By Aseda Okyere, Amina Haruna,

Jemima Hakot, Cathy Oppong, Aline, Angela.

Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited
what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal
kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean
islands, and North Africa in the fifth century.[2]

The Vandals migrated to the area between the lower Oder

and Vistula rivers in the second century BC and settled in
Silesia from around 120 BC.[3][4][5] They are associated
with the Przeworsk culture and were possibly the same
people as the Lugii. Expanding into Dacia during the
Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Crisis of
the Third Century, the Vandals were confined to
Pannonia by the Goths around 330 AD, where they
received permission to settle from Constantine the Great.
Around 400, raids by the Huns from the east forced many
Germanic tribes to migrate west into the territory of the Vandalic goldfoil jewellery from the 3rd or 4th
Roman Empire and, fearing that they might be targeted century
next, the Vandals were also pushed westwards, crossing
the Rhine into Gaul along with other tribes in 406.[6] In
409, the Vandals crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, where the Hasdingi and the Silingi settled
in Gallaecia (northwest Iberia) and Baetica (south-central Iberia).

On the orders of the Romans, the Visigoths invaded Iberia in 418. They almost wiped out the Alans and
Silingi Vandals who voluntarily subjected themselves to the rule of Hasdingian leader Gunderic. Gunderic
was then pushed from Gallaecia to Baetica by a Roman-Suebi coalition in 419. In 429, under king
Genseric (reigned 428–477), the Vandals entered North Africa. By 439 they established a kingdom which
included the Roman province of Africa as well as Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands.
They fended off several Roman attempts to recapture the African province, and sacked the city of Rome in
455. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–34, in which Emperor Justinian I's forces
reconquered the province for the Eastern Roman Empire.

As the Vandals plundered Rome for fourteen days,[7] Renaissance and early-modern writers characterized
the Vandals as prototypical barbarians. This led to the use of the term "vandalism" to describe any pointless
destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artwork. However, some modern historians have
emphasised the role of Vandals as continuators of aspects of Roman culture, in the transitional period from
Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.[8]

Contents
Name
Classification
History
Origins
 Early classical sources
Lugii
Przeworsk culture
Language
Introduction into the Roman Empire
In Britannia
In Gaul
In Hispania
Kingdom in North Africa
Establishment
Sack of Rome
Consolidation
Domestic religious tensions
Decline
Turbulent end
List of kings
Family tree of the kings of Vandals
Latin literacy
Legacy A 16th century
See also perception of the
Vandals, illustrated in the
Notes manuscript "Théâtre de
References tous les peuples et
nations de la terre avec
Bibliography
leurs habits et ornemens
Further reading divers, tant anciens que
External links modernes, diligemment
depeints au naturel"
which means "Theater of

Name all the peoples and

nations of the earth with
their various clothes and
The ethnonym is attested as Wandali and Wendilenses by Saxo, as Vendill in ornaments, both ancient
Old Norse, and as Wend(e)las in Old English, all going back to a Proto- and modern, diligently
Germanic form reconstructed as *Wanđilaz.[9][10] The etymology of the name depicted in nature".
remains unclear. According to linguist Vladimir Orel, it may stem from the Painted by Lucas de
Proto-Germanic adjective *wanđaz ('turned, twisted'), itself derived from the Heere in the second half
verb *wenđanan (or *winđanan), meaning 'to wind'.[10] Alternatively, it has of the 16th century and
been derived from a root *wanđ-, meaning 'water', based on the idea that the preserved in the Ghent
tribe was originally located near the Limfjord (a sea inlet in Denmark).[9] The University Library.[1]
stem can also be found in Old High German wentilsēo and Old English
wendelsǣ, both literally meaning 'Vandal-sea' and designating the
Mediterranean Sea.[9][11]

The Germanic mythological figure of Aurvandill has been interpreted by Rudolf Much to mean 'Shining
Vandal'. Much forwarded the theory that the tribal name Vandal reflects worship of Aurvandil or the Divine
Twins, possibly involving an origin myth that the Vandalic kings were descended from Aurvandil
(comparable to the case of many other Germanic tribal names).[12]
Some medieval authors equated two classical ethnonyms,
"Vandals" and Veneti, and applied both to West Slavs, leading to
the term Wends, which has been used for various Slavic-speaking
groups and is still used for Lusatians. However, modern scholars
derive "Wend" from "Veneti", and do not equate the Veneti and
Vandals.[13][14][15][16]

The name of the Vandals has been connected to that of Vendel, the
name of a province in Uppland, Sweden, which is also eponymous
of the Vendel Period of Swedish prehistory, corresponding to the Neck ring with plug clasp from the
late Germanic Iron Age leading up to the Viking Age. The Vandalic Treasure of Osztrópataka
connection is considered tenuous at best and more plausibly the displayed at the Kunsthistorisches
result of chance, though Scandinavia is considered the probable Museum in Vienna, Austria.
homeland of the tribe prior to the Migration Period.[17]

Classification
As the Vandals eventually came to live outside of Germania, they were not considered Germani by ancient
Roman authors. Neither another East Germanic-speaking group, the Goths, nor Norsemen (early
Scandinavians), were counted among the Germani by the Romans.[18]

Since the Vandals spoke a Germanic language and belonged to early Germanic culture, they are classified
as a Germanic people by modern scholars.[19]

History

Origins

Early classical sources

The earliest mention of the Vandals is from Pliny the

Elder, who used the term Vandili in a broad way to
define one of the major groupings of all Germanic
peoples. Tribes within this category who he mentions
are the Burgundiones, Varini, Carini (otherwise
unknown), and the Gutones.[20]

Tacitus mentioned the Vandilii, but only in a passage

explaining legends about the origins of the Germanic
peoples. He names them as one of the groups
sometimes thought to be one of the oldest divisions of Germanic and Proto-Slavic tribes of Central
these peoples, along with the Marsi, Gambrivii, Suebi Europe around 3rd century BC.
but does not say where they live, or which peoples are
within this category. On the other hand, Tacitus and
Ptolemy give information about the position of Varini, Burgundians, and Gutones in this period, and these
indications suggest that the Vandals in this period lived between the Oder and Vistula rivers.[21]

Ptolemy furthermore mentioned the Silingi who were later counted as Vandals, as living south of the
Semnones, who were Suebians living on the Elbe, and stretching to the Oder.[22]
The Hasdingi, who later led the invasion of Carthage,
do not appear in written records until the 2nd century
and the time of the Marcomannic wars.[23] The
Lacringi appear in 3rd century records.[24]

Lugii

The Lugii, who were also mentioned in early classical

sources in the same region, are likely to have been the
same people as the Vandals.[5][25][26][27] The Lugii
are mentioned by Strabo, Tacitus and Ptolemy as a
large group of tribes between the Vistula and the Oder. Tribes of Central Europe in the mid-1st century
Strabo and Ptolemy do not mention the Vandals at all, AD. The Vandals/Lugii are depicted in green, in the
only the Lugii, Tacitus mentions them in a passage area of modern Poland.
about the ancestry of the Germanic peoples without
saying where they lived, and Pliny the Elder in
contrast mentions the Vandals but not the Lugii.[21] Walter Pohl and Walter Goffart have noted that
Ptolemy seems to distinguish the Silingi from the Lugii, and in the 2nd century the Hasdings, when they
appear in the Roman record, are also distinguished from the Lugii.[28] Herwig Wolfram notes that "In all
likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder
in Silesia, where it was first under Celtic and then under Germanic domination."[26] This may account for
the differentiation between the Celtic Lugii and their more Germanic successors the Vandals.

Przeworsk culture

In archaeology, the Vandals are associated with the Przeworsk culture, but the culture probably extended
over several central and eastern European peoples. Their origin, ethnicity and linguistic affiliation are
heavily debated.[5][29][30][31] The bearers of the Przeworsk culture mainly practiced cremation and
occasionally inhumation.[31]

Language

Very little is known about the Vandalic language itself, but it is believed of the East Germanic linguistic
branch, like Gothic. The Goths have left behind the only text corpus of the East Germanic language type,
especially a 4th-century translation of the Gospels.[32]

Introduction into the Roman Empire

In the 2nd century, two or three distinct Vandal peoples came to the attention of Roman authors, the Silingi,
the Hasdingi, and possibly the Lacringi, who appear together with the Hasdingi. Only the Silingi had been
mentioned in early Roman works, and are associated with Silesia.

These peoples appeared during the Marcomannic Wars, which resulted in widespread destruction and the
first invasion of Italy in the Roman Empire period.[33] During the Marcomannic Wars (166–180) the
Hasdingi (or Astingi), led by the kings Raus and Rapt (or Rhaus and Raptus) moved south, entering Dacia
as allies of Rome.[34] However they eventually caused problems in Dacia and moved further south,
towards the lower Danube area. Together with the Hasdingi were the Lacringi, who were possibly also
Vandals.[35][36]
 In about 271 AD the Roman Emperor Aurelian was obliged to
protect the middle course of the Danube against Vandals. They
made peace and stayed on the eastern bank of the Danube.[34]

In 278, Zosimus (1.67) reported that emperor Probus defeated

Vandals and Burgundians near a river (sometimes proposed to
be the Lech, and sent many of them to Britain. During this
same period, the 11th panegyric to Maximian delivered in 291,
reported two different conflicts outside the empire wherein
Burgundians were associated with Alamanni, and other
Vandals, probably Hasdingi in the Carpathian region, were
associated with Gepids.
The Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled
117–38), showing the location of the According to Jordanes'
Vandilii East Germanic tribes, then Getica, the Hasdingi
inhabiting the upper Vistula region came into conflict with
(Poland).
the Goths around the time
of Constantine the Great.
At the time, these Vandals
were living in lands later inhabited by the Gepids, where they were
surrounded "on the east [by] the Goths, on the west [by] the
Marcomanni, on the north [by] the Hermanduri and on the south [by]
the Hister (Danube)." The Vandals were attacked by the Gothic king
Geberic, and their king Visimar was killed.[37] The Vandals then
migrated to neighbouring Pannonia, where, after Constantine the Great
(in about 330) granted them lands on the right bank of the Danube,
they lived for the next sixty years.[37][38]

In the late 4th century and early 5th, the famous magister militum Reconstruction of an Iron Age
Stilicho (died 408), the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius, was warrior's garments representing a
described as being of Vandal descent. Vandals raided the Roman Vandalic man, with his hair in a
province of Raetia in the winter of 401/402. From this, historian Peter "Suebian knot" (160 AD),
Heather concludes that at this time the Vandals were located in the Archaeological Museum of
region around the Middle and Upper Danube.[39] It is possible that Kraków, Poland.
such Middle Danubian Vandals were part of the Gothic king
Radagaisus' invasion of Italy in 405–406 AD.[40]

While the Hasdingian Vandals were already established in the Middle Danube for centuries, it is less clear
where the Silingian Vandals had been living[41] though it may have been in Silesia.[42][43][44]

In Britannia

In AD 278, the emperor Probus defeated Vandals and Burgundians and sent many of them to Britain. It is
unknown where they were settled, though Silchester seems to be a likely candidate. The city bears the
name of the Silingi, is only one of six that existed in Roman Britain that did not survive the Sub-Roman
era,[45] and appears to have been ritually cursed - likely by the Anglo-Saxons - before being
abandoned.[46][47]

In Gaul
In 405 the Vandals advanced from Pannonia travelling west along the Danube without much difficulty, but
when they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the Franks, who populated and controlled
Romanized regions in northern Gaul. According to the Frigeridus fragment cited by Gregory of Tours,
around 20,000 Vandals, including Godigisel himself, died in this Vandal-Frankish war, but then with the
help of the Alans they managed to defeat the Franks, and on December 31, 405[48] the Vandals crossed the
Rhine, probably while it was frozen, to invade Gaul, which they devastated terribly. Under Godigisel's son
Gunderic, the Vandals plundered their way westward and southward through Aquitaine.[49]

In Hispania

On October 13, 409 they crossed the Pyrenees into the

Iberian peninsula. There, the Hasdingi received land
from the Romans, as foederati, in Asturia (Northwest)
and the Silingi in Hispania Baetica (South), while the
Alans got lands in Lusitania (West) and the region
around Carthago Nova.[50] The Suebi also controlled
part of Gallaecia. The Visigoths, who invaded Iberia on
the orders of the Romans before receiving lands in
Septimania (Southern France), crushed the Silingi
Vandals in 417 and the Alans in 418, killing the western
Alan king Attaces.[51] The remainder of his people and
the remnants of the Silingi, who were nearly wiped out,
subsequently appealed to the Vandal king Gunderic to
accept the Alan crown. Later Vandal kings in North
Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum
("King of the Vandals and Alans"). In 419 AD the Migrations of the Vandals from Scandinavia
Hasdingi Vandals were defeated by a joint Roman- through Dacia, Gaul, Iberia, and into North Africa.
Suebi coalition. Gunderic fled to Baetica, where he was Grey: Roman Empire.
also proclaimed king of the Silingi Vandals.[5] In 422
Gunderic decisively defeated a Roman-Suebi-Gothic
coalition led by the Roman patrician Castinus at the Battle of Tarraco.[52][53] It is likely that many Roman
and Gothic troops deserted to Gunderic following the battle.[53] For the next five years, according to
Hydatius, Gunderic created widespread havoc in the western Mediterranean.[53] In 425, the Vandals
pillaged the Balearic Islands, Hispania and Mauritania, sacking Carthago Spartaria (Cartagena) and
Hispalis (Seville) in 425.[53] The capture of the maritime city of Carthago Spartaria enabled the Vandals to
engage in widespread naval activities.[53] In 428 Gunderic captured Hispalis for a second time but died
while laying siege to the city's church.[53] He was succeeded by his half-brother Genseric, who although he
was illegitimate (his mother was a slave) had held a prominent position at the Vandal court, rising to the
throne unchallenged.[54] In 429 The Vandals departed Spain which remained almost totally in Roman
hands until 439, when the Sueves, confined to Gallaecia moved south and captured Emerita Augusta
(Mérida), the see city of Roman administration for the whole peninsula.[55]

Genseric is often regarded by historians as the most able barbarian leader of the Migration Period.[56]
Michael Frassetto writes that he probably contributed more to the destruction of Rome than any of his
contemporaries.[56] Although the barbarians controlled Hispania, they still comprised a tiny minority
among a much larger Hispano-Roman population, approximately 200,000 out of 6,000,000.[50] Shortly
after seizing the throne, Genseric was attacked from the rear by a large force of Suebi under the command
of Heremigarius who had managed to take Lusitania.[57] This Suebi army was defeated near Mérida and its
leader Hermigarius drowned in the Guadiana River while trying to flee.[57]
It is possible that the name Al-Andalus (and its derivative Andalusia) is derived from the Arabic adoption of
the name of the Vandals.[58][59]

Kingdom in North Africa

Establishment

The Vandals under Genseric (also known as Geiseric)

crossed to Africa in 429.[61] Although numbers are
unknown and some historians debate the validity of
estimates, based on Procopius' assertion that the
Vandals and Alans numbered 80,000 when they
moved to North Africa,[62] Peter Heather estimates
that they could have fielded an army of around
15,000–20,000.[63]

According to Procopius, the Vandals came to Africa at

the request of Bonifacius, the military ruler of the
region.[64] Seeking to establish himself as an The Vandal Kingdom at its greatest extent in the
independent ruler in Africa or even become Roman 470s
Emperor, Bonifacius had defeated several Roman
attempts to subdue him, until he was mastered by the
newly appointed Gothic count of Africa, Sigisvult,
who captured both Hippo Regius and Carthage.[56] It
is possible that Bonifacius had sought Genseric as an
ally against Sigisvult, promising him a part of Africa in
return.[56]

Advancing eastwards along the coast, the Vandals

were confronted on the Numidian border in May–June
Coin of Bonifacius Comes Africae (422–431 CE),
430 by Bonifacius. Negotiations broke down, and
who was defeated by the Vandals.[60] Legends:
Bonifacius was soundly defeated.[65][66] Bonifacius
DOMINUS NOSTRIS / CARTAGINE.
subsequently barricaded himself inside Hippo Regius
with the Vandals besieging the city.[61] Inside, Saint
Augustine and his priests prayed for relief from the invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city
would spell conversion or death for many Roman Christians.

On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, St. Augustine (who was 75 years old) died,[67] perhaps
from starvation or stress, as the wheat fields outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. The death of
Augustine shocked the Regent of the Western Roman Empire, Galla Placidia, who feared the consequences
if her realm lost its most important source of grain.[66] She raised a new army in Italy and convinced her
nephew in Constantinople, the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II, to send an army to North Africa led
by Aspar.[66]

Around July–August 431, Genseric raised the siege of Hippo Regius,[65] which enabled Bonifacius to
retreat from Hippo Regius to Carthage, where he was joined by Aspar's army. During the summer of 432,
Genseric soundly defeated the joint forces of both Bonifacius and Aspar, which enabled him to seize Hippo
Regius unopposed.[66] Genseric and Aspar subsequently negotiated a peace treaty of some sorts.[65] Upon
seizing Hippo Regius, Genseric made it the first capital of the Vandal kingdom.[68]
The Romans and the Vandals concluded a treaty in 435 giving the Vandals control of the Mauretania and
the western half of Numidia. Genseric chose to break the treaty in 439 when he invaded the province of
Africa Proconsularis and seized Carthage on October 19.[69] The city was captured without a fight; the
Vandals entered the city while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the hippodrome. Genseric
made it his capital, and styled himself the King of the Vandals and Alans, to denote the inclusion of the
Alans of northern Africa into his alliance. His forces also occupied Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic
Islands. His siege of Palermo in 440 was a failure as was the second attempt to invade Sicily near
Agrigento in 442 (the Vandals occupied the island from 468 to 476 when it was ceded to Odovacer).[70]
Historian Cameron suggests that the new Vandal rule may not have been unwelcomed by the population of
North Africa as the great landowners were generally unpopular.[71]

The impression given by ancient sources such as Victor of Vita, Quodvultdeus, and Fulgentius of Ruspe
was that the Vandal take-over of Carthage and North Africa led to widespread destruction. However, recent
archaeological investigations have challenged this assertion. Although Carthage's Odeon was destroyed,
the street pattern remained the same and some public buildings were renovated. The political centre of
Carthage was the Byrsa Hill. New industrial centres emerged within towns during this period.[72] Historian
Andy Merrills uses the large amounts of African Red Slip ware discovered across the Mediterranean dating
from the Vandal period of North Africa to challenge the assumption that the Vandal rule of North Africa
was a time of economic instability.[73] When the Vandals raided Sicily in 440, the Western Roman Empire
was too preoccupied with war with Gaul to react. Theodosius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire,
dispatched an expedition to deal with the Vandals in 441; however, it only progressed as far as Sicily. The
Western Empire under Valentinian III secured peace with the Vandals in 442.[74] Under the treaty the
Vandals gained Byzacena, Tripolitania, and the eastern half of Numidia, and were confirmed in control of
Proconsular Africa[75] as well as the Vandal Kingdom as the first barbarian kingdom was officially
recognized as an independent kingdom in former Roman territory instead of foederati.[76] The Empire
retained western Numidia and the two Mauretanian provinces until 455.

Sack of Rome

During the next thirty-five years, with a large fleet,

Genseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western
Empires. Vandal activity in the Mediterranean was so
substantial that the sea's name in Old English was
Wendelsæ (i. e. Sea of the Vandals).[77] After Attila the
Hun's death, however, the Romans could afford to turn
their attention back to the Vandals, who were in
control of some of the richest lands of their former
empire.

In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the

Empire, Valentinian III offered his daughter's hand in
The Sack of Rome, Karl Briullov, 1833–1836
marriage to Genseric's son. Before this treaty could be
carried out, however, politics again played a crucial
part in the blunders of Rome. Petronius Maximus
killed Valentinian III and claimed the Western throne. Petronius then forced Valentinian III's widow,
empress Licinia Eudoxia, to marry him.[78] Diplomacy between the two factions broke down, and in 455
with a letter from Licinia Eudoxia, begging Genseric's son to rescue her, the Vandals took Rome, along
with the Empress and her daughters Eudocia and Placidia.
The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine[79] offers the only fifth-century report that, on 2 June 455, Pope Leo
the Great received Genseric and implored him to abstain from murder and destruction by fire, and to be
satisfied with pillage. Whether the pope's influence saved Rome is, however, questioned. The Vandals
departed with countless valuables. Eudoxia and her daughter Eudocia were taken to North Africa.[75]

Consolidation

In 456 a Vandal fleet of 60 ships threatening both Gaul and

Italy was ambushed and defeated at Agrigentum and Corsica
by the Western Roman general Ricimer.[80] In 457 a mixed
Vandal-Berber army returning with loot from a raid in
Campania were soundly defeated in a surprise attack by
Western Emperor Majorian at the mouth of the Garigliano
river.[81]

As a result of the Vandal sack of Rome and piracy in the

Mediterranean, it became important to the Roman Empire to Barbarian kingdoms and tribes after the end
destroy the Vandal kingdom. In 460, Majorian launched an of the Western Roman Empire in 476
expedition against the Vandals, but was defeated at the Battle
of Cartagena. In 468 the Western and Eastern Roman
empires launched an enormous expedition against the Vandals under the command of Basiliscus, which
reportedly was composed of 100,000 soldiers and 1,000 ships. The Vandals defeated the invaders at the
Battle of Cap Bon, capturing the Western fleet, and destroying the Eastern through the use of fire ships.[74]
Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese, but were driven back by the Maniots
at Kenipolis with heavy losses.[82] In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at Zakynthos, hacked them
to pieces and threw the pieces overboard on the way to Carthage.[82] In 469 the Vandals gained control of
Sicily but were forced by Odoacer to relinquish it in 477 except for the western port of Lilybaeum (lost in
491 after a failed attempt on their part to re-take the island).[83]

In the 470s, the Romans abandoned their policy of war against the Vandals. The Western general Ricimer
reached a treaty with them,[74] and in 476 Genseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with
Constantinople. Relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality.[84] From 477 onwards,
the Vandals produced their own coinage, restricted to bronze and silver low-denomination coins. The high-
denomination imperial money was retained, demonstrating in the words of Merrills "reluctance to usurp the
imperial prerogative".[85]

Although the Vandals had fended off attacks from the Romans and established hegemony over the islands
of the western Mediterranean, they were less successful in their conflict with the Berbers. Situated south of
the Vandal kingdom, the Berbers inflicted two major defeats on the Vandals in the period 496–530.[74]

Domestic religious tensions

Differences between the Arian Vandals and their Trinitarian subjects (including both Catholics and
Donatists) were a constant source of tension in their African state. Catholic bishops were exiled or killed by
Genseric and laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property.[86]
He protected his Catholic subjects when his relations with Rome and Constantinople were friendly, as
during the years 454–57, when the Catholic community at Carthage, being without a head, elected
Deogratias bishop. The same was also the case during the years 476–477 when Bishop Victor of Cartenna
sent him, during a period of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suffered no punishment.[87] Huneric,
Genseric's successor, issued edicts against Catholics in 483 and 484 in an effort to marginalise them and
make Arianism the primary religion in North Africa.[88] Generally
most Vandal kings, except Hilderic, persecuted Trinitarian
Christians to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for
Vandals, exiling bishops and generally making life difficult for
Trinitarians.

A denarius of the reign of Hilderic.

Decline
Legends: D[OMINUS] N[OSTRIS]
According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: "Genseric, one of HILDIRIX REX / KART[A]G[INE]
the most powerful personalities of the "era of the Migrations", died FELIX.
on 25 January 477, at the great age of around 88 years. According
to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male
member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son Huneric (477–484), who at
first tolerated Catholics, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute Manichaeans
and Catholics."[87]

Gunthamund (484–496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Catholics and ceased
persecution once more. Externally, the Vandal power had been declining since Genseric's death, and
Gunthamund lost early in his reign all but a small wedge of western Sicily to the Ostrogoths which was lost
in 491 and had to withstand increasing pressure from the autochthonous Moors.

According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia: "While Thrasamund (496–523), owing to his religious
fanaticism, was hostile to Catholics, he contented himself with bloodless persecutions".[87]

Turbulent end

Hilderic (523–530) was the Vandal king most tolerant towards the
Catholic Church. He granted it religious freedom; consequently
Catholic synods were once more held in North Africa. However,
he had little interest in war, and left it to a family member, Hoamer.
When Hoamer suffered a defeat against the Moors, the Arian
faction within the royal family led a revolt, raising the banner of
national Arianism, and his cousin Gelimer (530–534) became king.
Hilderic, Hoamer and their relatives were thrown into prison.[89]

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I declared war, with the stated

intention of restoring Hilderic to the Vandal throne. The deposed
Hilderic was murdered in 533 on Gelimer's orders.[89] While an
expedition was en route, a large part of the Vandal army and navy
was led by Tzazo, Gelimer's brother, to Sardinia to deal with a
Belisarius may be this bearded figure
rebellion. As a result, the armies of the Byzantine Empire
on the right of Emperor Justinian I in
commanded by Belisarius were able to land unopposed 10 miles
the mosaic in the Church of San
(16 km) from Carthage. Gelimer quickly assembled an army,[90]
Vitale, Ravenna, which celebrates
and met Belisarius at the Battle of Ad Decimum; the Vandals were
the reconquest of Italy by the
winning the battle until Gelimer's brother Ammatas and nephew
Byzantine army under the skillful
Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius
leadership of Belisarius
quickly took Carthage while the surviving Vandals fought on.[91]

On December 15, 533, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at the Battle of Tricamarum, some 20 miles
(32 km) from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Gelimer's brother Tzazo
fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to Hippo, second city of the Vandal Kingdom, and in 534
Gelimer surrendered to the Byzantine conqueror, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals.

North Africa, comprising north Tunisia and eastern Algeria in the

Vandal period, became a Roman province again, from which the
Vandals were expelled. Many Vandals went to Saldae (today called
Béjaïa in north Algeria) where they integrated themselves with the
Berbers. Many others were put into imperial service or fled to the
two Gothic kingdoms (Ostrogothic Kingdom and Visigothic
Kingdom). Some Vandal women married Byzantine soldiers and
settled in north Algeria and Tunisia. The choicest Vandal warriors
were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as Vandali
Iustiniani, stationed on the Persian frontier. Some entered the Vandal cavalryman, c. AD 500, from
private service of Belisarius. [92] The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia a mosaic pavement at Bordj Djedid
states that "Gelimer was honourably treated and received large near Carthage
estates in Galatia. He was also offered the rank of a patrician but
had to refuse it because he was not willing to change his Arian
faith".[87] In the words of historian Roger Collins: "The remaining Vandals were then shipped back to
Constantinople to be absorbed into the imperial army. As a distinct ethnic unit they disappeared".[90] Some
of the few Vandals remained at North Africa while more migrated back to Spain.[6] In 546 the Vandalic
Dux of Numidia, Guntarith, defected from the Byzantines and raised a rebellion with Moorish support. He
was able to capture Carthage, but was assassinated by the Byzantines shortly afterwards.

List of kings
Known kings of the Vandals:

Wisimar (d.335)
Godigisel (359–406)
Gunderic (407–428)
Gaiseric (428–477)
Huneric (477–484)
Gunthamund (484–496)
Thrasamund (496–523)
Hilderic (523–530)
Gelimer (530–534)

Family tree of the kings of Vandals

Wisimar
Godigisel
king of
king of
Hasdingi
Vandals
Vandals

Valentinian Gunderic Gaiseric

III king of king of
West Roman Vandals, Vandals,
Emperor Alans Alans
 Huneric
Eudocia of
king of Gento
Valentinianic
Vandals, prince
dynasty
Alans

Hilderic Gunthamund Thrasamund Amalafrida Theodoric

king of king of Gelarius king of of the Great
Vandels, Vandals, prince Vandals, Amal king of
Alans Alans Alans dynasty Ostrogoths

Gelimer
king of Ammatus
Vandals, general
Alans

Latin literacy
All Vandals that modern historians know about were able to speak Latin, which also remained the official
language of the Vandal administration (most of the staff seems to have been native Berber/Roman).[93]
Levels of literacy in the ancient world are uncertain, but writing was integral to administration and business.
Studies of literacy in North Africa have tended to centre around the administration, which was limited to
the social elite. However, the majority of the population of North Africa did not live in urban centres.[94]

Judith George explains that "Analysis of the [Vandal] poems in their context holds up a mirror to the ways
and values of the times".[95] Very little work of the poets of Vandal North Africa survives, but what does is
found in the Latin Anthology; apart from their names, little is known about the poets themselves, not even
when they were writing. Their work drew on earlier Roman traditions. Modern scholars generally hold the
view that the Vandals allowed the Romans in North Africa to carry on with their way of life with only
occasional interference.[96]

Legacy
Since the Middle Ages, kings of Denmark were styled "King of Denmark, the Goths and the Wends", the
Wends being a group of West Slavs formerly living in Mecklenburg and eastern Holstein in modern
Germany. The title "King of the Wends" is translated as vandalorum rex in Latin. The title was shortened to
"King of Denmark" in 1972.[97] Starting in 1540, Swedish kings (following Denmark) were styled
Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex ("King of the Swedes, Geats, and Wends").[98] Carl XVI Gustaf
dropped the title in 1973 and now styles himself simply as "King of Sweden".

The modern term vandalism stems from the Vandals' reputation as the barbarian people who sacked and
looted Rome in AD 455. The Vandals were probably not any more destructive than other invaders of
ancient times, but writers who idealized Rome often blamed them for its destruction. For example, English
Restoration poet John Dryden wrote, Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, / Did all the matchless
Monuments deface.[99] The term Vandalisme was coined in 1794 by Henri Grégoire, bishop of Blois, to
describe the destruction of artwork following the French Revolution. The term was quickly adopted across
Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late
Antiquity, popularizing the pre-existing idea that they were a
barbaric group with a taste for destruction. Vandals and other
"barbarian" groups had long been blamed for the fall of the Roman
Empire by writers and historians.[100]

Robin Hemley wrote a short story, "The Liberation of Rome", in

which a professor of ancient history (mainly Roman) is confronted
by a student claiming to be an ethnic Vandal.

See also
Migrations period
Timeline of Germanic kingdoms

Notes The Vandals' traditional reputation: a

coloured steel engraving of the Sack
of Rome (455) by Heinrich
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Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Löffler, Klemens
(1912). "Vandals". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York:
Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading
Blume, Mary. "Vandals Exhibit Sacks Some Cultural Myths" (http://www.iht.com/articles/200
1/08/25/blume_ed3_.php#), International Herald Tribune (http://www.iht.com/), August 25,
2001.
Christian Courtois: Les Vandales et l'Afrique. Paris 1955
Clover, Frank M: The Late Roman West and the Vandals. Aldershot 1993 (Collected studies
series 401), ISBN 0-86078-354-5
Die Vandalen: die Könige, die Eliten, die Krieger, die Handwerker. Publikation zur
Ausstellung "Die Vandalen"; eine Ausstellung der Maria-Curie-Sklodowska-Universität
Lublin und des Landesmuseums Zamość ... ; Ausstellung im Weserrenaissance-Schloss
Bevern ... Nordstemmen 2003. ISBN 3-9805898-6-2
John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Early Centuries
F. Papencordt's Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika
Guido M. Berndt, Konflikt und Anpassung: Studien zu Migration und Ethnogenese der
Vandalen (Historische Studien 489, Husum 2007), ISBN 978-3-7868-1489-4.
Hans-Joachim Diesner: Vandalen. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der class.
Altertumswissenschaft (RE Suppl. X, 1965), S. 957–992.
Hans-Joachim Diesner: Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang. Stuttgart 1966. 5.
Helmut Castritius: Die Vandalen. Etappen einer Spurensuche. Stuttgart u.a. 2007.
Ivor J. Davidson, A Public Faith, Chapter 11, Christians and Barbarians, Volume 2 of Baker
History of the Church, 2005, ISBN 0-8010-1275-9
L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 1. Turnhout 2002 (Antiquité Tardive 10), ISBN 2-503-
51275-5.
L'Afrique vandale et Byzantine. Teil 2, Turnhout 2003 (Antiquité Tardive 11), ISBN 2-503-
52262-9.
Lord Mahon Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, The Life of Belisarius, 1848.
Reprinted 2006 (unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution Publishing, ISBN 1-889758-
67-1. Evolpub.com (http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html)
Ludwig Schmidt: Geschichte der Wandalen. 2. Auflage, München 1942.
Pauly-Wissowa
 Pierre Courcelle: Histoire littéraire des grandes invasions germaniques. 3rd edition Paris
1964 (Collection des études Augustiniennes: Série antiquité, 19).
Roland Steinacher: Vandalen – Rezeptions- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In: Hubert
Cancik (Hrsg.): Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 2003, Band 15/3, S. 942–946, ISBN 3-476-01489-
4.
Roland Steinacher: Wenden, Slawen, Vandalen. Eine frühmittelalterliche pseudologische
Gleichsetzung und ihr Nachleben bis ins 18. Jahrhundert. In: W. Pohl (Hrsg.): Auf der Suche
nach den Ursprüngen. Von der Bedeutung des frühen Mittelalters (Forschungen zur
Geschichte des Mittelalters 8), Wien 2004, S. 329–353. Uibk.ac.at (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20080625100046/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/%7Ec61705/Steinacher,%20WendenSlawe
nVandalen%202004.pdf)
Stefan Donecker; Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum – The Debates on Wends and
Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic
Perception, in: ed. Robert Nedoma, Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden.
Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis
heute (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242–252. Uibk.ac.at (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20120227195324/http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/Donecker-Steinacher.
pdf)
Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution ISBN 0-85323-127-3. Written 484.
Walter Pohl: Die Völkerwanderung. Eroberung und Integration. Stuttgart 2002, S. 70–86,
ISBN 3-17-015566-0.
Westermann, Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
Yves Modéran: Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine. 4e.-7e. siècle. Rom 2003 (Bibliothèque des
Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, 314), ISBN 2-7283-0640-0.
Robert Kasperski, Ethnicity, ethnogenesis, and the Vandals: Some Remarks on a Theory of
Emergence of the Barbarian Gens, „Acta Poloniae Historia” 112, 2015, pp. 201–242.

External links
Kingdom of the Vandals – location map (https://web.archive.org/web/20071203100937/http://
indoeuro.bizland.com/project/chron/europe3.gif)

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