LELELECEOCLOCCOCLELCECCECCULEELELELELL @ Cll -i VARIATIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES » Individual Differences ~ it refers to distinctiveness and variation among people's characteristics and behaviour patterns + Situationalism — states that situations and circumstances in which one is placed influences one’s behaviour. The situationalist perspective views human behaviour relatively more asa result of infulence of externl factors. + Assesment is the first step in understanding a psychological attribute. It refers to the measurement of psychological attribute of individuals and their evaluation, often using multiple methods in terms of certain standards of comparison. Psychological assesment uses systematic testing procedures to evaluate abilities, behaviou sand personal qualities of individuals. Assesment may be formal or informal; + Formal Assesment is objective, standardized and organized. + Informal Assesment varies from one case to another and from one assesor to another and therefore is open to subjective interpretations DOMAINS OF PSYCHOLOGI AL, ATTRIBUTEwr | INTELLIGENCE - is the global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use available resources effectively when faced with challenges. - f / » APTITUDE - refers to an individual's underlyning potential for acquiring skills. «INTEREST ~ is an individual's preference for engaging in one or more specific activity relative to others. . PERSONALITY ~ refers to relatively enduring characterstics ofa person that make him/her different from others. ox RRA RRA HOA OHO NOHO OHOHOHHELE VALUES ~ are enduring beliefs about an. ideal mode of behaviour. ASSESMENT METHODS ;INTELLIGENCE PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS - is an objective and standardized measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics. INTERVIEW - involves seeking information from a person on a one to one basis. CASE STUDY - js an indepth study of the individual in terms of her/his pyschological attributes, psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical enviornment + OBSERVATION — involves employing systematic, 0” and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occuring naturally in real time. + SELF REPORT - is a method in which a person provides ' factual information about himself/herself and/or opinions, beliefs etc that she/he holds. > Isa key construct employed to know how individuals differ from one another. | > Provides an understanding of how people adapt their behaviour according to the enviornment they live in. > The Oxford Dictionary explains intelligence as the power of perceiving, learning, understanding and knowing,w~ q > Alferd Binet, one of the first psychologist who worked on a intelligence, defines it as “the ability to judge well, = understand well, and reason well”. eS > Wechsler understood intelligence in terms of its functionalit & i.e, its value for adaptation to enviornment. He defined it as“ — the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to tink x rationally, act purposefully and to deal effectively with & her/his enviornment”. a > Gardner and Sternberg suggested that an intelligent a individual not only adapts to enviornment but also actively Bn, modifies and shapes it. a a r a THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCG! 3 Crcnnare nnn = elects z & PML ONEFACTOR THEORY — Ae Bnet S dp TOFACTOR THEORY =o Sr sox TURNER i rHeony o nian EAL ADNITIES to st a ( ERAKCHICAL MODEL Arta Jn gr PASS NOE RUCTURE OF INTELLECT MODEL 1# en THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE : 7|. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH : Considers intelligence a8 an aggregate of abilities. It expresses the individual's rerforman € in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities arious theories of this approach are A. UNI or ONE FACTOR THEORY ~ Alfered Binet B. TWO FACTOR THEORY — Charles Spearman. C. THEORY OF PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES ~ Louis Thurstone D. HIERARCHICAL MODEL ~ Arthur Jensen ¢, STRUCTURE OF INTELLECT MODEL ~ 5.2, Guilford INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH : Describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem solving. Major focus of this approach is on how an intelligent person acts. Rather than focusing on structure of intelligence or its underlyning dimension, it emphasises studying cognitive functions underlyning intelligent behaviour. Various theories of this approach are DRY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE ~ Howard 2) TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE = Robert Sternberg, 3) PASS MODEL ~ J.P Das, Jack Naglieri and Kirby. PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH : A. UNL or ONE FACTOR THEORY ~ Alfered Binet B. TWO FACTOR THEORY = Charles Spearman C. THEORY OF PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES PhurstoneFE. STRUCTURE OF INTELLECT MODEL ~ J.P. Guilford 1 5 D. HIERARCHICAL MODEL ~ Arthur Jensen A.UNI or ONE FACTOR THEORY ~ Alfered Binet > Alfered Binet was the first psychologist to formalize the concept of intelligence interms of mental operatons. > He coceptualized intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual's enviornment. B. TWO FACTOR THEORY - Charles Spearman 1927 proposed TWO FACTOR THEORY of > Charles Spearman intelligence employing LDADD PDDDDLDLLLLLAL LL a statistical method called Factor Analysis, > He showed that intelligence cosisted of ; 1) G-FACTOR ; these are General factors including mental operations which are primary and common to all performances. bal baal? i ad te be enn i i dD cellent singers, 2) S-FACTOR ; these are Specific factors. architects, scientists and athletes may be high on g-factor, putin addition to these, they have specific abilities which allow them to excel in their respective domains ~ eso ©. THEORY OF PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES ~ Louis Thurstone> It states that intelligence consist of 7 primary abilities, each of which is relatively independent of each other. > These 7 primary abilities are; 1, NUMERICAL ABILITIES (Speed and accur numerical and computational skills). 2. SPATIAL RI cy in TIONS (visualizing patterns and forms) SPEED (speed in percieving details) CY (using words fluently and flexibly) 5, MEMORY (accuracy in recalling information) 6. INDUCTIVE REASONING (deriving geners presented facts) 7. VERBAL COMPREHENSION (grasping mea concepts and ideas) rules from 2 of words, fr D. STRUCTURE OF INTELLECT MODEL - J.P. Guilford > It classifies the intellectual traits among 3 dimensions; 1. OPERATIONS - are what the respondent does. These include cognitions, memory retention, divergent production and evaluation, 2. CONTENTS - refer to the nature of materials or informations on which intellectual operations are performed. These include visual, auditory, symbolic (eg: letters, numbers), semantic (eg; words), and behavioural (eg; information about people's behaviour, attitude, needs, etc) 3, PRODUCTS - refers to the form in which the information is processed by the respondent. These are classified intounits, classes, relations, systems transformations and implications, i. INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH : 41) THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE ~ Howard Gardner > As per Howard Gardner, intelligence is not a single entity, rather distinct types of intelligence exist. Each of these are just independent of each other > According to him, different types of intelligences interact and work together to find a solution to a problem. He discribed 8 types of intelligence; 1) LINGUISTIC (skills involved in the production and use of Janguage) ~ it is the capacity to use language fluently and flexibly to express one’s thinking and understand others. People high on this intelligence are ‘word smart’. Eg: poets, writers, etc. 2) LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL (skills in scientific thinking, and problem solving) - People high on this intelligence can think logically and critically. They engage in abstract reasoning and can manipulate symbols to solve mathematical problems. Eg; scientists, nobel prize winners, etc. { Lk il aN Sa lll a aD a ad ad lad aS al DAL3) SPATIAL (skills in performing visual images and patterns) - it refers to the abilities that are involved in forming, using and transforming mental images. People high on this intelligence can easily represent spatial world in mind. Eg; pilots, sailors, painters, etc 4) MUSICAL (sensitivity to musical rhythms and patterns) - itis the capacity to produce, create and manipulate musical patterns. People high on this intelligence are very sensitive to sounds and viberations, and in the creation of new patterns of sound. 5) BODILY- KINAESTHETIC (using whole or portions of body flexibly and creatively) - this consist of the use of whole body or the portions of it for display or constuction of products or problem solving, Eg; dancers, atheletes, etc 6) INTERPERSONAL (sensitivity to subtle aspects of others behaviour) - this is the skill of understanding the motives, feelings and behaviour of other people so as to bond into comfortable relationship with others, psychologists, social workers, ete. natural 7) NATURALISTIC (sensitivity to the features of the te awareness of our world) - this involves comple relationship with the natural world. tis useful in recognizing the beauty of different species of flora and fauna and making subtle discriminations in the natural