy 498
organization politics see politics
definition 773
and political skill 772–8
organizations
characteristics 566
classical theory 536
collective goals 6
828 Subject index

organizations (continued) over-enthusiasm 729 financial rewards and 277

controlled performance 6–7 overlapping authority 732 groups 324, 349, 350, 367, 385–91
defined 5–7 overloading, acceleration trap leadership 612, 625
failures 9 see also man-made pattern 649 gender 622–3
disasters overwork, death by 279 management 481–2
formal 507, 508–9 monitoring 613
group-oriented view of 329–31 pacesetting leadership 629 motivation and 277
high reliability 9 panopticon 768 OBMod 158, 169
ineffective 7–11 paralanguage 224 organization structure
informal 507–9 participation 26, 768 technology 544–5
sexuality and 511–15 change 655, 658, 659, 660–2, 669 orientation 132
issues of sexuality in 512 decision styles 687–8 pay 23
metaphors 6–7 dictatorship and 660–2 personality and 177, 183, 185
mission 7 goal setting 292 and rewards 482
motivation issue in 276 Hawthorne studies 327 teams 428–9, 437, 441
networked 564, 610 leadership style 629 multicultural brokers and 134–5
post-bureaucratic 42 level of 510 Yerkes–Dodson law 652–3
social arrangement 5 teams 427, 428, 439 peripheral norms 393
team players in 316–18 participative management 6301 peripheral specialists 334
types of 769 participatory architecture design 597 perpetual loading, acceleration trap
organization structure 348–9, 492–5 passive withdrawers 656 pattern 649
bureaucracy see separate entry Patagonia 769 personal development 277
collaborative 581–5 pattern recognition 79 personality 12, 177–203, 233
definition 492 Pavlovian conditioning 153 assessment, automating 190
differentiated 551 pay 28, 29, 30, 55, 277 Big Five 187–91, 618
elements of 491–2, 493 equity theory 288 and career 192
centralization see separate entry for performance 23 conflict 720, 725, 739
chain of command see separate performance-based 768 definition 177–8
entry self-determination theory 285 disorders 194
departmentalization 493 pay for performance (PFP) 285 distancing traits 192
formalization 493 pecuniary skills 473 idiographic methods 177, 192–7, 198
hierarchy see under hierarchies peer-based collective action 769 ingratiating traits 192
span of control see separate entry peer pressure 398 leadership 631
work specialization 493 perception 159–60, 248–68 trait-spotting 611, 612, 614–15
flat 498 conflict 734–5 nomothetic methods 177, 181, 198
functional relationship 503–9 definition 248 nurture-nature debate 178, 181
geography-based 568 errors 266–8 perception 255, 257
hollow 577–8 individuals’, group influences on politics and gender 780
integrated 552 384–5 seductive traits 192
line relationship 503–9 inner work life theory 293–4 selection methods 197–203
mechanistic 550–1 and language 259–60 stress management 184–7
modular 578–9 management 39–40 and team performance 364
organic 550–1 perceptual sets 254, 256–7 team roles 364
politics 778 and assumptions 260–2 traits 179–82, 455, 695
power as property of social and perceptual worlds 257–8 Type A 183–4
762–4 see to know or know to see 258–60 Type B 183–4
product-based 567–8 selectivity and organization 250–5 types 179–82
purpose of 494 perceptual filters 216, 253 personal power managers 775
roles 516–19 perceptual organization 255 personal support, as citizenship
sociometric assessment 351 perceptual sets 254, 256–7 behaviour 746
staff relationship 503–9 and assumptions 260–2 person–group fit 346
tall 498 perceptual threshold 253 PESTLE analysis 3, 10, 11, 12, 43–6, 61
theoretical approaches 555 perceptual world 251, 257–8 philanthropic skills 473
virtual 580–2, 610 performance 10 photographs 196
organized anarchies 707 action team 422 cyclographic 460
organizing 535 appraisal see separate entry physical working environment see
organizing, coordination–conflict change initiatives and 645 under environment
model stage 729, 731–2 conflict 720, 727 Pickers Find Items (PFI) work design 477
ostracism 397 controlled 6–7, 492 piercings 264
outcome/dependent variables 19–20, culture strength, and pirates 10–11
21, 25 organizational 117 pivotal norms 393
outsiders, and conflict stimulation 742 drinking 164 planning 535, 545, 546
outsourcing 576–80, 764 feedforward interview 160–1 teams 367
 Subject index 829

pluralism, cultural 119 group norms 401 Project Aristotle (Google) 442
pluralist frame of reference on conflict McDonaldization 467 projection 263
719, 720, 722 roles in organizations 516 projective test 197
policies 25–7, 29 Taylorism 457 project teams 420, 424–7, 564
coordination 732–3 technology and 548 definition 424
political model 706 prediction 15, 17 members, selection of 391
political skill Maslow’s needs hierarchy 17 permanent, and coordination 733
definition 773 predictive validity 198 promotive voice 222
organization politics and 772–8 ‘preening gestures’ 227 pronoun test 720
politics pregnancy 248–9 provisional selves 163
blunders 776–7 prescriptive models of decision proxemics 224, 226
bureaucracy costs 532 making 686–9 proximity principle 255
drivers 775–8 definition 686 psychology 178, 391, 425
impact on decision-making process elements 686 behaviourist 150
777–8 prescriptive skills 473 cognitive 150, 152, 159, 162
need to study 757–60 presentational skills 216, 473 cognitive theories 290
tactics 774 presenteeism 278–80 escalation of commitment 702
women 779–84 definition 278 stimulus-response 154
polygamy 282 fatality 279 Yerkes–Dodson law 652–3
pooled interdependence 545, 546, 731 management 279–80 psychometrics 177, 199–201
posh test 267 organizational drivers of 278–9 psychosocial assumptions 75
positioning, as political tactic 774 personal motivators of 279 punishment 152, 156, 157, 159,
position/legitimate power 530, Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) 169, 482
628, 762 46, 670 groups 395, 397
positive reinforcement 152, 157, 158, prison experiment 517–18 informal 328
162, 169 privacy 58 social loafing 389
positivism 19–20, 21–2, 256 stress and 185 Taylorism 459
post-bureaucratic organization 42 traditional 769 purveyance 535
posture mirroring 227 private sector employers, largest
power 9, 10, 196, 227 (2017) 3 quality circles 421–2
abuse of 350 proactive socialization 163 quality control 598
bio-power 766 probes 219, 220, 221 quality of working life (QWL) 11, 12,
coercive 762 problem solving 156, 180, 667 13, 21, 26, 295, 299, 302
communication 219 groups 325, 347 questionnaires 177, 179
congruity 735 status, authority and 349–50 operational definitions 19–20
and corruption 758 procedural justice 743, 744 questions, validity of responses
covert 764, 765 procedures 8, 20, 26, 28, 121 15–16
definition 760 bureaucracy 531, 532 questions/questioning 201, 202,
disciplinary 762, 766–8 coordination 732–3 219–22
distance 132 process conflict 724, 726 closed 219, 220
expert 762 process production 544 follow-up 220
gesture 227–8 process theories, motivation 281, hypothetical 222
groups 347, 348 288–94 leading 221–2
as individual property 760 equity theory 288–90 multiple 221–2
inequalities 4 expectancy theory 290–2 open 219, 220
and influence 769–71 goal-setting theory 292–3 probes 219, 220, 221
institutional 764, 765 inner work life theory 293–4 reflective statement 219, 221
legitimate/position 530, 628, 762 process theory 20, 27
need for 196, 775 product-based organization structure racial minorities 233
need to study 757–60 567–8 radical frame of reference on conflict
new 768–9 production teams 420, 428–9 719, 722–3
in organizations 760–9 productive assets 49 rapport 221
orientation 130 productivity 700 Ratemyprofessor.com 723
referent 762 conflict stimulation 741 rational appeal, as influence tactic 770
as relationship property 761–2 groups 327–8, 329 rational decisions 684
reward 761 Hawthorne studies 327–8, 329 rationality 468, 781
sexuality and 511 inner work life theory 293 bounded 685, 686, 705
tells 227, 759–60 organizational culture 118–19 definition 684
visible/self-evident 764, 765 presenteeism 278 rational model of decision making
powerlessness, as threat 758 quality circle 421 682–4, 686, 705, 706
power priming 761 Taylorism 459 readiness for change 654–5
pre-arrival stage of socialization 115 teamworking 426 reasoning 79
predictability 347, 394 prohibitive voice 222 recession 763
830 Subject index
reciprocal interdependence 545,
546–7, 731
reciprocity 770
recognition 294, 329, 350, 437
equity theory 288
Taylorism 459
reconfiguration 542, 555–6
records, and bureaucracy 532
recruitment 26, 28, 123
dress and 759
tattoos and piercings 264, 265
see also selection
referent power 762 see also charisma
reflective statement 219, 221
region, organizational culture 129
regulation 9, 20, 64
reinforcement 153, 158, 159, 169
behavioural modelling 162
intermittent 155, 156, 158
negative 152, 157
organizational socialization 115
positive 152, 157, 158, 162, 169
schedule of 156
selective 155
reinforcement learning, AI 79, 80
rejectees 351
relatedness 167, 283
relationships 251, 294
client 298
communication 217
conflict 724, 726
drinking 164
functional 505, 506
group members role 363
inter-organizational 565, 583
leaders 370
line 504, 506
multicultural virtual teams 427
politics and gender 782
power 348
power as property of 761–2
roles 363
staff 504–5, 506
stress 185, 653
workplace/office romances
512, 515
see also hierarchies
relationships-orientated leaders 628
reliability 585
remodelling, traditional skills
and 51–2
Renault 582–3
repetitive (routine) work 87
replacement effects, technology 86
reputation 58, 61, 62, 64, 612
research and development
(R&D) 426
team role balance 367
research and practice 22–5
reshoring 576
resilience 622
resistance 722–3
to change 655–6
methods for managing 658–9
definition 722 definition 516
disciplinary power 768 ‘devil’s advocate’ 742
resources 9, 10 groups 347, 362–7, 381
power 762, 764 holacratic organization 593
scarce 9, 65, 732, 778 importance 516
and success of change 654 integrator 733, 734
respect 349, 659 liaison 733, 734
responsibility 75, 317, 318, 503 management (Mintzberg) 538–40
Taylorism 457 organizational socialization 115
responsibility time span 499 in organizations 516–19
restructuring 542, 553–4, 742 teams 406, 441
retaliators 656 Rolls Royce 110–11, 421
Rethink Robotics 77 routine decisions 693, 694, 777
retired-on-the-job 54 routine technology 548
retirement 49, 50 routine (repetitive) work 87
phased 55 Royal Dutch/Shell 43, 45
reverse brainstorming 701 rule games, as political tactic 774
reward power 761 rules 121
rewards 9, 26, 121, 158, 159, 162, 635 bureaucracy 531, 532
Baby Boomers 54 coordination 732–3
equity theory 288, 289 definition 520
expectancy theory 291–2 simple, encouraging innovation 667
extrinsic 284, 285 stifling innovation 669
financial 277
Generation Y 55 safety, organizational cultures and
group norms 395 leadership style 126, 127
intrinsic 23, 159, 169, 284, 564 sagas 109, 110
motivation 166, 277, 284, 285, 288, Samsung 61
289, 291–2 sanctions
non-financial 278 in gourmet cuisines 393
performance and 482 as influence tactic 770
politics and power 780 negative see punishment
Taylorism 459 positive see rewards
teams 437 Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2002 64
total 291–2 satisficing 685, 695
ride-sharing 582 Sawyer (robot) 77
rights 58 scapegoating 774
risk-averse 777 scarcity 9, 65, 732, 771, 778
risks SCARF model 167
aversion 532 scenario planning 45–6
avoidance 663 schedule of reinforcement 156
decision making 692, 693 scientific management 295, 430
definition 693 definition 456
management 9, 20 Fordism 461–4
risk-seeking propensity 777 principles of 457
risky shift 697 Taylorism 456–60
rites 109, 110, 123 criticisms of 459
robots 473, 476, 477 Fordism and 463
articulated 77, 78 second machine age 73, 74, 76–85
assistance 77, 78 advanced robotics 76, 77–9
defined 77 artificial intelligence (AI) 79–83
humanoid 77, 78 augmented reality (AR) 76, 83–5
mobile 77, 78 intelligence augmentation (IA)
overview 78 79–83
serpentine 77, 78 seductive traits, personality 192
service 76, 77 segmentalist culture 667
wearable 79 selection 26, 28, 251, 532
see also advanced robotics hypothetical questions 222
role conflict 519 organizational socialization 114
role management stage of personality 177, 197–203
socialization 115 selective attention 251, 253–5,
role modelling 115, 163, 195 260, 267
roles selective bias 697
critical 516 self-actualization 285